Index

absolute zero, 99 axial bellows, 576 absorption cycle, 371 azimuth, 515 accelerators, 456 acidity, 439, 552–553 adverse weather performance factors, 397 Bacharach scale, 451 air, 383–384 back-, 411 compressibility, 612 background heating, 2 infi ltration, 171 bacterial activity, 550 separation, 42 balanced fl ue, 412–416 air elimination valve, 45 termination, 416–418 air lock, 493 base design temperature, 167 air purger, 43–44 base exchange softening, 545–546 air separator, 42–44 bellows, 576 air source , 373–374 bending tubes alcohol, 370 copper, 59 alkalinity, 553 steel, 73 alternators, 229 bimetallic strip, 249 altitude, 6, 102 biofuels, 366 aluminium radiators, 116–117, 552 biogas, 370 ampere, 228 biomass, 366–367 anaerobic digestion, 370 biomass boiler, 367–369 analyser – fl ue gas, 445, 453 bio-oil, 369–370 anchors, 573–575, 580–584 black iron oxide, 549 ancillary equipment, 476 boiler bypass, 222, 273–274 angular defl ection, 588 boiler loading domestic hot water, 507–508 annual energy consumed, 625 annular , 489 combination, 510–512 anodes, 548, 556–557 condensing, 432–436 , 527 COPYRIGHTEDeffi ciency, MATERIAL 441 Archimedean screw, 368, 454 sizing, 190–193 ash, 283, 368–369 , 334–335 atomising oil burner, 308 booster , 419 automatic bypass valve, 273–274 borehole wells, 378–379 automatic changeover valve, 351–352 bourdon tube, 479 auxiliary electrical power, 382 Boyle’s Law, 612

Heating Services in Buildings: Design, Installation, Commissioning & Maintenance, First Edition. David E. Watkins. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. As an aid to lecturers and students, full colour versions of the fi gures in this chapter may be found at www.wiley.com/go/watkins These fi gures are © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 654 Index brine solution, 546 Competent Persons Schemes, 604–605 British standard pipe thread, 73–75 composite , 76, 144 British Standards, 604 compression fi ttings, 60–61 Building Regulations, 592 compressive movement, 577 bund wall, 290–291 , 327, 372 buried pipe coils, 380 condensation – fl ues, 429, 446 burner effi ciency, 442–443 condenser, 371 butane, 346, 388 conduction, 102–103 constantan, 333–334 constant oil level control, 314 cables, 235 consumer unit, 233–234 identifi cation, 232 contents gauge, 289 calcium, 543 control requirements, 255 calorifi c value, 283, 318, 347, 357, 623 , 104–105 calorifi ers, see cylinders convection staining, 127–128 canned rotor pump, 458 convector capillary fi ttings, 62–64 forced, 120 carbon, 384 natural, 118 carbon cycle, 367 convector , 111 carbon dioxide, 384, 446 conventional fl ue appliances, 401 carbon index, 600 copper tube, 56–59 carbon monoxide, 389 correction factors, radiators, 199–200 detectors, 391 corrosion, 548 poisoning, 390 inhibition, 553–554 carbon neutral, 366–367 Coulomb, 227 cast iron panel radiators, 113–115 crimped fi ttings, 66–67 cathode, 548 cross linked polyethylene, 76 cavitation, 466–468 crystal scale reducers, 558 Celsius, 99 cube x number, 193 central domestic hot water, 482 cyclic life, 578 central oil storage, 304 cylinders, 486 central radiator valve, 13–14 grades, 487 centrifugal action, 455–456 centrifugal pumps, 456 chimneys, 393 daily service tank, 299 chlorofl uorocarbons, 372 de-aeration device, 295 circuit breaker, 233 degree-days, 625 circulating pumps, 456, 458 designer radiators, 139 circulation, 7 dew point temperature, 446 Clark’s degree, 544 dezincifi cation, 549 cloud point, 283 diaphragm valve, 82 coal gas, 320 diesel, 369 coaxial coupling, 535 , 559 coeffi cient of expansion, 572 diversifi cation, domestic hot water 483 coeffi cient of performance, 381–382 diverter control system, 259 coil type heat exchanger, 491 diverter valves, 263 cold feed, 30, 33, 461 diverting tee, 11–12 column radiators, 113 domestic hot water, 482 combination boilers, 510–511 assessment of storage, 483–484 combined heat & power, 362 central storage, 484 combustion, 384 direct cylinders, 487 air, 319, 394 indirect cylinders, 487 effi ciency, 442 selection, 495 reaction, 384–388 single feed, indirect cylinders, 491–492 comfort conditions, 247 storage vessels, 486 commissioning, 617–620 temperatures, 485 underfl oor, 163–164 unvented, 495–498 compensating control system, 262–266 down draught, 399 Index 655 drain back vessel, 531 fi re valve, 298 drain – condensate, 438–441 fl ame free fi ttings, 64–65 draught, 394, 452 fl ame impingement, 392 draught diverter, 404, 406 fl ame structure, 389–390 draught stabiliser, 406 fl ammability – LPG, 347 dual burners, 559 fl ash point, 282 Dynafl ame oil burner, 312–313 fl oat valve, 30, 90–94 fl oor emissions, 156 earthing, 239 fi nishes, 148, 155 classifi cations, 240 fl oating, 153 effi ciency, 623 solid, 148 elastomeric properties, 614 temperatures, 141 electrical distribution, 230 thermal resistance, 156 electrical energy, 358 timber, 151 electrical fuse, 233 fl oor plate, 150 electrical generation, 228–230 fl oor trench convector, 119–120 electrical phase, 230 fl ow of heat, 206–207 electrical power, 228 fl ues, 393 electrical radial circuits, 237 boosting, 418 electrical ring circuits, 234 , 425 electrical spur points, 236 gas temperature,444 electric heat generators, 360 high-rise buildings, 419 electricity, 227 linings, 410–412 alternating current, 228 sizing, 426–429 direct current, 231 termination, 400–404 electric motors, 472 , 121 electrode, 361 forced draught burner, 341 electrolytic action, 547–548 frictional resistance to fl ow, 209 electromagnetic conditioning, 557 fuel oil, 387 electromagnet solenoid valve, 333 fusible link, 302 electromotive series, 548 embedded panels, 126 embedded piping, 142–145, 149 galvanised steel tube, 73 emulsifi ed spray mist, 310 gas, 316 energy effi ciency – controls, 247 boosting, 327 Engineering Council, 606 burning velocity, 319 Engler Degrees, 281 butane, 346, 388 equivalent length, piping, 210 distribution, 322 ethanol, 370 fl ow, 330 , 371 ignition, 339 exhaust silencer, 363 liquefi ed petroleum, 345 expansion, 571 manufactured-coal gas, 320 expansion bellows, 576 multifunctional control valve, 337 expansion loops, 575 natural, 317, 386 expansion pipe, 30 odour, 317 expansion vessel, 37, 40–41 propane, 346, 387 external temperatures, 167 supply pressure, 320, 322 toxicity, 318 gas burners, 330 Fahrenheit, 98 fan assisted natural draught, 340 fan assisted draught burner, 340 forced draught burner, 341 fan convector, 120–122 natural draught, 331 feed & expansion cistern, 28–30 pulse combustion, 343 ferrous oxide, 549 gas governor, 336 fi lling loop, 48–49 gas meters, 323 fi ll points, 286, 292 gas modulus, 320 fi lters, see strainer gas oil, 279 656 Index gas pipe sizing, 328 hydrogen ions, 552 gas receiver 327 hydrogen sulphide, 550 gas safety solenoid valve, 332–333 hydronic, 5 gas substitute natural gas, 321 gas turbine, 363 gatevalve, 80 ignition device, 339 generators, 229 immersion heaters, 487, 508–509 globevalve, 94 load, 507 gimbal expansion joints, 587 wiring, 237–238 glycol, 528–530 impeller, 456 gravity circulation, 53 implosion, 468 , 378 incomplete combustion, 388 index circuit, 16, 211 index – electrical protection, 473–475 hardness of water, 543 indirect domestic hot water, 487 Harmonised British Standards, 604 solar heating, 525 head of water, 610 inducing tee, 11–12 heat, 97 infi ltration, 171 calculations, 179 inline circulators, 458 emitters, 108 inversion, 407–409 location, 131 inverter control, 461 selection, 194 sizing, 201 testing, 195 jet nozzles, 310 fl ow, 206 jointing tube gains, 177 copper, 59 latent, 101 stainless steel, 69 losses, 180 steel, 73 meters, 568 thermoplastic, 77 recovery, 382 Joule, 97 requirements, 165 sensible, 101 specifi c, 100 Kelvin, 99 transfer, 102 kerosene, 279 transfer plate, 151 kettling, 468 heat generation station, 560 kilowatt