COSMOPOLITAN(KAROO:(KAROO(FUTURES(WORKSHOP( Envisioning(Land(Reform(In(South(Africa’S(Drylands( STIAS,&Stellenbosch,&26&–&27&November&2018&

DST/NRF(SARChI(CHAIR(IN(THE(SOCIOLOGY(OF(LAND,(ENVIRONMENT(&(SUSTAINABLE(DEVELOPMENT( ( ( COSMOPOLITAN(KAROO:(KAROO(FUTURES(WORKSHOP( Envisioning(Land(Reform(in(South(Africa’s(Drylands( STIAS,&Stellenbosch,&26&–&27&November&2018&

WORKSHOP(REPORT( ( ( Contents( ( Acknowledgements& & & & & & & & & & &1& & SECTION&ONE:&BACKGROUND& & & & & & & & & &2& 1.1& Aim&of&the&workshop& & & & & & & & & &2& 1.2&& Structure&of&the&workshop&& & & & & & & & &2& 1.3&& Programme&overview& & & & & & & & & &2& & SECTION&TWO:&PRESENTATIONS&AND&DISCUSSION& & & & & & & &3& 2.1& Session&1:&Framing&sustainable&land&reform&in&South&Africa’s&drylands& & & & &3& 2.2& Session&2:&The&future&of&farming&in&the&Karoo& & & & & & &8& 2.3& Session&3:&Small&towns,&bioUdiversity&&&ruralUurban&linkages& & & & & 12& 2.4& Session&4:&Land&reform:&The&national&context& & & & & & 14& 2.5& Session&5:&Land&reform&in&the&Karoo& & & & & & & 16& 2.6& Session&6:&Small&group&discussions:&Key&issues&for&land&reform&in&the&Karoo& & & 18& 2.7& Session&7:&Closing&session:&reflections&and&followUup& & & & & & 19& & References& & & & & & & & & & & 20& Appendices& 1& Workshop&programme& & & & & & & & & 22& 2& List&of&participants& & & & & & & & & 23& & & & & & & & & & & (

(((((( ( ( ( 1

Acknowledgements( & The&Workshop&was&hosted&by&the&SARChI&Research&Chair&in&the&Sociology&of&Land,&Environment&and&Sustainable& Development& and& funded&by& the& South& African& Research& Chairs& Initiative& of& the& Department& of& Science& and& Technology&and&National&Research&Foundation&of&South&Africa&(Grant&No&98765);&the&presentations&by&Davide& Chinigò& and& Cherryl& Walker& were& based& on& research& also& supported& by& the& South& African& Research& Chairs& Initiative&of&the&Department&of&Science&and&Technology&and&National&Research&Foundation&of&South&Africa&(Grant& No&98765).&& & Special&thanks&are&due&to&Nwabisa&Madikane&and&Marinice&WaltersUKemp&from&the&Department&of&Sociology&and& Social&Anthropology&at&Stellenbosch&University&for&the&administrative&support&that&they&provided,&as&well&as&to& Stef&Borchardt,&Davide&Chinigò&and&Zuki&Zantsi&for&their&sterling&contributions&as&members&of&the&Chair’s&planning& committee.&Thanks&are&also&due&to&the&other&‘Cosmopolitan&Karoo’&(Karooster)&students&in&the&Research&Chair’s& research&programme&–&ShuUaat&Davids,&Tumi&Malope,&Charmaine&Manyani,&Monene&Mogashoa,&Joshua&Musson,& Niell&Schoeman,&Renelle&Terblanche&–&all&of&whom&contributed&to&the&success&of&the&event&in&numerous&ways,& including&as&chairs&of&sessions,&scribes,&drivers&and&around&IT&support.&& & Cherryl'Walker' SARChI'Research'Chair'in'the'Sociology'of'Land,'Environment'and'Sustainable'Development' Department'of'Sociology'and'Social'Anthropology' Stellenbosch'University' www.cosmopolitankaroo.co.za' May'2019' & & & ( ( (

SECTION(ONE:(BACKGROUND( ( 1.1(Aims(of(the(Workshop( ( The&aim&of&this&twoUday&‘Karoo&Futures’&research&workshop&was&to&discuss&challenges&and&opportunities&for&land& reform&in&the&Karoo&drylands&of&South&Africa,&at&a&time&of&unprecedented&social&and&ecological&change&in&the& region&as&well&as&heightened&debate&around&land&reform&and&land&justice&in&South&Africa&more&broadly.&While& land&reform&in&and&for&the&Karoo&was&the&primary&focus,&a&related&concern&was&to&explore&how&reflections&on&land& reform&in&this®ion&could&also&inform&national&debates,&given&the&Karoo’s&scale&–covering&well&over&a&third&of& South&Africa’s&commercial&farm&land&–&and&its&ecological,&historical&and&socioUpolitical&specificities.&& & The&intersection&of&land&and&agrarian&reform&was&a¢ral&issue,&but&the&workshop&also&addressed&land&reform& in&relation&to&a&wider&range&of&land&uses,&including&developments&in&small&towns&where&most&Karoo&residents&live.& Overlapping&and&crossUcutting&themes&included&socialUecological&transformations&in&the®ion&&over&time;&the& current&status&of&land&reform&in&the&Karoo/Northern&Cape,&including&commonage&projects&and&restitution&claims;& the&issue&of&shifting&identities&and&redressing&pre–1913&land&dispossessions;&the&significance&of&climate&change;& the&importance&of&biodiversity&conservation&and&sustainable&rangeland&management,&as&well&as&questions&around& farming&scale&and&the&impacts&of&investments&in&new&land&uses&such&as&astronomy&and&renewable&energy.&& & The&workshop&aimed&to&provide&a&collegial&space&for&discussion&and&debate,&in&which&novel&ideas&and&original& analyses&were&welcomed&and&different&perspectives&respected.&It&was¬&aimed&at&driving&consensus&on&policy& options&as&much&as&drawing&together¤t&research&to&deepen&our&understanding&of&the&issues&that&a&more& just&and&sustainable&land&dispensation&in&the&Karoo&needs&to&engage,&to&challenge&participants&to&envision&what& the&latter&might&look&like,&and&to&identify&issues&for&further&work&and&debate.&& & 1.2(Structure(of(the(Workshop( & The&workshop&was&hosted&by&the&DST/NRF&SARChI&Research&Chair&in&the&Sociology&of&Land,&Environment&and& Sustainable&Development&at&Stellenbosch&University.&An&initial&call&for&expressions&of&interest&was&sent&out&to&a& wide&range&of&researchers&working&on&land&and&related&issues&in&the&Northern&Cape/Karoo;&those&interested&in& participating&were&asked&to&suggest&others&to&invite&and&to&identify&themes&they&would&like&to&address&themselves& and/or& see& taken& up& in& the& programme.& The& final& programme& was& structured& around& a& mix& of& invited& presentations,&thinkUpiece&provocations&and&roundtable&and&smallUgroup&discussions.&The&workshop&ran&over&the& course&of&two&days&(November&26U27&2019)&at&the&Wallenberg&Conference&Centre,&STIAS,&Stellenbosch.& & 1.3(Programme(Overview( ( The&full&programme&is&available&on&page&21.&&Inputs&and&discussion&were÷d&among&seven&sessions:& & & Session&1:&Framing&sustainable&land&reform&in&South&Africa’s&drylands& & Session&2:&The&future&of&farming&in&the&Karoo& & Session&3:&Small&towns,&bioUdiversity&&&ruralUurban&linkages& & Session&4:&Land&reform:&The&national&context& & Session&5:&Land&reform&in&the&Karoo& & Session&6:&Small&group&discussions:&Key&issues&for&land&reform&in&the&Karoo& & Session&7:&Reflections&and&closing.& &

SECTION(TWO:(PRESENTATIONS(AND(DISCUSSION( ( 2.1((Session(One:(Framing(sustainable(land(reform(in(South(Africa’s(drylands( & Cherryl&Walker&(SU)& Welcome,&introductions&and&purpose&of&the&workshop& & 1.1&Davide&Chinigò&(SU)& The&Karoo&resource&frontier:&space,&&place&and&scale&& 1.2&Timm&Hoffman&(UCT)& Overview&of&land&use,&land&cover,&stocking&rates&& 1.3&Philani&Moyo&(UFH)& Climate&change& & Introduction(to(the(workshop( & Cherryl&Walker&(SU)& Welcome,&introductions&and&purpose&of&the&workshop& & Cherryl&Walker&welcomed&delegates&and&briefly&reviewed&the&purpose&of&the&workshop:&&&& •" To&map&what&we&know&about&land&reform&and&its&context(s)&in&the&Karoo& •" To&identify&issues,&challenges&&&research&gaps,&both&empirical&and&conceptual& •" To&debate&policy&options&and&possibilities& •" To&inform&further&work,&including¤t&projects&and&future&research&and&advocacy& •" To&promote&research&collaboration,&including&across&disciplinary&and&institutional&boundaries.&& & She&defined&South&Africa’s&drylands&for& the&purposes& of&the&workshop&as&encompassing&both& the& Nama& and& Succulent&Karoo&biomes,& covering&much&of&the& Northern& Cape&Province&as& well& as& significant& sections& of& the& Western&and&Eastern&Cape&Provinces&and&a&small&portion&of&Free&State&Province.&What&one&may&call&‘the&social& Karoo’&maps&roughly&onto&the&biomes&but&internal&and&external&boundaries&are&porous&and&dynamic.&& & Figure'1.'South'Africa’s'Nama'and'Succulent'Karoo'biomes'

