University of Groningen

What is natural? Haydar, Deniz

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Download date: 27-09-2021 Appendix II to Chapter 4: The scale of cryptogenesis, in: Deniz Haydar (2010) What is natural? The scale and consequences of marine bioinvasions in the North Atlantic Ocean. Dissertation, University of Groningen, 184 pp. ISBN 978-90-367-4396-9 ISBN 978-90-367-4395-2 available at http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/faculties/science/2010/

Appendix II in the North Atlantic ocean, excluding disjunct amphi-Atlantic species (see table 4.3). species distribution category depth habitat dispersal comments references Acaulidae

Acaulis primarius Greenland, Iceland, White Sea, Norway, AMPHI 20-350m partially embedded in P 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Stimpson, 1854 North Sea, Kattegat, Baltic, Bay of Fundy to sediment 6, 7 Cape Cod, New Brunswick, Bay of Biscay? Acauloides ammisatum Roscoff, Mediterranean? EU shallow on sand possibly conspecific with Mediterranean 1, 2, 5 Bouillon, 1965 A. ilonae ; Mediterranean record uncertain. Boreohydridae

Boreohydra simplex Bipolar, N and S Atlantic Ocean. White Sea, AMPHI few m->600m (moving) on and burrowing not in Mediterranean. Probably more 1, 2, 3, 5 Westblad, 1937 Greenland, Iceland, Norway to Sweden, in mud widespread, but misidentified as worm or British Isles, English Channel, NE Canada, overlooked. South Georgia

Psammohydra nanna Kattegat, Kiel, English Channel, W EU few meters in fine sand, tolerates P 1, 2, 5 Schulz, 1950 Mediterranean, Adriatic Sea reduced salinity, can move by creeping

Bougainvilliidae

Bougainvillia britannica S Norway, British Isles, W of Iceland. EU coastal gastropod, bivalve shells M Mediterranean records probably 2, 8, 9 (Forbes, 1841) erroneous (2), One record from Maine (9), and from China, Alaska, probably erroneous too carolinensis Arctic S to Caribbean AM intertidal - docks, ships M fouling 4, 11 (McCrady, 1859) shallow

Bougainvillia macloviana Falklands, South Africa, Kerguelen, New EU coastal fouling M hydroid not observed in North Sea. 2, 9 Lesson, 1830 Zealand. Introduced to North Sea probably introduced on ships as hydroid; direct observation of hydroid on ship by 9

Bougainvillia muscoides Norway, Sweden, British Isles, one record EU 4-200m hydroids M Chile record confirmed by 16S data 2, 8, 9 (Sars, 1846) from Chile Bougainvillia principis Arctic S to English Channel, Iceland, AMPHI shallow, 30m stones M 2, 9 (Steenstrup, 1850) Greenland, New England, NE Pacific

Bougainvillia pyramidata British Isles, Sweden EU 30-80m, mainly ascidians, hydroids M 2, 8, 9 (Forbes & Goodsir, 1853) near deeper water

Bougainvillia superciliaris Arctic S to North Sea, Cape Hatteras, possibly AMPHI shallow gastropod shells, mussels M 4, 6, 9 (Agassiz, 1849) San Francisco

Dicoryne conferta Iceland, Barents Sea to Gibraltar, AMPHI 5-300m gastropod shells, spider P South Africa: on Agulhas bank, False 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, (Alder, 1856) Mediterranean, South Africa, NE Canada S crabs Bay to Mossel bay. 12 does not mention 10, 12 to Cape Cod that it might be introduced.

Dicoryne conybearei S British Isles S to Iberian Peninsula, EU coastal gastropod shells P cryptogenic. sparsely recorded around 2, 8, 9, 10 (Allman, 1846) Mediterranean, Japan and New Zealand British Isles. Recorded from Japan and New Zealand? Could be only variety of D. conferta brevis Arctic S to Cape Cod AM 18-24m Tubularia , piles P fouling 4 (Fraser, 1918) Garveia cerulea Arctic, Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras AM intertidal - coralline algae, piles, ships P fouling. possibly conspecific with G. 4, 11, 47 (Clarke, 1882) shallow franciscana

Garveia nutans Shetlands to Plymouth, Bay of Biscay, EU lower shore - stone, rock, hydroids, P 2, 8, 9 Wright, 1859 Gibraltar, Mediterranean, Belgium, France 30m (580m) seaweed, various hard substrata, in strong tidal currents

Koellikerina fasciculata Mediterranean, Black Sea, Red Sea, Cape EU H:20-270m, M: polychaetes, urchin spines M probably not reproducing in Scotland and 2, 9 (Péron & Lesueur, 1810) Verdes, Scotland and Norway shallow Norway

Lizzia blondina Arctic, Norway to Mediterranean, NW AMPHI nearshore H: unknown M hydroid of this species unknown. 2, 4, 9, 10 Forbes, 1848 Atlantic, Iceland, Faroes, W Africa, Florida, Hydractinia minuta included New Zealand

Lizzia elisabethae Jersey, English Channel (type locality) EU M 9 Haeckel, 1879

Pachycordyle michaeli Maine to Chesapeake Bay AM shallow wooden floats, Fucus P doubtful species. closely resembles P. 2, 9, 13 (Berrill, 1948) navis , status should be re-evaluated

Rhizorhagium album Cornwall EU shore rock pool on filamentous P doubtful species, possibly subspecies of 2, 8, 9 Rees, 1938 algae R. arenosum

Rhizorhagium arenosum North Sea coasts British Isles, SW Ireland EU intertidal algae, stones, other P 2, 9 (Alder, 1862) substrates

Rhizorhagium roseum Arctic circumpolar, S to Scotland, NE AMPHI 15-200m hydroids P 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 Sars, 1874 Canada, W Canada, Alaska Candelabridae

Candelabrum cocksii NE Atlantic, absent from North Sea, Baltic, EU lower shore- under stones, Laminaria other Deeper records from Aalesund (Norway) 2, 5, 8, 10 (Cocks, 1854) Mediterranean and Black Sea. English 17m (110- holdfasts doubtful. C. phrygium from deeper water Channel, Brittany, Galicia, Bay of Cadiz 146m) regarded as separate species. Brooding embryos Candelabrum minutum N Norway (Tromso) ARCT P likely synonym of C. phrygium 1, 2, 46 (Bonnevie, 1898)

Candelabrum phrygium Arctic, British Isles, off Iberian Peninsula, AMPHI 13m in high on rock, bivalves, other submerges in S part of range, shallow 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, (Fabricius, 1780) Mid Atlantic Ridge, Bay of Fundy to Cape Arctic - 2195m hydroids, bryozoans, algae records from temperate waters are C. 6, 14 Cod cocksii . Blastothela rosea in 4 is this species. viviparous Candelabrum verrucosum N Norway, S Greenland ARCT 50m rocky bottom other viviparous 1, 2, 5 (Bonnevie, 1898)

Monocoryne gigantea Arctic, S to N Norway, NE Canada ARCT 16-20m high on Tubularia and P 1, 2, 5, 14 (Bonnevie, 1898) Arctic - >100m polychaete tubes on Lima excavata shells Cladonematidae

Eleutheria claparedii French coast English Channel, Mediterranean EU intertidal medusa clinging on M 1, 2, 5 Hartlaub, 1889 macroalgae like Ulva and Fucus , not recorded in nature

Corymorphidae

Branchiocerianthus Bergen EU shallow? 1, 2 norvegicus Brattström, 1957 Branchiocerianthus Davis Strait ARCT 1 reniformis Broch, 1918

Corymorpha appelloefi Bergen EU shallow? P 1, 2 Bonnevie, 1901

Corymorpha glacialis Arctic. N Norway, Iceland, Greenland, ARCT shallow? P 1, 2, 3 Sars, 1859 Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Spitsbergen, Nova Zembla, Davis Strait

Corymorpha groenlandica Arctic, S to between Scotland and Faroes ARCT, usually deeper attached to Lophelia P deepwater species? 1, 2, 3, 7 (Allman, 1876) EU than 100m, 1253m

Corymorpha nana Britain, NE Finnmark EU shallow? 1, 2 Alder, 1857 Corymorpha pendula Arctic S to Rhode Island AM 20-275m M 4, 6, 7 Agassiz, 1862

Corymorpha sarsii Arctic. Lofoten, NE Finnmark ARCT shallow? 1, 2 Steenstrup, 1854

Gymnogonos crassicornis Lofoten EU shallow? 1, 2 Bonnevie, 1898

Plotocnide borealis Baltic, Oslo, Scotland, Arctic EU M not in Mediterranean 1, 2 Wagner, 1885

Plotocnide incerta White Sea ARCT 1 (Linko, 1900)

Corynidae

Coryne eximia Norway S to Galicia, E coast N America S to AMPHI lower shore - rocks, floats, laminaria, M 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, Gaertner, 1774 Nova Scotia, Alaska S to California, South 25m mussels, algae 10, 15 Africa, Chile, New Zealand, W Australia. Mediterranean, Greenland, Iceland, Brazil, Papua: need confirmation

Coryne filiformis British Isles EU shallow on Eunicella verrucosa (= P similar to C. pintneri 1, 15 (Rees, 1936) Sea fan), Pecten shells

Coryne fucicola Roscoff, Mediterranean EU shallow algae P recent rediscovery 16 (de Filippi, 1866)

Coryne hincksii Arctic. Norway, Greenland, Canada, Russia ARCT P 1, 2, 14, 15 Bonnevie, 1898

Coryne muscoides British Isles N to Orkneys, Sweden, France, EU 0 - 2m algae, lithophytes P Mediterranean Coryne might be different 1, 2, 8, 10, (Linnaeus, 1761) Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean, Indo- species 15 Pacific?

