1953 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 1109 Brig. Gen. Kester _ ~vejoy _ H:~ti~·gs. Col. Earle Gilmore Wheeler: 01S715, Army to release t~e radiant -splEmdor -whic':t; !s 012219, United States Army. of the United. States (lieutenant colonel, hidden in the soul · of humanity and to Brig. Gen, Francis William Farrell, 012784, U.S. Army). Army of the United States (colonel, U. S. Col. William Childs Westmoreland, 020223, give ourselves sinc~rely and whole Army). Army of the United States (major, U.' S. heartedly to the glorious task of saving Brig. Gen. Gilman Clifford Mudgett, Army). human hearts from despair and human 014966, Army of the United States (colonel, Col. Louis Watkins Prentiss, 014672, United lives from misery and degradation. U.s. Army). States Army. Hear ·us in the name of our blessed Brig. Gen. Garrison Holt Davidson, 016755, Col. Francis Elliot Howard, 016776, United Lord who went about doing good. Amen. Army of the United States (colonel, U. S. States Army. Army). Col. George Edward Lynch, 017715, United The Journal of the proceedings of Brig. Gen. Paul DeWitt Adams, 017306, States Army. Thursday, February 12, 1953, was read Army of the United States (colonel, U. s. Col. Theodore William Parker, 018369, and approved. Army). Army of the United States (lieutenant Brig. Gen. Gerald Joseph Higgins, 019530, colonel, U. S. Army). Army of the United States (lieutenant colo Col. Charles Edward Hoy, 018556, Army of MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE nel, U. S. Army). the United States (lieutenant colonel, U. S. Brig. Gen. John Francis Uncles, 014914, Army). A ·message from the Senate, by Mr. Army of the United States ((::olonel, U. S. (NOTE.-Above-named officers were ap Carrell, one of its clerks, announced that Army). . pointed during the recess of the Senate.) the Senate had adopted the following Brig. Gen. Richard Warburton Stephens, The officers named herein for appointment resolution ~S. Res. 69) : as Reserve commissioned officers of the Army 015569, Army of the United States _(colonel, . · Resolved, That the Senate has heard with under the provisions of the Armed Forces U. S. Army). · profound sorrow and deep regret the an Brig. Gen. Thomas Edward de Shazo, Reserve Act of 1952 (Public Law 476, 82d Cong.): nouncement of the death of Han. Elbert 016479, Army of the United States (colonel, Duncan Thomas, late a Senator from the U.S. Army). To be major generals State of Utah. To be brigadier generals Maj. Gen. Joseph Bacon Fraser, 0247121, Resolved, That the Secretary transmit a Georgia National Guard, to date from May Col. Claude Monroe McQuarrie, 012830, copy of this resolution to the family of the 26, 1952. deceased. United States Army. Maj. Gen. John Calhoun Henagan, 0163943, · Col. William Lenoir Wilson, 016950, Med South Carolina National Guard, to date from ical Corps, United States Army. May 26, 1952. THIRTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARV OF Col. Emil Lenzner, 015810, United States Maj. Gen. Albert Edward Henderson, Army. THE FOUNDING OF THE LITH~ 0264146, Ohio National Guard, to date from UANIAN REPUBLIC Col. William Joseph Bradley, 015967, May 26, 1952. United States Army. Maj. Gen. Paul Henry Jordan, 0241877, Mr. McCORMACK . . Mr. Speaker, I Col. Ralph Morris Osborne, 016399, United Tennessee National Guard, to date from May ask unanimous consent to address the States ATm'Y. • 26, 1952. . Col. Wallace Hayden Barnes, 016426, House for 1 minute and to revise and ex Maj. Gen. Edward Devlin Sirois, 0174246, tend my remarks. United States Army. Massachusetts Natiqnal Guard, to date from - Col. George Edward Martin, 016802, United May 27, 1952. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to States Army. _ the request of the gentleman from Mas-· · Col. Philip DeWitt Ginder, 016904, United To be brigadier generals sachusetts? States Army. Brig. Gen. Ernest Nicholas Bauman, . There was no obje"ction. Col. Louis Theilmann Heath, 018060, 0262926, Illinois National Guard, to date United States Army. · from May 26, 1952. Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I Col. Edwin Rudolph Petzing, 08463, United Brig. Gen. George Justus Hearn, 0295111, wish to add my voice and the sentiments States Army. Georgia National Guard, to date ftom June of my.heart to the plea which Americans · Col. Charles Harold Royce, 015769, United 8, 1952; . of Lithuanian descent today make in be States Army. Brig. Gen. Jesse Scott Lindsay, 0237198, half of their kin in their native land. - Col. Paul Maurice Seleen, 016139, United Kentucky National Guard, to date from May Today marks the 35th anniversary of States Arm!'. 26, 1952. . the founding of the Lithuanian Republic. - Col. Ralph Copeland Cooper, 017741, Brig. Gen. Julius Andres .Stark, OH3760, United States Army. ' Ohio National Gaard, to date from May 26, The present condition of world unrest Col. Eugene Fodrea Cardwell, 038662, 1952. which has tragically placed much of con United States Army. . Brig. Gen. Charles Frederick White; tinental Europe under the control and Col. Egbert Wesley Van Delden Cowan, 0285841, California National Guard, to date domination of a godless dictatorship 011744, Dental Corps, United States Army. from May 27, 1952. finds the Republic of Lithuania tempo . Brig. Gen. Otis Minot Whitney, 0279172, rarily deprived of its God-given rights to Col. Willis Richardson Slaughter, 05296, Massachusetts National Guard, to date from United States Army. May 26, 1952. liberty and independence. Col. William Lawrence Kay, 010349, United The people in that gallant little nation States Army. are slaves to a government which has Col. Harrison Shaler, 012080, United despoiled them of their homes, their States Army. land, their religion-and their freedom. Col. John Battle Horton, 015150, United HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES States Army. Under the ruthless aggression of So Col. Stan.hope Brasfield Mason, 017295, MoNDAY, FEBRUARY 16, 1953 viet Russia, their social, ethnic, religious, United States Army. and national traditions have been cruelly Col. Robert William Porter, Jr., 010048, The House met at 12 o'clock noon. obliterated in the endeavor to transform United States Army. The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp, their native land into a Communist Col. Derrill McCollough Daniel, 029500, D. D., offered the foll?wing prayer: satellite. Army of the United States (lieutenant 0 Thou infinite and eternal God, who The cup of sorrow which the Lithu colonel, U.S. Army). · hast created us with a capacity for the anian· people have been forced to drink Col. George Andrew Rehm, 012772, United unites us with their sufferings. Our Na Sta tes Army. virtues of love and· sympathy and kind · Col. Louis Holmes Ginn, Jr., 017341, ness, we thank Thee for this new week tion, as a sovereign, has never recognized Medical Corps, United States Army. called Brotherhood Week. the Soviet absorption of the Republic of Col. James Stewart Willis, 015607, United We penitently confess that we so Lithuania, and on this anniversary of States Army. frequently allow pride and prejudice, Lithuanian independence, it is fitting Col. Holger Nelson Toftoy, 016422, United selfishness and self-interest to supplant that we remind the world of the grievous States Army. and usurp the spirit of friendship and wrong inflicted upon a brave people. We Col. Frank Coftln Holbrook, 016654, United brotherliness which Thou hast ordained join in their sorrow because we cannot States Army. as the natural and normal feeling in the rejoice in their freedom. Sympathy with Col. Max Sherred Johnson, 016745, United realm of human relationships. · their cause is notice to the world that we States Army. . Grant that during this week we may shall give no comfort to the tyrant who Col. Robert Highman Booth,, 018093, Army of the United States (lieutenant colonel, be inspired to cultivate a more congenial has despoiled Lithuania. U. S. Army). and magnanimous attitude toward all The courage of the Lithuanian people Col. William White Dick, Jr., 018384, Army mankind. has surmounted their despair. Their of the United States (lieutenant colonel, · May it be our deepest personal con freedom is celebrated everywhere V. S. Army). cern· and our supreme· national interest today-except in their native land. 1110 CONGRESS!ON A~ RECORD.=.. HOUSE. February 16 Descended from an ancient people, Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, it is such a. •'courage conquers all things," the not related in any way to the Russians small country, whose people never Roman poet Ovid tells us, and truly cour or other Slavic peoples, the Lithuanians harmed anyone. age does conquer all things when it has developed their own language, their own Why then should Red Russia, the larg transcended the individual and united culture, and their own traditions. They est land mass in the world fear its iittle with a national spirit whose possessors devised and chose their own form of captive? It is garrisoned by Red armies, · have as their inspiration a righteous and government, and it is but natural that combed by terror-police from Moscow, just cause. they har bor a yearning desire to recap..; bombarded with Red propaganda, and its Such is the quality of courage held by ture their independence and to preserve people subjected to every form of mate the heroic people of Lithuania. Such is the ideals of their own culture. rial and psychological pressure. the vitality of their national spirit, and Despite Soviet attempts to communize The contest appears to be so one such is the righteousness and justice of Lithuania, despite the forced migration sided, so hopeless. their cause. Like other peoples in East of her people to Soviet slave-labor camps, And yet Russia, the Goliath; is afraid ern Europe, the Lithuanians have been the Lithuanian underground is still ac of little David. suppressed in the most ruthless manner tive and Lithuanian independence is still Why? as a sovereign people, and they have lost recognized by the United States. What is it in the Lithuanian people their liberties; they have lost their rights During its brief era of independence that the Reds cannot conquer? as a sovereign people, and they have lost after the First World War, Lithuania Perhaps they remember imperial Rome their right ·to the pursuit of happiness. amply demonstrated her worth and at the height of its pagan power, trying But the Lithuanian people have not lost ability as a member of the family of na to cope with a little band of Christians their will to live as a free nation, nor tions. By her