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A NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE PRESERVATION OF HISTORIC SITES AND BUILDINGS

by Herbert E. Kahler, Chief, Division of History and Archeology, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washing­ ton, D. C.

The Congress in 1935 declared that it is a national policy to preserve for public use historic sites, buildings, and objects of national signifi­ cance for the inspiration and benefit of the people of the United States. To carry out such a policy it is first of all necessary to determine which sites, buildings, and objects are of national importance. To make this determination a Nationwide survey has been in progress, scheduled for completion in 1966. The field of American history has been divided into periods or themes, ranging in time from Early Man almost to the present. The study and identification of historic sites and buildings has been a cooperative process in which State and local agencies, and professional historians and architects have shared their knowledge with staff histor­ ians of the Service. These studies are evaluated by a Consulting Committee of eight persons eminent in the fields of history, architecture, and archeology. Their findings are submitted to the Advisory Board on National Park, Historic Sites, Buildings, and Monuments for recom­ mendations to the Secretary of the Interior. This double screening by the Consulting Committee and the Advisory Board is to assure that no important site or building is overlooked and that no substandard site is included in the Registry of National Historic Landmarks. From this list a historic site or building may be selected occasionally to fill gaps in the National Park System, following appropriate legislative action by the Congress. The following criteria are used by the Consulting Committee and the Advisory Board in judging the national historical significance of sites and buildings.

1. Structures or sites at which events occurred that have made an out­ standing contribution to, and are identified prominently with, or which best represent, the broad cultural, political, economic, military, or social history of the Nation, and from which the visitor may grasp the larger patterns of our American heritage. 2. Structures or sites associated importantly with the lives of outstand­ ing historic personages. 3. Structures or sites associated significantly with an important event that best represents some great idea or ideal of the American people. 4. Structures that embody the distinguishing characteristics of an archi­ tectural type specimen, exceptionally valuable for a study of a period style or method of construction; or a notable structure representing the work of a master builder, designer, or architect. Park Practice GUIDELINE Park Practice GUIDELINE Policy & Ping. 11/63 35-2 Policy & Ping. 11/63 35-3

5. Archeological sites that have produced information of major scientific John Muir House, Martinez importance by revealing new cultures, or by shedding light upon periods ALABAMA New Almaden, near San Jose of occupation over large areas of theUnitedStates. Such sites are those Confederate Capitol, Montgomery Frank Norris Cabin, near Gilroy which have produced, or which may reasonably be expected to produce, Fort Morgan, entrance to Mobile Bay Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station, data affecting theories, concepts, and ideas to a major degree. Fort Toulouse, Wetumpka San Diego County 6. Every historic and archeological site and structure should have Old Custom House, Monterey integrity—that is, there should not be doubt as to whether it is the ALASKA Old Mission Dam (Padre Dam), San original site or structure, and in the case of a structure, that it repre­ American Flag Raising Site, Sitka sents original materials and workmanship. Intangible elements of feel­ Birnirk, Point Barrow Diego ing and association, although difficult to describe, may be factors