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Next Generation Massive Multiplayer Games in a Mobile Context

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Next Generation Massive Multiplayer Games in a Mobile Context Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Informatik und Mathematik AG Technische Informatik Dipl. Inform. Dipl. Kaufm. Tobias Fritsch DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften im Fachbereich Mathematik und Informatik der Freien Universität Berlin Next Generation Massive Multiplayer Games in a Mobile Context Eingereicht bei: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller Prof. Dr. Mark Claypool Dipl. Inform. Dipl. Kaufm. Tobias Fritsch Matr.-Nr. 3581795 Anschrift Angermünder Straße 1a 12305 Berlin Tel. 030 74682460 E-Mail [email protected] Ort/Datum Berlin, den 22.09.2007 Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller Prof. Dr. Ing. Knut Reinert Prof. Dr. Günter Rote Dr. Achim Liers Prüfungsdatum der letzten Prüfung: 29.05.2008 I Acknowledgements The work in this thesis presents the results of my scientific studies as a PhD student at the Freie Universität Berlin. Research was mainly conducted by the mobile gaming workgroup, which is a project of the Freie Universität Berlin’s computer science department. I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone for supporting me during this time. First of all, I owe my deepest gratitude to Prof. Jochen Schiller, who was the primary adviser of this doctorial dissertation. His immense motivation always encouraged me to continue working unrelentlessly in order to achieve the scheduled tasks. By providing me with tremendous flexibility during my first three years, he further supported my inspiration and therefore significantly helped to complete this work. His knowledge of and insight into technical computer science is remarkable; he always managed to maintain an overview of the large scope of this work. Furthermore, I would like to thank Dr. Hartmut Ritter for acting as my second adviser. His profound knowledge and practical experience helped me understand my task as a PhD student much more clearly. His amazing ideas and motivation substantially modified my work and gave me insights into the scientific importance. I would also like to thank Benjamin Voigt for his inspiration over the last three years. I had the fortitude to have a friend who was consistently honest with me, hence giving me the clearest feedback to point out problematic fields. His support of and insight into the psychologically related fields of my research have been most valuable for me, thus I am very grateful. On par with that, I would also like to thank Peter Harmjanz for his loyal support. His thorough perusal and correction of my drafts ensured long-term high quality. Due to his immense insights into the gaming scene and player-oriented feedback, I was inspired and advised more than just once. Even with tight deadlines, he always found the time to help me with my research, hence he deserves my deepest regards. Finally, I would like to thank my mother for her unique and absolutely irreplaceable support during my education and my ongoing scientific work. Without her skill to coordinate and manage, her ability to encourage and motivate me, her strength and love, I would not be half the man that I am. Therefore, I would especially like to dedicate this work to her. II Abstract (English): Within the last few years, the importance of (multiplayer) computer games has experienced immense growth. On par with that, the size of persistent virtual environments (VEs) has also increased. Today, more than 120 MMOGs (Massive Multiplayer Online Games) ranging from FPS (first person shooter) to classic RPG (role playing game) settings exist. This illustrates the significant influence of the growing number of simultaneously playing users. The way that games are played has also evolved. Not only has the community and variety of gaming grown in numbers; but the way games are understood has changed fundamentally, too. In fact, terms like “hardcore” (a behaviour regarding the game; describes a far above average interest in the game content and a strong motivation to achieve) and “casual” (attempts to play the game with below average interest) have become well known in the player scene. Hence, player behaviour is one of the most valuable influencing factors. Furthermore, the importance of mobile games has increased rapidly as well, leaving no doubt that the current game evolution aims for more flexibility towards locations. Thus, new problematic fields in the mobile sector are arising, especially with regard to real-time applications. This dissertation will focus on the current game evolution and pinpoint the most important related approaches. It will subsequently introduce certain techniques to improve aspects of each of the most significant influencing factors: massive multiplayer, mobile gaming and player