& &

By&way&of&context&for&the&workshop&she&identified&significant&features&of&this®ion&as&follows:&& •" Its&extent:&it&encompasses&30%&of&South&Africa&by&area&and&36%&of&all&commercial&farmland.& •" Its&demography:¤tly&under&2%&of&South&Africa’s&population,&with&Afrikaans&the&dominant&language& and&the&majority&of&the&population&classified&as&‘coloured’&in&terms&of&the&lexicon&of&apartheid,&but&with& new&dynamics&emerging&around&social&identity;&since&the&midU20th¢ury&most&of&the&population&has& been&living&in&widely&dispersed,&often&struggling&small&towns&rather&than&on&farms.& •" Its&aridity&(with&subUregional&variations),&which&has&shaped&land&use&options&historically&and&is&expected& to&become&more&pressing&as&a&result&of&climate&change,&especially&in&the&west.& •" Its& distinctive& history,& and,& linked& to& that,& the& absence& of& apartheidUera& ‘bantustans’;& the& former& ‘coloured’&reserves,&which&are®ionally&significant&in&a&number&of&ways,&have&a&different&history&from& other&communal&areas&in&South&Africa.& •" The&importance&since&the&midU19th¢ury&of&livestock&farming,&at&different&scales,&rather&than&the&crop& or&mixed&farming&of&agriculturally&more&favoured&regions&of&the&country& •" The&emergence&of&new&land&uses& that& are& challenging&the& hegemony& of& commercial& sheep&farming,& including&astronomy&and&renewable&energy& •" Its&political&and&economic&marginality&within&South&Africa.&&& & Important& issues& for& national& policy& debates& thus& include& questions& of& scale,& farm& size,& the& importance& of& understanding®ional&socialUecological&systems,&the&challenges&of&preU1913&dispossessions&and&“first&people’s”& restitution&claims,&the&need&to&align&land&reform&with&the&future&of&small&country&towns,&and&the&potential&of& municipal&commonages&in&the&portfolio&of&land&reform&options.&She&referred&to&the&recent&‘Karoo&Special&Issue’& of&the&African'Journal'of'Range'and'Forage'Science&(2018)&as&an&important&resource.&& & Presentations( & 1.1&Davide&Chinigò&(SU)& The&Karoo&resource&frontier:&space,&&place&and&scale&& & Davide&Chinigò’s(presentation&offered&reflections&on&the&Karoo&as&a&“resource&frontier”,&given&the&emergence&of& major&new&land&uses¬ably&astronomy&and&renewable&energy,&as&well&as&investments&in&extractive&industries& such&as&fracking,&and&their&impacts&on¬&only&farming&but&smallUtown&dynamics&(Figure&2).&Key&points&included:&& •" Engaging&debates&on&the& significance& of& the& frontier& in&history,& e.g.&Turner,&(1921),& Kopytoff&(1987),& Legassick& (1972),& Penn& (2005)& and,& more& recently,& in& political& geography,& e.g.& Korf& && Raeymaekers& (2013),&and&Peluso&and&Lund&(2011);&the&latter&have&described& frontiers& as&“sites& where& authorities,& sovereignties,&and&memories&of&the&recent&past&have&been&or&are¤tly&being&challenged&by&new& enclosures,&territorializations,&and&property®imes”&(Peluso&and&Lund,&2011:&668).& •" These& bodies& of& work& offer& fruitful& ideas& for& understanding& current& contestations& around& landUuse& changes&in&the&Karoo,&&such&as&astronomy&and&renewable&energy&,which&are&taking&place&in&an&historically& marginalised&area&of&South&Africa,&with&major&social&problems& o" For&example,&the&Square&Kilometre&Array&(SKA)&has&relied&on&particular&framings&of&the&Karoo& as& an& empty& landscape& to& legitimate& the& creation& of& a& ‘new’& scientific& and& environmental& territory&in&which&national&and&global&interests&take&precedence&over&local&land&uses;&from&this& perspective&the&passage&of&the&Astronomy&Geographic&Advantage&Act&of&2007&(can&be&seen&as& a&significant&form&of&territorialisation&(Figure&3).& •" These& developments& raise& important& questions& for&land& reform&policy& in& the& region,& including& what& ‘productive’&land&use&in&the&Karoo&might&mean&and&for&whom,&as&well&as&at&what&scale&productivity&and& success&should&be&assessed.&

Figure'2:'Competing'land'uses'in'the'contemporary'Karoo'

& ( Figure'3:'The'significance'of'astronomy:'The'Astronomy'Advantage'Areas'around'the'SKA'

( ( 1.2&Timm&Hoffman&(UCT)& LongUterm&changes&in&land&use,&land&cover&and&vegetation&in&the&Karoo&& ( Timm& Hoffman& drew& on& ongoing& research& by& his& research& group& on& land& use& and& land& cover& to& provide& an& overview&of&longUterm&changes&in&land&use,&land&cover&and&stocking&rates&in&different&bioUregions&of&the&Nama& (NK)& and& Succulent& Karoo& (SK)& biomes& (the& latter& recognized& as& a&global& biodiversity& hot& spot),& and& to& raise& questions&about&their&implications&for&land&policy&(Figure&4).&Key&points&included:& •" Overall&there&has&been&very&little&change&in&the°ree&of&land&cover&between&1990U2014;&a&comparison& of&280&pairs&of&photographs&of&the&same&landscape&taken&in&different&periods&indicates&that&vegetation& cover&is&either&stable&or&increasing,&with&less&than&10%&of&the®ion&showing&a&decrease&in&vegetation& cover&greater&than&5%.& o" Whether&this&will&last&is,&however,&uncertain,&with&some&new&research&suggesting&it&may¬.&

•" In&contrast&there&have&been&considerable&changes&in&landUuse&since&1911:&the&cultivation&of&wheat&and& lucerne& has& decreased& since& the& 1970s& and& 1980s;& there&has&also&been&a& notable& decline& in& sheep& numbers&(since&the&1930s),&as&well&as&other&stock&numbers&over&the&20th¢ury&(Figure&5).& •" The&area&allocated&to&protected&conservation&areas&has&grown¬ably&in&the&SK&(from&0%&in&1960&to& 7,7%&in&2018),&although&the&TransUescarpment&SK&still&underUprotected.& •" In&the&NK&the&area&under&protection&has&increased&to&a&still&very&low&1,6%&of&the&biome,&but&the&SKA& reserve&will&add&another&2,4%&to&the&area’s&‘conservation&estate’.& •" Renewable& energy& installations,& both& solar& and& wind,& are&expected& to&cover& some& 4%& of& the& Karoo& overall&(5,2%&of&the&SK,&3,6%&of&the&NK);&their&impact&on&the®ion’s&ecology&needs&further&study.& •" Key&findings&do¬&support&an&overall&‘degradation&narrative’&for&the&Karoo&over&the&past¢ury.&&& & Figure'4.'BioTregions'of'the'Karoo'(after'Mucina'&'Rutherford,'2006)'

& ' Figure'5.'Livestock'numbers'in'the'Karoo'1910'–'2010'

300 Cattle 10000 Sheep Nama0Karoo Nama0Karoo 250 Succulent(Karoo 8000 Succulent(Karoo 200 6000 150

4000 100 No.(of(Cattle((x1000) No.(of(Sheep((x1000) 50 2000

0 0 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010

Peaked(in(1923,(down(since(then; Highest(between(192801976; Recent(increase(in(N0K(→ grassiness? 11(million(in(1937;(4(million(2007((↓66%).

3000 Goats 200 Equines 180 2500 Nama0Karoo 160 Nama0Karoo 140 2000 Succulent(Karoo Succulent(Karoo 120

1500 100 80 1000 60 No.(of(Equines((x1000) No.(of(Goats((x1000) 40 500 20 0 0 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010

Less(than(10% of(pre01930(values. Declined(from(300,000(to(<4,500. &

1.3&Philani&Moyo&(UFH)& Climate&change&adaptation&&&sustainable&development&in&the&Eastern&Cape& & Philani&Moyo&drew& on& his&research& with& smallholders&in&the&Eastern&Cape&to&stress& the&need& to& take& climate& change&seriously&in&policy&decisionUmaking&and&to&draw&out&some&implications&for&land&reform&in&the&Karoo®ion.& Key&points&included:&& •" South&Africa’s&2017&National&Adaption&Strategy&provides&evidence&of&significant&warming&in&South&Africa& between&1931&and&2015,&with&the&strongest&warming&trend&visible&in&the&western&parts&of&the&country,& as&well&as&in&the&northUeast.& o" The&frequency& of&extreme& weather&events& has&increased,&with&changes&in&rainfall&patterns;& however,&the&negative&effects&do&vary&spatially&and&temporarily.& •" Important&questions&to&ask&are:& 1)& at& what& scale& are& these&trends& best& analysed& and& 2)& how& do& we& differentiate&between&longerU&and&shorterUterm&patterns&in&our&analysis&and&assessment&of&effects?& •" Impacts&on&smallUscale&farming&in&the&Eastern&Cape&include&smallUscale&farmers&planting&later&due&to& reduced&rains&(which&poses&a&threat&to&the&success&of&their&harvest),&diversifying&their&livestock,&with& more&goats&in&the&mix,&and&shifting&from&maize&to&more&droughtUresistant&crops,&e.g.&quinoa&and&millet.& •" Climate&change&requires&a&reUimagination&of&neoclassical&economic&models&and&policy&agendas&based&on& these,&including&the&design&of&poverty&relief&strategies,&so&as&to&ensure&that&adaptation&strategies&are& integrated&into&sustainable&development&objectives.& •" Conservation&agriculture&and&sustainable&development&approaches&need& a& bottomUup&approach&that& builds&on&the&local&knowledge&of&the&people&bearing&the&brunt&of&climate&change&in&their&area.&& & Discussion( & Questions&and&discussion¢red&on&the&following&issues:& •" Do&land&cover&and&bioUdiversity&measure&different&things?&& A:&&Ecologists&consider&coverage&a&good&thing&in&itself,&as&it&improves&soil&quality&and&reduces&runUoff;& available&data&from&the&eastern&Karoo&shows&that&overall&species&composition&is&better&today,&with&more& palatable&grasses&and&shrubs,&indicating&that&composition&has&improved&with&the&increase&in&cover&there.&&& •" Are&there&differences&between&the&communal&and&commercial&farming&areas&with®ard&to&stocking& rates&and&land&cover?& A:&There&is&an&ongoing&debate&on&appropriate&stocking&levels&but&what&is&also&important&to&address&are& the&differences&between&lowlying&and&highland&areas&within&the&communal&areas&in&terms&of&carrying& capacity;&heavy&stocking&does&result&in&the&loss&of&perennial&vegetation&and&succulents&are&targeted&by& grazers&under&drought&conditions.&& •" What&is&the&significance&of&the&increase&in&wildlife&farming&for&the&findings&re&the&reduction&in&aggregate& livestock&numbers&and&what&impact&might&this&be&having&on&vegetation&cover&and&composition?& A:&Data&on&wildlife&numbers&are&poor&but&this&trend&is&unlikely&to&account&for&what&has&been&reported;& also&important&to¬e&is&that&game&farming&is¬&necessarily&better&for&the&veld&than&sheep&farming.& •" The&importance&of&distinguishing&between&cyclical&drought&and&climate&change&was&reiterated.&& •" There&was&discussion&on&what& the& ecological&and&economic&pressures&on&commercial&farming&in&the& Kareeberg&area&would&have&been&in&the&absence&of&the&SKA&–&i.e.&how&much&has&the&latter&created&new& pressures&or&simply&added&to&or&shifted&dynamics&around&already&existing&pressures?&& •" Important&issues&for&ongoing&monitoring&and&research&include&the&status&of&fracking&and&uranium&mining& proposals&(currently¬&under&the&spotlight)&and&their&potential&impacts.&& &