in Chaluka, Umnak I. Pony Express Terminal (B. F. weighing the integrity of a site or structure. Erskine House, Kodiak Hastings Building), Sacramento The Presidio of San Francisco 7. Structures or sites which are primarily of significance in the field Fur Seal Rookeries, Pribilof Is. Royal Presidio Chapel, Monterey of religion or to religious bodies but are not of national importance in Gambell, St. Lawrence Is. San Diego Presidio other fields of the history of the United States, such as, political, Ipiutak, Point Hope San Francisco Old Mint military, or architectural history, will not be eligible for consideration. Iyatayet, Cape Denbigh Santa Barbara Mission 8. Birthplaces, graves, burials, and cemeteries, as a general rule, are Old Sitka Site, near Sitka Sonoma Plaza not eligible for consideration and recognition except in cases of histor­ Palugvik, Hawkins Island Sutter's Fort, Sacramento ical figures of transcendent importance. Historic sites associated with Russian Mission Orphanage, Sitka Walker Pass, Kern County the actual careers and contributions of outstanding historical personages St. Michael's Cathedral, Sitka Warner's Ranch, near Warner are more important than their birthplaces and burial places. Skagway and White Pass Wales, Seward Peninsula Springs 9. Structures or sites of recent historical importance, relating to events Yukon Island (Main Site), Cook Inlet or persons within 50 years, will not, as a rule, be eligible for consider­ COLORADO ation. ARIZONA Bent's Old Fort, near La Junta Fort Bowie and Apache Pass, near Central City Once a site or building has been considered of national historical Cripple Creek significance, it is eligible to be enrolled in the Registry of National Bowie Historic Landmarks. Double Adobe, near Douglas Durango-Silverton Narrow Gauge Hohokam-Pima IrrigationSites, Salt Line To focus attention on the importance of preserving this part of our Leadville heritage, the Secretary of the Interior issues a certificate and a bronze and Gila River Valleys Lindenmeier Site, near Ft. Collins plaque to the owner or administrator, if he desires them. This is also Hubbell Trading Post, Ganado Pike's Peak, near Colorado Springs a means of encouraging the administrator or owner to protect his historic Roosevelt Dam, Gila County Pike's Stockade, Conejos County place and the community to respect its integrity. Historic site preserva­ San Xavier del Bac, near Tucson Silverton tion under this program is, therefore, a work in which the Federal Tombstone Telluride Government, State agencies, communities, private organizations, and Ventana Cave, Papago Reservation individuals all share. Although the program is a purely voluntary one giving the Federal Government no legal control over the National Land­ ARKANSAS CONNECTICUT mark or its environs, the few test cases that have been made so far Arkansas Post State Park and His­ Old State House, Hartford indicate that the National Landmark program acts powerfully to mar shall toric Environs, near Gillett Stanley-Whitman House, Farming- widespread public support and other preservation forces whenever a Fort Smith, in City of Ft. Smith ton Landmark or its integrity is threatened. The long range benefit of the Mark Twain Home (Mem.) Hartford program to the American people is the preservation of the American CALIFORNIA Webb House, Wethersfield cultural heritage in nationally important historic sites and buildings "The Abbey," Joaquin Miller Home, Noah Webster Birthplace, West should therefore be considerable. Oakland Hartford Bancroft Ranee House, Spring As of June 1, 1963, 404 sites and buildings have been judged to be of Valley, San Diego County DELAWARE national significance. Some are government-owned and administered Big Four House, Sacramento John Dickinson Mansion, near Dover by agencies other than the National Park Service, some are owned by Bodie, near Mono Lake Fort Christina, Wilmington semi-public bodies, and some are privately owned. As remaining