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Geo-Physical Characteristics of Wetland Resources in Nagaon District, Assam

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Geo-Physical Characteristics of Wetland Resources in Nagaon District, Assam JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 18, 2020 GEO-PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WETLAND RESOURCES IN NAGAON DISTRICT, ASSAM Banashree Saikia1, D. Sahariah2 Research Scholar and Professor Department of Geography, Gauhati University E-mail:[email protected] Received: 14 March 2020 Revised and Accepted: 8 July 2020 ABSTRACT : This study is an attempt to identify the distribution of wetland resources and also investigate their origination, morphology and hydrological characteristics in floodplain region of Nagaon district, Assam. These wetland resources are popularly known as beels and besides swamps and marshes commonly known as doba, hola, jalah, pitoni and doloni among the local people of the district. The wetlands found in the district as various types and sizes cover an area of 9849.40 hectares accounting for 2.48% of the total geographical area of the district. It is identified that 65.63% of total wetlands are riverine origin and 34.37% constitute as waterlogged and man-made type. The fluvio-geomorphic process, soil texture and climatic condition as well as man-made factors have governed the existing wetland pattern in the district. KEYWORDS: Wetland, Distribution and origin, Morphology, Hydrology I. INTRODUCTION Wetlands in geo-physical environment locate mainly interface between truly terrestrial and aquatic surfaces (Mitch and Gosselink, 1993), and saturated with water either permanently or seasonally and therefore, these characteristics instigate to make as a distinct ecosystem in the earth surface (Turner et al., 2000, Schuyt and Brander, 2004). It is important to note that although wetlands constitute 6 percent of the earth surface but it has the ability to produce 24 percent of the primary production (Goldie, 2001). Wetlands are considered as the most productive ecosystems in the world which provide resources and different kinds of services to human society (Khan et al., 2009, Millennium Ecosystem, 2005). In developing countries significant portion of rural people depend upon the use of wetland resources for sustaining their livelihoods. The ecosystem services play an important role in maintaining the relationship between wetlands and their surrounding communities. In Assam, wetlands are mostly confined to the floodplain areas which are hydrologically connected to the nearby rivers and streams. Within the state, the highest number of wetlands are found in Nagaon district with a total number of 379 (ARSAC Report, 1997) and most of them are located in the agricultural environment. Wetlands play a direct role towards the neighbouring communities by providing food, fuel and fiber to the local inhabitants. The wetlands of Nagaon district are showing typical physical characteristics in respect of their distributional pattern, morphological characteristics, hydrological characteristics and biodiversity of wetland resources due to diverse physio-climatic setting of the district. The wetlands of the district are endowed with varied shape, size and origin and these are mainly influenced by their topographic regime, diverse fluvial process as well as variation in climatic condition within the district. The riverine landscape of the district is provided favorable condition to formation of numerous wetlands in the district. The wetlands in the district which are resemble with lake like water bodies locally known as beel and on the other hand swamp and marshy areas are termed as doba, hola, jalah, pitoni and doloni etc (Sharma, 1994). It is worth mentioning that the depth of swampy and marshy type of wetland normally shallower than the natural lake like beels. Most of the wetlands in the district are riverine origin and it has maintained a hydrological connectivity with nearby rivers and streams through a narrow channel which is locally known as jan. On the other hand many wetlands have completely lost their connectivity with rivers and turn into close wetland due to perform several developmental activities most commonly by agriculture. These connecting channels of wetland play important role towards maintaining the hydrological dynamism and ecological perspective of wetland resources. The water levels and its flowing pattern of wetlands are showing in dynamic nature (Kulser, et al., 1994) and which is considered as an integral part of wetland ecology. 3478 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 18, 2020 This paper is an attempt to study the present status of wetlands in the district in respect of their distributional pattern, shape, size and their origin in geo-physical setting. II. OBJECTIVES The main objectives of the study are 1. To study about the distributional pattern of the wetlands and their source of origin. 