DOCSLIB.ORG

World Climate and Climate Change

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World Climate and Climate Change CHAPTER WORLD CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE he world climate can be studied by related them to the distribution of vegetation organising information and data on and used these values for classifying the Tclimate and synthesising them in climates. It is an empirical classification based smaller units for easy understanding, on mean annual and mean monthly description and analysis. Three broad temperature and precipitation data. He approaches have been adopted for classifying introduced the use of capital and small letters climate. They are empirical, genetic and to designate climatic groups and types. applied. Empirical classification is based on Although developed in 1918 and modified over observed data, particularly on temperature a period of time, Koeppen’s scheme is still and precipitation. Genetic classification popular and in use. attempts to organise climates according to their Koeppen recognised five major climatic causes. Applied classification is for specific groups, four of them are based on temperature purpose. and one on precipitation. Table 12.1 lists the climatic groups and their characteristics KOEPPEN’S SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION according to Koeppen. The capital letters : A,C, D and E delineate humid climates and B dry OF CLIMATE climates. The most widely used classification of climate The climatic groups are subdivided into is the empirical climate classification scheme types, designated by small letters, based on developed by V. Koeppen. Koeppen identified seasonality of precipitation and temperature a close relationship between the distribution characteristics. The seasons of dryness are of vegetation and climate. He selected certain indicated by the small letters : f, m, w and s, values of temperature and precipitation and where f corresponds to no dry season, Table 12.1 : Climatic Groups According to Koeppen Group Characteristics A - Tropical Average temperature of the coldest month is 18° C or higher B - Dry Climates Potential evaporation exceeds precipitation C - Warm Temperate The average temperature of the coldest month of the (Mid-latitude) climates years is higher than minus 3°C but below 18°C D - Cold Snow Forest Climates The average temperature of the coldest month is minus 3° C or below E - Cold Climates Average temperature for all months is below 10° C H - High Land Cold due to elevation 2021-22 100 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY m - monsoon climate, w- winter dry season and islands of East Indies. Significant amount of s - summer dry season. The small letters a, b, rainfall occurs in every month of the year as c and d refer to the degree of severity of thunder showers in the afternoon. The temperature. The B- Dry Climates are temperature is uniformly high and the annual subdivided using the capital letters S for steppe range of temperature is negligible. The or semi-arid and W for deserts. The climatic maximum temperature on any day is around 30°C while the minimum temperature is types are listed in Table 12.2. The distribution around 20°C. Tropical evergreen forests with of climatic groups and types is shown in dense canopy cover and large biodiversity are Table 12.1. found in this climate. Table 12.2 : Climatic Types According to Koeppen Group Type Letter Code Characteristics Tropical wet Af No dry season A-Tropical Humid Climate Tropical monsoon Am Monsoonal, short dry season Tropical wet and dry Aw Winter dry season Subtropical steppe BSh Low-latitude semi arid or dry Subtropical desert BWh Low-latitude arid or dry B-Dry Climate Mid-latitude steppe BSk Mid-latitude semi arid or dry Mid-latitude desert BWk Mid-latitude arid or dry Humid subtropical Cfa No dry season, warm summer C-Warm temperate (Mid- Mediterranean Cs Dry hot summer latitude) Climates Marine west coast Cfb No dry season, warm and cool summer D-Cold Snow- Humid continental Df No dry season, severe winter forest Climates Subarctic Dw Winter dry and very severe Tundra ET No true summer E-Cold Climates Polar ice cap EF Perennial ice H-Highland Highland H Highland with snow cover Group A : Tropical Humid Climates Tropical Monsoon Climate (Am) Tropical humid climates exist between Tropic Tropical monsoon climate (Am) is found over of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. The sun the Indian sub-continent, North Eastern part being overhead throughout the year and the of South America and Northern Australia. presence of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone Heavy rainfall occurs mostly in summer. Winter (ITCZ) make the climate hot and humid. is dry. The detailed climatic account of this Annual range of temperature is very low and climatic type is given in the book on India: annual rainfall is high. The tropical group is Physical Environment. divided into three types, namely (i) Af- Tropical wet climate; (ii) Am - Tropical monsoon climate; Tropical Wet and Dry Climate (Aw) (iii) Aw- Tropical wet and dry