studies Carmel Mission, Carmel Holy Trinity (Old Swedes) Church, are completed, other sites will be added. Coloma, near Placerville Wilmington Those judged to be of national historical significance and hence Columbia, near Stockton eligible to be Registered National Historic Landmarks are listed below: Donner Camp, Donner Pass FLORIDA Fort Ross, near Santa Rosa Fort San Carlos de Barrancas, Lake Merritt Wild Duck Refuge, Pensacola Oakland Okeechobee Battlefield, near Okee­ Larkin House, Monterey chobee Jack London's Ranch, Glen Ellen Park Practice GUIDELINE Park Practice GUIDELINE Policy & Ping. 11/63 35-4 Policy & Ping. 11/63 35-5

FLORIDA (continued) Old State Capitol (Sangamon County Harriet Beecher Stowe House, Parson Capen House, Topsfield Pelican Island Nat. Wildlife Refuge Court House), Springfield Brunswick William H. Prescott House, Boston near Vero Beach Starved Rock, near Ottawa Wadsworth-Longfellow House, Port­ Paul Revere House, Boston Plaza Ferdinand VII, Pensacola land Isaac Royall House, Medford San Luis de Apalache, near Talla­ INDIANA Scotch-Boardman House, Saugus hassee Joseph Bailly Homestead, near MARYLAND Shirley-Eustis House, Roxbury Chesterton Baltimore & Ohio Transportation Springfield Armory, Springfield GEORGIA "Grouseland," William Henry Museum, Baltimore U.S.F. Constitution, Boston Joel Chandler Harris House, Atlanta Harrison Home, Vincennes Hammand-Harwood House, Anna­ Walden Pond, Concord Stallings Island, near Augusta Nancy Hanks Lincoln State Memor­ polis The Wayside, Alcott-Hawthorne ial, Spencer County Maryland State House, Annapolis Home, Concord HAWAII James Whitcomb Riley House, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis Whipple House, Ipswich Cook Landing Site, Waimea, Kauai I. Indianapolis U.S.S. Constellation, Baltimore Home of John Greenleaf Whittier, Hokukano-Ualapue Complex, Molo- Tippecanoe Battlefield, near Lafay­ "Whitehall," Annapolis Amesbury kai I. ette Wright Tavern, Concord Honokohau Settlement, Hawaii I. MASSACHUSETTS Huilua Fishpond, Oahu I. IOWA John Adams Birthplace, Quincy MICHIGAN Iolani Palace, Honolulu Grenville N. Dodge House, Council John Quincy Adams Birthplace, Fort Michilimackinac, Mackinaw Kamakahonu, Kailua, Hawaii I. Bluffs Quincy Mackinac Island Kaunolu Village Site, Lanai I. Sergeant Floyd Monument, Sioux "Arrowhead," Home of Herman St. Ignace Mission, St. Ignace Kawaiahao Church & Mission City Melville, Pittsfield Straits of Mackinac Houses, Honolulu Beacon Hill Historic Dist., Boston Keauhou Holua Slide, Hawaii I. KANSAS William Cullen Bryant Home, near MINNESOTA Lahaina (Historic District), Maui I. Council Grove, Morris County Cummington Fort Snelling, South Minneapolis Loaloa Heiau, Maui I. Fort Larned, near Larned Buckman Tavern, Lexington James J. Hill Home, St. Paul Mauna Kea Adz Quarry, Hawaii I. Fort Leavenworth, near Leavenworth Bunker Hill Monument, Charlestown Mookini Heiau, Hawaii I. Haskell Institute, Lawrence Christ Church, Cambridge MISSOURI Old Sugar Mill, Koloa, Kauai I. Hollenburg Pony Express Station Cole's Hill, Plymouth Arrow Rock, near Marshall Puukohol Heiau, near Kawaihae, (Cottonwood), near Hanover Craigie-Longfellow House, Cam­ Fort Osage, near Kansas City Hawaii I. Trails Remains west of Dodge City bridge Graham Cave, Montgomery County Puu o Makuka Heiau, Oahu I. Wagon Bed Springs, Ulysses Home of Emily Dickinson, Amherst Patee House, St. Joseph Russian Fort, near Waimea, Kauai I. "Elmwood," James Russell Lowell Sainte Genevieve South Point Complex, Hawaii I. KENTUCKY Home, Cambridge Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens) Wailua Complex of Heiaus, Kauai I. Ashland, Lexington Ralph Waldo Emerson House, Con­ Boyhood Home, Hannibal Indian Knoll, Ohio County cord IDAHO Perryville Battlefield, near Perry- Fairbanks House, Dedham MONTANA Assay Building, Boise ville Faneuil Hall, Boston Bannack Cataldo Mission, near Coeur d'Alene "Springfield," Taylor House, King's Chapel, Boston Butte Fort