progress in advancing the who were armed only with faith and have they lost the heroic spirit necessary economic and cultural life of her people, love. to regain that freedom. In the face of she proved her qualification to dis What happened to the ancient dic constant danger, every true Lithuanian charge the solemn responsibilities of in tatorship will happen to the modern one has joined hand in hand with his broth dependence. On the basis of justice and while faith in God and the dignity of er, and with a solidarity of purpose that righteousness, on the basis of the solemn man survive to resume their progress. is an everlasting tribute to their na principles of the Atlantic Charter, that That is what gives, us confidence on tional traditions they have together re independence should be restored to the 35th anniversary of Lithuania's sisted the Communist tyranny fearlessly Lithuania and her people. independence. and courageously. The spark of liberty has smoldered for The people of the United States never On this 35th anniversary of Lithua centuries in the hearts of the Lithu endorsed the enslavement of Lithuania nian independence, it is fitting that we anians, and their desire to be free has or any other nation. They never will. of the free world pause and reflect overcome all obstacles. Cons~ience may be slow to speak, but thoughtfully upon the fate of those peo Our purpose in marking this anni at last it is stirring. The American peo ple who are now enslaved within the versai"y, therefore, is to hold out to this ple have given a mandate to their Gov sphere of Soviet domination. History courageous people the encouragement of ernment to repudiate all secret agree has dealt severely with the people of friendship and the assurance of aid and ments, and with a knowledge of their Lithuania, but their spirit remains un sympathy. We join with them in their moral as well as material strength, to daunted and their cause undefiled. By aspirations for freedom and will con regain the initiative over communism. their courage to resist the oppressor, tinue to refuse to recognize the predatory This is the best news that the op they have given testimony to their de termination to remain faithful to their power which has usurped their land and pre~sed people of Lithuania have had in their government. years. And this encouragement will tradition of national heroism, and by Our late beloved President, Franklin reach through to them in spite of every their valor in servitude, they have in Delano Roosevelt, out of the-wealth of his frantic effort by the Kremlin to prevent spired the entire free world to carry on, own bouyant hope and courage, once told the truth from being known. · as they are carrying on, in the cause of freedom: To us all, the people of Lith a group of Americans of Lithuanian Thank God for the faith and courage descent that ~thuania will one day uania have proved that "Courage con of the Lithuanian people, and for the quers all things." have a new birth of freedom. leadership of the American people in On this 35th anniversary of the found championing the cause of freedom every Mr. PATTERSON. Mr. Speaker, per ing of the Lithuanian Republic, it is our haps there has never been a time since where. Lithuania's loss of independence when fervent prayer that the dawn of that day The long night of Communist terror is not far distant, and that then the sun its recovery seemed more imminent. is coming to its end. The declaration of President Eisen-· light of libert y will again shine through Slowly, perhaps, but inevitably. out the noble little democracy on the hower that secret agreements of the past shores of the Baltic Sea. are to be repudiated, establishes this as a policy of the new administration. It GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND RE is evident that the promise by the Presi LITHUANIA IN EXILE OBSERVES THE MARKS ON 35TH ANNIVERSARY OF dent that a policy of liberation will be LITHUANIAN INDEPENDENCE . 35TH ANNIVERSARY OF HER NA instituted shall also be carried out. TIONAL INDEPENDENCE Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I I will be proud to support a liberation ask unanimous consent that all Members rath.er than a containment policy. Too Mr. VAN ZANDT. Mr. Speaker, I ask who desire to do so may extend their long have the brave and freedom -loving unanimous con~ ent to address the House remarks ~t this point in the RECORD on people of Lithuania suffered under a for 1 minute and to revise and extend the 35th anniversary of the independ-· tyrant's heel. my remarks. ence of Lithuania. Meanwhile, we must encourage. the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to The SPEAKER. Is there objection to every breath of independence within en the request of the gentleman from the request of the gentleman from slaved peoples. Let the celebration of Pennsylvania? Massachusetts? the 35th anniversary of Lithuania's in There was n·o objection. There was no objection. · dependence be a heartening sign to all [Mr. VAN ZANDT addressed the House. Mr. RADWAN. Mr. Speaker, courage others who have Ibst freedom but not His remarks appear in the Appendix.] is a quality of mankind that knows no the desire for it. boundaries. Venerated in all societies· Mr. KLEIN . . Mr. Speaker, I wish to include a message which I sent to the LITHUANIA: UNCONQUERED and in all eras, it is a characterisic of human greatness that rises above all Lithuanian Americans on their 35th an Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani others. Nor is courage a quality neces niversary of Lithuania's independence, mous consent to extend my remarks at sarily confined to the individual. Rath..;·. February 16, 1953: this point in the RECORD. er, it is something that often transcends I ·am happy to greet Lithuanian Americans The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the individual and ultimately joins with on the 35th anniversary of LithlJania's inde the request of the gentleman from Mas- others·on a higher plane of human en-' pendence. sachusetts? - .... It is indeed tragic that your kinfolk. in deavor where there i~ created a united the homeland are under the heel of domi There was no objection. spirit of courage universal in scope. · nation of the oppressors in the Soviet Union; 1953 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - ·HOUSE 1111 Freedom and liberty are unknown there mination to regain their freedom and in their commemoration. To these peo· and we can all only look forward to the day independence. ple who did so much in the regeneration when the Lithuanian peo"ple are free from this domination and, in fact, when all free On this February 16 I wish to reas and rebuilding of independent Lith dom-loving people will once more be free to sure my countrymen whose relatives and uania, who gladly made sacrifices for · determine the type of government which friends are in Lithuania that we shall the well-being and happiness of unfor they wish to live under. not cease working for the restoration of tunate Lithuanians, we can say that we · the Republic of Lithuania. Our Gov ardently hope that in the not too distant Mr.. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, all peo· ernment has never recognized the Soviet future, Lithuanians will also be celebrat pies, at one time or another in their his Union's shameless attempt to annex and ing independence day in their beloved tory, have had their time of troubles. enslave Lithuania. ~ fatherhind. In the fortunes of nations, as in the case In the years between 1918 and 1940 Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, on Feb of men, there are rises and declines. the Republic of Lithuania dramatically ruary 16, 1953, all Lithuanians and This has certainly been true of Lithu· demonstrated its ability to play an im friends of Lithuania observe the 35th ania. And, on the very borders of east portant role in .world affairs. The eco anniversary of the declaration of inde and west, not strong .enough to withstand nomic and social gains of . those years pendence, which created the free Repub the advancing hordes from the east, the were the wonder of all observers. The lic of Lithuania. The culture of Lithu country has repeatedly fallen victim to world has a moral obligation to bring this ania extends back through the centuries superior forces. heroic country back to its rightful place and modern civilization is grateful to· Early in modern times, Lithuania was/ in the family of free nations. the contribution made by the intellectual' overrun by the Russians. Independence Mrs. BUCHANAN. Mr. Speaker, when leaders of this-one of the oldest nations was lost, and the country became a part the czarist government of Russia crum on the European continent. of Czarist Russia. . For more than 100 bled in November of 1917, all subject During its history, Lithuania has en years, Lithuanians endured this heavy nationalities under Russia's oppressive joyed long periods of freedom, self-gov yoke. They dreamed, planned, and regime saw their chance for liberation. ernment, and progress. Lithuania has worked to regain national independence. One by one, all of them, scattered in also undergone periods of domination Toward the end of World War I, they saw all parts of Eastern Europe to the cau and control by more powerful neighbor their opportunity. When the Czarist casus, proclaimed their national inde nations who have made every effort to Government of Russia collapsed, they pendence. Brave and proud Lithuanians extinguish the light of liberty in the saw their chance. On May 16, 1918, they who had weathered many severe storms minds and hearts of the Lithuanian proclaimed their independence. From in this history, who had developed strong people. that day to 1940, Lithuanians ·enjoyed and sturdy national characteristics An example of this came in 1795 when the blessing of freedom. And, in free· under adversity, who had successfully Russia occupied Lithuania and inflicted dom, they rebuilt their country as a kept alive their love of freedom and lib a period of enslavement lasting for over model democracy of the eastern Baltic. erty, proclaimed their national inde a century and a quarter. During this Once again in 1940, however, the envious pendence on this very day, on February time the patriotism and loyalty, which eyes of greedy neighbors fell upon Lith 16, 1918, 35 years ago. is always alive in the hearts of Lithu uania. Soviet tyranny simply could not For the next ·22 years, prior to the. anians, enabled its people to constantly tolerate free Lithuania as an independ tragic events of 1940, all