2.2((Session(Two:(The(future(of(farming(in(the(Karoo' & 2.1&Amelia&Genis&(PLAAS)& Commercial&farming&in&the&Karoo&and&Namaqualand& 2.2&Tim&O’Connor&(SAEON)& Sustainable&pastoralism&in&the&Karoo(& 2.3&Igshaan&Samuels&(ARC/UWC)& Communal&rangelands&as&models&for&future&land&reform&in&the&Karoo&&& Game&farming&&&foreign&investments:&The&marginalisation&&& 2.4&Marja&Spierenburg&(Radboud)& displacement&of&farm&workers&and&dwellers&in&the&Karoo& & Presentations( & 2.1&Amelia&Genis&(PLAAS)& Commercial&farming&in&the&Karoo&and&Namaqualand& & Amelia&Genis(drew&on&her&research&on&commercial&farming&in&Limpopo,&the&Overberg&district&of&the&Western& Cape,&and&Namaqualand&in&the&SK&to&address&the&challenges&facing&commercial&farmers&in&the&Karoo.&Key&points& included:& •" There&is¬&a&single&Karoo&and&commercial&farmers&are&differentiated;&however,&most&farmers&farm&with& sheep,&goats&or&game,&with&very&little&crop&production,&and&farming&is&highly&rainfallUdependent.& •" In&Namaqualand&the&average&commercial&farming&unit&in&her&sample&is&12&000&ha,&often&over&more&than& one&piece&of&land;&the&number&of&permanent&workers&ranges&from&0&–&8&while&annual&turnover&ranges& between&R50&000&and&R3,8&million;&compared&to&her&study&sites&in&the&Overberg&and&Limpopo&this&is¬& a&wealthy/profitable&farming&area.& •" In&the&Central&Karoo&the&average&farm&size&is&smaller,&at&7,374&ha;&with&flock&size&ranging&between&187&–& 1,850& sheep;& average& annual& turnover& is& higher& than& in& Namaqualand,& ranging& from& R125,000& to& R1,24million.& •" Major& cost& drivers& are& diesel& && fencing& and& major& pressures& include& the& drought& (linked& to& climate& change),&stock&losses&due&to&predators&and&stock&theft,&deteriorating&public&infrastructure,&concern&over& the&deterioration&of&the&veld,&and&uncertainty&among&farmers&re&state&policy&and&legislation.& •" Farmers&have&been&hit&hard&by&recurring&droughts&(in&2000,&2003U2005,&2010U2011,&2015U2018);&in&many& cases&boreholes&are&now&unable&to&recharge&and&farmers&have&used&up&all&their&reserves.& •" Surviving&under&these&adverse&conditions&is&very&tough&and&requires,&inter&alia,&having&access&to&more& land& for&grazing/land&in&different&rainfall®ions;& being& able& to& afford& to&buy& fodder&for&livestock& in& adverse&periods;&having&no/low&debt&and&no&children&studying;&being&present&on&the&land&to&manage&the& farm& actively;& having& appropriate& skills& (with& evidence& to& suggest& that& farmers& with& a& Grootfontein& Agricultural&College&diploma&do&better&than&those&without)&–&and&luck!& •" Implications&for&land&reform& include:& recognising& that& the&Karoo&is&an&area&in&decline& and&that& land& reform&will&have&to&be&coupled&with&state&programmes& for& its& restoration/renewal;& building&on&local& expertise&and&knowledge&of&the&ecology&among&farmers&(at&different&scales);&preventing&elite&capture;& investing&in&farm&infrastructure&and&the&ability&of&land&reform&beneficiaries&to&maintain&that&over&time,& as&well&as&investing&in&local&social&services&(such&as&schools,&clinics)&and&public&infrastructure.&& & 2.2&Tim&O’Connor&(SAEON)& Sustainable&pastoralism&in&the&Karoo:&Space&and&time,&limits& & Tim&O’Connor&addressed&the&challenges&of&sustainable&pastoralism&in&the&Karoo&in&terms&of&ensuring&a&reasonable& economic&return&for&individual&farming&households.&Key&points&included:&& •" In&the&Nama&Karoo&only&1.9%&of&the&rangeland&is&considered&“transformed”&compared&to&4.6%&in&the& Succulent&Karoo;&most&of&the®ion&is&under&natural&vegetation&and&used&mainly&as&rangeland.&

•" If&maintaining&both&an&agriculturally&based&society&AND&environmental&integrity&are&objectives,&this&sets& certain&challenges&for&managing&the&Karoo®ion.& •" A&key&issue&is&to&calculate&how&many&farming&families&the&land&can&support,&at&what&level&of&income:& o" Accepting&that&the&mean&grazing&capacity&is&25&ha&per&large&stock&unit&(LSU)&in&the&NK&and&65& ha/LSU&in&the&SK1,&then&the&overall&carrying&capacity&for&each&biome&can&be&set&as&follows:& !" Nama&Karoo:&5&774&976&shoats;&& !" Succulent&Karoo:&632&585&shoats.&& o" His&baseline&calculation&for&households&dependent&on&livestock&for&their&livelihoods&is&that&a& farming&household&needs&a&herd&of&600&shoats&for&basic&survival:& !" A&herd&of&400&shoats&or&less:&the&family&needs&a&second&source&of&income& !" A&minimum&herd&size&of&800&shoats&is&necessary&for&a&lower&middleUclass&income.&& o" These&calculations&result&in&the&following&estimates&for&sustainable&livelihoods:& !" NK&can&support&9,625&farming&families& !" SK&can&support&1,054&farming&families& !" Total:&10,679&farming&families&(at&600&‘shoats’&per&family)& o" But¬e&that&the&full&agriculture&value&chain&can&support&more&families&overall.& •" Based&on&these&calculations,&the&Karoo&is¤tly&oversubscribed&in&terms&of&livestock.&& •" Improving&the&longUterm&security&of&graziers&requires&ecological&insight,&leading&to&better/&more&flexible& use&of&space&&&accommodating/working&with&intraUregional&variation&in&rainfall&and&conditions:&& o" The&key&factor&determining&livestock&population&size&is&survival&over&the&dry&season(s)&& o" Higher&overall&stocking&rates&can&be&sustained&if&there&is&access&to&highUquality&grazing& o" The&need&for&spatial&flexibility&is&highest&in&drought&years& o" The& historic&wildlife& treks& in& the& Karoo& are& an& example& of& herbivores& responding& to& spatial& variation&in&resource&abundance& o" Dual& summer& and& winter& rainfall& farms& were& common& 20& years& ago& but& factors& such& as& increased&travel&costs,&lifestyle&considerations,&theft,&and&labour&have&led&to&the&decline&in&this.&& •" Key&implications&of&the&above&analysis:&& o" An&increase&in&key&resources&allows&for&an&increase&in&herd&size&and&hence&economic&viability& o" An&increase&in&key&resources&can&be&achieved&through&altering&spatial&constellation&(e.g.&moving& livestock&between&winter&and&summer&rainfall®ions)( o" Options&for&altering&spatial&constellation&include&moving&stock&between&the&SK&and&NK;&moving& stock&between&plains&and&highlands&(applicable&throughout&the&SK&and&parts&of&the&NK);&utilising& the&‘winter&reserve’&on&perennial&rivers,&e.g.&in&the&Richtersveld,&which&has&high&potential&in&this& regard,&although&there&is&evidence&of&sedentisation&taking&place&there.& •" Sustainable&land&reform&needs&to&work&with&these&ideas:& o" National& policy& proposals& to& reduce& farm& size& do& not& accommodate& the& need& for& spatial& flexibility& o" Prospects&for&implementing&spatial&flexibility&in&the&commercial&farming§or&seem&low&in&the& current&conjuncture,&because&it&requires&a&collective&rather&than&an&individualUfarmer&approach& o" Prospects&for&incorporating&this&into&redistribution&policies&in&communal&areas&seem&better&–& noting&here&that&for&improving&livelihoods&the&actual&area&involved&is&less&important&than&the& quality&of&the&resources&and&potential&for&spatial&flexibility.& •" The& implications& of& climate&change& for&calculations&around& the& optimal& number& of& livestock& and& an& understanding&of&the®ional&variability&associated&with&climate&change&are&important&considerations.&&