Coryne pintneri Mediterranean, Brittany, Scotland EU 1-30m Posidonia , red algae, rock P similar to C. filiformis 1, 15 Schneider, 1898

Coryne producta White Sea, Iceland S to Bay of Biscay, not in EU just subtidal hydroids, shells, solid M not in W Atlantic 1, 2, 3, 10, (Wright, 1858) Mediterranean, not in Greenland, not in W objects 15, 47 Atlantic

Coryne prolifera British Isles, France, Mediterranean? EU M polyp stage unknown 1, 2, 15 (Forbes, 1848)

Coryne pusilla cosmopolitan. Greenland, Iceland, N Norway AMPHI intertidal - brown algae, man made P ship fouling. rafting on algae 1, 2, 3, 8, Gaertner, 1774 to Cape Verdes, Mediterranean, NE Canada, shallow floats, ships 10, 11, 14, South Africa, Kerguelen, Seychelles, Korea, 15, 17 Japan, New Zealand Coryne vanbenedeni Ostende (Belgium) EU shallow on crab P doubtful species, probably 1, 2, 15 (Hincks, 1869) misidentification, only known from type locality and never observed again

Dipurena gemmifera Bergen, British Isles S to NW Spain, EU M polyp stage unknown 1, 2, 10, 15 (Forbes, 1848) Mediterranean

Dipurena ophiogaster British Isles to Mediterranean, Skagerrak, Sri EU shallow algae, barnacles, rocks M 1, 10, 15 Haeckel, 1879 Lanka, Japan, Palau Islands, Papua New Guinea, Pacific Mexico, Chile, New Zealand. circumtropical

Dipurena reesi Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean, Brazil, EU 1-50m variety of solid substrates M circumtropical? 2, 10, 15 Vannucci, 1956 California

Dipurena simulans Roscoff, Brittany. EU shallow in and on sponge Haliclona M probably more wide-spread 1, 15 Bouillon, 1965 simulans

Dipurena spongicola Germany, Sweden (Baltic) EU 9-10m within canal system sponge M 1, 15 Anger, 1972 Halichondria panicea

Dipurena strangulata Cape Cod to Florida, Puerto Rico, Gulf of AM shallow in sponge Microciona M tolerates reduced salinity 15 McCrady, 1859 Guinea prolifera

Sarsia barentsi Barents Sea ARCT 1, 2 Linko, 1905

Sarsia densa North Sea EU shallow hard substrates M might be S .tubulosa 1, 15 Hartlaub, 1897

Sarsia lovenii Arctic to boreal Atlantic, S to North Sea, AMPHI 0 - 200m rocks, stones, weeds, solid P tolerant of reduced salinity 2, 3, 8, 15 (Sars, 1846) Baltic Sea, N New England objects

Sarsia piriformis Scotland EU 15-20m on clinker M only known from type locality 1, 2, 15 Edwards, 1983

Sarsia princeps Arctic circumpolar, S to Newfoundland ARCT 15-25m shells M 1, 2, 15 (Haeckel, 1879)

Sarsia striata Scotland EU 15-20m on clinker M 1, 2, 15 Edwards, 1983

Sarsia tubulosa Circumpolar, coastal boreal and Arctic. AMPHI P: near low rocks, stones, weeds M near cosmopolitan, may be species 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, (Sars, 1835) Boreal Atlantic S to English Channel, Iberian water, M: 20- complex. tolerant of reduced salinity. 8, 10, 13, 14, Peninsula, S to Caribbean. Alaska S to San 100m rafting inferred from distribution 15, 17, 18 Francisco Bay, Japan.

Sarsiella dinema Normandy, Mediterranean EU M only medusa known, doubtful species 1, 2, 46 Hartlaub, 1907

Eucodoniidae

Eucodonium brownei Gibraltar, Mediterranean. Atlantic? EU hydroid M 1, 2, 10, 19 Hartlaub, 1907 unknown

Eudendrium annulatum North Atlantic, boreal to Arctic. S to English AMPHI shallow 2, 4, 6 Norman, 1864 Channel (beached material)

Eudendrium arbusculum Spitsbergen, Greenland, Canada, NW Europe, AMPHI 2, 3, 9, 14 Wright, 1859 Mediterranean

Eudendrium cingulatum Bay of Fundy to Cape Cod AM shallow 4 Stimpson, 1854

Eudendrium dispar Arctic to Cape Hatteras AM shallow 4, 6 Agassiz, 1862

Eudendrium glomeratum circumtropical. Plymouth, S Devon, Ireland, EU 5-40m biological concretions P 2, 8, 10, 20 Picard, 1951 NE Spain, Mediterranean

Eudendrium insigne Casco Bay, Maine AM shallow 4 Hincks, 1861

Eudendrium islandicum Iceland, Greenland ARCT 40-996m very likely synonym of D. album - which 2, 3 Schuchert, 2000 has a disjunct distribution, adding these records makes the distribution amphi- Atlantic

Eudendrium racemosum NW Spain, Arctic? Mediterranean, Indo EU P 2, 10 (Cavolini, 1785) Pacific?

Eudendrium rameum Arctic S to Mediterranean, S to Cape Cod AMPHI 5-100m various substrata P widely distributed. 2, 4, 8, 10, (Pallas, 1766) 14, 21

Eudendrium ramosum Iceland S to Mediterranean, Arctic S to AMPHI 5-200m, various substrata, ships P not all records are reliable. ship fouling 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, (Linnaeus, 1758) Caribbean, Australia, South Africa sometimes 10, 11 deeper

Eudendrium vaginatum Arctic circumpolar, S to N British Isles, AMPHI shallow 2, 3, 4 Allman, 1863 Norway, S to Cape Hatteras, Japan

Euphysidae

Euphysa aurata Arctic, NW Europe, Baltic, Bay of Biscay, AMPHI shallow on mud M disjunct or amphi-Atlantic? infrequently 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, Forbes, 1848 Mediterranean, Massachusetts Bay, recorded because it occurs on mud, 14 Argentina? probably amphi-Atlantic Euphysa farcta Maine to Cape Cod AM shallow M possibly synonym of E. aurata ., doubtful 7 (Miles, 1937) species

Euphysa flammea Arctic ARCT not in Mediterranean 1, 2 (Linko, 1905) Euphysa obvoluta E Greenland ARCT 1, 2 (Kramp, 1933)

Euphysa peregrina Cape Cod S to Cape Hatteras AM 4, 47 (Murbach, 1899)

Euphysa tentaculata Arctic. Kola Peninsula, Davis Strait, Baltic, ARCT 1, 2 Linko, 1905 Kattegat

Hydractiniidae

Clava multicornis Arctic. S to Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean. AMPHI intertidal - Ascophyllum , algae, on and P tolerant of reduced salinity and emersion. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, (Forsskal, 1775) S to Cape Hatteras, San Francisco Bay 163m under stones, rock pools, Seasonal dormancy. Introduced to San 8, 10, 17, 22, shells Francisco Bay. Rafting on algae. 26 Dispersal by shipping,.

Hydractinia allmani Arctic ARCT 40-250m, gastropod shells M 3 Bonnevie, 1898 extremes: 3- 1500m

Hydractinia americana Bay of Fundy S to Florida AM intertidal - 50m gastropod shells, hermit M used to be included in H. carnea , now 6 (Edwards, 1972) crab shells, bivalves, recognized as separate species barnacles, larger crustaceans, stones

Hydractinia areolata British Isles, Belgium, NW Spain, EU M 2, 10 (Alder, 1862) Mediterranean

Hydractinia arge Cape Cod S to South Carolina AM shallow gastropod shells, algae, M 4, 7, 13, 23 (Clarke, 1882) rock, sponges

Hydractinia carica Arctic ARCT 0-120m Buccinum shells P 3, 4, 14 Bergh, 1887

Hydractinia carnea N Norway S to British Isles, North Sea, EU intertidal - 50m gastropod shells, hermit M 2, 3, 8, 10 Sars, 1846 Belgium, The Netherlands (Zuiderzee?), crab shells, bivalves, Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean barnacles, larger crustaceans, stones

Hydractinia claviformis France, NW Spain EU shallow algae, sponges, rocks P 2, 10, 23 (Bouillon, 1965)

Hydractinia echinata Arctic to Morocco, Mediterranean EU shore - 30m hermit crab gastropod P not on NE American coast 2, 3, 8, 10, Fleming, 1823 shells, sometimes other 24 solid substrata