hours, 628 heat pumps, 370 kinematic viscosity, 281 air source, 373 coeffi cient of performance, 381–382 , 101 ground source, 378 Legionella pneumophila, 485 water source, 376 lighting, 237 heating liquefi ed petroleum gas, 345 classifi cation, 2, 5 cylinder, 349 dry, 3 distribution, 354 skirting, 121–125 pressure vessel, 351 supplementary, 3 properties, 346 surface, 204 static electricity, 353 underfl oor, 140 storage, 349, 599 wet, 2, 5 low carbon steel tube, 71 heating season, 624 low surface temperature radiator,112 Hertz, 227, 230 low water content boilers, 273 hopper, 359, 368, 369 , 106–107 hybrid circuits, 26–28 magazine boiler, 368 hydraulic testing, 613 magnesium, 543 hydrochlorofl uorocarbons, 372 magnetic conditioning, 557 hydrofl uorocarbons, 372 magnetite, 549 hydrogen gas, 549 main gas control valve, 334 Index 657 malleable iron, 74 cylindrical, 287 manifolds, 20–21 location, 291 underfl oor, 159 rectangular, 285 manometer, 337 open vent, 30, 33–34 mass fl ow rate, 207, 459 operating & maintenance, 621 mean water temperature, 196 optimiser, 262–263 methane, 317, 385 oxidic corrosion, 551 microbore heating, 17 , 384 micro generation, 364 oxygen barrier, 144 micro-leaks, 609 ozone layer, 372 Montreal Protocol, 372 motorised valves modulating mixing valve, 265 paraffi n, 279 three port valve, 263 paraffi nic gases, 317 zone valve, 258 perimeter heating, 121 multifunctional gas valve, 337–338 Perkins, 34–36 multistage centrifugal pump, 470 PEX, 76 photosynthesis, 514 photovoltaic, 361, 514 natural convector, 118 pH value, 552 natural draught, 394 piezo-electric igniter, 339 natural gas, 317, 386 pipe rollers, 585 neutral point, 462 pipes nitrogen, 41, 384 resistance, 209 nitrogen oxide, 392, 442, 453 sizing, 206 noise, 480 data, 211 NOx, 393 procedure, 212 threads, 73 pipe sleeves, 150 occupants, 177–178 piping, Ohm’s Law, 228 arrangements – underfl oor, 145 oil, 278 carrier, 25 characteristics, 280 distribution, 8 distribution, 293 series pattern, 145 single pipe, 293 spiral pattern, 145 two pipe, 294 oil storage tanks, 288 fi ll point, 292 plastic pipe, 75, 144 fl ash point, 282 plate heat exchanger, 570 pour point, 282 plumbo-solvent, 547 pre-heating, 304 pluming, 437 pumping, 299 pneumatic feed, 368–369 storage, 284 polybutylene, 77 see also oil storage tanks pour point, 282 oil burners, 306 pressed steel radiators, 109 atomising burner, 308 pressure, 6 pressure jet, 308–309 high, 6 rotary cup burner, 311 low, 6 rotary vaporising burner, 312 medium, 6 vaporising burner, 308 negative system, 464 oil constant level control device, 314 positive system, 464 oil contents gauge, 287, 289 pressure gauges, 478, 498 oil fi lter, 302–303 pressure jet oil burner, 308 oil fi re valve, 298 pressure zones, 398–399 oil lifter, 295 pressurisation set, 47, 49 oil line pipe sizing, 304 professional bodies, 605 oil nozzle, 310 propane, 345, 387 oil storage tanks, 285 PTFE (polytetrafl uoroethylene) tape, 327 bunded catchment, 290 pulse combustion, 343 central storage, 304 pump head, 457 658 Index pumps solar collector panels, 532 arrangement, 468 evacuated tube, 532 connections, 472 fi xing, 537 position, 463 fl at plate, 532 selection, 458 location, 536 , 430–431 sizing, 539 solar controls, 541 solar energy, 513 qualifi cations, 605 solar energy source heat pumps,523 solar heat gains, 177 solar heating, 362, 513 radiant panels, 124 controls, 539 radiation, 105 direct, 523 radiators drain back, 530 accessories, 137 frost protection, 527 aluminium, 116 indirect, 525 column, 113 solar orbital passage, 514 connections, 129–130 solar radiation, 517 convector, 111 solenoid valves, 333 correction factors, 199–200 solubility of air, 42 enclosures, 129 soundness test, 609 fi xing, 126 specifi c energy, see calorifi c value pressed steel panel, 109 specifi c gravity, 281, 346 radiator shelves, 126 specifi c heat, 100 radiator valves – double entry, 21–22 , 