1&LSU&translates&into&one&cow&or&6&‘shoats’&(sheep&and/or&goats)&per&hectare.&&

2.3&Igshaan&Samuels&(ARC/UWC)& Communal&rangelands&as&models&for&future&land&reform&in&the&Karoo& & Igshaan& Samuels& drew& on& work& in& the& communal& areas& of& Namaqualand& (the& former& ‘coloured’& reserves& established& for& people& of& mainly& Khoi& and& San& descent)& to& argue& that& much& can& be& learned& from& the& local& knowledge&and&farming&practices&in&these&areas.&Key&points&included:&& •" Communal&lands&are&multiUfunctional&landscapes;&heterogeneity&in&the&spatial&and&temporal&availability& of&resources&provides&options&for&a&range&of&land&uses,&including&livestock&and&some&crop&farming;&access& to&firewood,&medicinal&plants,&construction&material;&sites&for&cultural&rituals;&mining,&and&conservation& (the&latter&mainly&through&stewardship&agreements&with&NGOs).& •" Herders&practise&diverse&and&adaptive&approaches&to&herding,&e.g.&herding&the&entire&day&or¬&herding& the&entire&herd&or¬&staying&at&the&same&stockpost&or¬&kraaling&animals& •" Leliefontein&has& a& hierarchical&model&of&rangeland&use,&in&which&access&is&formally®ulated&at& the& highest&level&of&use;&some&features&include:& o" 192&000&ha&with&no&internal&fences&to&block&animal&movement&& o" Households&have&access&to&a&range&of&different&resources& o" Each&village&commons&is&utilised&by&local&residents’&livestock& o" Wealth&status&determines&where&farmers’&herds&are&located&in&relation&to&human&settlement&& o" Average&age&of&herders&is&56.& •" In&the&Richtersveld&people&are&opportunistic&land&users&and&trek&for&a&diversity&of&reasons,&including&to& access&productive&veld;&herd&mobility&allows&access&to&key&resource&areas.&& •" Lessons&from&Namaqualand:&& o" You&don’t&need&fences&to&farm;&money&for&fences&can&go&to&employ&herders&& o" The&camp&system&has&repeatedly&failed&on&the&rangeland&commons& o" Herd&mobility&allows&livestock&to&adapt&to&climate&change& o" Indigenous& knowledge& informs& management& decisions;& local& people& read& the& veld& && understand&the&value&of&fodder&species.& •" Land&acquisition/expropriation&to&expand&land&holdings&should&be&informed&by&systematic&planning:& o" The&land&should¬&be&isolated&but&connected,&creating&larger&rangelands& o" Land&targeted&for&land&reform&in&the&communal&areas&should&be&productive&land& o" Farmers&still&require&assistance.&e.g.&creating&appropriate&markets&for&livestock;&infrastructure& development&and&maintenance;&skills&development&in&marketing&and&financial&management;& this&support&should&support&and&build&on&existing&local&knowledge&of&the&environment.&& & Game& farming& && foreign& investments:& The& marginalisation& && 2.4&Marja&Spierenburg&(Radboud)& displacement&of&farm&workers&and&dwellers&in&the&Karoo& & Marja& Spierenburg& drew& on& research& conducted& by& herself& and& colleagues& to& reflect& on& the& socioUeconomic& impacts&of&the&growing&trend&towards&game&farming&in&place&of&livestock&farming&and&to&question&the&assumption& that&the&shift&to&game&farming&is&an&environmentally&friendly&development.&Key&points&included:& •" Game&farming&is&promoted&as&a&winUwin&strategy&for&both&nature&conservation&and&rural&development,& but&it&is&taking&place&in&a&context&of&slow&land&reform&and&rural&inequality.&& •" It&fits&with&a&landUsparing&rather&than&a&landUsharing&model,&and&is&creating&a&new&category&of&‘surplus& people’&through&the&eviction&of&farm&workers&and&dwellers.& •" Game&farming&is&part&of&a&national&trend&towards&split&land&use,&involving&intensified&production&on&part& of&the&land,&with&the&rest&of&the&land&being&taken&out&of&production&for&‘lifestyle’&reasons&

•" The&promotion&of&an&image&of&pristine&wilderness&on&farms&is&leading&to&processes&of&exclusion&evident& in&the&expansion&of&informal&settlements&outside&rural&towns,&including&in&the&Eastern&Cape&Karoo.&& •" This&shift&needs&to&be&analysed&in&relation&to&broader&changes&in&the&rural&economy,&such&as:&& o" Processes&of&deagrarianisation&and&the&emergence&of&‘postUproductive’&landscapes& o" A&new&spatial&politics&of&land&enclosures&and&contestations&over&ownership& o" Fewer,&larger&commercial&farms,&supported&by&new&technologies&and&financialisation.&& •" Conservation&is&used&to&justify&these&changes,&but&other&considerations&are&important:& o" Growth&in&the&tourism&market& o" Land&speculation,&e.g.&investing&in&land&with&potential&for&mining&over&the&longer&term& o" The&reluctance&of&authorities&to&consider&game&farms&for&land&redistribution& o" Landowners& using&conversion& to& game& farming& as& a& way& to& get& rid& of& farm& dwellers;& game& farming&is&less&labour&intensive&and&this&is&used&as&a&justification&for&getting&rid&of&workers& •" The&state&has&expressed&some&concerns&about&negative&stocking&and&breeding&practices&on&game&farms,& but&has¬&shown&concern&around&social&issues;&it&fears&being&seen&as&creating&a&hostile&environment& for&investors&(both&local&and&international);&new&political&alliances&are&taking&shape&between&state&actors& and&farmers&organisations.&& •" The&role&of&investors&in&the&growth&of&game&farming&has&been&significant&in&the&Eastern&Cape&although&it& is¬&always&easy&to&track;&foreign&investors&are¬&always&informed&about&complicated&land&relations.& •" Farm&dwellers&are¬&seen&as&stakeholders&in&the&process&of&converting&land&to&game&farming.& & Discussion( Questions&and&discussion¢red&on&the&following&issues:& & •" Q:&What&is&the¤t&value&of&game?& A:& & It& varies&between& provinces;& the&big& hype& seems& to& have& waned& and& some& farms& are& reUintroducing& livestock;&however&the&positive&discourse&around&game&farming&continues.&& •" What&are&the&policy&implications&of&the&presentations&on&ecologically&sensitive&rangeland&management&and& the&benefits&of&herd&mobility:&&should&the&future&of&the&drylands&be&one&without&fences&and&is&this&the&most& ecologically&productive&and&sustainable&route&to&go&in&an&era&of&climate&change?&In&the&discussion&several& speakers& stressed& the& potential& benefits& of& a& big& open& system& subject&to&knowledgeUbased& management& systems;&it&was&also&pointed&out&that&stock&losses&due&to&predation&are&lower&in&herding&systems.&& •" There&was&discussion&about&the&age&and&gender&of&herders,&and&how&attractive&herding&is&as&a& livelihood& option,&especially&for&younger&people&and&women.&Speakers&pointed&to&evidence&that&younger&herders&are& coming&through,&even&though&the&status&of&herders&in&the&community&is¬&high,&with&the&number&of&herds& in& the& Namaqualand& communal& areas& today& comparable& with& what& it& was& in& the& midU1990s;& women,& however,&are¬&routinely&involved&though&some&women&may&have&herds.&NGOs&such&as&Conservation&South& Africa&are&supporting&the&development&of&what&they&have&termed&‘ecoUrangers’.&& •" There&was&also&discussion&about&the&history& and& economics&of&fencing:&it&was&argued&that&fences& made& economic&sense&at&some&point&in&the&past,&when&there&were&government&subsidies&for&commercial&farmers,& leading&to&an&expansion&in&fencing&and&a&decrease&in&herding.&& •" Other&issues&that&were&flagged&for&more&work&included&the&number&of&households&that&can&be&sustained&via& farming&in&the&Karoo&overall,&the&institutions&required&for&a&shift&to&open&rangeland&systems&to&work,&and& how&to&strengthen&the&linkages&between&livestock&farming&and&smallUtown&economies.&& & &

2.3((Session(Three:((Small(towns,(bioXdiversity(&(ruralXurban(linkages( ( 3.1&William&Beinart&(Oxford)& Small&town&aspects&of&land&reform&( 3.2&Onkemetse&Nteta&(WWF)& The&biodiversity&economy:&Space&for&nature( 3.3&Cherryl&Walker(SU)& Karoo&small&towns&&&land&reform:&The&view&from&Sutherland& ( 3.1&William&Beinart&(Oxford)& Small&town&aspects&of&land&reform&( ( William&Beinart&presented&reflections&on&the&potential&contribution&of&land&reform&on&the&periphery&of&small&rural& towns,& drawing& on& work& in& the& 1990s& on& a& farming& community& that& had& established& itself& on& land& outside& Stutterheim&in&the&Eastern&Cape&and&the&challenges&that&these&farmers&faced.&Key&issues&included:&& •" The&potentially&very&positive&contribution&that&smallUscale&farming&on&the&periphery&of&small&towns&could& make&to&local&economies,&with&proper&support& •" The&importance&for&farmers&of&secure&tenure&and&being&able&to&control&the&boundaries&of&their&land& •" The&importance&of&understanding&the&reasons&why&rural&people&are&moving&closer&to&towns,&including,& in& the& case& being& reported& on& in& the& Eastern& Cape,& the& perceived& value& of& being& closer& to& work& opportunities&and&schools&for&children,&while&sustaining&more&rural,&landUbased&livelihoods& •" The&potential&of&the&proactive&use&of&municipal&commonages&for&land&reform&in&Karoo&towns.&