Hydractinia hooperii Cape Cod S to Caribbean AM shallow hermit crab shells M possibly synonym of H. arge 4, 7, 23 (Sigerfoos, 1899)

Hydractinia monocarpa Arctic. Newfoundland, Spitsbergen, probably ARCT shallow gastropod shells P 3, 14 Allman, 1876 also Greenland, Iceland Hydractinia polyclina Maine to Massachusetts AM shallow subtidal on hermit crab shells, one of three American species that were 24 Agassiz, 1862 particularly Pagurus all ascribed to H. echinata . Agassiz acadianus separated European H. echinata and the Amerian species, but they were considered conspecific by later workers. Breeding experiments have shown that they are separate species. Hydractinia sarsii Greenland, Iceland, Faroes, Bergen ARCT shallow? P 3 Steenstrup, 1850

Hydractinia serrata Greenland, Barents Sea ARCT 20-165m P 3 Kramp, 1943

Hydractinia Freeport, Maine to Connecticut AM shallow subtidal on hermit crab shells, one of three American species that were 24 symbiolongicarpus particularly Pagurus all ascribed to H. echinata Buss & Yund, 1989 longicarpus

Hydractinia Woods Hole, Connecticut AM shallow subtidal on hermit crab shells, one of three American species that were 24 symbiopollicaris particualrly Pagurus all ascribed to H. echinata Buss & Yund, 1989 pollicaris

Hydractinia valens Maine AM shallow P 4 Fraser, 1941

Margelopsidae

Margelopsis haeckelii S North Sea, Irish Sea, Helgoland, Weser, EU planktonic planktonic M both polyp and medusa planktonic. 1, 2, 5 Hartlaub, 1897 Elbe and Ems estuary, Belgium, E Britain overwintering cyst stage

Moerisiidae

Moerisia lyonsi Black Sea, Middle East, Chesapeake Bay S to AM shallow brackish water species introduced from Black Sea to Chesapeake 25, 26, 27 Boulenger, 1908 Louisiana, San Francisco Bay Bay and San Francisco Bay

Oceaniidae

Corydendrium dispar Sweden, Norway, Faroes EU 26-184m shells, hydroids M 2, 22 Kramp, 1935

Oceania armata Spain, Portugal, Mediterranean, Canaries, EU shallow - 200m unknown M polyp never found in nature 2, 22 Kölliker, 1853 Azores, Cape Verdes, West Indies, Japan, New Zealand, Tasman Sea

Pachycordyle navis South Africa, Baltic, S England, The EU shallow algae, wood, iron P =Clavopsella quadranularia , Thieliana 12, 22, 39 (Millard, 1959) Netherlands, Denmark, Black Sea constructs, Mytilus , other navis . described from ship hull in Table solid substrata, ships Bay. introduced. origin could be Black Sea

Rhizogeton fusiformis Bay of Fundy to Cape Cod AM intertidal in rock pools P is not R. nudus 4, 22 Agassiz, 1862 Rhizogeton nudus Spitsbergen, Norway, Greenland, Iceland, AMPHI 0-100m on Mytilus , barnacles, P records from South Africa, Argentina and 1, 3,14, 22 (Broch, 1909) British Isles, NE Canada hydroids, bryozoans, tropical Indian Ocean are probably macroalgae separate species

Similomerona Arctic. Franz Joseph Land ARCT shallow 5, 22 nematophora (Antsulevich, 1986)

Turritopsis nutricula Massachusetts to Caribbean AM shallow on algae, ships P “immortal", reverts back to polyp stage 4, 10, 11, 13, McCrady, 1857 after sexual maturity. Regarded as 28, 29 cosmopolitan, but actually four separate spp. ship fouling.

Turritopsis polycirrha S North Sea, English Channel EU shallow shells, pebbles M has been synonimized with American T. 2, 22 (Keferstein, 1862) nutricula , but is a separate species. polyp phase not well known.

Pandeidae

Catablema multicirratum NW Atlantic, N Pacific AM M 9 Kishinouye, 1910 Catablema vesicarium Arctic. N Norway, Iceland, Greenland, S to ARCT shallow M hydroid stage unknown 6, 9 (Agassiz, 1862) Cape Cod

Halitholus cirratus Arctic, Baltic EU shallow - 100m on several small bivalves, M tolerates brackish waters. = Perigonimus 2, 3, 9 Hartlaub, 1914 Nuculidae, Astartidae. yoldiaearcticae

Halitholus pauper Arctic. Iceland, Greenland, Canada, British ARCT shallow M hydroid stage unknown 9 Hartlaub, 1914 Columbia, Kamchatka, N Japan, New Zealand

Hydrichthys mirus Cape Cod S to Cape Hatteras AM shallow on fish M 4 Fewkes, 1887

Hydrichthys sarcotretis NW Atlantic, Cape Cod Bay, Europe AMPHI? shallow-deep parasitic on copepods on 2 (Jungersen, 1912) redfish (Templeman, 1973)

Leuckartiara nobilis Ireland, Scotland, Rockall, Iceland, AMPHI oceanic M hydroid unknown 9 Hartlaub, 1914 Newfoundland, Japan, British Columbia

Leuckartiara octona near cosmopolitan. P: England, South Africa. AMPHI 10-400m gastropod shells, spider M near cosmopolitan, ship fouling 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, (Fleming, 1823) M: Lofoten, Iceland S to Portugal, W Africa, crabs, hydroids, 10, 11 Labrador to C Hatteras, Mediterranean, W invertebrates, ships Africa, Tristan da Cunha, India, Malayan Archipelago, NE Australia, Low Archipelago, China, Japan, Chile, Vancouver, New Zealand Neoturris breviconis circumpolar S to N North Sea, S Iceland, ARCT shallow M Atlantic population needs to be 9 (Murbach & Shearer, British Columbia, Japan reinvestigated, uncertain status of species 1902) Neoturris pileata M: Arctic S to Iberian Peninsula, EU H: 40-180m H: exclusively on Nucula , M can be confused with Leuckartiara 2, 9, 10 (Forsskal, 1775) Mediterranean, SW Africa. H: Scotland, adapted to live buried in nobilis Norway, Sweden the mud

Pennariidae

Pennaria disticha Massachusetts to Caribbean AM shallow ships =Halocordyle disticha 13, 17 (Goldfuss, 1820) ship fouling. rafting inferred from distribution Proboscidactylidae

Proboscidactyla stellata Norway, British Isles, NW France EU shallow sabellid tubes M hydroid stage seldom recorded 2, 8 (Forbes, 1846)

Ptilicodiidae

Thecocodium brieni W Scotland, Roscoff EU shallow unknown 1, 2 Bouillon, 1967

Thecocodium penicillatum NE Atlantic EU shallow 1, 2, 19 Jarms, 1987

Rathkeidae

Rathkea octopunctata Arctic S to Gibraltar, Mediterranean, Black AMPHI H: shallow H: oyster and mussel M medusae able to reproduce asexually by 9 (Sars, 1835) Sea, S to New England, S to British pools; M: shells, M: lagoons, budding. New Zealand medusae could be Columbia, Australia, New Zealand coastal brackish waters, survives separate species based on morphology in polluted waters and genetic data

Sphaerocorynidae

Sphaerocoryne agassizii Massachusetts S to S Carolina AM shallow Sargassum , shells, serpulid M often confused with Zanclea gemmosa 4, 13 (McCrady, 1859) tubes, pebbles, wood, always with encrusting bryozoa Stylasteridae

Stenohelia maderensis Iberian Peninsula EU P 10, 2 (Johnson, 1862) Tricyclusidae

Tricyclusa singularis W Ireland, N Brittany, Adriatic Sea EU near lower attached to Zostera and P possibly extinct in Mediterranean. 5 (Schulze, 1876) shore macroalgae, sometimes rafting? detached polyps or young Associated with Zostera , sometimes in individuals in the plankton, plankton with very long and thin tentacles until they attach Tubulariidae

Ectopleura americana Long Island Sound AM “First and last seen on a ship hull in 1879 30, 47 Petersen, 1990 in Long Island Sound”

Ectopleura larynx near cosmopolitan.Arctic, S to Iberian AMPHI lower shore - hydroids, solid substrata, P tolerant of slightly reduced salinity 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, (Ellis & Solander, 1786) Peninsula, S to Long Island Sound, >100m, usually ships ship fouling 8, 10, 11, 31 Mediterranean, New Zealand, Mid Atlantic <35m, but also Ridge. 845m Hybocodon prolifer M: northern boreal circumpolar, S to Bay of AMPHI lower shore- little known, sponge M disjunct, present in northern hemisphere 2, 3, 4, 8, Agassiz, 1862 Biscay, S to Chesapeake Bay, S to Puget sublittoral and New Zealand 10, 32 Sound, New Zealand. H: NE American coast, Plymouth, Iceland, New Zealand

Tubularia acadiae NW Atlantic AM no other information found on this 47 Petersen, 1990 species

