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Studies on the Classification of Soils of the Kiama Area of NSW

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Studies on the Classification of Soils of the Kiama Area of NSW University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 1995 Studies on the classification of soils of the Kiama area of NSW Trevor Wilson University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Wilson, Trevor, Studies on the classification of soils of the Kiama area of NSW, Master of Environmental Science (Hons.) thesis, Department of Environmental Science, University of Wollongong, 1995. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/2565 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] STUDIES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS OF THE KIAMA AREA OF NSW By TREVOR WILSON A research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of UNIVERSITY Of WOLLONGONG library MASTERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (HONOURS) ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PROGRAM FACULTY OF SCIENCE THE UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG March 1995 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my supervisor John Morrison for his academic guidance, assistance with the USDA Soil Taxonomy classification system and putting up with my perpetual lateness. The same appreciation extends to Pam Hazelton who helped with a majority of the technical information regarding the Kiama soil map sheet and provided all the specific soil profile data. Pam must also be thanked for providing me with the opportunity to give a presentation at the Soil Science Society meeting. To Ray Isbell, thankyou for the prompt assistance via many faxes regarding the Classification System for Australian Soils, it was much appreciated. I wish to thank Sandra Quinn for all her logistical support (especially with all the printing) and Marina McGlinn for her continued moral support. Absolutely no thanks goes to Richard Walsh and I would like to thank my parents and grandparents whose financial support made this last year in particular, very comfortable. Finally, I would like to thank Sam, Nick, Kate and Rachel for allowing me to stay at their respective households while I finished this thesis which must have seemed like an eternity to them. ABSTRACT System for Australian Soils (Isbell, 1993) was simpler to use and required less specific data (laboratory and field work) to complete a classification. CONTENTS. CONTENTS Chapter Title Page number Acknowledgements...........................................................................i Abstract.............................................................................................ii 1.0 Introduction ............................................................ 1 1.1 What is Soil?....................................................................................1 1.2 Why Classify Soils?.......................................................................... 2 1.3 Principles of Soil Classification........................................................ 3 1.4 Types of Classification Systems.......................................................5 1.4.1 Numerical Classifications..................................................................8 1.4.2 USDA Soil Taxonomy.......................................................................9 1.5 A Brief History of soil classification................................................. 12 1.5.1 History of Australian Soil Classification.......................................... 14 1.6 Why the need for a new soil classification scheme?.....................19 1.7 The Classification System for Australian Soils...............................21 1.8 Aims of this Study.............................................................................24 2.0 Methods.................................................................... 26 2.1 Description of Study Area..............................................................25 2.1.1 Climate........................................................................................... 27 2.1.2 Geology.......................................................................................... 28 2.1.3 Evolution of the Landscape on the Kiama 1:100000 Sheet...................................................... 30 2.1.4 Geographic and Soil Variations.................................................... 31 2.2 The Kiama 1:100000 Sheet Survey............................................. 32 CONTENTS .......- ..................................... ........ 3.0 Results and Discussion .....................................34 3.1 Problems with Classifying Soils....................................................34 3.2 Problems and limitations with the SoilData ................................35 3.3 Problems with the Classification System for Australian Soils..38 3.4 Problems with the USDA Soil Taxonomy system......................41 3.5 Results from the Soil Profiles........................................................43 3.5.1 Residual Landscapes.......................................................... 45 3.5.2 Colluvial Landscapes.................................................................... 47 3.5.3 Erosional Landscapes...................................................................47 3.5.4 Fluvial Landscapes........................................................................52 3.5.5 Depositional Landscapes..............................................................54 3.5.6 Marine Landscapes.......................................................................56 3.5.7 Estuarine Landscapes...................................................................57 3.5.8 Swamp Landscapes......................................................................57 3.5.9 Associated Landscapes................................................................ 59 4.0 Conclusions ........................................................... 60 4.1 USDA Soil Taxonomy.................................................................. 60 4.2 Classification System for Australian Soils..................................61 References Appendix one. Soil Data cards Appendix two. Kiama 1:100000 Map Sheet Appendix three. Family Criteria for Classification System for Australian Soils CONTENTS. Appendix four. Key to Soil Orders for Classification System for Australian Soils CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 CHAPTER ONE. Introduction 1.1 What is Soil? The question “what is soil?” is an important one as it will define the medium that is to be classified, i.e., most classification systems rely on the operational universe to have definite boundaries. The meaning of the term “soil” varies from person to person. Agriculturists view soil to be a medium of solid, liquid and gaseous materials that supports crops and other vegetation (Millar and Turk, 1965). However, plants will grow in water with nutrients, sand dunes, stream deposits (alluvium) and in wind deposited dust (loess). Are these media considered as soil? Plant life can be supported in these media; however, they show none of the features which the early pedologists consider to be soil (Corbett, 1969). Dokuchaev defined soil as the "the surface and adjoining horizons of parent material which have undergone, more or less, a natural change under the influence of water, air, and various species of organisms living or dead; this change is reflected, to a certain degree, in the composition, structure and colour of the products of weathering" (cited in Gerasimov and Glazovskaya, 1965). Dokuchaev's definition was an improvement of previous efforts but failed to consider the morphological properties or the functions of soils. Later an American, Marbut (1951) in 1927, rewrote Dokuchaev's definition including the factors of reaction processes and morphology. The first definition to include soil horizons was offered by Joffe (in 1949), who considered soil as weathered material in genetically related horizons. This was the most complete definition of soil, however, aspects such as soil nutrients and plant growth were left out. Soil may therefore be defined as "an autonomous (not independent) natural body of mineral, organic and nutrient constituents, resulting from the interaction of the country rock with environmental factors of climate, topography,
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