3.2&Onkemetse&Nteta&(WWF)& The&biodiversity&economy:&Space&for&nature( & Onkemetse&Ntete&drew&on&the&work&of&the&World&Wildlife&Fund&to&stress&the&importance&of&‘the&biodiversity& economy’&and&the&economic&potential&in&both&the&wildlife&and&bioUprospecting&subUsectors;&he&also&reviewed& national&targets&for&conservation&areas&in&South&Africa&(Figure&6).&Key&issues&included:& •" South&Africa&has&committed&to&meeting&international&biodiversity&targets&for&2011U2020&(that&by&2020& 17%&of&terrestrial&&&inland&water&areas&and&10%&of&coastal&&&marine&areas&will&be&effectively&protected)&& •" The&protected&area&landscape&needs&to&be&seen&as¬&fixed&but&dynamic& •" The&need&to&strengthen&commitments&to&social&development&as&part&of&conservation,&including&through& piloting&projects&around&climate&change&adaptation&strategies&in&and&around&protected&areas& •" The& need& to& build& communities& of& practice& in& the& biodiversity& economy,& to& strengthen& strategic& partnerships,& promote& integrated& landscape& management& and& secure& sustainable& financing,& e.g.& through&green&bond,&carbon&markets,&and&payment&for&ecosystems&services.&&

Figure'6.'South'Africa’s'National'Protected'Area'Expansion'Strategy'

3.3&Cherryl&Walker(SU)& Karoo&small&towns&&&land&reform:&The&view&from&Sutherland& & Cherryl&Walker&drew&on&preliminary&results&from&a&socioUeconomic&survey&conducted&by&her&research&programme& in&Sutherland&in&November&2017,&to& reflect& on& the&relationship&between&land&reform&and&the&future&of&small& towns&in&the&Karoo.&Key&points&included:&& •" Today&upwards&of&75%&of&the&Karoo&population&live&in&towns,&with&the&urban&population&first&overtaking& the&rural&in&the&1960s&(which&is&earlier&than&for&the&country&as&a&whole);&the&proportion&of&the&&population& considered&‘white’&has&also&declined&markedly&through&the&20th¢ury.& •" Selected&findings&from&the&Sutherland&survey&include:& o" Most&respondents®ard&housing,&&urban&services&and&jobs,¬&access&to&land,&as&priorities&for& local&development& o" Farming&in&the&area&is&under&enormous&pressure&as&a&result&of&the&ongoing&drought& o" Low&education&levels&limit&most&local&people’s&employment&options&to&lowUskilled&jobs& o" There&is&a¬iceable&absence&of&young&adults&of&working&age&in&the&town,&especially&men& o" Concerningly&high&levels&of&substance&abuse&and&of&&dropout&rates&from&high&school&should&both& be&seen&as&national¬&local&crises,&demanding&concerted&state&and&civic&attention& o" The& effectiveness& of& local& government& is& hampered& by& the& huge& distances& and& poor& roads& between&the&towns&making&up&the&local&municipality;&Karoo&towns&need&a®ionally&tailored& own&form&of&local&government& o" Despite& many& social& challenges,& people& value& the& sense& of& cohesion,& the& peacefulness& and& unique&environment&of&their&town&and&are&broadly&positive&about&the&contribution&of&the&SA& Astronomical&Observatory&to&the&town&overall,&in&terms&of&tourism&and&the&town’s&profile.&& •" Implications&for&land&reform&include&& o" Focusing&on&land&reform&within&small&towns&to&break&down&the&spatial÷s&of&apartheid& o" Paying& more& attention& to& how& to& develop& the& potential& contribution& of& an& expanded& commonage&programme&for&the&local&economy&and&household&livelihoods& o" Recognising& investment& in& education,& health& and& wellbeing& as& important& components& of& restitution&for&the&past&over&the&longer&term;& o" Exploring& prospects& for& urban& agriculture,& linked& to& the& urgent& need& to& address& more& sustainable&water&use&and&technologies.&&

Discussion( ( Questions&and&discussion¢red&on&the&following&issues:& •" The&need&to&understand&the&implications&of&the(Astronomy&Geographic&Advantage&Act&for&land&reform& and&land&use&in&the&areas&most&directly&affected&by&it,&such&as&Sutherland&and&environs& •" The&need&to&rethink&the&framework&for&conservation&in&the&context&of&climate&change& •" The&potential&of&commonage&in&the&Karoo,&across&different&scales&& •" The&need&to&understand&why&many&people&in&a&town&like&Sutherland&do¬&appear&to&be&that&interested& in&accessing&land&for&farming& •" The& potential& of& sustainable& tourism& in& the& Karoo& to& contribute& to& more& equitable& local& economic& development.&(

( ( (

2.4((Session(Four:(Land(reform:(The(national(context( & 4.1&Femke&Brand&(UJ)& Land&reform&&&the&state&in&South&Africa& 4.2&Ben&Cousins&(PLAAS)&& Agrarian&reform&& 4.3&Michela&Marcatelli&(UJ)& Land&&&water&reform& 4.4&Nomalanga&Mkhize&(Rhodes)& Dignity,&memory&and&indigenous&repossession&& & Presentations( ( 4.1&Femke&Brand&(UJ)& Land&reform&&&the&state&in&South&Africa& & Femke&Brand&drew&on&herðnographic&fieldwork&on&trophy&hunting&farms&in&the&Eastern&Cape&Karoo&in&2009/10& and&her&coUedited&book,&Land'Reform'Revisited,&to&raise&a&series&of&questions&about&the&role&of&the&state&in&land& reform&and&where&change&in&rural&relations&can&come&from.&Key&points&included:&& •" The& importance& of& understanding& the& meanings& of& land& and& what& marginalised& rural& people& want,& alongside&the&options&offered&by&the&state&to&land&reform&beneficiaries& •" Everyday&realities&on&the&ground&highlight&the&extent&to&which&power&and&mobility&in&the&Karoo&are&still& deeply&racialised&and&hierarchal;&the&state&also&does¬&like&people&who&are&mobile& •" The&need&to&understand&&how&the&conversion&of&commercial&farms&from&livestock&to&game&farming&is& reconfiguring&power&relations&in&the&Karoo&and&understandings&of&who&belongs&there& •" Wildlife&has&become&a&social&actor&in&the&shaping&of&these&reconfigured&power&&&property&relations& •" The&evolution&of&land&reform&redistribution&policies&from&SLAG&to&LRAD&and&the¤t&PLAS&(Proactive& Land&Acquisition&Strategy)&has&been&a&topUdown&process&in&which&the&beneficiaries&themselves&have¬& been&able&to&decide&on&how&they&want&to&use&the&land.&& •" The&state&has¬&shown&itself&to&be&an&effective&driver&of&land&reform&while&efforts&to&drive&change&from& below&have&encountered&state&repression.& & 4.2&Ben&Cousins&(PLAAS)&& Agrarian&reform&post&the&‘Expropriation&without&Compensation’&debate& & Ben&Cousins&reflected&on&the&intensity&of&the&national&political&debate&on&expropriation&without&compensation& (EWC)&which&he&contrasted&with&the&lack&of&attention&to&the&‘real&challenges’&state&policy&on&land&and&agrarian& reform&should&be&facing;&he&also&presented&broad&policy&proposals&aimed&at&developing&a&programme&of&agrarian& reform& targeting& both& marketUoriented& and& subsistenceUoriented& smallholders,& without& compromising& agricultural&exports&and&national&food&security.&&Key&points&included:&& •" The&need&for&fresh&approaches&to&land&reform&in&a&context&of&social&crisis,&state&capture&and&unresolved& historical&issues;&land&continues&to&be&seen&as&a&symbol&of&past&injustices/redress.& •" EWC&does¬&address&the&real&problems&of&land&reform;& the&concern&is&that&state&could&expropriate& large&tracts&of&land&at&a&very&fast&pace&in&the&name&of&EWC&but¬&be&able&to&do&anything&with&it.& •" Policy&challenges&do&need&to&be&addressed&as&a&matter&of&urgency,&while&managing&the&political&risks& around&land&and&concerns&around&risks&to&production,&export&earnings&and&food&security.& •" What& is& needed& is& an& agrarian& reform& programme& that& recognises& different& farming& systems& and& promotes&‘accumulation&from&below’,&while¬&destroying&the&minority&of&commercial&farms&that&are& profitable&and&produce/export&at&scale.& •" The&proposals&for&land&reform&he&has&been&developing&with&colleagues&involve&redistributing&60%&of& commercial&farmland&(approximately&48&million&ha),&including&land&under&irrigation,&to&the&following& target&groups:&