Tubularia asymmetrica Norway EU M 1 Bonnevie, 1898

Tubularia indivisa Arctic, Norway, Iceland, Faroes, British Isles, AMPHI intertidal - various solid substrata, M seasonal dormancy, ship fouling 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, Linnaeus, 1758 S to Iberian Peninsula, W Africa, 300m ships 8, 10, 11 Mediterranean, S to Cape Hatteras, N Pacific

Tubularia regalis Arctic. Norway, Spitsbergen, Nova Zembla, ARCT 1, 2, 3, 14 Boeck, 1860 Shetland-Faroe channel, NE Greenland, N Canada

Zancleidae

Zanclea gemmosa Cape Cod to Florida AM shallow Sargassum , shells, serpulid M rafting on algae 2, 4 McCrady, 1859 tubes, pebbles, wood, always with encrusting bryozoa

Zanclea sessilis British Isles EU 1, 2 (Gosse, 1853)

Aequoreidae

Aequorea albida NW Atlantic? AM validity uncertain 6, 48 Agassiz, 1862 Aequorea vitrina British Isles, Belgium, Helgoland, Denmark EU probably coastal M 32 Gosse, 1853

Rhacostoma atlanticum Cobscook Bay, Gulf of Mexico, Nova Scotia AM M validity uncertain 6, 48 Agasssiz, 1850 to Brazil Aglaopheniidae

Aglaophenia acacia British Isles, Brittany to NW Spain, Azores, EU 8-823m hard substrata P possibly further N in Europe, deepest 2, 8, 32 Allman, 1833 Canaries, Mediterranean record from Azores. NW Atlantic records misidentifications (47)

Aglaophenia Iberian Peninsula to Morocco, Mediterranean, EU shallow, some rock , corraline algae, P probably overlooked 2, 8, 10, 32, kirchenpaueri Cape Verdes deep records brown algae, gorgonians not reported rafting 33 (Heller, 1868)

Aglaophenia octodonta Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean EU shallow P 2, 10 (Heller, 1868)

Aglaophenia parvula British Isles, Iberian Peninsula, Brittany, EU shallow mostly sponges, once P disjunct distribution? Often confused with 2, 8, 10, 32, Bale, 1882 Morocco, South Africa, Australia, S Indian Mytilus , barnacles, algae A. pluma . not reported rafting 33 Ocean, St Paul Island

Aglaophenia picardi Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean EU P 2, 10 Svoboda, 1979

Aglaophenia pluma cosmopolitan. British Isles, N France, Iberian EU intertidal - 20m brown algae, rock , gravel, P cosmopolitan, but identification is 2, 8, 10, 11, (Linnaeus, 1767) Peninsula, Morocco, Mediterranean ships difficult, might be a species complex. 17, 32, 33 Rafting on algae inferred from distribution, ship fouling

Aglaophenia tubiformis N Brittany southwards EU shallow algae, rocks P very similar to A. pluma 2, 10, 32 Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 Aglaophenia tubulifera Scotland S to Cape Verdes, Azores, Morocco, EU 10->80m, rocks, boulders, pebbles in P 2, 8, 32 (Hincks, 1861) Strait of Gibraltar, Guinea 100m, 1200m moderate current

Cladocarpus boucheti Gibraltar EU deep? P Cladocarpus is primarily, but not 2, 10, 47 Ramil & Vervoort, 1992 exclusively a deep water

Cladocarpus flexilis Cape Cod S to Cape Hatteras AM 50-285m P mostly deeper waters 4 Verrill, 1885

Cladocarpus septatus Cape Cod S to Cape Hatteras AM 87-787m P mostly deeper waters 4 Nutting, 1900

Gymnangium montagui Ireland, W Scotland S to Morocco, twice from EU 60-80m algae, shells, rock P 2, 8, 10, 32 (Billard, 1912) South Africa

Lytocarpia myriophyllum Arctic S to Guinea Bissau, Liberia; S to New AMPHI 30m-1600m gravel to silt P different subspecies may be involved. 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, (Linnaeus, 1758) England, SE Falklands, Magellan Strait; Records from warm waters of the Indo- 10, 32 widely reported from Indo-Pacific: Chile, Pacific are highly suspect (47) Borneo, Japan

Streptocaulus dollfusi Gibraltar EU deep? P 2, 10 Billard, 1924

Streptocaulus pectiniferus Iceland, Azores, Canaries, Portugal, Gibraltar, EU 92-1646m P 2, 3, 10 Allman, 1883 Mediterranean Blackfordiidae

Blackfordia manhattensis NW Atlantic AM shallow M 47, 48 Mayer, 1910

Bonneviellidae

Bonneviella grandis Arctic. W Greenland, Barents Sea, Bering ARCT 25-800m P 3 (Allman, 1876) Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Japan

Campanulariidae

Campanularia crenata Arctic Atlantic and Pacific. W and S ARCT shallow - deeper on Halecium , ascidans M 2, 3, 4, 10, Allman, 1876 Greenland, not Iceland, Iberian Peninsula, 17, 34 Mediterranean

Campanularia Arctic. N Canada S to Cape Cod, Greenland, ARCT shallow - deep? on other hydroids P 3, 4, 6, 34 groenlandica Iceland, Faroes, N Norway, Spitsbergen, Levinsen, 1893 Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, Bering Sea, Alaska Campanularia volubilis Arctic, Iceland, Greenland, S to British Isles, AMPHI 25-650m hydroids P probably more widespread but 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, (Linnaeus, 1758) English Channel, Mediterranean, N Spain, overlooked, rafting on algae 10, 17, 32, once Mauritania, Canada, New England, S to 33, 34 Cape Hatteras, N Russia, Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, Bering Sea, Alaska, Washington, California Clytia gracilis Possibly near cosmopolitan. Barents Sea, AMPHI 1- 1443m sand, man made hard M not all records reliable, identification 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, (Sars, 1850) Iceland, S to Morocco, Mediterranean, Arctic substrata, algae, Sabella difficult. rafting 17, 32, 33 S to Caribbean, Tierra del Fuego, Brazil, tubes, ascidians, coral, Alaska S to Vancouver Island, South Africa, floating substrata, India, Mergui Archipelago. Pelagic form planktonic found along W Africa, North Sea Clytia hemisphaerica near cosmopolitan. Iceland, Bergen S, at least AMPHI intertidal - M: coastal plankton; H: M near cosmopolitan, but identification 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, (Linnaeus, 1767) to Iberian Peninsula, Arctic S to Caribbean 150m wide variety of substrata, difficult, tolerates brackish water. Rafting 8, 10, 11, 13, probably more common on on Sargassum . Ship fouling 17, 32, 33, algae than C. gracilis, on 34 fish and their crustacean ectoparasites, ships Clytia islandica N North Sea, Shetlands, Faroes, Iceland, EU M hydroid unknown, possibly more wide- 2, 32 (Kramp, 1919) British Isles spread Clytia kincaidi Chesapeake Bay to Caribbean AM shallow wood debris, oyster shells M 4, 13 (Nutting, 1899)

Clytia linearis circumtropical. Mediterranean, Spanish EU shallow rocky shores M introduced. Lessepsian migrant, now very 2, 10, 17, 35, (Thornely, 1899) Atlantic coast, possibly further N abundant in Mediterranean. Has a 36 possible resting stage. rafting inferred from distribution

Clytia longicyatha Cape Cod to Caribbean AM shallow - deep on Sargassum , sponges M rafting on Sargassum 4, 17 (Allman, 1877) Clytia noliformis W Atlantic AM shallow on sargassum warm water species, occurs further N on 47 (McCrady, 1859) floating Sargassum

Gonothyraea hyalina Europe, Sargasso Sea EU shallow - deep P subspecies of G. loveni ? 8, 17 Hincks, 1866 rafting on plastics

Gonothyraea loveni Arctic S to South Carolina, S to Morocco, AMPHI intertidal - 30m, rock and stones, algae, P cryptogenic. tolerant of brackish water., 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, (Allman, 1859) Mediterranean, Baltic, New Zealand, 200m hydroids, mollusk shells, seasonal dormancy. candidate for ship- 10, 11, 13, Australia, Cape Town docks (South Africa) seagrasses, ships aided dispersal, see South African record. 17, 32, 33, rafting on plastics. ship fouling 34

Laomedea amphora Arctic S to Cape Hatteras AM shallow fouling, ships P ship fouling 4, 11, 34 (Agassiz, 1862)

Laomedea angulata British Isles, S to NW Spain, including The EU intertidal - 8m seagrass ( Zostera, P Disappeared from British Isles with 2, 4, 10, 11, Hincks, 1861 Netherlands, Mediterranean Posidonia ), ships disappearance of eelgrass, nowhere 17, 32, 33 outside Europe. Records outside Europe unreliable, not seen on American coast. rafting on plastics, ship fouling Laomedea exigua British Isles, Belgium, Bergen (Norway) EU 0-100m, true tunicates, hydroids, P not reported for 120 years, recently 2, 32 Sars, 1857 limits unknown zoophytes, under stones redescribed

