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Wheat Requirements in Europe

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Wheat Requirements in Europe TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 535 SEPTEMBER 1936 WHEAT REQUIREMENTS IN EUROPE (Especially pertaining to Quality and Type, and to Milling and Baking Practices) By J. H. SHOLLENBERGER Principal Marketing Specialist Foreign Agricultural Service Division Bureau of Agricultural Economics UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, D. C. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C* Price 15 cents Technical Bulletin No. 535 September 1936 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C. WHEAT REQUIREMENTS IN EUROPE^ (Especially Pertaining to Quality and Type, and to Milling and Baking Practices) By J. H. SHOLLENBERGER, principal marketing specialist, Foreign Agricultural Service Division, Bureau of Agricultural Economics ^ CONTENTS Page Page Introduction 1 Requirement situation in individual coun- Concern of United States in European wheat tries 45 requirements Belgium 46 Requirement situation for Europe as a whole. British Isles 53 General characteristics of European Denmark 65 wheats France 73 General milling practices Germany 83 Type and quality of wheat required for Hungary 103 European trade Italy 115 History and present status of European Netherlands 122 bread consumption Norway 131 The breads of Europe Poland 138 Certain economic factors affecting the Portugal 141 European wheat-requirement situation- Spain 146 European bread-grain production Sweden _.._ 152 Government regulations affecting the Switzerland 163 wheat-requirement situation Literature cited 170 General conclusions regarding factors Appendix 171 affecting the future European demand for wheat ._ INTRODUCTION Europe has been for centuries the world's greatest consuming center for wheat. The inabihty of most of the countries in that part of the world to produce wheat in sufficient quantity or of satisfactory quality to fulfill domestic requirements has been the main incentive for the increase in production of wheat in the New World. Moreover, the revenue derived from this trade has been an important factor in the prosperity and development of the export countries which have supplied this trade in past years. To continue to derive benefit from this trade, these countries must keep their production in step with demand as regards both quality and quantity. 1 Exclusive of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 2 Credit is due Hally H. Conrad for preparation of tables of wheat and rye statistics in European countries and Caroline G. Gries for preparation of tables of United States trade statistics. 75366°—36 1 1 2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 5 3 5, U. S. DEPT. OE AGBICULTURE To do this, it will be necessary to anticipate future requirements and trade possibilities, but first there must be available much informa- tion concerning a number of subjects, some of which may have only an indirect relationship to import requirements. It is with the presentation of such information that this bulletin is chiefly concerned. The descriptive information presented in the following pages is based largely on field investigations made in Europe by the author during the period from June 1931 to June 1934. CONCERN OF UNITED STATES IN EUROPEAN WHEAT REQUIREMENTS In the past the wheat defi.cits occurring in European countries have had to be made up by importations from the United States and other surplus-producing countries. Countries in other parts of the world that were deficient in wheat production have also provided a market for some wheat from the United States, but of the total quantity of wheat exported from this country, European countries have taken the major portion (figs. 1, 2, and 3). The United States produces wheat of all the various types needed for use in the wheat-importing countries throughout the world, and of many of these types it has had, until recent years, a surplus over its own requirements (table 1). In the nineteenth century this country had in Europe a market for all the wheat it had to spare. In the crop year 1898-99 wheat and wheat-flour exports from the United States, a great preponderance of which went to Europe, amounted to 227,240,000 bushels. The early years of the twentieth century saw a considerable decline in this trade and by 1911-12 it had dropped to 81,891,000 bushels, of which44,240,000 went to Europe. The World War of 1914-18 greatly changed this situation, as evidenced by the fact that during the 4 years of the war annual exports of wheat and wheat flour from the United States averaged slightly in excess of 230,000,000 bushels, of which 196,000,000 bushels went to European countries. During the 5 crop years (1919-23) which followed, average annual exports continued at about the same level. TABLE 1.