behaviour. The first research approach aims to understand the underlying player preferences in order to create better software solutions. As a part of this, the effects of virtual fragmentation (difference between real world and virtual world behaviour) and game time distribution will then be evaluated and statistically analyzed. The second approach aims to improve the mobile gaming performance by analyzing limitations in input and display of current mobile devices. By using a software solution, the matching time for players is improved drastically and by integrating mobile support for instant messengers, each user can also communicate with in-game friends who play common Internet games. The third approach introduces a middleware solution to support MMOG games. By designing a message-based structure and creating a generic application, it can be expanded for the upcoming next generation MMOGs. III Abstract (German): In den letzten Jahren gewann die Wichtigkeit von (Multiplayer) Computerspielen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Zusammen damit vergrößerten sich die virtuelle Umgebungen (VEs). Heute existieren mehr als 120 verschiedene MMOGs (Massive Multiplayer Online Games), die von FPS (first person shooter) bis hin zu klassischen RPG (role playing game) Settings reichen. Diese Entwicklung illustriert den signifikanten Einfluss der zunehmenden Anzahl an (gleichzeitig) spielenden Nutzern. Des weiteren hat sich die Art Spiele zu spielen weiter entwickelt. Nicht nur die Anzahl der Spieler und die Vielfalt der Spiele hat zugenommen; vielmehr hat sich die Art Computerspiele zu begreifen fundamental verändert. Tatsächlich sind Termini, wie „hardcore“ und „casual“ in der Spielerszene sehr bekannt geworden. Deshalb ist das Spielerverhalten einer der wertvollsten Einflussfaktoren. Außerdem hat sich die Wichtigkeit von mobilen Spielen rapide entwickelt und lässt keinen Zweifel offen, dass die aktuelle Entwicklung klar auf höhere Flexibilität seitens der physischen Orte setzt. Dem entsprechend entstehen neue Problemfelder im mobilen Kontext, besonders in Verbindung mit zeitkritischen Applikationen. Diese Dissertation fokussiert sich auf die derzeitige Spieleentwicklung und zeigt die wichtigsten verwandten Themenansätze auf. Darauf folgend werden verschiedene Techniken vorgestellt, um Aspekte der wichtigen Einflussfaktoren zu verbessern: Massive Multiplayer, Mobile Gaming und Spielerverhalten. Der erste Ansatz beinhaltet eine Evaluation von Spielerverhalten, um die Erstellung effektiverer Software zu ermöglichen. Besonderer Fokus liegt hierbei auf dem Effekt der vitual fragementation (Unterschied zwischen realem und virtuellem Verhalten) und der Gesamtspielzeit, die beide statistisch analysiert werden. Der zweite Ansatz zielt auf mobile Spiele ab, deren Eingabe- und Darstellungslimitationen evaluiert werden. Mit einer Softwarelösung in Form einer mobilen Lobby entsteht die Möglichkeit die Spielevermittlungszeit drastisch zu senken. Des weiteren ermöglicht die Integration von Instant Messengern für mobile Endgeräte die Kommunikation mit Spielern aus klassischen Internetspielen. Der dritte Ansatz beinhaltet eine Middleware Applikation, um speziell MMOGs zu unterstützen, durch das nachrichtenbasierte Design ermöglicht dies sowohl Skallierbarkeit als auch Integration für künftige MMOGs. IV Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction........................................................................................1 1.1 Problem Statement ...................................................................4 1.2 Scientific Contribution .............................................................7 1.3 Thesis Overview ......................................................................11 2. Background........................................................................................13 2.1 Game Evolution .......................................................................13 2.1.1 In-Game Communication..................................................18 2.1.2 Technical Realization........................................................19 2.2 Mobile Gaming ........................................................................22 2.3 Massive Online Gaming...........................................................25 2.4 Player Behaviour in Online Games ..........................................31 2.5 Summary..................................................................................35 3. Related Work .....................................................................................36 3.1 Definition of the Assessment Parameters .................................36 3.2 Mobile Aware Games...............................................................38 3.2.1 Asynchronous Mobile Gaming .........................................40 3.2.2 Near-Field-Areas and Mobile Games................................42
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