Laomedea flexuosa Arctic S to Mauritania, Ghana, S to Cape AMPHI intertidal - 40m, rock and stones, fucoid P rafting inferred, fouling 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, Alder, 1857 Hatteras, Caribbean. 100m algae, man-made hard 10, 17, 31, substrata, mud, hydroids, 32, 33 mollusc shells, crustaceans, seagrasses. Rafting. Laomedea neglecta Arctic. Iceland, British Isles, Denmark S to AMPHI intertidal - 50m beneath stones, on shell P tolerant of low salinity, used to be present 2, 3, 4, 32 Alder, 1856 Mediterranean, S to Cape Hatteras gravel, stones, rock, oyster in the Zuiderzee (The Netherlands) shells, in muddy conditions

Laomedea Bay of Biscay, Gibraltar EU deep? P 2, 10, 38 pseudodichotoma Vervoort, 1959

Obelia fimbriata English Channel, Mediterranean EU M 2 (Dalyell, 1848)

Obelia geniculata near cosmopolitan. Arctic S to Iberian AMPHI intertidal - fouling, ships, algae, M near cosmopolitan, also in brackish 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, (Linnaeus, 1758) Peninsula, Mediterranean, S to Caribbean, S 100m, Laminaria , Fucus , dogfish, waters. possibly introduced to 11, 17, 32, to Kerguelen, S Georgia, Macquarie Island, commonly 20m parisitic copepods on fish, Massachusetts. Rare or absent in tropical 33, 34, 37 New Zealand rafting. waters. rafting. ship fouling

Obelia longissima near cosmopolitan. Arctic S to Iberian AMPHI intertidal - 75m fouling, plants, inert M produces resting stages. distribution Indo- 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, (Pallas, 1766) Peninsula, Mediterranean, S to Caribbean, substrata, ships, rock, sand, Pacific unclear, records under other 11, 17, 32, Indo Pacific? rafting names probably refer to this species. 33, 34, 39, Confusion with O. dichotoma recently 44 resolved. rafting. ship fouling. Obelia plicata Hudson Bay ARCT lower shore M 4, 34, 47, 48 Hincks, 1868 Obelia racemosa Arctic Canada ARCT 90-120m M 4 Fraser, 1941

Orthopyxis integra near cosmopolitan; all oceans tropics to Arctic AMPHI intertidal - edge rock and stones, algae, M near cosmopolitan, not in brackish waters. 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, (MacGillivray, 1842) shelf hydroids, mollusk shells, rafting inferred 17, 32, 33, floating substrates, 34 seagrasses. Rafting

Rhizocaulus verticillatus Arctic S to Brittany, Bay of Biscay, Black Sea AMPHI 50-200m, sandy and rocky grounds, P ship fouling 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, (Linnaeus, 1758) (not in Mediterranean); S to Long Island extremes: 15- on algae, pebbles, shells, 11, 32, 33, Sound, S to California, Sea of Japan 680m ships 34

Campanulinidae

Calycella hispida S England, N Norfolk, offshore EU intertidal - P doubtful species 8, 32 (Nutting, 1896) offshore

Calycella syringa near cosmopolitan. Arctic S to Mediterranean, AMPHI 10-1500m hydroids, algae, mussels, P 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, (Linnaeus, 1767) S to Long Island Sound, Japan, California bryozoa, barnacles, 10, 32, 33, floating substrata, common 34, 47 on stranded material

Cuspidella costata Arctic Canada, Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras AM shallow 4 Hincks, 1868

Cuspidella humilis Arctic. Europe, Bay of Biscay, AMPHI shallow bryozoa, pilings, ships M doubtful species, is probably Staurophora 2, 3, 4, 10, (Hincks, 1866) Mediterranean, Cape Cod to Florida mertensi . Cuspidella species are only 11, 34 distinctive in their medusa phase, difficult to identify. ship fouling

Cuspidella procumbens Greenland, NE Canada ARCT 3, 34 Kramp, 1911 Cuspidella sp. ? intertidal- various substrata M not included in analyses, species complex 2, 8, 27, 40 considerable depth Egmundella grimaldii Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean EU P 2, 10 Leloup, 1940

Lafoeina maxima Arctic to sub-Arctic, possibly S to British AMPHI shallow-deep P = L. vilaevelebiti , Keratosum 3, 4, 32, 34 Levinsen, 1893 Isles, S to Cape Cod, Sea of Japan complexum ,. seasonal dormancy

Lafoeina tenuis E Greenland, N Norway, Barents Sea, S to EU coastal - 610m hydroids, bryozoans, M rafting inferred from distribution, fouling 3, 10, 17, 32, Sars, 1874 Skagerrak, Roscoff, Bay of Biscay, Madeira, Sargassum , oil rig, fouling 33, 41 Azores. Mediterranean.

Opercularella panicula Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, including AMPHI 30-2100m hydroids, mollusk shells, M cold water species that submerges in S 2, 3, 10, 32, (Sars, 1874) the Mediterranean worm tubes, coral, other part of its range 33 cnidarians, brachiopods Tetrapoma Arctic circumpolar. Greenland, Canada, ARCT shallow-deeper 2, 3, 4, 34 quadridentatum Spitsbergen, Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara (Hincks, 1874) Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, New Siberian Islands, Chile

Dipleurosomatidae

Dipleurosoma typicum Probably boreal circumpolar. H: only from ARCT M hydroid stage not well known, only 32 Boeck, 1866 The Clyde. M: British Isles, Faroes, Norway, recorded once Newfoundland, SW Canada, NW America, Japan.

Eirenidae

Eirene viridula M: British Isles, Denmark, N France, Bay of EU coastal? M hydroid stage never observed in nature 2, 10, 32, (Péron & Lesueur, 1810) Biscay, Mediterranean, W Africa, Djibouti, Kuwait, Amazon, Bismarck Sea, Papua New Guinea

Eutima gracilis N North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat S to EU M: coastal M hydroid not well known. Recorded from 2, 10, 32 (Forbes & Goodsir, 1851) Mediterranean. Twice from China? plankton, H: China? unknown

Eutonina indicans Iceland, mid Norway S to S North Sea, Baltic, EU M: coastal Zostera , crab, rock M hydroid not known from Europe 3, 32, 33 (Romanes, 1876) Alaska S to California, Kamchatka, Japan, plankton, H: India. H: only known from California shallow

Helgicirrha schulzei Denmark, British Isles, S to Roscoff (France), EU M: coastal mud M 32 Hartlaub, 1909 Portugal to Mediterranean, Congo, SW Africa plankton, H: coastal - deep?

Tima bairdii North Sea, but possibly wider range EU M: coastal unknown M extremely long medusa stage (up to 7 32 (Johnston, 1833) plankton, months). North American T. formosa possibly open possibly conspecific ocean as well

Eucheilotidae

Eucheilota maculata M: S North Sea, Baltic, English Channel, EU M: coastal crab, ascidians, algae, M 10, 32 Hartlaub, 1894 once off SW India and once off Argentina. H: plankton, H: 4- hydroids Helgoland, The Netherlands, Belgium, Iberian 15m Peninsula, Mediterranean

Haleciidae

Halecium arcticum Spitsbergen, NE Canada ARCT 5-40m laminarians, hydroids, P 42 Ronowicz & Schuchert, ascidians, barnacles, rock 2007

Halecium beanii near cosmopolitan. Arctic S to Iberian AMPHI 5-100m, hydroids, shells, rocky P near cosmopolitan. H.scutum included in 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, (Johnston, 1838) peninsula, S to Cape Hatteras sometimes substrates, ships this species. not reported rafting. ship 10, 11, 32, deeper (430m) fouling 33

Halecium corrugatum Arctic ARCT P 2, 4 Nutting, 1899

Halecium curvicaule Arctic. Greenland, Canada, Iceland, Barents ARCT 15-500m P 2, 3, 4, 34 Lorenz, 1886 Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea

Halecium diminutivum Bay of Fundy S to Cape Hatteras AM shallow P 4 Fraser, 1940

Halecium groenlandicum Arctic. Greenland, E Canada, N Russia, ARCT 50-100m hard bottoms P 2, 3, 34 Kramp, 1911 Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Kuriles

Halecium halecinum Cosmopolitan. Arctic S to South Africa, S to AMPHI subtidal - shelf stones, shells, other hard P not reported rafting, ship fouling 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, (Linnaeus, 1758) Chesapeake Bay, Mediterranean, Alaska, edge, substrates, ships 8, 10, 11, 32, Puget Sound, California, Sea of Okhotsk, sometimes 33, 34, Japan, Moluccas deeper

Halecium labrosum Arctic to S to Galicia, Azores, Mediterranean; AMPHI 5-200m epizoic, perhaps inanimate P 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, Alder, 1859 S to Cape Hatteras, Alaska, Japan substrata 32, 34

Halecium liouvillei NW Spain, Mediterranean EU P 2, 10 Billard, 1934

Halecium macrocephalum Cape Cod S to Florida AM shallow-deep wharf piling P fouling 4 Allman, 1877

Halecium mediterraneum Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean. EU P 10, 2 Weissman, 1883 cosmopolitan?