climate. Tropical wet and dry climate occurs north and south of Af type climate regions. It borders with Tropical Wet Climate (Af) dry climate on the western part of the continent Tropical wet climate is found near the equator. and Cf or Cw on the eastern part. Extensive The major areas are the Amazon Basin in South Aw climate is found to the north and south of America, western equatorial Africa and the the Amazon forest in Brazil and adjoining parts 2021-22 WORLD CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE 101 of Bolivia and Paraguay in South America, often causing famine. Rain occurs in short Sudan and south of Central Africa. The annual intense thundershowers in deserts and is rainfall in this climate is considerably less than ineffective in building soil moisture. Fog is that in Af and Am climate types and is variable common in coastal deserts bordering cold also. The wet season is shorter and the dry currents. Maximum temperature in the summer season is longer with the drought being more is very high. The highest shade temperature of severe. Temperature is high throughout the 58° C was recorded at Al Aziziyah, Libya on year and diurnal ranges of temperature are the 13 September 1922. The annual and diurnal greatest in the dry season. Deciduous forest and ranges of temperature are also high. tree-shredded grasslands occur in this climate. Warm Temperate (Mid-Latitude) Climates-C Dry Climates : B Warm temperate (mid-latitude) climates extend Dry climates are characterised by very low from 30° - 50° of latitude mainly on the eastern rainfall that is not adequate for the growth of and western margins of continents. These plants. These climates cover a very large area climates generally have warm summers with of the planet extending over large latitudes from mild winters. They are grouped into four types: 15° - 60° north and south of the equator. At (i) Humid subtropical, i.e. dry in winter and low latitudes, from 15° - 30°, they occur in the hot in summer (Cwa); (ii) Mediterranean (Cs); area of subtropical high where subsidence and (iii) Humid subtropical, i.e. no dry season and inversion of temperature do not produce mild winter (Cfa); (iv) Marine west coast climate rainfall. On the western margin of the (Cfb). continents, adjoining the cold current, particularly over the west coast of South Humid Subtropical Climate (Cwa) America, they extend more equatorwards and Humid subtropical climate occurs poleward of occur on the coast land. In middle latitudes, Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn, mainly in from 35° - 60° north and south of equator, they North Indian plains and South China interior are confined to the interior of continents where plains. The climate is similar to Aw climate maritime-humid winds do not reach and to except that the temperature in winter is warm. areas often surrounded by mountains. Dry climates are divided into steppe or Mediterranean Climate (Cs) semi-arid climate (BS) and desert climate (BW). They are further subdivided as subtropical As the name suggests, Mediterranean climate steppe (BSh) and subtropical desert (BWh) at occurs around Mediterranean sea, along the latitudes from 15° - 35° and mid-latitude west coast of continents in subtropical latitudes steppe (BSk) and mid-latitude desert (BWk) at between 30° - 40° latitudes e.g. — Central latitudes between 35° - 60°. California, Central Chile, along the coast in south eastern and south western Australia. Subtropical Steppe (BSh) and Subtropical These areas come under the influence of sub Desert (BWh) Climates tropical high in summer and westerly wind in winter. Hence, the climate is characterised by Subtropical steppe (BSh) and subtropical hot, dry summer and mild, rainy winter. Monthly desert (BWh) have common precipitation and average temperature in summer is around temperature characteristics. Located in the 25° C and in winter below 10°C. The annual transition zone between humid and dry precipitation ranges between 35 - 90 cm. climates, subtropical steppe receives slightly more rainfall than the desert, adequate enough Humid Subtropical (Cfa) Climate for the growth of sparse grasslands. The rainfall in both the climates is highly variable. The Humid subtropical climate lies on the eastern variability in the rainfall affects the life in the parts of the continent in subtropical latitudes. steppe much more than in the desert, more In this region the air masses are generally 2021-22 102 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY unstable and cause rainfall throughout the Cold Climate with Dry Winters (Dw) year. They occur in eastern United States of Cold climate with dry winter occurs mainly America, southern and eastern China, over Northeastern Asia. The development of southern Japan, northeastern Argentina, pronounced winter anti cyclone and its coastal south Africa and eastern coast of weakening in summer sets in monsoon like Australia. The annual averages of precipitation reversal of wind in this region. Poleward vary from 75-150 cm. Thunderstorms in summer temperatures are lower and winter summer and frontal precipitation in winter are temperatures are extremely low with many common.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • January — March Year 2017