Hall, near town of Fort Hall Louisville Jeremiah Lee Mansion, Marblehead Fort Benton (the town) Lemhi Pass, Idaho-Montana, near Lexington Green, Lexington Grant-Kohrs Ranch, Deer Lodge Salmon, Idaho LOUISIANA Massachusetts Hall, Cambridge Three Forks of the Missouri, Three Lolo Trail, Idaho-Montana, near The Cabildo, New Orleans Massachusetts State House, Boston Forks Missoula, Montana George W. Cable House, New Old Deerfield Village, Deerfield Travelers Rest, near Lolo Orleans The Old Manse, Milton Virginia City ILLINOIS Fort de la Boulaye, near Phoenix Old North Church (Christ Church Fort de Chartres, near Prairie du Fort Jackson, near Triumph Episcopal), Boston NEBRASKA Rocher Fort Jesup, near Many Old Ship Church, Hingham Fort Atkinson, near Ft. Calhoun Ulysses S. Grant Home, Galena Fort St. Philip, opposite Triumph Old South Meeting House, Boston Fort Robinson and Red Cloud Lincoln Home, Springfield Jackson Square, New Orleans Old State House (Second Town Agency, Dawes County Lincoln Tomb, Springfield Poverty Point, West Carroll Parish House), Boston Robidoux Pass, Scotts Bluff County Modoc Rockshelter, near Prairie du Ursuline Convent, New Orleans Frederick Law Olmsted House, Signal Butte, Scotts Bluff County Rocher Brookline Nauvoo MAINE Orchard House, Louisa May Alcott NEVADA Old Main, Knox College, Galesburg Lady Pepperrell House, Kittery Home, Concord Fort Churchill, near Silver Springs Point Francis Parkman House, Boston Fort Ruby, south of Elko Park Practice GUIDELINE Park Practice GUIDELINE Policy & Ping. 11/63 35-7 Policy & Ping. 11/63 35-6

NEVADA (continued) Carnegie Hall, New York OHIO RHODE ISLAND Leonard Rock Shelter, near Love­ Central Park, New York Paul Laurence Dunbar House, Day­ Brick Market, Newport lock City Hall, New York ton First Baptist Meetinghouse, Pro­ Senator Francis G. NewlandsHome, Cooper Union, New York Fallen Timbers Battlefield, near vidence Reno Dutch Reformed (Sleepy Hollow) Maumee Old State House, Newport Virginia City Church, North Tarrytown Redwood Library, Newport Erie Canal, near Amsterdam OKLAHOMA University Hall, Brown University, NEW HAMPSHIRE Fort Crailo, Rensselaer Camp Nichols, near Wheeless Providence The MacDowell Colony, Peter­ Fort St. Frederic, Crown Point Cherokee National Capital, Tah- Wanton-Lyman-Hazard House, New­ borough Fort Stanwix, Rome lequah port Macpheadris-Warner House, Ports­ Fort Ticonderoga, near Ticonder- Creek National Capitol, Okmulgee mouth oga Fort Gibson, near Ft. Gibson SOUTH CAROLINA Franklin Pierce Homestead, Hills- Hamilton Grange, New York Fort Sill Miles Brewton House, Charleston boro Holland Land Office, Batavia Robert Brewton House, Charleston Saint-Gaudens Memorial, Cornish Franklin B. Hough House, Lowville OREGON Camden Battlefield, near Camden Huguenot Street, New Paltz Fort Astoria, Astoria Drayton Hall, near Charleston Fort Hill, John C. Calhoun Home NEW JERSEY Hurley (Historic District) Fort Rock Cave, Lake County Historic Charleston Monmouth Battlefield, near Free­ Johnson Hall, Johnstown Mulberry Plantation, near Charles­ hold Lamoka, west of Watkins Glen PANAMA CANAL ZONE ton Nassau Hall, Princeton "Lindenwald," Martin Van Buren Fort San Lorenzo St. Michael's Episcopal Church, Princeton Battlefield, near Prince­ Home, Kinderhook Charleston ton Metropolitan Opera, New York PENNSYLVANIA Washington Crossing, near Trenton Morris-Jumel Mansion, New York Academy of Music, Philadelphia Walt Whitman Home, Camden Niagara Reservation, Niagara Falls Allegheny Portage Railroad of Pa. SOUTH DAKOTA Old Fort Niagara, near Youngstown Canal, Hollidaysburg to Johnstown Deadwood NEW MEXICO Old House, Cutchogue John Bartram House, Philadelphia Abo, near Mountainair Oriskany, near Rome Brandywine Battlefield, west of TENNESSEE Acoma, near Grants Philipse Manor Hall, Yonkers Chester Franklin Battlefield, Franklin Anderson Basin (Blackwater Draw), Phillipsburg Manor, North Tarry- Bushy Run Battlefield, near Jean- The Hermitage, Home of Andrew near Clovis