o" 20%&to&black&commercial&farmers& o" 60%&to&the&estimated&200,000&marketUoriented&smallholders&& o" 20%&to&the&estimated&2,5&million&subsistenceUoriented&smallholders&& •" While&this&will&see&some&loss&of&jobs&in&commercial&agriculture,&this&will&be&more&than&offset&by&major& net&gains&in&jobs/livelihood&opportunities&through&supporting&smallholder&farmers&ready&and&able&to& produce&for&the&market.&& & 4.3&Michela&Marcatelli&(UJ)& Land&&&water&reform& & Michela&Marcatelli&drew&on&her&research&on&land&and&water&reform&in&the&Waterberg&district&to&draw&attention& to&&the&need&to&address&water&reform,&including&the&sustainable&management&and&just&allocation&of&water,&in& tandem&with&and&necessary&for&land&reform.&Key&points&included:&& •" Water& reform&encompasses&equitable&access& to& water& services& and&the& sustainable&management& of& water&resources.& •" The&relationship&between&property&rights&and&water&rights&is&ambiguous:&the&state&still&decides&who&gets& water,&and&existing&property&rights&still&dictate&access&to&water,&even&though&the&Constitution&specifies& that&water&is&a&basic&right&and&legislation&has&been&passed&to&separate&water&rights&from&land&ownership.& •" Water&reform&has&been&very&slow&and&tied&to&debates&about&production&rather&than&social&reproduction,& •" The&land&reform&programme&has¬&been&linked&to&the&crucial&issue&of&water&reform,&even&though&the& two&programmes&are&clearly&interUrelated&and&should&be&linked&through&policy&and&practice.&& & 4.4&Nomalanga&Mkhize&(Rhodes)& Dignity,&memory&and&indigenous&repossession&& & Nomalanga&Mkhize&drew&on&her&research&on&land&reform&and&the&meanings&of&land&to&emphasise&the&importance& of&addressing&the&history&of&dispossession&and&to&raise&questions&about&the&issue&of&just&land&restitution&in&the& Karoo.&Key&points&included:&& •" Land&reform&is&about&redressing&the&dispossession&of&indigenous&people.& •" The&indigenous&people&of&the&Karoo&have&been&turned&into&‘artefacts’&of&the&area&rather&than&being& recognised&as&the&indigenous&people&of&the&area.&& •" Work&is&needed&to&unpack&why& there& have& been& relatively& few&land& claims& in&the& Karoo& and& what& restitution&in&the&context&of&the&Karoo&should&involve,&given&its&history.& •" One&of&the&challenges&facing&land&reform&in&the®ion&is&the&sense&of&entitlement&to&land&and&space&in& the&Karoo&by&the&white&minority.& & Discussion( & Questions&and&discussion¢red&on&the&following&issues:& •" The&need&to&address&the&cutUoff&date&of&1913&in&the&restitution&programme&and&its&appropriateness&in& the& Karoo& context;&there&was&also&debate&on&whether&the&state’s&postU1994& restitution& programme& should&be®arded&as&a&mistake&or&was&politically& necessary/unavoidable&in& the&early& 1990s& and/or& could&be&successfully&reimagined&in&the¤t&conjuncture.& •" The&importance&of&engaging&with&the&different&meanings&attached&to&land,&place&and&home&and&how& these&are&expressed&in&different&ways.&

•" The&shortcomings&of&the¤t&debate&on&EWC:&if&one&is&operating&within&the&rule&of&law,&it&will¬& make&the&process&of&land&acquisition&easier&but&is&likely&to&make&it&more&difficult;&It&does¬&address& major&problems&around&land&reform,&including&who&the&beneficiaries&should&be& •" Unpacking&the&issues&around&land&reform&and&food&security,&including&whose&food&security&one&is&talking& about,&i.e.&the&priority&accorded&household&food&security&versus&aggregate&food&production&nationally.&& & 2.5(((Session(Five:(Land(reform(in(the(Karoo( & 5.1&Sharron&MarcoUThyse&(CRLS)& Perspectives&from&the&Central&Karoo&District& 5.2&Cherryl&Walker&(SU)& Overview&of&land&reform&in&Karoo/N&Cape&& 5.3&Mzingaye&Xaba&(Rhodes)& Restitution&& & Presentations( & 5.1&Sharron&MarcoUThyse&(CRLS)& Perspectives&from&the&Central&Karoo&District& & Sharron&MarcoUThyse&drew&on&her&work&with&farmworkers&and&farmworker&organisations&in&the&Central&Karoo& District&of&the&Western&Cape&to&draw&attention&to&the&many&challenges&farm&workers&in&the&Karoo&face.&Key&points& included:&& •" Communication&is&very&difficult&because&of&the&lack&of&infrastructure&and&transport,&e.g.&just&to&get&a& SASSA&grant&can&cost&a&farmworker&half&the&SASSA&payout&to&cover&transport&costs&to&the&payout¢re.&&& •" Healthcare&is&also&very&poor,&with&people&living&on&farms&waiting&till&an&illness&becomes&‘really’&bad&before& seeking&help&in&town.& •" Education&is&also&a&major&challenge,&with&very&high&levels&of&dropUout&rates&across&the&Karoo;&additionally,& the&availability&of&farm&schools&depends&on&the&approval/good&will&of&the&farm&owner,&and&farm&children& often&walk&very&long&distances&to&get&to&the&nearest&school.& •" HighUrates&of&substance&abuse,&especially&tik&and&alcohol,&add&to&the&social&problems&on&farms.&& •" Other&challenges&include&the&social&exclusion&and&isolation&of&farm&workers,&&absentee&landowners&and& the&threat&of&evictions.& •" Farmers’&unions&view&the&labour&force&as&lowUskilled&with&low&literacy&levels,&even&though&this&is¬& always&the&case&–&thus&people&who&do&have&matric&are&still&sideUlined&on&farms&and&poorly&paid.& •" The&Central&Karoo&farmworker&community&has&very&strong&links&to&the&land&but&a&continual&process&of& farm&eviction&is&undermining&this.& •" There&is&a&strong&need&for&building&social&cohesion&and&improving&work&conditions;&at&the&same&time,& while&farm&workers&are&in&need&of&advice&and&support,&they&also&need&to&be&engaged&with&as&agents.&& & 5.2&Cherryl&Walker&(SU)& Overview&of&land&reform&in&Karoo/Northern&Cape&& & Cherryl&Walker&presented&an&overview&of&available&data&on&land&reform&in&the&Northern&Cape,&based&mainly&on& 2016&sources,&while&stressing&the&need&for&further&work&to&extend&and&refine&what&is&known.&Key&points&included:&& •" There& are& real& concerns& about& the& reliability& of& the& national& data,& which& can& be& linked& to& weak& information&management&on&the&part&of&state&institutions&and&defensiveness&on&the&part&of&officials&re& access&to&what&should&be&public&information.&& •" The&%&of&provincial&land&redistributed&through&land&reform&in&the&Northern&Cape&is&smaller&than&in&other& provinces,&but& the& contribution& to& national& totals& is& significant& because& of& the& relative& scale& of& the&

province;&some&very&large&and&significant&land&claims&have&made&major&contributions&to&national&targets,& e.g.&the&Khomani&San,&Richtersveld&and&Riemvasmaak&claims.&& •" Urban&land&claims&and&the&impact&of&the&Group&Areas&Act&in&Karoo&towns&are&underUresearched.&& •" The&complex&history&of&the®ion&in&the&colonial&period&and&the&emergence&of&hybrid&identities&and& overlapping& land& rights& in& the& colonial& period& and& beyond& show& up& the& inadequacy& of& resolving& contemporary&restitution&claims&based&simply&on&‘firstUpeople’&principles&or&the&1913&cutUoff&date:&& o" E.g.&19th¢ury&Carnarvon&developed&around&a&land&grant&from&the&British&Government&to&a& group& of& XhosaUspeaking& people& ‘incomers’& who& acted& as& a& buffer& against& |Xam& hunterU gatherers;&these&land&rights&were&then&extinguished&in&1913,&&but&restoring&them&would&ignore& the&ancestral&claims&of&other&people&living&in&the&area.&& o" The&SKA&has&given&some&symbolic&recognition&of&the&land&rights&of&‘the&San’&in&their&core&site& but& this& has& not& translated& into& substantive& engagement& with& the& needs& of& the& actual& descendants&of&the&|Xam.& o" While&it&is&imperative& to& address& past&injustices,&the¤t&restitution&process& has& proved& inadequate;&reUopening&and&then&suspending&the&process&have&compounded&the&problems.&& •" Land&redistribution&through&the&commonage&programme&has&made&the&largest&area&of&land&available&to& local&townspeople&for&farming&purposes;&despite&major&management&issues,&there&is&potential&in&the& programme&which&is&also&an&interesting&example&of&(local)&state&ownership&of&land&reform&land.& & Table'1.'Overview'of'land'reform'in'the'Northern'Cape'(derived'from'various'sources)' LAND(REFORM(IN(N(CAPE& SOUTH(AFRICA((HA.& %(SA& N(CAPE(HA.& %(SA/N(Cape&

TOTAL(AREA((HA.)(& 121(909(000& 100&%& 36(183(000& 30%&SA&

COMMERCIAL(AGRIC((1996)& 82(209(571& 67,4%&& 29(734(978& 36%&SA&comm’l&agric&land& & RESTITUTION((Mar(2017)(& 3(389(727& &656(907& 19%&SA&restitution& & & REDISTRIBUTION((Mar(2018)& 5(824(325& 1(553(400& & & SLAG/SPLAG& 779&821& 61&914& & & LRAD& 1&164&893& 120&656& & Commonage& 845&932& 726&436& 33%&NC&land&reform& & & PLAS& 2&036&718& 635&417& & & Other&(50/50;&church&etc)& 33&605& 0& & & Farm&dweller/labour&tenants& 963&356& 8&977&

LAND(REFORM(TOTAL& 9(214(052& 11,2%&SA&agric&& 2(210(307& 24%&SA&land&reform&

TENURE(REF:(Col’&reserves& 1&227&926& 1%&& 1,188,670& 3,2%&N&Cape& & 5.3&Mzingaye&Xaba&(Rhodes)& Restitution&& & Mzingaye&Xaba&drew& on& his&recent& doctoral& research&in& the&Eastern& Cape& to& reflect& on& the& limitations& of& land& reform&as¤tly&conceptualised.&Key&points&included:&& •" The&focus&has&been&on&the&struggle&to&access&and&acquire&land,&at&the&expense&of&what&happens&once& people&have&been&given&the&land.&&&