friends of free carry on the incessant fight against the ent neighbor. In June of that year, dom followed the steady progress made conquering tyrant who was temporarily under some flimsy pretext, the Red army by Lithuania. All Lithuanians may welt in. control of their government. moved into Lithuania. In less than a be proud of the splendid record of per· On February 16, 1918, Lithuania un month, the whole country was Soviet formance during those 22 peaceful years. shackled the tyrant's irons and declared ized, and was annexed to the Soviet Lithuania's political, economic, cultural its independence by establishing the Union. Sinc.e then, the Lithuanians and social life developed along broad Lithuanian Republic. Soviet Russia rec have had to carry the weight of oppres democratic lines. .The standard of liv ognized the Lithuanian nation as a free sion, imposed upon them by the Kremlin. ing steadily rose. In short, during that and independent state. Since the end of the war, the outside relatively short and peaceful time Lith This free nation immediately, under world has received only fragmentary in uania became a model democracy in its self-governing constitution, again formation from Lithuania. We know northeastern Europe. demonstrated that if allowed to conduct very little of the situation there. That In 1940 the independent Lithuania be its own internal affairs it would rapidly little is both heartening and dishearten came a tragic casualty of World War rise as one of ·the important nations not ing. On the one hand, we hear of purges, II. · First, it was brought by brute· force only of the European continent, but of of arrests, and wholesale deportations to under the heel of the Red army. Then, the world. This progress as a free na distance parts of the Soviet Union. On when two tyrannies began to wage their tion continued up until the year 1940 the other hand, reports reach us of life-and-death struggle in 1941, Lith when the Russian tyrants again brought underground forces working against the uania came under the Nazi yoke. Fi disappointment, sorrow, and disillusion tyrannical government showing that the nally, toward the end of that war Red ment to the liberty-loving people of spirit of independence has not died, even forces came in once more as liberators Lithuania. · under the most adverse circumstances. and have been there as conquerors ever As chairman of the Special Congres Today Lithuanians are not allowed to since. This liberation, on the Soviet sional Committe Investigating the Katyn acknowledge their independence day. model, has been so complete that since Forest Massacre, testimony was pre But we who have the privilege of cele..; 1945 Lithuania has been isolated from sented in our hearings that Lithuania brating this day can express the hope the free world, sealed off from all pass was one of the nations of Europe who that freedom shall soon be regained in ers-by and eavesdroppers. Soviet bull lost millions of its population through Lithuania. dozers have been at work trying to up massacres and genocide during the last Mr. DODD. Mr. Speaker, I congratu root the spirit of independence and of decade by both the Communists and Nazi late my fellow citizens of Lithuanian freedom. Patriotic and liberty-loving tyrants. Over a million of Lithuania's origin on this 35th anniversary of Lith Lithuanians have either been silenced, people have been murdered or taken uania's independence. I also join with incarcerated, or carted by freight cars prisoner by the Soviet Union during re them in their fervent hope that we may to distant parts of the Soviet Union. cent years. Arrests, murders, and de soon celebrate this day with unreserved · During the last several years there have portations have been inflicted by the joy, as the Republic of Lithuania once been rumors, constantly repeated, that Communists upon the Lithuanian peo again becomes a free nation. Lithuanians have been evicted from the ple. They are in constant fear of the In my own State of Connecticut I have Baltic shore and their place is being dictators and the slave-labor camps often had the privilege of observing the taken by Communist Russians and their within their own borders. courage and strength of Americans of supporters from the Siberian regions. As chairman of the Katyn committee, Lithuanian descent. From this I have In-these tragic circumstances, there can I have filed a resolution which is now acquired a great faith in the people of hardly be a celebration of national in pending before the Congress asking that Lithuania, and a firm belief that the ter· dependence day there. the final report of our committee, along rible trials which they are being sub· We in this country, however, join with the seven volumes of testimony, be jected to will not diminish their deter- Americans of Lithuanian descent today submitted to the American delegates at 1112 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 16 the United Nations for action bY' that date of the nonaggression pact, the So vestigate the circumstances under international body. One of the recom- viet government proposed to the Gov which the seizure of the Baltic States mendations of our committee asks that ernment of Lithuania that the validity of was performed. Special attention de the United Nations organization imme- this pact be extended for another 10 serves the Kremlin-staged elections to diately make an exhaustive stu~y and years. This was done on April 4, 1934, People's Diet which are constantly pre · investigation of all mass murders and and the pact was extended . until De sented by the Soviet Government to the genocide, which the Soviet Government cember 31, 1945. public opinion as justification of the is inflicting upon all subjugated nations On July 5, 1933, a Convention for the aggression against the Baltic States. in Europe, including Lithuania. Definition of Aggression was concluded Such an investigation would clearly I do hope that this great international in London between the Republic of show to the American public and the body will follow up and take action Lithuania and the U. S. S. R. Among other people of the world the true nature against the tyrannical aggressor, who is other things, both states agreed to con of the Red Russian imperialism. It today keeping so many liberty-loving sider as aggression the invasion by would clear away the confusion now sur people under bondage. armed forces, even without declaration rounding the subject in the minds of the The spirit of self-government for the of war, of the territory of the other state. public. Lithuanian people will- never die in the It was further agreed that no considera May I take this opportunity to express minds and hearts of all true Lithuanians. tion of a political, military, economic, or my firm conviction that the cause of jus The pages of history record that Lithu- other order may serve as an excuse for tice will finally triumph over the forces ania cannot be deprived of its liberty for or justification of aggression. of enslavement and terror and that long. Dictators who rule by fear; slave- In unprecedented disregard of these Lithuania will soon have her place in the labor camps; mass murders; and organ- treaties and other solemn obligations on family of free and independent nations. ized genocide cannot long succeed in the part of the U. S. S. R., the Moscow Mr. ZABLOCKI. Mr. Speaker, today their ruthless disregard cf human rights. Government delivered an ultimatum to' marks the 35th anniversary of the na Lithuania will again regain its freedom Lithuania on June 14, 1940, demanding tional independence of Lithuania, and and its constitution. Its fight for free- that free entry into the territory of the free people all over the world once dom and self-governmen~ must continue Lithuania be immediately assured for again raise their voices in encouragement 'til victory is won. units of the Army of the Soviet Union. and sympathy to the people of that Mr. KLUCZYNSKI. On the occasion Less than 12 hours were given· for there valiant democratic republic. of the 35th anniversary of the declara- ply of the Lithuanian Government. But Despite oppression and torture at the tion of independence of Lithuania, may even before the expiration of this term, hands of. Communist forces, the spirit of I join with millions of other free people armored columns of the Red army flood the once-free Lithuania continues to live around the world who have followed the ed Lithuania, as well as two other and burn brightly in the hearts of her course of recent history of Lithuania Baltic States. sons and daughters, both within their with grief and concern. All of the methods of sovietization homeland and abroad. Occupied by Exactly 35 years ago today the Lithu- under a people's democracy were first totalitarian power. incorporated forcibly anian people, in defiance of the mighty tested in the Baltic countries. The elec into the Union of Soviet Socialist Re German Empire, proclaimed their de- tions to People's Diet, peqple's govern publics, deprived of their individual, termination to sever all bonds that had ment, agrarian reforms, and so forth, political, economic, and religious free formerly tied the country to Russia and were all stage-managed by top officials doms, the people of Lithuania long for to restore Lithuania as a sovereign state of the Kremlin installed in Lithuania. the day when their country will once based on democratic principles. The political will of the people was again resume its rightful place in the That happened while the First World counterfeited by so-called elections of family of free nations. War was still in progress and the Lithu- the People's Diet organized under the It is my hope that in this trying period anian territory was occupied by German bayonets of the Red army and the pistols of their history the people of Lithuania armies. of the Soviet secret police agents. will draw encouragement from the warm At the time when the war ended the As soon as the Soviets were established regard which our country has held for proclamation of Lithuania's independ- in Lithuania, it was no longer necessary them. American sympathy with the ence became reality. Soon various na- for the Kremlin to distort the true na Lithuanian people has been manifest in tions, first of all the neighbors of Lithu- ture of the facts. On June 30, 1940, our press and in Congress, as well as in ania recognized the sovereignty of Lithu- Molotov bluntly declared that "the tra the official policy of our Government, ania and assumed regular diplomatic ditional Russian policy, practiced