Effect of an Eight-Week Adaptive Program on Mobility, Function, and Outlook in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease

Bryan Coleman Salgado, PT, DPT, MS, CWS Danett Choo, SPT Lois Boulgarides, PT, DPT, MS Michelline El-Zahr, SPT Edward Barakatt, PT, PhD Kristi Williams, SPT Janice Freeman-Bell, RYT April Morales, SPT SYTAR 2008 § Los Angeles Introduction & Background Parkinson’s Disease

 Progressive Neurological Disease  Second most common neurological disease (after Alzheimer’s)  Occurs frequently in older persons -7 million in US  1 in every 1000 for > 65 yrs of age  By 2020, > 40 million worldwide  Gradually progressive movement disorders  Can lead to paralysis and death (PNA is #1 cause of death) Parkinson’s Disease Signs/Symptoms  Bradykinesia  Tremor  Rigidity  Shuffling gait  Impaired balance  Impaired function  Vocal, facial and oral impairments  Decreased activity level due to impairments Parkinson’s Disease and Exercise

Balance training, resistance training, gait training, and Tai Chi programs caused improvement in:

 Muscle strength

 Balance and coordination

 Quality of Life (QOL)

 Activities of Daily Living (ADL)

(Hirsch et al., 2003, Baatile et al., 2000, Caglar et al., 2005, Venglar, 2005) Literature: Yoga’s Effect on Parkinson’s Disease

No research was found that specifically addresses the effect of Yoga on the symptomology of Parkinson’s Disease Purpose of the Study

Determine improvement in strength, ROM, balance, gait, depression and anxiety after 8 weeks of participation in a Yoga course Methodology Inclusion criteria:  Follow simple instructions  Tolerate 1 hr of gentle activity  Independent sitting balance

Exclusion criteria:  Medical history that would place them at risk

Approved by the Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects, CSU Sacramento Participants

 Recruited from the Parkinson’s Association of Northern California

 10 subjects dx’d with PD

 Hoehn and Yahr stage 3 or less Study Design – One-way Repeated Measures

Assessment 8 weeks Assessment 8 weeks Assessment 1 2 3

No change Adaptive in activity Yoga Yoga Class Description

 1 hour class

 1 time/week

 RYT led class

 Warm up (10 min)

 Poses (40 min)

 Cool down (10 min) Adaptive Yoga

 Ayurvedic Principles

to calm vata excesses (etiology of Parkinsonism) 

 Affirmations, relaxation,

 Use of props to help people easily achieve and relax into poses

 Appropriate for older adults and special population embarking on a yoga program  Adaptive Devices

 Chair, blocks, strap, blankets (Jones et al, 2005) Yoga Asanas - Standing

 Baddha Hastasana  Hasta  Vrksasana   Virabadrasana   Adho Mukha Svnasana  Prasarita Paddotanasana Yoga Asanas  Sitting

 Upavasta Konasana

 Paschimotanasana

 Marichiyasana  Lying:

 Apasana

 Jathara parivartasana

 Setu Bandasana

 Savasana  Overall Status of Disease Outcome (UPDRS) Measures  Anxiety and Depression (Hospital Based Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS])  Walking (Modified Dynamic Gait Index [DGI])  Balance (Berg Balance Scale [BBS])  Falls Risk (Functional Reach)  Flexibility (Sit and Reach LB; Apley’s UE)  Functional Strength (30 Second Chair Stand) Results Descriptive Statistics

 Sex  3 Females  7 Males  Age  mean: 65.7 years  Range 43-77 years  Average # of Yoga sessions attended  7.2  Hoehn & Yahr  Stage 2, 2.5, or 3 Inferential Statistical Analysis*

Change over time:

 One-way ANOVA with repeated measures (Normally distributed data)  Follow up T-test with Bonferroni correction

 Friedman’s two-way ANOVA by ranks (Non-normally distributed data)  Follow-up Wilcoxin Signed-Ranks test

*using SPSS software v. 13.0 TEST Distrib ANOVA p p value for value Δ 2-3 HADS Nl. 0.14 .06

Anxiety Nl 0.51 .41 subscale Depression Nl 0.03 .002

Functional Not nl. 0.03 .03 Strength 30- second stand Flexibility Nl. 0.03 .02 Sitting Reach Balance Not nl. 0.13 .24 BBS TEST Distrib ANOVA p p value for value Δ 2-3 Single-limb Not nl. 0.39 0.77 stance Functional Not nl. 0.60 1.00 Reach DGI Nl. 0.06 0.15

UPDRS Not nl. 0.97 0.97

Apley’s Nl. 0.35 0.45 Discussion & Conclusion

Statistically significant changes in lower body flexibility, functional strength and depression outcomes measures indicate a positive effect of adapted yoga for persons with Parkinson’s Disease  No adverse effects  Yoga program was well received overall:

 Continued participation by over half of subjects Discussion & Conclusion

 Further study is justified

 Outcome measures to be considered: Timed Up & Go; Gait velocity test

 Further refinement of postures to address underlying etiology; combined with other Ayurvedic treatments Questions?

This research was assisted in part by grants from: The Parkinson’s Association of Northern California The California State University, Sacramento LIFE Center References

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18. Venglar, M. Case Report: Tai Chi and Parkinsonism. Physiotherapy Research International. 2005; 10(2): 116- 121. Acknowledgements

Janice Freeman-Bell Our Yoga instructor who gave her time, her enthusiasm, and her compassion to help develop and implement the Yoga program

The ten participants of the Yoga program Diligently attended classes, gave us their input, and helped to create an experience that was full of humor, courage, and optimism