town nette Jackson, near Nashville Folsom, near Folsom Plattsburgh Bay, Plattsburgh Carlisle Indian School, Carlisle Long Island of the Holston, near Glorieta Pass Battlefield, southeast The Players Club, New York Chew House, "Cliveden," German- Kingsport of Santa Fe Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims, town James K. Polk Home, Columbia Hawikuh, near Zuni Brooklyn Elfreth's Alley, Philadelphia Kit Carson House, Taos St. Paul's Chapel, New York Forks of the Ohio, Pittsburgh TEXAS La Junta, near Watrous Stony Point Battlefield, near Stony Graeme Park, Bucks County The Alamo, San Antonio Lincoln Point Mount Pleasant, Philadelphia Fort Belknap, near Graham Mesilla Plaza, Mesilla "Sunnyside," Washington Irving "Old West," Dickinson College, Fort Brown, Brownsville Old Raton Pass, near Raton and also Home, Tarrytown Carlisle Fort Concho, San Angelo Trinidad, Colorado U.S. Military Academy, West Point Gifford Pinchot Home, "Grey Fort Davis, Ft. Davis Palace of the Governors, Santa Fe Valcour Bay, near Plattsburgh Towers," Milford JA Ranch, Armstrong County Pecos Pueblo, near Pecos Van Cortlandt Manor, Croton-on- Edgar Allan Poe House, Philadelphia King Ranch, near Kingsville Palo Alto Battlefield, near Browns­ Quarai, near Mountainair Hudson The Printzhof, Essington ville Rabbit Ears (Clayton Complex), near Voorlezer's House, Staten Island Valley Forge State Park, near Plainview, Plainview Clayton Washington Headquarters, Newburgh Norristown Resaca de la Palma Battlefield, Sandia Cave, northeast of Albuquer­ '' Woodchuck Lodge,'' JohnBurr oughs The Walnut Street Theater, Phila. que Home, near Roxbury Washington Crossing, near New­ near Brownsville Santa Fe Plaza, Santa Fe town San Jacinto Battlefield, near Houston Taos Pueblo, near Taos NORTH CAROLINA Conrad Weiser House, nearWomel- Wagon Mound (Santa Clara Spring) Biltmore Estate, Ashville sdorf UTAH Fort Fisher, near Wilmington "Wheatland," Buchanan Home, Lan­ Danger Cave, near Wendover NEW YORK caster Emigration Canyon, Salt Lake City Adirondack Forest Preserve NORTH DAKOTA Bennington Battlefield, near Wallo- Fort Union, near Buford PUERTO RICO omsac La Fortaleza, San Juan Park Practice GUIDELINE Policy & Ping. 11/63 35-8

VERMONT WASHINGTON Justin S. Morrill Homestead, Chinook Point, mouth of Columbia Strafford River San Juan Island (American and VIRGINIA English Campsites) Adam Thoroughgood House, near Norfolk WASHINGTON, D.C. Bacon's Castle, Surry County City Hall (District Court House) Christ Church (Episcopal), near Decatur House Kilmarnock Gundelo Philadelphia, U.S. National Confederate Capitol, Richmond Museum Five Forks Battlefield, near Peters­ Octagon House burg St. John's Episcopal Church Fort Monroe, Hampton Tudor Place Greenway Court, near White Post United States Capitol Gunston Hall, near Woodbridge White House Lee Chapel, Lexington John Marshall House, Richmond WISCONSIN Monticello, near Charlottesville Astor Warehouse, Prairie du Chien Montpelier, James Madison Home, Brisbois House, Prairie du Chien near Orange Diamond Jo Warehouse, Prairie du Mount Airy, near Warsaw Chien Mount Vernon, George Washington Dousman Hotel, Prairie du Chien Home, near Alexandria Oconto Site, Oconto Oak Hill, James Monroe Home, near Prairie du Chien Aldie, Loudoun County Second Fort Crawford, Prairie du St. John's Episcopal Church, Rich­ Chien mond Villa Louis, Prairie du Chien St. Luke's Church, near Smithfield "Sherwood Forest," John Tyler WYOMING Home, near Charles City Fort Phil Kearny and Related Sites, Stratford Hall, near Montross near Story Westover, near Charles City Green River Rendezvous Site, near White House of the Confederacy, Daniel Richmond Horner Site, near Cody Williamsburg Independence Rock, southwest of Wren Building, Williamsburg Casper South Pass, Wyoming Route 28, VIRGIN ISLANDS Fremont County Columbus Landing Site, Salt River Tom Sun Ranch, Wyoming Route Bay, St. Croix Island 220, near Independence Rock Wapati Ranger State, near Cody