since first declared on July 23, 1940, which has· relations. The United States of America the days of Ivan the Terrible, necessi refused to recognize Soviet Russia's ab granted recognition on July 27, 1922. tated the incorporation of Lithuania into sorption of Lithuania and has persisted The Communist regime which seized the Soviet Union_." The People's Diet, in recognition of the established demo power in Russia in 1917 solemnly pro- in its resolution addressed to Moscow, cratic republic. claimed its adherence to the principle frankly admitted that the "liberation" of Mr. Speaker, on this 35th anniversary of self-determination of nations, as ex- Lithuania was accomplished "thanks to of Lithuania's independence I want to pressed in President Wilson's 14 points. the Soviet Union." extend my congratulations to the people A peace treaty was concluded in Mas- I am proud to say that the United of that brave country and to all Ameri cow on July 12, 192Q, between the Union States has never recognized the fruits of cans of Lithuanfan ancestry. I join in of Soviet Socialist Republics and theRe- the Soviet aggression on Lithuania and their prayer that the oppression of their public of Lithuania in which the Soviet other Baltic States. On the contrary, native land may soon be ended. Government recognized without any re- it has denounced that act of violence serve the sovereignty and independence and continues to regard Lithuania as a Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I am of the state of Lithuania with all juri- sovereign and independent republic. happy to make these few comments on dical consequences resulting from such It is to the everlasting credit to this the 35th anniversary of Lithuania's in recognition and renounced voluntarily country of ours and especially to the dependence. and forever all sovereign rights possessed United States Congress which, in the Since a celebration thereof is forbid by Russia over the Lithuanian people interest of humanity, undertook an his den in the homeland this year ·because and territory. toric task to investigate the Katyn mas- of Communist aggression, suppression, For two decades normal and peaceful sacre. It was proved, beyond any doubt, and tyrannical despotism, it is more im relations have been maintained between that the horrible executions were carried portant that free people throughout the the two neighbors. Several treaties were out by the same Kremlin rulers who world join with · Lithuanians every concluded during·that period of time. raped the Baltic States. where in -letting them know in no un On September 28, 1926, a nonaggres- The massacre of 14,000 Polish officers certain terms that we not only under sion pact was signed in Moscow by the shook conscience of the world,' but mil -stand their plight in their homeland, but representatives of the U. S. s. R. and lions of people behind the Iron Curtain will do all within our power to ease their those of Lithuania in which the Soviet . subjugated and doomed to physical de burden. government reaffirmed its obligation struction offer an even more· frightful To the 1,000,000 loyal Americans of to respect Lithuania's sovereignty, in- example of Soviet crimes. Lithuanian descent, I say that they are tegrity, and territorial inviolability in all And I suggest that this Congress not one bit less ·patriotic and loyal to circumstances. Before the termination should enact necessary legislation to in- the United States by continuing to show 1953 CONGRESS! ON AL . RECORD- HOUSE 1113 a very active interest in their friends day which will see again Lithuania 'Marshal Stalin. Since that ignominious and relatives in Lithuania. among the society of the free nations of day the Lithuanian people have suffered It is incumbent upon all of us who the world. brutal and inhuman exploitation by the love freedom and liberty to devote our To Americans of Lithuanian descent, powers of the Soviet Government. lives to the strengthening of the spirit we hold out the hope that in the :hear Little do we realize the hardship, pain, of independence in the hearts of men future your anniversary, this 16th day of and suffering which those brave people all over the world. · February, will be celebrated in the man4 endured under the ruthless heel of. the We .must never forget that an attack ner in which we celebrate our own Soviet Government. Thousands upon upon liberty anywhere is an attack upon Fourth of July, celebrating ·once again thousands of' their citizens have been liberty everywhere. Lithuania as a free nation, free from the thrown into slave-labor camps and_grad Let us continue to work together to invader, free from the shackles of slav.. ually eliminated through inhuman free the enslaved, no matter where they ery, and again free and independent as treatment. may be. a democratic nation looking forward to Indeed, we are fortunate today that Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. the future with the hope of permanent the new President of the United States, Speaker, I wish to express today, on the independence and standing with all free Dwight D. Eisenhower, has proclaimed to 35th anniversary of Lithuania's inde nations under God. the entire world that we will no longer pendence as a modern state, my con Mr. MORANO. Mr. Speaker, Lithu4 tolerate the secret treaties which have tinuing admiration for and sympathy ania, one oi the first victims of Commu enslaved millions of other people-to the with the heroic people qf that inde nist aggression and oppression, has lost detriment of those behind the Iron Cur4 structible country. its independence but not its spirit. tain. This policy, as enunciated by the Lithuania has existed for more than As Lithuanians here in the United press, should give faith and comfort to ·soo years, a large part of that time under States and throughout the world som those who have been persecuted by the cruel foreign domination. I am con berly mark the 35th anniversary of their Soviet Union; and it is earnestly hoped vinced that the present illegal incorpo independence, they may look hopefully that a severe program toward the ration of Lithuania into the Union of to the day when once again the princi Union of Soviet Socialist Republics will Soviet Socialist Republics, which never ples of freemen will reign in their land. eventually bring about the liberation not has been recognized by the United Tyranny is weakening while the forces only of the Lithuanian people but all the States, cannot be-however inhuman it Qf freedom grow ever stronger. peoples of the Baltic States. may be for Lithuanians-a permanent Communism is being blocked more ef Freedom-loving peoples of the world setback to the development of Lithuania. fectively each new day, and each new do not recognize the illegal annexation The country of Mindaugas and Vytautas day brings new hope for liberation of of Lithuania and continue to recognize can never die. the oppressed; brings new· hope that free the governments in exile throughout the No, the country can never perish, but peoples everywhere will once more rise world. The Ame:dca:1 people shall al4 its people, many of them, are perishing. from under the aggressor's boot, and en ways stand in deep sympathy, and with We know how more than · 50,000 were joy once more the inherent principles of respect, for the sacrifices being made by deported to misery and death in the liberty and the dignity of man. . the Lithuanian people. Their courage4 U. s. S. R. on the night of June 14-15, New light of liberty is being cast over ous and firm stand against the unau· 1941, and how 3 or 4 times that number, those countries darkened by tyranny's tho'rized . subjugation by Russia shall at least, have been deported or extermi expansion. Our Government promises some day affirm itself by reestablishing nated by the Soviet Union since that a forceful program of peaceful libera a free and independent Lithuania. time. tion, and this program, in collaboration Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, Oppressive Soviet exploitation is rob with the effective underground move 4 on the occasion of the 35th anniversary bing Lithuania of its natural resources ments of Communist-dominated coun4 of Lithuania's independence I am happy as well as of its people. But not, I be tries, holds promise of evolving the lands to have the opportunity of renewed ex· lieve, of its spirit. And certainly not of of the oppressed into the lands of the pression of my great admiration for the its friends and well-wishers throughout free. people of Lithuania and the steadfast.. the free world. While the spirit of independence burns ness and courage that have been theirs I know that all Americans join me in within the breasts of freemen, while an in the resistance of op}9ression during sending warm greetings to the people of abiding faith promotes the will to be free, many trying periods. Lithuania on this tragic · anniversary. no free soul will be conquered; no nation I accompanied the Lithuanian-Ameri· We hope they may have the fortitude will bow in subjection; liberty will prevail can delegation to the funeral of Presi· and the patience to endure until Lithu again. dent Harding, and through the good for· ania once again takes its rightful place Mr. BONIN. Mr. Speaker, at the con tune of acquaintance with the military in the community of free nations. clusion of World War I the gates of lib 4 in charge of arrangements was able to Mr. KEARNEY. Mr. Speaker, on this erty were opened for the people of Lith4 have placed at the head of the presi· day, February 16, 35 years ago, the gal uania. On February 16, 1918, the Na..; dential casket the Lithuanian floral of· lant people of Lithuania declared their tional Council of Lithuania-Lietuves fering. This, it seemed to me, was ap· independence. Taryba-proclaimed Lithuania a free propriate and as the fallen President From the late 1700's until1918 her his and independent nation. Thirty-five would have wished, since the grief of the tory had been one of continuous sub years later the people of Lithuanian an4 Lithuanians was real, President Harding jugation to the Russian Czars. During cestry are happy to observe this historic having been the friend of their cause. the First World War Lithuania was in occasion. Conversely they also observe Men and women of Lithuanian· blood vaded by the German forces and re · with sympathy and deep sorrow the 13th have made large contributions to the city mained occupied for a period of over 3 anniversary of the illegal reoccupation of Chicago. I have been signally fortu· years. On February 16, in