Halecium minutum Arctic. Nova Scotia, Greenland, Iceland, ARCT 15-450m P H. corrugatum might be synonym 2, 3, 4, 34 Broch, 1903 Norway, Murmansk coast, Bering Sea, S to Cape Cod

Halecium muricatum Arctic S to English Channel, Bay of Biscay, S AMPHI 10-1350m rocks, shells, algae P 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, (Ellis & Solander, 1786) to Cape Hatteras, Alaska, Siberia 10, 32, 33, 34 Halecium plumosum British Isles EU P questionable synonym of H. sessile 8, 32 Hincks, 1868

Halecium pusillum NW Spain, Mediterranean. tropical Atlantic? EU P planktonic propagule: short length of 2, 10, 33 (Sars, 1857) colony that is buoyant Halecium sessile near cosmopolitan. S to Cape Cod, Senegal, AMPHI intertidal - edge Sabellaria tubes, algae, P taxonomic and identification difficulties 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, Norman, 1867 Mediterranean, Indo-West Pacific, Australia, shelf (430m) other substrata 10, 38 New Zealand

Halecium sibogae Gibraltar EU P Synonym of Zygophylax sibogae Billard, 2, 10 Billard, 1929 1918?

Halecium speciosum Arctic ARCT P 34 Nutting, 1901

Halecium textum Greenland, NW Canada, W Iceland, Faroes. AMPHI 46-207m on other hydroids P H. undulatum records from the North Sea 3, 45 Kramp, 1911 Possibly North Sea, Sweden, Norway, British area could also be this species Isles

Halecium undulatum N Norway S to off France, Canadian E coast, AMPHI inshore - 220m hydroids, bryozoans, whelk P probably more widespread than reported, 32, 33, 34 Billard, 1921 Arctic egg capsules, spider crab, due to confusion with H. tenellum algae, swimming hull fouling, not reported rafting vertebrates, ship hull

Hydranthea margarica Shetlands S to Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean, EU offshore rock, Laminaria , M "undoubtedly overlooked" 2, 8, 10, 32, (Hincks, 1863) Seychelles bryozoans, mollusks, not reported rafting 33 hydroids

Hydrodendron mirabile British Isles, NW France, Iberian Peninsula, EU intertidal - 65m algae, especially P 2, 10, 32, 33 (Hincks, 1866) Cape Verdes, South Africa, mid S Atlantic Laminaria , hydroids, Ocean, W Indies, SW Indian Ocean, New bryozoans Zealand. Circumtropical?

Halopterididae

Antennella siliquosa Bay of Biscay EU P 2, 10 (Hincks, 1877)

Halopteris diaphana Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean EU P 2, 10, 17 (Heller, 1868)

Halopteris liechtensternii Gibraltar, Mediterranean EU P 2, 10 Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890

Halopteris tenella Massachusetts to Caribbean AM shallow among ascidians, on docks, P seasonal dormancy, fouling 4, 13, 43 (Verrill, 1874) piles

Kirchenpaueriidae

Kirchenpaueria Norway, Faroes, Shetland, Iceland, Bay of EU shallow on other hydroids P 2, 3, 10 bonnevieae Biscay, Morocco, Mediterranean, South (Billard, 1906) Africa, Oman, Zanzibar, New Zealand, Japan Kirchenpaueria pinnata Iceland, Faroes, Trondheim S to Morocco, EU intertidal - rock and stones, mollusks, P introduced to South Africa by shipping. 2, 3, 8, 17, (Linnaeus, 1758) Mediterranean, South Africa, especially SW 100m, 350m crustaceans, algae, rather variable species, several nominal 32, 33 Cape, Japan eelgrass, artificial wooden species are considered synonymous, structures discussion ongoing. rafting inferred, ship fouling Kirchenpaueria similis N Europe to Mediterranean, Azores EU intertidal - wide variety plant, P doubtful species, considered conspecific 17, 32 (Hincks, 1861) 100m and inert substrata; with K. pinnata by many authors. rafting mollusks, crustaceans, inferred algae, eelgrass, artificial wooden structures Lafoeidae

Acryptolaria crassicaulis Iberian Peninsula. Cosmopolitan? EU P 2, 10 (Allman, 1888) Acryptolaria triserialis Boreal Atlantic Canada AM 36m P 4 (Fraser, 1913)

Anthohebella parasitica Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean EU parasite? M 2, 10 (Ciamician, 1880)

Bedotella armata Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean. EU P 2, 10 (Pictet & Bedot, 1900) cosmopolitan?

Cryptolaria pectinata British Isles, Iberian Peninsula, EU P 2, 10 (Allman, 1888) Mediterranean, tropical Atlantic?

Filellum serpens cosmopolitan, tropics to polar seas AMPHI sublittoral to epizoic, hydroids, shells, P rafting inferred, ship fouling 2, 3, 8, 10, (Hassall, 1848) edge of shelf inert substrata, ships 11, 17, 32, 33, 34 Filellum serratum Iceland, NW Atlantic, Iberian Peninsula, AMPHI 5-900m P rafting inferred 2, 3, 10, 17 (Clarke, 1879) Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, New Zealand, Chile, South Africa

Grammaria abietina circumpolar, S to North Sea, S to New AMPHI 10-1500m silty and rocky substrates P 2, 3, 4, 8, 32, (Sars, 1850) England, Azores. Not in English Channel, 33, 34 Crozet islands, Falklands, Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia, Argentina

Grammaria borealis North Atlantic, Nova Scotia, Labrador, W ARCT 36-314m 3, 34 (Levinsen, 1893) Greenland, Iceland, Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Japan

Grammaria gracilis Arctic S to Cape Cod, Cape Hatteras S to AM shallow Laminaria P 4 Stimpson, 1854 Florida

Grammaria immersa Arctic. Greenland, Bering Sea, Faroes, ARCT shallow - deep 2, 3, 34 Nutting, 1901 Spitsbergen, Iceland, Japan

Hebella scandens Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean. EU M 2, 10 (Bale, 1888) cosmopolitan? Lafoea dumosa near cosmopolitan. Iceland, Spitsbergen, AMPHI subtidal - deep rock and stones, algae, P L. gracillima and L. fruticosa included 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, (Fleming, 1820) Faroes, British Isles, Iberian Peninsula, North (2078m, hydroids rafting 8, 10, 17, 32, Sea, Brittany, France offshore, 3940m) 33, 34 Mediterranean, Arctic to Caribbean

Scandia gigas Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean EU P 2, 10 (Pieper, 1828)

Zygophylax biarmata Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean EU P cosmopolitan? 2, 10 Billard, 1905

Zygophylax brownei Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean EU P 2, 10 Billard, 1924

Zygophylax crassitheca Bay of Fundy to Cape Cod AM 30-327m P 4, 48 (Fraser, 1941)

Zygophylax elegantula Bay of Biscay EU P possibly synonym of Z. levinseni 2, 10 Leloup, 1940

Zygophylax levinseni Bay of Biscay EU P 2, 10 (Saemundsson, 1911)

Zygophylax sibogae Bay of Biscay, Indo Pacific? EU P 2, 10 Billard, 1918

Laodiceidae

Laodicea undulata cosmopolitan. Iceland S to South Africa, EU coastal - shelf M 2, 10, 32 (Forbes & Goodsir, 1853) Tierra del Fuego, Mediterranean, Black Sea, Adriatic Sea, China Sea

Modeeri rotunda Boreal to tropical Atlantic and Indo-Pacific, AMPHI M: deep sea hydroids M 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, (Quoy & Gaimard, 1827) Barents Sea S to Patagonia, W Africa and off oceanic, H: 30- 32 Antarctica 1214m

Staurophora mertensii Bipolar, Arctic S to North Sea, S to Cape AMPHI M: 0-150m, H: M 2, 6, 32 Brandt, 1838 Cod, Japan, Alaska, Falklands, Orkneys coastal

Lovenellidae

Lovenella grandis Cape Cod S to Cape Hatteras AM 4 Nutting, 1901 Lovenella producta Arctic S to Bergen; Gulf of Maine; NW AMPHI 6-2000m hydroids, ascidians, worm 3, 4, 32, 33 (Sars, 1874) America tubes, coral

Mitrocomium cirratum Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean. tropical EU M 2, 10 Haeckel, 1879 Atlantic? Malagazziidae

Octophialucium Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean EU M 2, 10 funerarium (Quoy & Gaimard, 1827) Mitrocomidae

Cosmetira pilosella NE Atlantic from Scotland, Bergen S to EU M: planktonic, hard inert substrates M hydroid poorly known, medusa has been 2, 10, 32 (Forbes, 1848) Iberian Peninsula. coastal to found in the central Atlantic ocean, close offshore, H: ? to the Azores

Halopsis ocellata Arctic S to North Sea, Cape Cod. Falkland AMPHI deep? M 32 Agassiz, 1863 Islands

Mitrocomella brownei British Isles, North Sea, Brittany EU M: coastal sea fan Eunicella M hydroid stage not well known 32 (Kramp, 1930) plankton Mitrocomella Arctic S to North Sea, British Isles, Kattegat; AMPHI coastal M 15 polydiademata S to Gulf of Maine, Washington State (Romanes, 1876)

