Helminthology

Helminthic Helminthic Infections - Classification

■ – Trematodes ■ Tapeworms – Cestodes Platyhelminthes ■ Roundworms – Nemathelminthes

Trematodes (flukes)

■ . ■ het.

■ S chistosoma • S. mansoni • S. hematobium • S. japonicum LLiivveerr fflluukkeess ''''FFaasscciioolliiaassiiss'''' Distribution

Fasioliasis occurs in areas where sheep, cattle and goats are raised as in U.S.A, Great Britain, Ireland, Middle East, Africa, Australia and Caribbean area. LLiivveerr fflluukkeess

Fasciola hepatica

FFaasscciioollaa ggiiggaannttiiccaa FFaasscciioollaa hheeppaattiiccaa

SSnnaaiillss

Water cress is the most common source of metacercaria for man

DDiiaaggnnoossiiss PPaatthhooggeenneessiiss

Penetration of the liver capsule.

Later complications.

Ectopic fascioliasis.

Halzoun. TTrreeaattmmeenntt

•Early discovery of the disease. •Combined surgical and medical treatment

•Bithionol •Praziquantel •Triclabendazole • Nitazoxanide buski: Giant intestinal fluke Geographic distribution Fasciolopsis buski: Morphology

5 cm Fasciolopsis buski: Life cycle Fasciolopsis buski: Symptoms

 Epigastric pain  Nausea  Diarrhea  Generalized edema and ascitis, in heavier infections Fasciolopsis buski : Diagnosis

 Symptoms  History of eating uncooked water chestnuts in endemic areas  Eggs in stool Fasciolopsis buski: Treatment and Control

 Praziquantel is effective

 Avoid eating uncooked chestnuts in endemic areas  Sanitary disposal of sewage  Elimination of snails Heterophyes heterophyes

One of the intestinal flukes that inhabit the

Japan,,,Turkey and Nile delta region of Heterophyes heterophyes Heterophyes heterophyes Heterophyes heterophyes Definitive host

PPiirreenneellllaa ccoonniiccaa Intermediate Reservoir host Heterophyes heterophyes

Infective stage: ????

Stages in the life cycle: Egg-Miracidium-sporocyst-redia-cercaria- Encysted metacercaria Pathogenesis

Attachment of the flukes to

Mild Severe Metagonimus yokogawi

Habitat S.I D.H Man I.H Melania libertina I.S Encysted metacercaria Diagnosis Treatment

Praziquantel.

Niclosamide (Yomesan). Control