the year 1918, of their country. nate in numbering many of these good Lithuanian independence was pro 4 During the interval of Lithuania's in4 citizens among my friends, among them claimed and she retained her independ 4 dependence-to wit, 22 years-that na Leonora Nimhosk-now Mrs. Gatewood ent status until the outbreak of World tion made many contributions to the and the ·mother of a fine family of chil War II. During this period the country civilized world. Unfortunately, however, dren-and her fine and noble father and was forced to accept the quartering of this period of freedom and liberty was mother, both born in Lithuania. Leo· Russian troops along ·the Baltic coast cut 'short on. the 14th day of June 1940., nora Nimhosk was my coworker and sec· and in other portions of the country. when Soviet Russia demanded that the retary when in the name of the radio Later, finding herself helpless, the coun4 Lithuanian Government become sympa circle of the Rebuilders we were doing try was overru:r;1 by Russian forces. thetic and subservient to the Soviet our best to leaven in some degree the Although the largest of the three Union. On June 15 of that year the distress of the great depression. It is Baltic countries, Lithuania today is Soviet Army marched into that brave of such blood as that of the immigrants sealed off from the free world by a ring · country and occupied it. .Shortly there who came from Lithuania, as did Mr. of iron. We know little of what tran4 after, as we have seen so often in numer and Mrs. Nimhosk, her parents, that our spires behind that iron curtain save in ous other countries, the Soviet-sponsored United State~ of America has derived ·certain smuggled messages from that and supervised government brought into much strength. I might remark, Mr. indomitable, liberty-loving people still creation a puppet state subservient and Speaker, that one of our outstanding hoping for that day of freedom-that obligated to the will of Soviet dictator and beloved jurists in Chicago is a 1114 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE February 16 Lithuanian-American, himself ,a native 46) which was read a first time and sec Sudanese choose their own future and son of Chicago, his parents immigrants ond time, and, with the accompanying Premier Gen. Mohammed Naguib announced from Lithuania. . papers referred to the Committee of the the door was opened wide for a successful understanding on the withdrawal of British It is the destiny of Lithuania to be Whole House on the State of the Union troops from the Suez Canal zone. free, because it is not in the character and ordered to be printed. Talks on Suez are coming very soon, of the Lithuanian people to accept bond· Mr. THOMAS reserved all points of Naguib sai~. age. Someday-and I have faith it will order on the bill. PARADE PLANNED be soon-the Soviet clouds will be lifted Mr. TABER. Mr. Speaker, I ask The final settlement of these two key prob and the sun again will shine, unhindered unanimous consent that it may be in lems in British-Egyptian relations could and unobstructed on the land of Lith order to take up the 1953 supplemental clear the way toward tightel:' cooperation be. uania. appropriation bill on Wednesday. tween this strategic Moslem nation and the Mr. HELLER. Mr. Speaker, the ob The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Western Powers in the cold war, perhaps in servance of the 35th anniversary of. the ·request of the gentleman from New a Middle East defense command. · There was exultat~on in the foreign offices Lithuanian independence is a good oc York? of Cairo, London, and Washington. And a casion for expressing our solidarity with Mr. WILLIAMS of Mississippi. Mr. public holiday was called for tomorrow in this heroic people and our hope for their Speaker-, reserving the right to object, the Sudan, a l il,nd of desert, forests, and achievement of early freedom from the and I shall not object, I believe. that the cotton fields that stretches from central yoke of communism. The people of rules require the report to lay over for Africa to the Red Sea. A ceremonial parade America and those of the free nations 3 legislative days. Is that correct? of celebration is to be held before Gov. Gen. Sir Robert Howe Saturday in Khartoun, the all over the world know how the Lith Mr. TABER. That is correct, but I capital. · uanian people have suffered in the last have taken the matter up with the gen- Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, in an few years, they know that their cause . tleman from Missouri [Mr. CANNON] and nouncing the Sudanese accord in Britain's is a righteous one, and they hope that with the full committee. Everyone on House of Commons, said it was a reasonable before long their homeland will obtain t he committee is agreeable to this pro settlement of this question which has long its freedom and the people of that coun cedure. bedeviled our relations with Egypt. try will again join the community of Mr. WILLIAMS of Mississippi. As I Press officer Michael J. McDermott of the free nations. say, I shall not object, but I do hope United States State Department said in On the occasion of this anniversary, Washington the United States is highly the leadership on the majority side will gratified. He termed this "an event of great we send our word of encouragement to not make a practice of this on future importance, representing as it does agree all Americans of Lithuanian descent and appropriation bills. ment on an issue which has been the cause to their friends and relatives who are Mr. TABER. We will not do it on of great complications in relation,s between trapped in that little country behind the regular appropriation bills. the two countries for several decades.'' the Iron Curtain. We pray that their Mr. WILLIAMS of Mississippi. Mr. Here in· Cairo, United States Ambassador spirit of freedom may be rekindleq and Speaker, I withdraw my reservation of Jefferson Caffery drew praise from Naguib their desire to throw off the chains of objection. for his mediation efforts. . "It was through Ambassador Caffery's good enslavement may be strengthened. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to offices," the Premier said, "that many difficult The people of America will never. the request of the gentleman from New points were ironed out. These had a direct recognize the forced subjugation of York? · effect on the successful conclusion of this Lithuania by Communist Russia. The · There was no objection. agreement.'' I..ithuanians are one of the oldest peo ples in Europe who have made great cul COMMITTEE ON RULES DESIGNATION OF MEMBER TO READ tural contributions to Western civiliza WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL AD· tion. The world has not forgotten those Mr. ALLEN. of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, contributions, nor will it forget the sac I ask unanimous cor..sent that the Com DRESS ON FEBRUARY 23, 1953 rifices now being made by Lithuanians. mittee on Rules may have until midnight The SPEAKER. Pursuant to the spe- We extend to them our greetings on this tonight to file a report on the second cial order agreed to on February 9, 1953, anniversary and our wishes that they supplemental appropriation bill for 1953. the Chair designates the gentleman from will soon regain their national inde Virginia [Mr. PoFF] to read Washington's pendence. EGYPT AND BRITAIN TO BURY Farewell Address immediately following HATCHET the reading of the Journal on February PRINTING OF ADDITIONAL COPIES 23, 1953. Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. OF IMMIGRATION AND NATION Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ALITY ACT ADJOURNMENT OVER TO address the House for 1 minute and to WEDNESDAY Mr. LECOMPTE. Mr. Speaker, I of· include extraneous matter. for a concurrent resolution 'BELGIUM, room, 3,000 copies for the Senate document AND ENGLAND - room, 1,000 copies for the Senate Committee great. value to the peace of the world. · on Judiciary, and 1,000 copies for the House In days when the foreign service has been Mrs. FRANCES P. BOLTON. Mr. Committee on Judiciary. so severely criticized at times, I am glad Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ad to point out that we have in our service dress the House for 1 minute and tore· The concurrent resolution was agreed men of great integrity and ability. It vise and extend my remarks. to. ' was thought that this Anglo-Egyptian The SPEAKER. Is there objection to A motion to recon.Sider was laid on the agreement could not be reached, but the ·the request of the gentlewoman from table. matter has been adjusted. We are very ·ohio? grateful for this achievement. There was no objection. 1953 SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIA.. the New York Times SHALL WE BALANCE THE BUDGET Dr. McLoughlin was noted for the wei- and a translation from a Norwegian come he gave to missionaries of all faiths, newspaper following the ex.tension of OR REDUCE TAXES? and -the substantial help he afforded to remarks of Senator LEHMAN. Mr. RAYBURN. Mr. Speaker, I ask them, and to the farmers whose coming The SPEAKER. Is there objection to unanimous consent to address the House spelled ruin to the business of the Hud- the request of the gentleman from for 1 minute. son's Bay Company's fur business. In Pennsylvania? The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the long view, as anyone can see now, There was no objection. the request of the gentleman from but few could see then, he could not have Texas? prevented. the coming of missionaries, There was no objection. and the settling of the land by American SHALL WE BALANCE THE BUDGET Mr. RAYBURN. Mr-. Speaker, with pioneer farmers. He could easily have OR REDUCE TAXES? reference to the short colloquy that has made their hard life far more difficult just occurred between the gentleman . for them-which would have brought on Mr. DIES. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani- from Texas [Mr. DIES] and the gentle a stubborn and perhaps bloody conflict, mous consent to address the House for man from Indiana [Mr. HALLECK] may I and probably hastened the inevitable 1 minute. say that we had a lorig rangy fellow here establishment of American sovereignty The SPEAKER. Is there objection to from Texas at one time by the name of over the region. He had the statesman- the request of the gentleman froin Oscar Callaway-. Someone interrupted ship, with the peace not only of the Texas? him one day to ask a question and when Oregon Territory, but even of the British There-was no objection. the fellow got through attempting to Empire and the United States depending Mr. DIES. Mr. Speaker, in my opin- . ask him a question he said to Mr. Calla on his actions, to act and speak with ion, one of the most important issues be way, ·"Is that clear?" Oscar said, "Just unfailing firmness, tact, and wisdom, so fore us is the balancing of the budget. as clear as mud." as to maintain the business of his com- One reason I came back to Congress is to So, if it is clear to the gentleman from pany and the authority of his govern- help restore this Government to sound Indiana [Mr. HALLECK] J;he situation as ment to the last possible moment, and . fiscal policies. What I want to know to whether or not we should reduce taxes yet to make the transition from authori- is, Does the ·President favor it? Does or balance the budget, or either, is cer tative to democratic government, from the Secretary of the Treasury favor it?- tainly not clear to me. 1953 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 1117 FREE POSTAGE FOR THE ARMED the spiritual and moral fiber of the peo:.. propriated hereafter would be wasted. I _SERVICES __ pJe of America. "~ __ _ - ·.have f>een on the- opposi-te- end of the . . All churches m Washington of every program to which he referred. So far as Mr:. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I ask faith will conduct special services during I recall, I never voted for any appro unarumous . con~en~ to extend my re- this Lenten period. I am at this time priation other than for defense pur marks at this pomt m the REco~n . . calling the attention of the Members of poses for foreign aid except one, and The SPEAKER. Is there obJection to Congress to services that will be con- that was Bretton Woods, when my good the request of the gentleman from New ducted during the next 6 weeks at the colleague the gentleman from Michigan York? . . Lutheran Church of the Reformation. [Mr. WoLCOTT] talked me into it. I There was no obJectiOn. The services will be held each weekday have always been sorry he was suc- Mr. _MULTER. Mr: Speaker .. I have except Saturday from 12:10 to 12:30, and cessful. today m~roduced a bill to provi~e free will include hymns, prayer, Scripture A committee print dated January 2, postage :..or first-class letter mall sent lessons, and a 10- or 12-minute talk by 1953, filed in the Senate, carried the by or to l~embers of the Armed Forces pastors of various Protestant churches following: of th~ U~uted States. . in washington. These services are un- This bill would pro~Ide free postage der the direction of its nationally known This subcommittee is critical of the high- for first-class letter mail ~ent to:.a me~- pastor, Dr. Oscar F. Blackwelder. . level planning which is underst ood neither b f th A d F t d t by the people of the United States nor the er o e rme orces on ac IVe u Y Noon services have been carried on congress. Likewise we question the extent or in the active service of such Armed during the Lenten period at this church to which the interest .of the United States Forces, a~ ~n addr~ss of the Ar~ed · over a period of years and have been of has been protected in negotiations with our Forces Withm or wit.h<;mt the Umted great inspiration to those who have allies for defense sites and facilities ·neces States, as well as providmg free postage attended in the years gone by. sary in connection with such defense activi on letters sent by a member ?f the For those who are not familiar, the ties. , In some instances our Nation has spent Armed . Forces to any person m the church is located just two blocks east hundreds of millions of dollars developing de- t d t t fense bases where our allies will have. every Uni e S a es. · of the Capitol Building, near the Folger right to tell us to leave within a few years. When, specified by the sender, letters Library. Unless you are attenping serv- In order to continue to maintain American. not exceeding 1 ounce in weight shall ices at -another church, you are invited troops on foreign soil, it might be necessary be transmitted to their destination by to attend. You are all welcome at these to make concessions to countries where the airmail, dependent upon airspace avail- inspirational services. bases are located much less favorable to the ability. American economy than any hardheaded This bill is intended to replace the act businessman would otherwise permit. providing free postage for members of FOREIGN AID We were impressed by the fact that the rces in specified areas, and · number of American boys stationed at re- the Armed Fo Mr. HALE. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani- mote- bases in Newfoundland, Labrador, broaden its provisions. mous consent to address the House for 1 Greenland, Iceland, and many other locations minute and to revise and extend my re- was excessive. For example, on one base at 4 ·:- '.- marks. · · · a remote location, where our troops· are shar-· SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED The SPEAKER. Is there objection to ing the facility with an allied nation, our Mr. PRICE asked and was given per the request of the gentleman from ally had 450 men on its side of the field while this Nation had 2,500 men. It was our feel- mission to address the House for 30 min •Maine? ing that the American operation could well utes on Wednesday next, at the conclu There was no objection. have been reduced to a scale· com p ~rable to sion of the legislative pr.ogram of the . Mr. HALE. ' Mr. Speaker, I am that of our ally. Yet American planning will day and following any s·pecial · orders prompted by a speech ·which· I read over- require an enormous increase of persC!nnel heretofore entered. · the weekend to make a very brief state- at that base. The same thing is true of Mrs. RoGERS of Massachusetts asked ment. other bases. It was our feeling that the In the 10 years I have been here I taxpayers were being unsuspectingly led into and was given permission to address the a program that would require the virtual House today for 5 minutes, following any have voted for every foreign-aid meas- building of small modern American cities, sp~cial orders heretofore entered.· ure and I have voted against very nearly running into an investment of over $100 every amendment, and possibly every million each, at many points throughout the amendment to reduce foreign aid. But world, and tlie stationing of perhaps three THE TAX BILL it does seem to me entirely appropriate quarters of a million servicemen at remote Mr. REED of New York. Mr. Speaker, that we should be very scrupulous and points of the earth for the next generation. very conscientious to see that every ~Y contrast we feel that this Nation ·should I ask unanimous consent that the Com . . concentrate on building airfields, supply mittee on Ways and Means may have penny that we spend on foreigp aid IS depots, and naval installations in friendly until midnight tomorrow night to file a spent for· a legitimate purpose and· that and allied countries rather than keeping our report on H. R. 1 which was reported we get a reasonable and fair considera- youngsters living overseas for a lifetime. we out of committee by a vote of 21 to 4. tion for the money that we spend. If consider it far preferable to re1y upon our The SPEAKER. Is there objection to ordinary prudence in the appropriation allies to guard and maintain airfields and the request of the gentleman from New and spending of money for foreign aid other defense in~tallations until American York? · is to be sneered at as "dollar diplomacy,"· reinforcements could arrive in the ~vent of a· tt great global conflict. We can understand the There was no objection. I think things have. come to a pre Y wisdom 9f maintaining perhaps a dozen im-- pass. portant defense bases. :>t remote points in the world from which American operations LENTEN SERVICES FOREIGN AID could be expanded. We can understand the wisdom of maintaining small housekeeping Mr. REES of Kansas. Mr. Speaker, I Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. units of perhaps 100 men each at other bases ask unanimous . consent to address the Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ad..: where large quantities of American supplies House for 1 minute and to revise and ex- dress the House for 1 minute and to re may be stored in anticipation of hostile at tend my remarks. . . vise and extend my remarks. tack· upon our allies. However, we cannot The SPEAKER. Is there objection to The SPEAKER. Is there objection to understand a program which has 100 or the · request of the gentleman from even 200 groups of men i~ units of 2,000 to the request · of the gentleman from 5,000 sitting idly in the muck and mire of Kansas? Michigan? Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Arctic Circle, There was no objection. . There was no objection. waiting for a war which we hope to avoid. Mr. REES of . Kansas. Mr. Speaker, Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. Airbases involving untold millions of dol next Wednesday is the ·beginning of the Speaker, our distinguished colleague the lars have been constructed without any ar Lenten season. Lenten season is a defi gentleman from Maine [Mr. HALE], and rangement to defend such bases ·from easy nite reminder to the Christian world there is no more capable man in the capture by an enemy, notwithstanding the House, just told us that he has voted fact that thousands of airmen.and American that God-fearing people in every nation civilians are expected to live on such bases face a greater challenge than at any time for all the appropriations for foreign aid under the most unfavorable climatic con in our generation. and against all. amendments, as_I under· ditions. Mobility of American reserves is a And so as we enter this Lenten season, stood him, to decrease the amount. He better answer to the threat of Communist we do so with a deep realization that the add.ed that if he was able to prevent it. aggression at remote points than an attempt success of our .country will depend upon none of the money which might be ap- to station and maintain enough American 1118 CONGRESSIONAL rRECORD- HOUSE- February· 16 boys at sparsely settled outposts to. defeat ficiently superior to- enable us to face the REMEMBER THE 1'MAINE" a major enemy assault upon such points. future with· confidence. Even this survey, wh.ich !