Phialellidae

Opercularella lacerata White Sea, Greenland, Iceland S to AMPHI sublittoral - 20, kelp, mussels, ascidians, P cryptogenic. tolerant of reduced salinity, 2, 3, 4, 10, (Johnston, 1847) Mediterranean, Baltic Sea, S to Cape 50m bryozoans, hydroids, other not reported rafting, ship fouling 11, 32, 33, Hatteras, Indo-Pacific? substrates, ships 34, 44, 49

Phialella quadrata Sweden, Denmark, British Isles, The EU M: coastal various substrata M 2, 8, 32 (Forbes, 1848) Netherlands, Belgium, N France, plankton, H: Mediterranean, Sea of Japan, New Zealand, intertidal - Chile, Morocco, Gulf of Guinea shallow

Plumulariidae

Monotheca obliqua near cosmopolitan in temperate to tropical EU intertidal - 15m weed, sponges, in pools, M rafting on algae 2, 8, 10, 17, (Johnston, 1847) waters, not in NW Atlantic floating Sargassum in mid 32, 43, 47 Atlantic

Monotheca pulchella Gibraltar, Mediterranean EU deep? P 2, 10 Bale, 1882

Nemertesia americana Maine to Florida AM 38-680, P 4, 6 (Nutting, 1900) offshore

Nemertesia antennina Arctic S to South Africa, Mediterranean, AMPHI inshore - deeper shells, spider crabs, sandy P 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, (Linnaeus, 1758) Azores, Madeira, S to Florida, not Caribbean, water (~400m) bottoms, auto-epizootic 32, 34, 38 Japan, New Zealand?

Nemertesia falcicula Gibraltar, NE Atlantic, Mediterranean EU deep? P 2, 10 Ramil & Vervoort, 1992 Nemertesia norvegica S Iceland, Mid Norway, British Isles, North EU 80-800m, unknown P probably widespread but unrecorded 3, 32 (Sars, 1874) Sea, Faroes, Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean offshore

Nemertesia ramosa Arctic S to NW Africa, Mediterranean, EU 30m- 1182m shells, spider crabs, sandy P records from Indian Ocean probably 2, 3, 8, 10, Lamouroux, 1816 Azores, Madeira, Canaries, South Africa, bottoms distinct species 32, 38 Indian Ocean? Nemertesia rugosa Nantucket, Massachusetts AM 80m 4, 47 (Nutting, 1900)

Nemertesia Bay of Biscay, Gibraltar, Mediterranean EU P 2, 10 ventriculiformis (Marktanner- Turneretscher, 1890)

Plumularia floridana North Carolina to Caribbean AM shallow - deep rafting on Sargassum P warm water species, but occurs N to 2, 4, 13, 17 Nutting, 1900 offshore Virginia on floating Sargassum

Polyplumaria flabellata S Iceland, Norway S to Congo, Azores, Mid EU 30->1378m fouling P probably widespread, but records are few 2, 3, 8, 10, Sars, 1874 Atlantic Ridge, Gibraltar and patchy 31, 32, 38

Polyplumaria gracillima Arctic, Canada S to New England, Barents AMPHI 40-700m dead coral, stones, sponge P 2, 3, 4, 6, 32 (Sars, 1873) Sea, Norway, Iceland, Skagerrak, Kattegat

Pseudoplumaria marocana Gibraltar, Mediterranean EU P 2, 10 (Billard, 1930)

Schizotricha frutescens Iceland, Faroes S to Morocco, Mediterranean. EU 20-90m rocks and stones P 2, 3, 8, 10, (Ellis & Solander, 1786) single records from South Africa and exclusively 32, 33 Kerguelen need confirmation

Sertulariidae

Abietinaria abietina Arctic S to Madeira, Iberian Peninsula, AMPHI 10m - 630m shells and stones and P 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, (Linnaeus, 1758) Mediterranean, S to Cape Hatteras, S to similar substrates on sandy 32, 33, 34 California and Japan, Madagascar bottoms Abietinaria filicula Arctic S to British Isles, S to Cape Cod, AMPHI 5-656m, mostly P European range seems to have retracted 2, 8, 32, 3, 4, (Ellis & Solander, 1786) higher latitudes NW America shallower than North recently 34 50m

Abietinaria fusca Barents Sea, Kola Peninsula, Norway, British EU 40-200m hydroids, stones P 2, 3, 8, 32 (Johnston, 1847) Isles, Faroes, Iceland

Abietinaria kincaidi Arctic Canada ARCT 0-15m P 4 (Nutting, 1901)

Abietinaria pulchra Arctic. Vancouver Island, Bering Sea, Sea of ARCT 123-772m P 2, 3, 4, 34 (Nutting, 1904) Okhotsk, Chukchi Sea, E Siberian Sea, Laptev Sea, Kara Sea, White Sea, Barents Sea, Spitsbergen, W Greenland, N Canada Abietinaria thuiarioides Arctic. N Canada, Iceland. Alaska, Bering ARCT P 3, 4 (Clark, 1877) Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Japan Sea, Barents Sea, Kara Sea Laptev Sea, Chukchi Sea

Abietinaria turgida Arctic Canada ARCT 2-46m P 4, 34 (Clark, 1877)

Amphisbetia operculata Shetlands, British Isles, S to Africa, EU intertidal - brown algae, Laminaria M not in W Atlantic. 2, 8, 10, 32 (Linnaeus, 1758) Mediterranean, Australia, New Zealand, >70m rafting inferred from distribution Argentina, Patagonia, Chile, Java, Pacific coast N America

Diphasia attenuata Jan Mayen Island, North Sea, British Isles, S EU sublittoral - hydroids P possibly conspecific or confused with D. 2, 3, 8, 10, (Hincks, 1866) to Morocco, possibly Azores, Mediterranean, 1470m rosacea 32 New Caledonia deep water

Diphasia delagei English Channel, NW France, W of Strait of EU 60-1250m hydroids, stones, shells P 10, 2, 32 Billard, 1912 Gibraltar

Diphasia fallax Arctic S to North Sea, S to deep waters off AMPHI 20-250m hydroids P 2, 3, 4, 8 (Johnston, 1847) South Carolina

Diphasia margareta Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean EU P 2, 10 (Hassall, 1841)

Diphasia nigra English Channel, S England, N France, Bay EU 60m, usually mussels, other substrata P deeper waters 2, 8, 10, 32 (Pallas, 1766) of Biscay >80m

Diphasia pinaster Arctic Canada, Iceland, Bergen S to Morocco, AMPHI 75-1318m bryozoans, coral, stones, P 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, sensu Hincks, 1868 Azores, Cape Verdes, Guinea, other substrata 32 Mediterranean? Diphasia rosacea Arctic S to Gibraltar, S to Massachusetts Bay AMPHI intertidal - 80m Laminaria zone on range P possibly conspecific with D. attenuata 2, 8, 32, 3, (Linnaeus, 1758) of substrata 10, 4, 34

Dynamena pumila Arctic to Iberian Peninsula, S Labrador to AMPHI intertidal - 5m, algae, rocks, seagrasses, P tolerant of reduced salinity. Seasonal 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, (Linnaeus, 1758) New Engand. Baltic, Mediterranean? occasionally sheltered to exposed dormancy. S records on American coast 17, 32, 33, deeper shores, rafting are highly doubtful 34 Rafting on algae

Dynamena quadridentata Cape Cod to Caribbean, Australia AM shallow on floating Sargassum P Warm water species. Not in Europe (2) 2, 4, 17 (Ellis & Solander, 1786) rafting on Sargassum

Hydrallmania falcata Arctic S to Bay of Biscay, Long Island AMPHI 10-1102m hard substrata on sandy P Closely related species, perhaps 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, (Linnaeus, 1758) Sound, N Pacific? Deep water New Caledonia bottoms conspecific, present on Pacific coast of 8, 10, 32, 33 Canada and California. not reported rafting

Salacia desmoides Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean, US Pacific EU P 2, 10 (Torrey, 1902) coast, Indo Pacific?

Sertularella cylindritheca Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean EU P tropical Atlantic 2, 10 (Allman, 1888) Sertularella ellisii Iberian Peninsula, English Channel, EU P 2, 10 (DesHayes & Milne- Mediterranean Edwards, 1863)

Sertularella gaudichaudi Spitsbergen to Cape Verdes, Canadian Arctic, AMPHI intertidal - P confused , distribution 2, 4, 17, 32, (Lamouroux, 1824) South Africa, California, Australasia, Indian shallow uncertain 34 Ocean, Argentina rafting inferred

Sertularella gigantea Arctic S to Cape Hatteras AM 30-140m P 4, 48 Mereschowsky, 1878

Sertularella mediterranea Arctic, British Isles, Iberian Peninsula, EU intertidal, inert substrata P 2, 8, 10 Hartlaub, 1901 Mediterranean coastal

Sertularella polyzonias Arctic S to Angola, South Africa, S to AMPHI intertidal - 50m, shells, algae, rock, P possibly conspecific or confused with S. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, (Linnaeus, 1758) Georgia, Alaska, Bering Sea, Japan, sometimes hydroids gayi . Intertidal colonies may remain 8, 10, 32, 33, Kerguelen 300m infertile. South African endemic 34 subspecies

Sertularella rugosa Arctic S to W France, S to Cape Cod, New AMPHI intertidal-263m bryozoans, hydroids, algae, P fouling 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, (Linnaeus, 1758) York, Alaska to Washington State, California man made hard substrata 32, 33

Sertularella tenella Near cosmopolitan. Arctic S to W France, AMPHI 10-150m, ca. hydroids P Mediterranean records doubtful 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, (Alder, 1857) Bay of Biscay, Angola, S to Caribbean, S to 1000m 32, 34 Japan, S to California.