    VOL 2 ISSUE 01 JANUARY — MARCH YEAR 2017 2016/17 DRY SEASON SUMMARY Dominica's dry season officially runs from December to May each year. The 2016 wet season, which prolonged into December resulting in a delay to the start of the 2016/17 dry season, was recorded as a normal season as it relates to rainfall amounts. A weak La Niña (the cooling of the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean) was observed towards the end of 2016 and a transition to ENSO– neutral is expected during the period January to March 2017. La Niña tends to shift rainfall chances for January-February-March 2017 to above to normal in the southern-most is- lands of the Caribbean. With this occurrence, above to normal rainfall amounts are expected, resulting in less solar radiation and more cooling by clouds and more rainfall than last year. Temperatures are also expected to be closer to normal. IN THIS ISSUE Pg.1 2016/17 Dry-Season Dominica’s Climate Pg.2 Looking back at 2016 Pg.3 2016 Hurricane Season Looking ahead Pg.4 Seasonal Forecast Chart 1. Mid-December ENSO prediction plume DOMINICA’S CLIMATE Rainfall received during the dry season are usually generated by the annual migration of the North Atlantic Subtropical High, low level clouds which move with the easterly trade winds, southward dipping frontal boundaries and trough sys- tems. The dry season runs from December to May when the seas are cooler and thunderstorms and rainfall activity are relatively low. On average approximately 40% of the annual rainfall is recorded in elevated and eastern areas and ap- proximately 25% along the western coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Weather Review and Outlook Towering Cumulus- Danny Gregoria by David Ross and Rob Molleda
    Winter 2013 Welcome to this edition of Tropical Winds. Another hurricane season to be thankful for In This Issue… (…unless you are a hurricane junkie…). In Weather Review…………….….1 this edition, we will discuss what occurred Severe Weather Climo………...….7 during this year’s wet season and what to Hurricane Season 2013……………9 expect for the dry season. Also, we will talk about tornado climatology across South Employee Spotlight……………12 Florida. A look back at the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season will follow. To finish on a happy note, we will introduce you to another one of our devoted forecasters, Chris Duke. Happy Holidays!!! Weather Review and Outlook Towering Cumulus- Danny Gregoria By David Ross and Rob Molleda Looking Back at the Rainy Season May – October 2013 Synopsis The recently-concluded rainy season was wetter than normal across most of South Florida. It was very wet over most of southwest Florida where rainfall totals for the period from May 18th to October 10th (the duration of this year’s wet season) were in the 40 to 50 inch range, with a few spots exceeding 50 inches (Figure 1). This almost equals a year’s worth of rain in less than five months! Isolated spots in southeast Florida also recorded over 50 inches of rain, with most of this area receiving between 35 and 45 inches. Every month of the rainy season featured above normal rainfall over different parts of south Florida, with July being the wettest month overall due to a more widespread rainfall coverage, and August being the driest mostly across the eastern half of the peninsula (Figure 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Regions
    Chapter 28, Section 2 (Pages 782–786) Climate Regions Places reflect the relationship between humans and the physical environ- ment. As you read, complete the diagram below. Explain the effects of climate on life in each area. Effects of Climate Australia New Zealand Oceania Antarctica Climates of Australia (pages 783–784) In general, Australia is a dry continent. Large portions of the outback are covered by deserts. These interior areas receive no As you read, sketch more than 8 inches of rain per year. The desert regions are a simple map of encircled by a steppe climate zone. The steppe receives enough Australia and label yearly rainfall to allow for some farming. In a dry region west its six climate zones. of the Great Dividing Range, wells bring water from a vast underground reservoir called the Great Artesian Basin. This allows people to live in this region even though it is very dry. Eucalyptus trees can grow in central Australia’s desert areas. These trees have thick, leathery leaves that hold in mois- ture, so they can survive the dry conditions. Other plants have Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, long roots that can reach groundwater during the dry season. Not all parts of Australia are dry, however. A tropical savanna climate zone covers the far north. Moist, warm air from the ocean rises and cools over this area, bringing monsoon rains. The sum- mers are hot and humid, whereas winters are more pleasant. A narrow stretch of Australia’s northeastern coast experiences a humid subtropical climate.