~little more than The SPEAKER. Under previous or Another report on Senate Resolution an approach to the problem, has turned up der of the House, -the gentleman from 263 , filed on the same day, should be read. evidence that the armed services are far too Illinois [Mr. O'HARA] is recognized for Let me quote just a very small part: "chair corps" minded. €0 minutes. The United States is faced with a situation (a) We cannot consider an organization Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, which calls for a drastic revision of the efficient wl;len it requires 1,600 men-plus a this is the first legislative day following organizat ion of our Armed Forces. The pur supply line too long to be estimated-to put the 55th anniversary of the sinking of p ose of this reorganization should be twofold: 75 single-seat aircraft into the air. (b) We cannot consider a training base the battleship Maine in Havana Harbor. · 1. To increase the efficiency of our Military The 15th of February is an anniversary Establishment. efficient when it requires one m an to feed, 2. To reduce the costs of defense to a point house, and train two and a half men. reverently observed by the veterans of where the Nation's economic structure is (c) We cannot consider a ship efficiently the Spanish-American War and by many no longer threatened. run when it is m anned by three and one:..half patriotic societies. I hope its observance The need for t his reorganization is press times t he number of seamen required to con here on the floor of the Congress of the duct a similar operation in private commerce. ing. It will brook no delay. United States will continue through the There is no foreseeable end to the inter (d) We cannot consider a battalion to be years. Fifty-five years ago today, the national tensions which h ave drawn the at a high peak of efficiency when more than one-fourth of its personnel find combating n"ews of the murderous destruction of world into opposing armed camps. As long Maine- as· those tensions persist, the Unit ed States the enemy a secondary task. the battleship with the loss of must keep its defenses strong. We cannot (e) We cannot consider a division effi 260 American lives was the sole topic afford to relax our guard. ciently organized when a potential enemy of conversation in every home in the For that period-for the period of the in division can out gun it by 10 percent on a United States. Three decades or more ternational tensions-we must resign our:. m an-for-man basis. had passed since the close of the war of selves to huge defense budgets. But we m:ust The foregoing from members of a the States, and we had been a peaceful not-we cannot-resign ourselves to budgets party which created the conditions of people. Our Army numbered a scant so swollen that our economic struct ure 28,000. No officer in the Army for 30 threatens to burst at every seam and let which they now complain gives one half loose upon our citizenry a floodtide of infla- hope of better things to come. years had see~ as many as a full regi tion and b ankruptcy. · It is now conceded that we cannot ment of soldiery assembled together in The sins of the past-the· failure of every purchase worth-while friends. any one pl~ce. Our Navy had been built American to wage a coordinated and ruthless All of which but strengthens the de up, but was still rated as far below that campaign against waste--have caught up termination of some of us to continue of the European powers. Moreover our· with us. Already, there are responsible the effort-redouble our efforts_:_to put coast cities were practically without de officials who appear to believe that we h ave the interests of our country first no mat fense. Spain, on the other hand, was spent so much money already that we do not dare to spend more for weapons that ter what a left-wing commentator may still enjoying the prestige of . the days are vitally needed. write or say. when she was one of the great world The Senate Preparedness Committee does powers. In Cuba alone there were 160,- not believe we d are relax our rearmament 000 Spanish soldiers. To make mattel's efforts. We are convinced that the SElcurity SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED worse from the American standpoint, of the United States demands that we forge Mr. SADLAK asked and was given per all of Europe with the sole exception of ahead as r apidly as possible to acquire the • Britain was solidly on the side of Spain. weapons of war. mission to address the House for 15 But we are equally convinced that there minutes today, following any special War with Spain had the prospect of 1s a large field of waste which can be and orders heretofore entered. these United States of America with an must be eliminated. We believe that the Army of a puny 28,000 and a small Navy armed services have still to shake off the being pitted against the united armies traditions of a past in which the Nation FOREIGN AID and navies of Europe, Great Britain ex could afford the luxury of putting 5 men cepted. to a task which could be performed by 1. Mr. MASON. Mr. Speaker, I ask Fifty-five years ago today when an in It is impossible, of course, to estimate the unanimous consent to address the House dignation seldom if ever equalled in i.ts savings that could be m ade. But we have for 1 minute and to revise and extend my intensity was sweeping the people of the demonstrated that a very minor operation remarks. comparable td the removal of a corn-already United States, the hour of decision was has opened the way to economies of nearly The SPEAKER. Is there objection to approaching. The American people· $50 million a year with no loss in efficiency. the request of the gentleman from dared to face and to accept the issue. It That minor surgery-the elimination or con Illinois? was one of the great decisions in the solidation of 9,009 jobs at 26 installations There was no objection. history of the world. That decision is commendable. But we think the situation Mr. MASON. Mr. Speaker, as far as shaped the course of this universe of ours calls for major surgery. I can recollect, I have not voted for one for a thousand years or more. lts con The Armed Forces are not suffering a minor penny of this foreign aid in the 13 years ailment. They are bloated by · too much sequences and its repercussions were fat-too much water-and it is binding the I have been here. more beneficial and universally affected hard muscle of military strength. Only a I have been known in my district and the welfare of mankind more than any surgeon-a highly skilled surgeon--can do wherever I am known as a very, very con decision of similar character in recorded the job. servative Member of this House. In spite history. Had that decision been differ The ailment is particularly deadly when the of that fact, the Dunn Survey, Inc., who ent, today there would be no sense of nature of our enemy is analyzed. He is .have taken ·a survey of every- precinct hemispheric solidarity and security. rich--vereignty. diers. In fact, the first English words · small vessel under the guns of Morro There is· no longer reason to limit our·- I "learned, I learned from them. Castle. Yet, every man in the fleet vol- · selves to the concepts of statehood with- · Little could I suspect then, there were unteered to go with him. Seven volun in the Union or incorporated Territorial other ·soldiers in distant Cuba, and teers were accepted. They went, they government prior to admission into the amongst them some with whom I would escaped death, and Hobson and his men Union. Here is a new concept-the have the honor· to serve, half a century became the heroes of America. Now concept of commonwealth status within . later, in this great Congress .where.- the . when I find in these ·modern American terms of compact agreed to between the freedom of Cuba was proclaimed as a histories that .some of them are even congress and the people concerned. result of the Spanish-American War, omitting the name of Hobson and some The terms · of compact need not be the and the birth of the Commonwealth of of them, where they do mention it, do same in all cases. The formula yields Puerto Rico -was . to be. solemnly con- so begrudgingly I am very much dis itf:elf to flexibility that it may be used · firmed. tressed. Hobson personified the heroism in cases where the circumstances may Mr. O'HARA of lllinois. I thank the and devotion to country of the Ameri-ca not be identical. But it is based ·on the distinguished ·commissioner from Puerto when the ·19th century was nearing its fundamental principle .of American phi- Rico and I congratulate him on the ap- close. The story· of his heroic· feat losophy of government. It is govern- · proval given to his great work here by should live eternally. Today we have in m ent by the consent of the governed; it the people of Puerto Rico in the elec- this Chamber a colleague of ours who is government based upon the will of the . tions of 1952, when I understand he' re- was born and raised in · the town of people; it is g-overnment for free peoples; . ceived about 450,000 votes to his nearest , which Hobson was a distinguished son. · it is government of the .people, by the opponeut's 125,000. As a veteran of the · I -yield to the gentleman trom Alabama people, and for the people. It is a re- w~r with Spaiq I am proud and happy [Mr. SELDEN]. publican government built upon the tnat one of the fruits of that conflict is ADM. RICHARD PEARsoN HoBsoN, ts7o-t937 theory of democracy; that is, ·the sov- the American Commonwealth of Puerto Mr. SELDEN. Mr. Speaker, our war · ereignty of the people. Rico. · It can be said that, as in the case of · When the United States acquired sov- with Spain, near the close of the last century, has been so overshadowed by its parent document, the Constitution of ereignty over the Philippine Islands and more recent periodic world wars that we the United States, it is a dynamic for- Puerto Rico as a result of the Spanish- are in danger of losing sight of the sig mula: The terms of compact need not American War, many thought that the . njficance of that short and victorious be static. With common consent, they United States was embarking on a policy struggle. may be adjusted with time to changes in of imperialism and world. domination The Spanish-American War served circumstances. . that would do away. with, that would · Recently, the United States Govern- undermine our institutions and the spirit notice to the world that the United ment notifie'd· the United Nations of the of freedom and democracy upon which States of America was ready to take its fact that it would cease reporting on . they are based·. place with the first-class powers. It Puerto Rico as a nonself-governing ter- Fifty-five years have elapsed and there · proved the sectional antagonisms of a ritory. The people of Puerto Rico re- has occurred much to the contrary of previous generation had so far subsided joiced at this announcement for they what was then predicted by the critics of that North and South should vie with know they can no longer be classed · those 'days. As a result of the Spanish- each other .only in eagerness to fight amongst the nonself-governing peo- American war, not only is Cuba inde- under one flag and to die if need be for f our united country. pies of ·the world. They are sel -gov- · pendent, but the Philippines as well, and One of the great popular heroes of erning. It. is indeed a fact to be proud Puerto Rico lias become a commonwealth of that when questions come up before under our flag, voluntarily united to the that war was Lt.