2. To analyze the morphological and hydrological characteristics of wetlands in the study region. III. METHODOLOGY Survey of India topographical sheets are used to delineate the distributional pattern of the wetlands within the study area. The number of topographical sheets which are used in preparing base map include 83 B/6, 83 B/7, 83 B/8, 83 B/10, 83 B/11, 83 B/12, 83 B/14,83 B/15, 83 B/16, 83 C/9, 83 C/13,83 F/2, 83F/3, 83 F/4, 83 F/6, 83 G/1, 83 G/2 of the year 1971 on a scale of 1: 50,000. The present study is based on primary data and information which collected through extensive field survey and investigation during 2014 – 2018 to investigate hydrological characteristics of wetlands like wetland depth, fluctuating water levels and inlets- outlets system of wetlands which regulate the wetland flow. Arc GIS 10.2 has been used to carry out database creation and preparing the maps and identify the shape and size of the wetlands in the study region. A well structured questionnaire has been used to acquire the relevant data and information for the study. Interaction with the people of adjacent wetland communities was made to know the present status of the wetland resources. 3479 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 18, 2020 Fig: 1 IV. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA Nagaon district is situated on the southern bank of the river Brahmaputra along with central most part in the state of Assam. The district is located between 25o41/45// North and 26o41/45// North latitude and 92o23/45// East and 93o20/ 00// East longitudes. It is bounded on the north by Sonitpur district, on the east by Golaghat and Karbi Anglong districts, on the south by Dima Hasao and Karbi Anglong districts and on the west by the Morigaon district. Nagaon district covers an area of 3973 sq. km. which accounts for 5.09% of the total geographical area of Assam (78438 sq. km.). Nagaon district has 10 revenue circles under three sub divisions, viz. Nagaon Sadar, Hojai and Kaliabor. The name of revenue circles are Kaliabor, Rupahi, Dhing, Nagaon, Samaguri, Nagaon, Raha, Kampur, Doboka, Hojai and Lanka. The district comprises 239 Gaon Panchayat, 18 CD Blocks and 1412 no. of villages. The river Brahmaputra flows through the northern boundary of the district, therefore the district represents floodplain environment and occurrence flood is a common phenomena during rainy season in northern most part of the district. The south-eastern part of the district represents hilly terrain. Physiographical setting of Nagaon district is very diverse under the influence of geomorphic processes, varying climatic condition and tectonic activity. The diverse physiography of the district is composed of floodplain areas, hilly ranges, low-lying areas 3480 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 18, 2020 and foothill region and plain landscape. Nagaon district is endowed with wetland resources of different shapes and sizes under varied physiographic make-up. As Nagaon district is located in Brahmaputra valley agro climatic zone, therefore the region is under sub- tropical humid climatic belt and it essentially enjoys characteristics of monsoonal climate (Taher and Ahmed, 1998). The district is characterized by excessive humidity, heavy summer rainfall, and cool dry winter. The mean annual rainfall was 141.5 mm and the mean annual temperature was 24.8oC during the period of 2010- 2013. During this period the major portion of rainfall received from May to September and July is considered as the rainiest month of the year by receiving average rainfall as 377 mm. The highest maximum temperature also recorded in month of July which was 33.3 and considered as hottest month of the year. The river Brahmaputra flows through northern part of the district from east to west direction for a distance of 90 km. The southern tributaries of the river Brahmaputra and its sub streams altogether total number of 75 are drained the district extensively. Kolong, Kapili, Nonoi, Haria, Barapani, Sonai are the major rivers of the district and besides these some other small streams also drained the district extensively and all these are responsible to form large number of wetlands in the district which provide wide verities of aquatic floral and faunal species to rich the biodiversity. Fig: 2 DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERN OF WETLANDS IN THE STUDY REGION In Nagaon district, the location and distributional patterns of the wetlands are not uniform throughout the district. Wetlands in the district are mostly confined to the floodplain areas which have hydrological connectivity to nearby rivers and streams. The wetlands of Nagaon district are identified based on the Survey of India toposheet. There are 288 numbers of wetlands identified within the study area which mainly belongs to beels and swamp and marshy type of wetlands. Most of the wetlands are confined in northern and central part of the district. A few wetlands are scattered in the southern part of the district. Wetlands distribution is mainly confined in older and younger alluvium soils in the district. The wetland area in the district covers an area of 9849.40 hectares which accounts for 2.48% of the total geographical area of Nagaon district (397300 ha.).
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