•" The& state& has& not& provided& systematic& postUsettlement& support;& however,& even& if& this& were& to& be& improved,& the& chances& of& success& would& still& be& slim& because& of& the& difficult& dynamics& within& land& beneficiary& groups:& groups& are& often& fractured& and& conflicts& around& the&‘development& money’& that& officials&promise&make&these&tensions&even&worse.& •" Another&problem&concerns&the&age&of&landUrestitution&groups,&with&most&claimants&being&old&(given&the& history&of&forced&removals)&and&young&people&in&restituted&communities&seemingly¬&interested&in& living&on/off&the&ancestral&land.& •" Literature&on&the&‘tragedy&of&the&commons’&offers&insight&on&the&challenges&facing&Communal&Property& Associations,& by& highlighting& as& a& serious& problem& the& absence& of&individual& responsibility& of& group& members&for&managing&their&common&property&resources&for&the&benefit&of&the&group&rather&than&shortU term&individual&gain.& •" The&use&of&strategic&partnerships&by&government&in&an&attempt&to&circumvent&problems&in&land&reform& projects&has&also&been&shown&to&be&dysfunctional&because&of&disparities&in&education&levels&and&difficult& group& dynamics,& leading& to& miscommunication,& deception& and& misunderstanding;& generally& the& relationship&is&skewed&in&favour&of&strategic&partners,&rather&than&land&reform&beneficiaries.&&& •" While&his&research&found&instances&of&group&farming&working,&the&unique&circumstances&in&these&cases& meant&that&they&need&to&be&seen&as&exceptional&rather&than&representative&cases.& & Discussion( & Questions&and&discussion¢red&on&the&following&issues:& •" The&usefulness&of&the&concept&of&the&‘tragedy&of&the&commons’&for&analysing&challenges&facing&communal& property&associations&in&contemporary&South&Africa,&given&the&lack&of&institutional&support&for&these& institutions&and&the&challenges&facing&black&farmers&in&accessing&markets,&as&well&as&the&deep&roots&of& alternatives&to&privatised¬ions&of&land&ownership&in&the&countryside& •" The&significance&of&‘informal’&markets,&such&as&those&found&in&the&Eastern&Cape,&and&the&extent&to&which& smallholders&aspire&to&be&commercial&farmers( •" The&issue&of&food&security&–&both&in&terms&of&the&contribution&land&reform&could&make&towards&this&and& the&need&to&address&food&security&at&local&and&household&levels&& •" The&need&to&engage&farm&workers&as&knowledgeable&individuals&with&agency&and&experience&who&need& support&in&certain&but¬&all&areas&of&farming& •" The&importance&of&institutions&in&determining&the&outcomes&of&land&reform&projects&and&programmes.&& & 2.6((Session(Six:(Small(group(discussions:(Key(issues(for(land(reform(in(the(Karoo( & In&this&session&delegates÷d&into&three&groups&to&discuss&key&issues&and&priorities&for&land&reform&in&the& region,&building&on&the&inputs&from&the&previous&sessions.&The&following&emerged&as&major&points&of&discussion:& & •" Understanding& climate& change,& its& variable& impacts& and& its& implications& for& both& mitigation& and& adaptation&in&the®ion,&and&integrating&that&work&in&policy&and&practice&on&land&and&agrarian&reform& in&the&Karoo&(also&nationally)&& •" Developing&environmentally&sensitive&land&reform&policies&that&engage&seriously&with¤t&research& on&biodiversity&conservation,&optimal&rangeland&management,&stocking&rates&and&resilient&systems& •" Taking&forward&the&ideas&around&the&importance&of&spatial&flexibility&in&grazing®imes,&to& accommodate&greater&variability&in&temperature&and&rainfall&–&points&here&included&looking&at&the&

Richtersveld&as&a&possible&research/pilot&site&for&such&a&project,&rethinking&the&land&acquisition& strategies&of&conservation&agencies,&redesigning&stewardship&projects&to&promote&greater&mobility&of& livestock&across&farm&boundaries,&and&undertaking&more&research&on&‘kraals&vs&camps’& •" Refining&the&‘social&geography’&of&land&reform&by,&inter&alia:&recognising&that&some&areas&may&be&better& suited&than&others&for&projects,&for&instance&areas&closer&to&towns&and&service¢res;&accommodating& a&range&of&farming&scales,&different&tenure&options&and&different&interests&in&having&land;&addressing&the& position& of&farm& workers& and&issues&around&security&of&tenure&and&decent& work;& acknowledging& the& complex&layers&of&land&rights&in&many&&areas&& •" Paying&attention&to&ruralUurban&linkages,&urban&land&issues&and&local&economic&development&in&small& Karoo&towns,&many&of&which&are&in&decline,&and&developing&the&role&of&commonages&in&this& •" Reviewing&the&limitations&of&land&reform&and&possibilities&for&other&forms&of&redress,&e.g.&education,& while&acknowledging&the&powerful&symbolic&value&of&land&and&issues&around&social&identity& •" Working&in&a&bottomUup&way,&that&builds&on&local&experiences&and&indigenous&knowledge,&while&bringing& in&the&voices&and&experiences&of& constituencies&that&are&particularly&marginalised&in&the&political&and& policy&debates&such&as&the&youth&and&women,&but&also,&and&differently,&(white)&commercial&farmers&& •" Deepening&the&debate&on&the&Karoo’s&place&in&the¤t&energy&crisis&and&South&Africa’s&responsibilities& to&reduce&its&carbon&footprint&by&moving&from&coal&to&renewable&energy;&issues&raised&here&included&the& contribution&of&renewable&energy&projects&to&local&economic&development,&whether& there& could& be& greater& synergy& between& these& projects& and& land& reform,& and& concerns& about& the& possibilities& of& uranium&mining&and&fracking&& •" Exploring&the&potential&for&greater&synergy&between&land&reform&and&other,&nonUagricultural&land&uses,& e.g.&the&SKA,¬ing&the&significance&of&the&Astronomy&Advantage&Areas&declared&in&the&Nama&Karoo& •" Understanding&the&role&of&the&state&at&different&levels&in&the&land&reform&programme&in&the&Karoo.&& & 2.7((Session(Seven:((Reflections(and(closing(

Reflections&on&key&issues&&&themes&emerging&from&the&workshop&& Closing&remarks&&& ( The&session&began&with&brief&reflections&on&the&workshop&as&a&whole&from&William&Beinart,&Femke&Brandt,&Tumi& Malope,&Nomalanga&Mkhize,&Philani&Moyo,&Michela&Marcatelli,&Steven&Robins&and&Marja&Spierenburg,&followed& by&general&discussion.&& & Participants&were&positive&about&the&workshop&overall:&it&had&been&a&productive,&informative&and&interesting& encounter,&with& a& useful&mix&of&issues& and& debating&points& that& have& been&in& circulation& for& some&time&(e.g.& communalist&versus&individualist&land&reform;&food&security;&farm&scale;&farm&evictions)&as&well&as&perspectives& on&concerns&that&are&less&prominent&in&national&debates&(e.g.&land&reform&in&relation&to&nonUagricultural&land& uses;&land&reform&and&small&towns;&understanding&pastoral&farming&systems;&thinking&about&alternative&forms&of& redress).&The&interUdisciplinary&nature&of&the&programme&was&seen&as&valuable&and&there&was&recognition&that& thinking&about&land&reform&from&the&vantage&of&the&Karoo&does&offer&new&insights&on&national&debates;&at&the& same&time,&there&was&a&caution&that&those&working&on/in&the&Karoo&need&to&avoid&parochialism&and&working&with& overly&tightly&bounded&understandings&of&the&Karoo.&& & The&emphasis&on&ecology&and&the&recognition&of&climate&change&as&a&critically&important&issue&were&welcomed&by& many;& there& was& also& interest& in& taking& forward& the& discussion& on& the& importance& of& spatial& flexibility& for&