    [Show full text]
  • The Climate of East Africa
    THE CLIMATE OF EAST AFRICA East Africa lies within the tropical latitudes but due to a combination of factors the region experiences a variety of climatic types. The different parts experience different types of climate which include: 1. Equatorial climate This type of climate is experienced in the region between 5°N and 5°S of the equator. For instance in places such as the Congo basin. In East Africa the equatorial climate is experienced around the L.Victoria basin and typical equatorial climate is experiences within the L.Victoria and specifically the Islands within L.Victoria. Typical equatorial climate is characterised by; a) Heavy rainfall of about 2000mm evenly distributed throughout the year. b) Temperatures are high with an average of 27°C c) High humidity of about 80% or more. This is because of evaporation and heavy rainfall is received. d) Double maxima of rain i.e. there are two rainfall peaks received. The rainfall regime is characterized by a bimodal pattern. There is hardly any dry spell (dry season). e) The type of rainfall received is mainly convectional rainfall commonly accompanied by lightning and thunderstorms. f) There is thick or dense cloud cover because of the humid conditions that result into rising air whose moisture condenses at higher levels to form clouds. g) It is characterised by low atmospheric pressure and this is mainly because of the high temperatures experienced. In East Africa due to factors such as altitude, the equatorial climate has tended to be modified. The equatorial climate experienced in much of East Africa is not typical that of the rest in other tropical regions.
    [Show full text]
  • How Important and Different Are Tropical Rivers? — an Overview
    Geomorphology 227 (2014) 5–17 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geomorphology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph How important and different are tropical rivers? — An overview James P.M. Syvitski a,⁎,SagyCohenb,AlbertJ.Kettnera,G.RobertBrakenridgea a CSDMS/INSTAAR, U. of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0545, United States b Dept. Geography, U. of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0322, United States article info abstract Article history: Tropical river systems, wherein much of the drainage basin experiences tropical climate are strongly influenced Received 29 July 2013 by the annual and inter-annual variations of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and its derivative mon- Received in revised form 19 February 2014 soonal winds. Rivers draining rainforests and those subjected to tropical monsoons typically demonstrate high Accepted 22 February 2014 runoff, but with notable exceptions. High rainfall intensities from burst weather events are common in the tro- Available online 11 March 2014 pics. The release of rain-forming aerosols also appears to uniquely increase regional rainfall, but its geomorphic Keywords: manifestation is hard to detect. Compared to other more temperate river systems, climate-driven tropical rivers Tropical climate do not appear to transport a disproportionate amount of particulate load to the world's oceans, and their warmer, Hydrology less viscous waters are less competent. Tropical biogeochemical environments do appear to influence the sedi- Sediment transport mentary environment. Multiple-year hydrographs reveal that seasonality is a dominant feature of most tropical rivers, but the rivers of Papua New Guinea are somewhat unique being less seasonally modulated. Modeled riverine suspended sediment flux through global catchments is used in conjunction with observational data for 35 tropical basins to highlight key basin scaling relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Climate Variability in the Mediterranean Region
    atmosphere Editorial Long-Term Climate Variability in the Mediterranean Region 1,2, , 2 M. Carmen Alvarez-Castro * y and Pedro Ribera 1 Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, CMCC, Viale Berti Pichat, 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy 2 Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems Department, University Pablo de Olavide, UPO, 41013 Seville, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-051-0301-604 Current address: Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, CMCC. Viale Berti Pichat, y 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy. Received: 12 October 2020; Accepted: 27 October 2020; Published: 30 October 2020 Abstract: The Mediterranean region is an area where prediction at different timescales (subseasonal to decadal or even longer) is challenging. In order to help constrain future projections, the study of past climate is crucial. By improving our knowledge about the past and current climate, our confidence in understanding the future climate will be improved. In this Special Issue, information about long-term climate variability in the Mediterranean region is assessed, including in particular historical climatology and model applications to assess past climate variability, present climate evolution, and future climate projections. The seven articles included in this Special Issue explore observations, proxies, re-analyses, and models for assessing the main characteristics, processes, and variability of the Mediterranean climate. The temporal range of these articles not only covers a wide period going from the
    [Show full text]
  • Comment Chapter Team Response Id Page Line Page Line 2257 2 0 0 0 0 Excellent Comprehensive and Rich Report
    SROCC Second Order Draft Government and Expert Review Comments - Chapter 2 Comment Chapter From From To To Comment Chapter Team Response id page line page line 2257 2 0 0 0 0 Excellent comprehensive and rich report. I have only few rather technical remarks. A more Taken into account – sentence included in permafrost section general recommendation relates to the new landscapes which are rapidli forming in deglaciating mountain areas and need comprehensive anticipation/modeling/treatment. This is an emerging research field (Haeberli, W. (2017): Integrative modelling and managing new landscapes and environments in de-glaciating mountain ranges: An emerging trans- disciplinary research field. Forestry Research and Engineering: International Journal 1(1). doi:10.15406/freij.2017.01.00005). This could be more strongly emphasized, for instance, in section 2.4 on page 47 an don page 5, line 53. Such new landscapes will be characterized by strong and long-lasting disequilibria, especially concerning slope stability, sediment cascades or eco-systems. One important factor thereby is the strongly different response time of cryosphere components: snow = almost immediate, mountain glaciers = years to decades, mountain permafrost =decades to centuries to even millennia. As an example, in many mountain chains, permafrost inside high peaks will probably continue to exist (far out of thermal equilibrium) when glaciers will have already long disappeared. [Wilfried Haeberli, Switzerland] 2259 2 0 0 0 0 The figures are interesting but rather overloaded and not easy to read and understand. Accepted - The figures have been revised to improve readability. [Wilfried Haeberli, Switzerland] 2415 2 0 0 0 It is puzzling to see that chapter authors have consciously chosen to ignore the pre- Rejected - Pre-industrial changes are not part of the government industrial, pre-Little-Ice-Age palaeoclimatic context.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution of Tropical Cyclones to Precipitation Around Reclaimed Islands in the South China Sea
    water Article Contribution of Tropical Cyclones to Precipitation around Reclaimed Islands in the South China Sea Dongxu Yao 1,2, Xianfang Song 1,2,*, Lihu Yang 1,2,* and Ying Ma 1 1 Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (D.Y.); [email protected] (Y.M.) 2 Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (X.S.); [email protected] (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-010-6488-9849 (X.S.); +86-010-6488-8266 (L.Y.) Received: 15 September 2020; Accepted: 2 November 2020; Published: 5 November 2020 Abstract: Tropical cyclones (TCs) play an important role in the precipitation of tropical oceans and islands. The temporal and spatial characteristics of precipitation have become more complex in recent years with climate change. Global warming tips the original water and energy balance in oceans and atmosphere, giving rise to extreme precipitation events. In this study, the monthly precipitation ratio method, spatial analysis, and correlation analysis were employed to detect variations in precipitation in the South China Sea (SCS). The results showed that the contribution of TCs was 5.9% to 10.1% in the rainy season and 7.9% to 16.8% in the dry season. The seven islands have the same annual variations in the precipitation contributed by TCs. An 800 km radius of interest was better for representing the contribution of TC-derived precipitation than a 500 km conventional radius around reclaimed islands in the SCS.