398 Rankin, 99 stainless steel reagent liquid, 447 tube, 67 Reamur, 98 types, 69 recovery time, 483 standard assessment procedure, 600 Redwood instrument, 281 static electricity LPG, 353 , 372–373 Stirling engine, 364 refrigeration cycle, 371 strainer, 302, 476 regulating valves, 94–96 stratifi cation, 504 reheat time, 484 substitute natural gas, 321 relative density, 318 suction zones, 398 relief valve discharge, 499 sulphur, 283 remote temperature sensing, 263–264 sun path, 516 Ringelmann, 449–450 systems room height effects, 130, 132 balancing, 617 room sealed appliances, 413, charging, 45 423–424 condensing, 432 room , 248–249 gravity, 53 rotodynamic pump, 454 hybrid, 26 micro bore, 17 open vented, 26 safety relief valve, 244–246 sealed, 7, 34–40 Sankey energy diagram, 364 single pipe, 8–14 saybolt viscosity, 281 two pipe, 15 sealed expansion vessel, 40–41 direct return, 15 secondary return, 488 radial, 22 SEDBUK, 411, 431–432 reverse return, 16 Se- fl ue, 422 stack effect, 176, 398 , 101 static head, 243 shared fl ow control system, 261 swimming pools, 520 skirting heating, 123 slide rule, 179 slip joint, 588 tanks smoke, 449 feed & expansion, 30 soakaway, 440 oil storage, see oil storage tanks Index 659 temperature, 6, 98 bypass valve, 273 control – underfl oor, 160 CA valve, 49, 88 differential, 397 check valve, 86–87 domestic hot water, 485 commissioning valve set, 620 external, 167 dead weight fi re valve, 300 gradients, 132 diaphragm valve, 83 oil storage, 284 disconnector valve, 88 reduction, 272 diverter valve, 263 room, 166 double check valve, 87 temperature detector, 264 double regulating valve, 96 temperature sensing valve, 251 fi re valve, 298 temporary water hardness, 543 fl oat, 30, 91–94 testing, 609 gatevalve, 80–81 underfl oor, 163 globe valve, 94 testing medium, 611 modulating, 265 thermal buffer store, 520 motorised, 258 thermal domestic hot water storage, 503, 519 non-return valve, 85 thermal fl uids, 3 plug valve, 84 thermal inversion, 407 radiator valve, 138 thermal properties of buildings, 169 thermostatic, 275 thermal stress, 575 reduced pressure zone valve, 89 thermocouple assembly, 333 safety relief valve, 245–246 thermodynamic cycle, 372 stopcock, 79 thermometer, 98, 479 temperature sensing valve, 252 thermoplastic de-ration, 613 vacuum breaking valve, 91 thermoplastic tube, 56, 144 vaporising oil burner, 308 thermo-siphon, 53 vapour compression cycle, 371 thermostatic frost protection, 271 vapour pressure thermostatic radiator valve, 275 LPG, 348 thermostats water, 497 convection/radiation effects, 250 variable frequency drives, see inverter control cylinder, 254 variable performance pumps, 460 high limit, 498, 501 velocity of fl ow, 208 location, 249 ventilation air, 394 resettable double thermostat, 508 vent pipe, 30, 492, 494 room, 248 vermiculite, 410, 419 shunt heater, 250 vibration mountings, 480 three port valve, 263 viscosity, 281 timber joists, 594 voltage, 228, 232 time lag, 178 trace heating, 306 turbine gas meter, 325 wallfl ame oil burner, 312 twin pump control, 266 walls, 172 two port valve, 255, 258 warm air, 3 warning pipe, 30 water, 3, 5, 542 U duct fl ue, 424 conditioners, 557 ultimate analysis, 386–388 fl uid categories, 602 underfeed stokers, 369 hardness, 543 underfl oor heat emissions, 157–158 softening, 545 underfl oor heating, 140 supply, 542 underground pipe ducts, 567 treatment, 543 U values, 170 Water Regulations, 29, 46, 601 water source heat pumps, 376 watts, 228 valves, 78 wave power, 361 air elimination, 45 wax fi lled capsule, 252 BA valve, 49, 88 weather compensating system, 262 butterfl y valve, 82 Whitworth thread, 74 660 Index whole life costing, 628 X-rays, 105 wind power, 361 wireless control, 270 wireless thermostatic radiator valve, 271 zeolite, 545 wiring circuits, 233 zinc, 549 wobbe number, 319 zone control, 255 wood, 357 zone control valve, 258 burning, 358 wood pellets, 367