Sertularia argentea Arctic S to Bay of Biscay, S to Cape Hatteras, AMPHI shallow pebbles, shells on sandy, P possibly conspecific with S. cupressina, 3, 4, 6, 32, Linnaeus, 1758 S to California muddy bottoms, algae but shallow, might be two forms of the 33, 34 same species not reported rafting

Sertularia cupressina Arctic S to Bay of Biscay, S to New Jersey, S AMPHI intertidal - pebbles, on sandy bottoms, P seasonal dormancy. possibly conspecific 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, Linnaeus, 1758 to California 100m, low shore pools with S. argentea , but deeper, might be 8, 10, 13, 32, sometimes two forms of the same species 33, 34 deeper not reported rafting

Sertularia dalli Canadian Arctic ARCT P 4, 33, 48 (Nutting, 1904)

Sertularia fabricii Arctic. N Canada to Cape Hatteras, AM 0-293m P possibly conspecific with S. argentea and 2, 3, 4, 34 Levinsen, 1893 Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Kara Sea, S. robusta Alaska, Puget Sound

Sertularia latiuscula Arctic S to Virginia AM shallow Laminaria P 4, 6, 7 Stimpson, 1854

Sertularia plumosa Arctic ARCT shallow P 2, 34 (Clark, 1877)

Sertularia robusta Arctic S to Cape Hatteras, W Europe AMPHI 0-100m P 2, 4, 34 (Clark, 1877)

Sertularia schmidti Arctic. White Sea, NE Canada, Greenland ARCT shallow-deeper P 2, 3, 34 Kudelin, 1914 Sertularia similis Arctic. N Canada, Iceland, Sea of Okhotsk, ARCT 0-130m P 3, 4, 6, 34 Clark, 1877 Sea of Japan, Chuchki Sea, Bering Sea, Alaska. S to New England

Sertularia tenera Arctic S to Faroes, SW Norway, Kattegat, AMPHI sublittoral - stones, shells P not well known 2, 3, 4, 32, Sars, 1874 Canada, Bering Strait, Alaska, Sea of Japan. S edge of shelf, 34 to Cape Cod <400m

Sertularia (Pericladium) Arctic. N Canada, Greenland, Iceland, ARCT 15-110m P 3, 4, 34 mirabilis Spitsbergen, Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara (Verrill, 1873) Sea, Sea of Japan, Bering Sea, Alaska

Symplectoscyphus N Canada, Jan Mayen, Sea of Okhotsk, ARCT shallow P rare species 34 pinnatus Bering Sea, Alaska (Clark, 1877)

Symplectoscyphus Circumpolar and widespread in Arctic to AMPHI coastal - >200m , Mytilus , not well P 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, tricuspidatus boreal Atlantic and Pacific. S to Scotland, known 8, 32, 33, 34 (Alder, 1856) Tromso, S to New Jersey

Tamarisca tamarisca Arctic S to off Brittany, Bay of Biscay, S to AMPHI 10m - edge P 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, (Linnaeus, 1758) New England. Greenland, Iceland shelf, typically 32 >80m off Brittany alternitheca Arctic. Davis Strait, Canada, Greenland, ARCT shallow - deep? P Synonymized with T. articulata 2, 3, 4, 34 Levinsen, 1893 Iceland, Sea of Okhotsk

Thuiaria arctica Arctic. Spitsbergen, Iceland, Bear Island, ARCT 38-150m P doubtful species 3 (Bonnevie, 1899) Kola Peninsula

Thuiaria articulata Arctic circumpolar to northern-temperate, S to AMPHI 18-300m, stones, shells P submerges in southern part of range 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, (Pallas, 1766) Skagerrak, Kattegat, Brittany, Bay of Biscay, usually 50- 10, 32, 34 British Isles. S to Cape Hatteras. Cooler 200m waters S hemisphere

Thuiaria carica Arctic. N Russia, Spitsbergen, Faroes, ARCT 20-1102m P 3, 4, 34 Levinsen, 1893 Iceland, Hudson Bay, British Columbia

Thuiaria hartlaubi Arctic? San Juan Archipelago, Kurile Islands, ARCT 79m P doubtful species, possibly conspecific 3 (Nutting, 1904) Bering Sea, Tartar Strait, Kola Peninsula, with T. arctica and T. cylindrica Iceland

Thuiaria laxa Arctic. Labrador, Greenland, Iceland, Faroes, ARCT 27-92m P 3, 4, 34 Allman, 1874 Shetland, Spitsbergen, N Russia, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk. S to New England

Thuiaria sachalini Arctic. Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, Kurile ARCT P doubtful speies, possibly a form of T. 3 Kudelin, 1914 Islands, W Greenland alternitheca Thuiaria thuja Arctic S to Portugal, S to New England, S to AMPHI 2-800m shells and similar substrata P often washed up, sometimes from far. 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, (Linnaeus, 1758) Sea of Okhotsk, S to Washington State, Mediterranean records uncertain. 32, 34 Mediterranean submerges in southern part of range

Syntheciidae

Synthecium evansi Gibraltar, Mediterranean EU P 2, 10 (Ellis & Solander, 1786)

Tiarannidae

Stegolaria geniculata Bay of Biscay. circumtropical? EU P 2, 10 (Allman, 1888)

Stegopoma giganteum Strait of Gibraltar EU M deep-water species? 10, 2 Ramil & Vervoort, 1992

Stegopoma plicatile Arctic S to Vancouver Island, S to Florida, AM 15-1940m muddy bottoms, rock and M 2, 3, 4, 33, (Sars, 1863) New Zealand, Tasmania, Antarctica, far S stones, hydroids 34, 38 America, Philippines

Tiaropsidae

Tiaropsis multicirrata Arctic S to Brittany, S to New England; N AMPHI M: shallow Buccinum , hydroids, algae M hydroid stage not well known 6, 32, 33 (Sars, 1835) Pacific coastal plankton, upper 9m, H: shallow

Limnomedusae

Olindiidae

Monobrachium Arctic. N Russia, Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of AMPHI shallow (4m) parasitic on bivalve hosts M 2, 3, 4, 10 parasiticum Japan, Spitsbergen, W Greenland, S to Nova (Macoma calcaria ) Mereschkowsky, 1877 Scotia, W Canada, California (doubtful). Not in Iceland. Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean

Dispersal: for species that lack a medusa phase, the planula larva is the dispersive stage, which is indicated by P, dispersal with a medusa is indicated with M. EU= restricted to European coasts, AM=restricted to Northeast American coasts, ARCT=only in Arctic or sub-Arctic waters, AMPHI=with a continuous amphi-Atlantic distribution. Habitat: M=medusa, P=polyp. References: 1: (Hansson 1998), 2: (Costello et al. 2004), 3: (Schuchert 2001b), 4: (Fraser 1944), 5: (Schuchert 2006), 6: (Trott 2004), 7: (Calder 1975), 8: (Hayward & Ryland 1990), 9: (Schuchert 2007), 10: (Medel & López-González 1996), 11: (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1952), 12: (Millard 1975), 13: (Calder 1990), 14: (Calder 1972), 15: (Schuchert 2001a), 16: (Schuchert 2005a), 17: (Thiel & Gutow 2005), 18: (Watling & Maurer 1972), 19: (Bouillon & Boero 2000), 20: (Marques et al. 2000), 21: (Lilly et al. 2002), 22: (Schuchert 2004), 23: (Bouillon et al. 1997), 24: (Buss & Yund 1989), 25: (Ma & Purcell 2005), 26: (Carlton 1979), 27: (Calder & Burrell 1969), 28: (Piraino et al. 1996), 29: (Miglietta et al. 2007), 30: (Carlton 1998), 31: (Herpin 1935), 32: (Cornelius 1995), 33: (Cornelius 1992), 34: (Calder 1970), 35: (Bouillon et al. 2004), 36: (Lindner & Migotto 2002), 37: (Govindarajan et al. 2005), 38: (Vervoort 1966), 39: (Berman et al. 1992), 40: (Strathmann 1990), 41: (Giulio et al. 2000), 42: (Ronowicz & Schuchert 2007), 43: (Leclère et al. 2007), 44: (Carlton 2003), 45: (Schuchert 2005b), 46: (Schuchert pers. comm.), 47: (Calder pers. comm.), 48: (Integrated Taxonomic Information System), 49: (Carlton pers. comm.). References

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