— United States exports of wheat, by classes, 1920-21 to 1934-35 Hard red Soft red Hard red Durum White Total Year beginning July 1— spring winter winter 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 bushels bushels bushels bushels bushels bushels 1920 18,421 31,937 162,544 69,296 21,070 293, 268 1921 25,613 25,645 99,651 29,274 28,138 208,321 154,951 1922 --- --- - 13,975 43,188 61,165 22,770 13,853 1923 2,068 18,836 26,984 10,464 20,441 78,793 1924 - 21, 567 33,816 120, 573 8,333 11, 201 195,490 1925 - -- --- 4,958 26,834 9,677 2,563 19,157 63,189 1926 - - 2,174 21, 970 73,123 31, 352 27, 631 156, 250 1927 - - 6,000 36,500 60, 300 12,800 30,400 146,000 1928 - --- - --- 2,200 47, 600 35,000 3,000 15,400 103,100 1929 - --- - -- - 1,900 14,800 54, 400 2,700 18,400 92,200 1930 _ - -- --- 600 12,100 47,300 2,600 13, 700 76,300 1931 . 100 4,700 75, 500 2,200 14.000 96,500 1932 1,700 17,000 2,200 20,900 1933 1,400 17,400 18,800 1934 170 10 2,839 3,019 Division of Statistical and Historical Research. Computed from total exports by customs districts on the basis of inspections of wheat for export by ports and classes in tBe United States and Canadian Ji^astern Grain Division» I_40 120 100 80 _ 60 »O 20 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 2 0 AO 6 0 8 0 100 120 140 ISQ '80 FIGURE 1.—The wheat acreage of the world lies almost wholly in the temperate zones; much the greater share of it lies in the North Temperate Zone. CO rf^ INTERNATIONALTRADE IN WHEAT* EXPORTS AND IMPORTS AVERAGE 1927-28-1930-31 EACH SOLID LINt RCPRCSENTS TEN MIUJON BUSHELS: EACH BROKEN UNE REPRESENTS FIVE MILLION BUSHELS OR LESS • WHEAT AND WHCAT nOUH IN TCRMS OF WHEAT — 120 1^0 '60 '00 riGUEE 2.-The principal wheat-exporting countries of the world were Canada, Argentina, United States Australia and the Union »'f»™„t^f°S'^¿^?tingSt?i *' (xTe uSoïo? ^ieTsSASX«^^^^^ around 50,000,000 bushels.) WHEAT BEQUIREMENTS IK EUROPE 5 Since then, nowever, exports have decHned rapidly, falling in the 3^ear 1934-35 to 21,000,000 bushels. For additional statistical WHEAT: GROSS EXPORTS OF LEADING AREAS CROPYEARS (JULY-JUNE) AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE 1909-13 1924-28 1933-34 ALGERIA. CHILE. ALGERIA. CHILE. AND TUNIS AND TUNIS BRITISH '* i.u.o«. «» .«w.«- "*'°'* ALGERIA. CHILE. UNION OF SOVIET r..al lunTiiuie BRITISH ^ SOCIAUST REPUBLICS 0-^^ •" *'^° ^"'"^ INDIA 2.8% 676.441.000 829.393.000 553.893.000 BUSHELS BUSHELS BUSHELS FIGURE 3.—Average exports of wheat (including flour) during the 1924-28 period were more than one- fifth greater than during the 1909-13 period, whereas in the crop year 1933-34 they were nearly one-fifth less. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Danube Basin were the leading exporting areas during 1909-13, and Canada and the United States were the leading exporting countries during the 1924-28 period. In 1933-34 Canada and Argentina held this distinction. BUSHELS (MILLIONS) 350 A. ^^ To Eljrope (incluties exports i 0 Canada) 300 JA! Y 1 #. 250 Ox 200 1 r^- 1 1909-lS AVEMG \\ TÓ ALL COUNTR WS 150 'k N- "--.... __„\ /\ \ 100 h u..\. I y v/ 1 - \ 1 ' 50 : /. Ô.. 1 1909-J3 AVERAGE TOEUROPE ^ 0 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 CROP YEARS (BEGINNING JULY I ) FIGURE 4.—^WHEAT (INCLUDING FLOUR) EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES TO EUROPE AND TO ALL COUNTRIES. AVERAGE 1909-13, ANNUAL 1919-34. Since 1920 exports have declined from a total of 370,000,000 bushels per year to about 21,000,000 bushels During the years of high exports, all except a very small percentage went to Europe. information regarding United States exports of wheat and flour, see tables 2 and 3, and figure 4. TABLE 2.—Exports of wheat from the United States hy countries, average and annual for specified crops, 1900-1901 to 1934-SS a> Average for years beginning July 1 Annual for year beginning July 1 1^ County to which exported 1934 1900-1904 1909-13 1914-18 1919-23 1924-28 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 bushels bushels bushels bushels bushels bushels bushels bushels bushels bushels bushels 1,558 1,001 325 United Kingdom _ ._ - 46,241 21,806 53, 743 44,486 29,694 23,931 17, 863 15,112 62 5,073 1,290 3,694 7,009 3,379 11,149 3,149 0 0 Greece 0 48 Belginm 8,442 7,195 8,536 14, 582 8,087 6,314 7,394 10, 707 2,372 171 99 21 Netherlands 8,857 8,351 15,162 11,456 10,857 6,197 6,943 8,681 700 3,002 21,014 14,884 7,765 2,214 7,859 6,148 1,121 38 58 France _ 1,672 30 Germany 10, 435 6,155 530 11, 605 4,841 4,769 1,722 3,530 263 0 398 0 120 Italy 332 2,367 26,351 32,320 10,901 905 3,675 1,441 2,652 3,018 2,146 887 1,065 2,328 857 Irish Free State 0) 0) 0) 0 18 0 Denmark - 1,287 561 1,113 «127 428 254 44 40 44 1,703 563 363 80 266 19 0 0 0 Norway - __ -- - (2) 0 0 0 0 12 20 0 99 19 0 Finland - 88 40 0 0 Sweden 3 354 54 2,853 560 546 159 32 120 343 168 184 214 12 0 0 0 0 Malta, Gozo, and Cyprus 0) 0 0 0 Other Europe 2,025 769 8,189 6,044 2,431 1,615 637 327 10, 685 3,665 1,459 Total Europe 79, 645 50,486 144, 610 138, 097 82, 463 56, 679 51,972 58, 228 8 492 8 17 83 Canada - 4,183 1,776 11,472 19,683 38,023 5 16,777 512,493 5 5, 799 29 77 27 59 .
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