20 sustainable&grazing&systems&and&the&possibilities&of&piloting&a&project&along&these&lines&in&Namaqualand.&&Linked& to&this&was&interest&in&exploring&prospects&for&a&mosaic&of&different&types&of&land&reform&projects,&rather&than&a& single&model,&linked&to&a&deeper&understanding&of&socialUecological&variability&and&scale&within&the®ion&as&well& as&the&imperatives&around&food&security&at&different&scales.&Water&reform,&while&on&the&workshop&agenda,&needs& more&attention&as&integral&to&successful&land&and&agrarian&reform,&especially&in&the&context&of&climate&change&and& severe&drought&in&much&of&the&Karoo.& & Understanding&land&reform&in&relation&to&new&land&uses&in&the&Karoo&as&well&as&older,&nonUagricultural&land&uses& was&identified&as&a&challenge&and&an&important&area&for&further&research&and&policy&development,&as&was&the& need& to& think& about& land& reform& in& relation& to& small& towns& and& their& futures.& In& this& regard& the& focus& on& infrastructure& and& social& services& as& essential& components& of& land& and& agrarian& reform,& as& well& as& for& local& economic&development&more&generally,&was&seen&as&important.&& & Gaps& in& the& programme& that& were& identified& as& needing& more& attention&included& gender& dynamics& and& the& position& of& women,& as& well& as& questions& around&young& people’s& interest& in&farming& and& what& people& on& the& ground&actually&want&from&land&reform.&Other&gaps&concerned&the&perspectives&of&white&landowners&(beyond& their&formal&organisations)&and¤t&dynamics&on&land&reform&farms&in&the&Karoo,&about&which&very&little&has& been&published.&& & The&challenge& of& bridging& the& gap&between&policy&development&and&policy&implementation& was& emphasised,& alongside&the&importance&of&sharpening&our&understanding&of&what&land&reform&can&contribute&to&resolving&the& many&challenges&facing&the&country&as&well&as&its¤t&political&significance&in&national&debates.&The¢rality& of&the&state,&for&better&or&for&worse&and&at&different&levels&(e.g.&national&and&local),&was&also&reiterated.&& & In&closing&the&workshop,&Cherryl&Walker&thanked&participants&for&their&insights&and&commitment&as&well&as&the& energy&and&camaraderie&which&they&had&brought&to&the&two&days.&She&reaffirmed&the&importance&of&meaningful& research& outside& of& institutional&and& disciplinary& silos& and& expressed& the& hope& that& further&collaboration& (at& different&scales)&as&well&as&more&events&like&this&workshop&would&be&forthcoming&in&2019&and&beyond.&& & & References( Brandt&F&and&G&Mkodzongi,&Land'Reform'Revisited:'Democracy,'State'Making'and'Agrarian'Transformation'in' PostTApartheid'South'Africa&&(Brill,&2018).& Henschel& J,&T& Hoffman&&& C& Walker& (eds.),& ‘Karoo& Special&Issue:& Trajectories& of& Change&in&the&Anthropocene’,& African'Journal'of'Range'and'Forage'Science&(vol&35:&3&&&4,&2018).& Kopytoff&I&(ed.),&The'African'Frontier:'The'Reproduction'of'Traditional'African'Societies&(Indiana&University&Press,& 1987).& Legassick& M,& ‘The& frontier& tradition& in& South& African& historiography’& (Collected& Seminar& Papers.& Institute& of& Commonwealth&Studies&12,&University&of&London,&1972).&& Mucina&L&&&R&Rutherford&(eds.)&The'Vegetation'of'South'Africa,'Lesotho'and'Swaziland&(SANBI,&2006).& Peluso&and&Lund,&‘New&Frontiers&of&Land&Control:&Introduction’,&Journal'of'Peasant'Studies&(vol&38:&4,&2011).&& Penn&N,&The'Forgotten'Frontier:'Colonist'and'Khoisan'on'the'Cape’s'Northern'Frontier'in'the'Eighteenth'Century& (Ohio&University&Press,&2005).& Turner&FJ,&The'Frontier'in'American'History&(Henry&Holt&&&Co.,&1921).&

APPENDICES:** Appendix*1.*The*Programme** COSMOPOLITAN*KAROO:*KAROO*FUTURES*WORKSHOP* Envisioning(land(reform(in(South(Africa’s(drylands( Final*programme* ! STIAS,!Stellenbosch! 26!–!27!November!2018! * DAY*ONE*–*26*November*2018* TIME* SESSION* PRESENTER/PANEL* PRESENTATION*TOPICS* 8:30!–!9:00! ARRIVAL,'REGISTRATION,'TEA'&'COFFEE! 9:00!–!9:30! Opening! Cherryl!Walker!(SU)! Welcome,!introductions!and!purpose!of!the!workshop! SESSION*1:*Framing*sustainable*land*reform*in*South*Africa’s*drylands! 1.!Davide!Chinigó!(SU)! Karoo!space,!!place!and!scale!(an!overview)!! 9:30!–!10:45! 2.!Timm!Hoffman!(UCT)! LongWterm!changes!in!land!use,!land!cover!and!vegetation!in!the!Karoo!! Chair:!Tumi!Malope!!(SU)!! 3.!Philani!Moyo!(UFH)! Climate!change!adaptation!&!sustainable!development!in!the!Eastern!Cape! DISCUSSION! 10:45'–'11:15' TEA'&'COFFEE' SESSION*2:*The*future*of*farming*in*the*Karoo' 1.!Amelia!Genis!(PLAAS)! Commercial!farming!in!the!Karoo!and!Namaqualand! 2.Tim!O’Connor!(SAEON)! Sustainable!pastoralism!in!the!Karoo! 11:30!–!13:00' Chair:!Charmaine! 3.!Igshaan!Samuels!(ARC/UWC)! Communal!rangelands!as!models!for!future!land!reform!in!the!Karoo!!! Manyani!(SU)!! 4.!Marja!Spierenburg!(Radboud)! Game!farming,!(foreign)!investments!&!the!displacement!of!farm!workers!! DISCUSSION!! 13:00'–!14:00! LUNCH! SESSION*3:**Small*towns,*bioWdiversity*&*ruralWurban*linkages' 1.!William!Beinart!(Oxford)! Small!town!aspects!of!land!reform!! 14:00!–!15:30' Chair:!Renelle! 2.!Onkemetse!Nteta!(WWF)! The!biodiversity!economy;!Space!for!nature! Terblanche!(SU)! 3.!Cherryl!Walker!(SU)! Karoo!small!towns!&!land!reform:!A!view!from!Sutherland!! DISCUSSION!

15:30'–!16:00! TEA'&'COFFEE' SESSION*4:*LAND*REFORM:*THE*NATIONAL*CONTEXT* 1.!Femke!Brand!(UJ)! Land!reform!&!the!state!in!SA! 2.!Ben!Cousins!(PLAAS)!! Agrarian!reform!! 16:00!–!18:00! Chair:!tbc! 3.!Michela!Marcatelli!(UJ)! Land!&!water!reform! ! 4.!Nomalanga!Mkhize!(Rhodes)! Dignity,!memory!and!indigenous!repossession!! DISCUSSION! 18:30'–!21:30! SOCIAL'–'De'Warenmarkt'Wine'Bar!

DAY*TWO*–*27*November*2018* SESSION*5:*LAND*REFORM*IN*THE*KAROO* 1.!Cherryl!Walker!(SU)! Overview!of!land!reform!in!Karoo/N!Cape!! 8:30!–!10:30* Chair:!Monene!Mogashoa! 3.!Sharron!MarcoWThyse!(CRLS)! Perspectives!from!the!Central!Karoo!District! (SU)! 4.!Mzingaye!Xaba!(Rhodes)! Restitution!! DISCUSSION! 10:30'–!11:00' TEA'&'COFFEE' ! SESSION*6:*SMALL*GROUP*DISCUSSIONS:*KEY*ISSUES*FOR*LAND*REFORM*IN*THE*KAROO' 11:00!–!1!:15! PLENARY! SETTING!UP!THE!GROUPS! 11:15!–!12:15! Facilitators! 1.!Michela!Marcatelli!(UJ)! SCRIBES!&! 2.!Ben!Cousins!(PLAAS)! RAPPORTEURS:!! 3.!Igshaan!Samuels!(ARC)!! Each!group!to!decide! Chair:!Mzingaye!Xaba! REPORTWBACKS!FROM!EACH!GROUP!&!DISCUSSION! 12:15!–!13:00! (Rhodes)! 13:00'–!14:00' LUNCH' SESSION*7:**CLOSING*SESSION' 14:00!–!15:30! Chair:!Davide!Chinigò!(SU)! REFLECTIONS!ON!KEY!ISSUES!&!THEMES!EMERGING!FROM!THE!WORKSHOP! Discussants:!William!Beinart,!Femke!Brandt,!Tumi!Malope,!Nomalanga!Mkhize,!Philani!Moyo,!Michela!Marcatelli,!Steven! ' Robins!&!Marja!Spierenburg,!followed!by!general!discussion! Cherryl!Walker!(SU)! FollowWup!and!closing!remarks!!!

Appendix(2.(List(of(Participants(

( SURNAME( FIRST( INSTITUTION( TITLE( EMAIL( 1" Beinart" William" Oxford"Univ." Prof" [email protected]" 2" Borchardt" Stephanie" Stellenbosch" Ms" [email protected]" 3" Brandt" Femke" UJ" Dr" [email protected]" 4" Chinigò" Davide" Stellenbosch" Dr" [email protected]" 5" Cousins" Ben" PLAAS,"UWC" Prof" [email protected]" 6" Cupido" Clement"" ARC,"UWC" Mr" [email protected]" 7" Davids" ShuUaat" Stellenbosch" Ms" [email protected]" 8" Genis" Amelia"" PLAAS;"Landbouweekblad" Dr" [email protected]" 9" Hoffman" Timm" UCT" Prof" [email protected]" 10" Malope" Tumi" Stellenbosch" Mr" [email protected]" 11" Manyani" Charmaine" Stellenbosch" Ms" [email protected]" 12" Marcatelli" Michela"" UJ" Dr" [email protected]" 13" MarcoUThysse" Sharron" CRLS" Ms" [email protected]" 14" Mkhize" Nomalanga" Rhodes" Prof" [email protected]" 15" Mogashoa" Monene" Stellenbosch" Ms" [email protected]" 16" Moyo" Philani" Fort"Hare" Prof" [email protected]" 17" Musson" Joshua" Stellenbosch" Mr" [email protected]" 18" Nteta" Onkemetse" WWFUSouth"Africa" Mr" [email protected]"" 19" O’Connor" Tim" SAEON" Prof" [email protected]" 20" Oppelt" Thelma" HSRC" Ms" [email protected]" 21" Samuels" Igshaan"" ARC,"UWC" Dr" [email protected]" 22" Schoeman" Niell" Stellenbosch" Mr" [email protected]" 23" Spierenburg" Marja" Radboud"University"" Prof" [email protected]" 24" Steenkamp" Hermrique" Stellenbosch" Mr" [email protected]" 25" Terblanche" Renelle" Stellenbosch" Ms" [email protected]" 26" Walker" Cherryl" Stellenbosch" Prof" [email protected]" 27" Xaba" Mzingaye"" Rhodes" Mr" [email protected]" 28" Zantsi" Zuki" SU" Ms" [email protected]"