    [Show full text]
  • ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
    ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Urbanization and Related Environmental Issues Of
    Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Vol. 3, 2017 URBANIZATION AND RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF METRO MANILA Ram Krishna Regmi Environment and Resource Management Consultant, Kathmandu, Nepal Email Address: [email protected] __________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Due to rapid urbanization, Metro Manila is facing many environmental challenges with its continuous accelerating urban growth rate. According to 2010 census of population Metro Manila accounts about one-third of the total urban population and about 13% of the total national population of Philippines.The impact of urban growth of the Metro Manila to its urban environment relating on demography, solid wastes problem and problems in water bodies as well as air pollution and greenhouse gas emissionis emphasized here in this study.The flood prone areas within the Metro Manila is about 31%, most of the risk areas located along creeks, river banks or coastal areas.Metro Manila produces total garbage equivalent to 25% of the national waste generation in which about 17% is paper wastes and about 16% are plastics. In terms of water quality classification the upper reaches of the Marikina River is of Class A, but all remaining river systems are of Class C. Accordingly, the classification of Manila Bay is of Class SB. Similarly, the quality of ambient air of the Metro Manila is also poor. Using 2010 as base year, the major contributor to greenhouse gas is from vehicular emissions followed by the stationary sources. An urgent need is felt to incorporate environmental issues into planning its urban area to reduce the risks of further environmental degradation. Keywords: Metro Manila; urbanization; environmental issues; solid wastes;water quality; air pollution _________________________________________________________________________________ 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Monsoon Basic Drivers and Variability
    Indian Monsoon Basic Drivers and Variability GOTHAM International Summer School PIK, Potsdam, Germany, 18-22 Sep 2017 R. Krishnan Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India The Indian (South Asian) Monsoon Tibetan Plateau India Indian Ocean Monsoon circulation and rainfall: A convectively coupled phenomenon Requires a thermal contrast between land & ocean to set up the monsoon circulation Once established, a positive feedback between circulation and latent heat release maintains the monsoon The year to year variations in the seasonal (June – September) summer monsoon rains over India are influenced internal dynamics and external drivers Long-term climatology of total rainfall over India during (1 Jun - 30 Sep) summer monsoon season (http://www.tropmet.res.in) Interannual variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall Primary synoptic & smaller scale circulation features that affect cloudiness & precipitation. Locations of June to September rainfall exceeding 100 cm over the land west of 100oE associated with the southwest monsoon are indicated (Source: Rao, 1981). Multi-scale interactions Low frequency Synoptic Systems:Lows, sub-seasonal Depressions, MTC variability – Large scale Active and monsoon Break monsoon Organized convection, Embedded mesoscale systems , heavy rainfall (intensity > 10 cm/day) Winds at 925hPa DJF West African Monsoon Asian Monsoon Austral Monsoon JJA Courtesy: J.M. Slingo, Univ of Reading Land/Sea Temperature contrasts Nov./Dec. West African Monsoon Asian Monsoon Austral Monsoon May/June Courtesy:
    [Show full text]
  • Precipitation Type Graphic Documentation Page
    Precipitation Type Graphic Documentation Page Purpose: The National Weather Service in Caribou and Gray has created graphics that easily display precipitation types for mixed winter weather events. These graphics can be used by core customers for briefing purposes on upcoming winter events. Product Creation: These graphics are created automatically when each individual weather forecast office updates the official forecast. An individual forecast graphic will be created in 3 hour increments through the first 24 hours, then in 6 hour increments thereafter through 120 hours (5 days). Depending on how many forecast updates will dictate how often these graphics are created, but on average the first 24 hour forecast will be updated 6 times a day and the day 2 to 5 period will be updated twice daily (~ 3 p.m. and 3 a.m.). Product Location: Graphics will be hosted via the NWS Internet pages at the following URL: http://www.weather.gov/car/WeatherTypeCovForecast Note: The URL will be hidden for the first test season (winter 2015-16) and will only be available for a small test group to evaluate the graphics. Precipitation Type Graphic Example: The precipitation type page consists of the main graphic with the toggle commands at the bottom of the page. See image below for number reference locations: 1. Valid Time – Provides you with the graphic valid time in either 3hr or 6hr forecast time periods 2. Legend – Simple legend that explains what the precipitation type graphic colors are representing (a more detailed description of this legend is in the following section of this document).
    [Show full text]