-later Rear Adm. the United Nations concerning en- United States within the terms of com- Richmond Pearson Hobson. As his croachments by dictatorships over the . pact which gives Puerto Rico freedom hometown of Greensboro, Ala., happens freedom of other people, the United and security and the blessings of mem- also to be my hometown, and the district States may inform the United Nations bership in a position of dignity within I"no·w represent covers a portion, of the that the United States, the champion of the political system of the United States. district he once represented in Congress, freedom in the world, in full agreement We have no better friends in the it becomes my very happy privilege to with the peoples over which it took re- Orient than the Filipinos; we have no place in the RECORD on thi~ occasion a sponsibility half a century ago, has en- more loyal fellow-citizens than the brief review of his career. In the follow tered into a compact for continued Puerto Ricans. For as it was bound to ing summary, I have recalled some of union and for the common enjoyment happen we used force only where and Hobson's · deeds which demonstrate a of freedom and self-government which when force was necessary to remove the zealous patriotism, a meticulous care in those peoples have enthusiastically ac- obstacles which lay in the path of our conception and planning, and an au cepted. · destiny, which destiny has always been dacious boldness in execution that have I ·wish to congratulate our colleague · tnat of being the champions of freedom. seldom been equaled in naval warfare, from Illinois, for having brought this One of the great heroic figures of the and which brought popular acclaim to question up before the House. We war with Spain was Capt. Richmond P. this· heroic gentleman and great glory to · should all pay tribute to him as the Hobson, later a Member of this Congress his beloved country, including his native only remaining Member of Congress from Alabama. It is hard for this gen- State of Alaba~a. . who was one of those who risked his life eration to picture in its mind the Amer· After attendmg pnvate schools and in the Spanish--American war that .: ic.a of 1898. Spain · was regarded as a · Southern University in Greensboro, Hob these beautiful realities.might ever come great·world power, and the Spanish fleet , son entered the United States Naval true. Without Americans. like him 55 was feared. There wa~ a re~l . panic in Acade_my and was graduated in 1889 as XCIX--71 1122··. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· ·1-IOUSE February 16 the top man in his class. He then at old collier. . The Merrimac was nearing rank of captain. This action was said tended the French School of Naval De the narrow neck of the harbor where it to constitute the greatest material pro sign in Paris where he graduated in could be most effectively blocked. But motion as a recognition of gallantry in 1893 with honors. Upon completion of when the men tried to turn the ship the history of the naval service. In 1933, his schooling, he was employed by the across the channel there was no response. 4 years before his death, he was awarded Navy in the construction of battleships The steering gear was gone. They at the Congressional Medal of Honor for his and in conducting postgraduate courses tempted to fire the to:rpedoes, but only exploit of 1898, and in 1934 Congress at the United States Naval Academy for two of the 10 exploded. The barrage gave him the rank of rear admiral, officers destined for similar responsibil- from the forts bad destroyed batteries retired. ity. . . and wiring on the others. Even the an It is a matter of strange interest that When the war with Spain began Lieu chor chains were shot a way and the ship Admiral Hobson is remembered and hon tenant Hobson was an assistant naval drifted helplessly beyond the narrow ored for an attempt that was not entirely constructor. Afraid this assignment neck where it might have choked the successful, while his later life is compar would keep him out of the conflict, young harbor. atively unknown, though in it he doubt Hobson requested sea duty and was as Spanish mines or torpedoes finally less accomplished more for his country signed to the fleet. sank the hulk and the brave men who and its Navy than he did in the Spanish During the months .of April and May had miraculously survived the heavy hail American War. 1898, the Atlantic coast cities were tense of steel and lead escaped from the sink .He resigned· from the Navy in 1903 for with apprehension. The exact where ing Merrimac to cling in the dark to a reasons of poor health and impaired eye abouts of Admiral Cervera's Spanish raft they had floated from the deck.. The sight. From 1907 to 1915 he served in :fleet were unknown and the Atlantic sea water was cold, but the men hung on Congress, representing the Sixth Ala board towns prepared to defend them with their heads below the edge of the bama District. He was a strong ~dvo selves from attack. Late in. May dis raft until broad daylight, constantly cate of American naval supremacy and patches arrived giving information that wondering whether they would be dis of American leadership in the inter the-spanish Fleet had put into the har covered and shot in the ~ark by Spanish national peace movement. Rear Adm. bor of Santiago, Cuba. With this news, soldiers who prowled nearby in small Bradley A. Fiske wrote in a personal ships of the United States Navy began boats. letter to Captain Hobson in 1934, just to gather at Key West, Fla. With morning came a large steam before Hobson was made rear admiral: launch to reconnoiter. Hoping there Realizing the entrance to Santiago As important and as gallant as were your Harbor was extremely narrow, Admiral would be a responsible officer on board services in the Spanish War, I think your William T. Sampson, who commanded to whom they might surrender, Lieu putting through in Congress almost single the American Fleet, resolved upon a plan tenant Hobson hailed the launch and at handed the legislation creating the Office of to block the entrance and thereby bottle once the Spanish soldiers leveled their Chief of Naval Operations was the greatest rifles. The men in the water expected service any individual has performed in a up the Spanish Fleet. Because Lieuten to be shot, but there was no volley, generation for the advancement of the Navy ant Hobson's plans for the piloting and and defense of America. sinking of a vessel across the entrance of The aim was only precautionary. The the harbor were the most complete and men were rescued and later learned that While he was in Congress, Hobson was practical of any submitted, ·he was given the officer who helped Lieutenant Hob constantly concerned with plans for command of the Merrimac by .Admiral son into the launch was Admiral Cer strengthening the Nation's defense and Sampson and placed in charge of the vera himself. building up a strong navy. His speeches dangerous operation. The Merrimac, a · Hobson and his men were taken to and other original material on national · coal transporting vessel, was selected for Morro Castle and imprisoned. Later defense covered 100 solid pages of the sacrifice as a blockade because defective they were transferred to the city of CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. He was an out machinery impaired her usefulness. Santiago. While held as prisoners, they standing orator, and a number of his -Under Hobson's supervision, the Mer were treated courteously and were rec fiery speeches to Congress later proved rimac was stripped down and· specially ognized as brave and daring men by to have been remarkably prophetic. prepared torpedoes were placed where the Spaniards themselves, who even sent · Hobson was a leader in the prohibition they would blow the bottom out of the a small ·boat under a :flag of truce to movement, and after the eighteenth hull when fired. The old boat was ready notify Admiral Sampson that Hobson amendment was passed he. :taurtched a to end her days as a comparatively un and his men were all safe. In about a fight against the narcotic drug evil. The known collier and had become an illus month these prisoners were exchanged. Biographical Directory of the American trious name in American naval history. It is highly complimentary to the Congress states that he "organized the Although it seemed unlikely that any sporting spirit of the Americ·an people American Alcohol Education Association would live to return, seven of. many vol that they never thought of judging Lieu in 1921 and served as general secretary; unteers were selected by Hobson to help tenant Hobson on the basis of his suc organized the International Narcotic him man the doomed vessel. The brave cess or failure to block the harbor, but Education Association in 1923 and served crew set out on this heroic mission the solely on the effort he made. However, as president; organized the World Con night of June 2, 1898, but they were or his heroic attempt to block the harbor ference on Narcotic Education in 1926 dered back quickly when Admiral Samp was not the only deed for which he was and served as secretary general and as son noticed that daylight was coming acclaimed in connection with the Span chairman of the board of governors; too soon. ish-Anerican War. It was Hobson who founded the World Narcotic Defense As In the foggy darkness of the following conceived the plan to cut out woodwork sociation in 1927, serving as president.'' • night, these seven men slowly eased the and other inflammable parts from the He was a natural-born fighter, an in old Merrimac toward the harbor. Lieu American ships to insure their sa.fety in telligent and intrepid fighter. His sud tenant Hobson was on the bridge. With battle. This lack of foresight on the den death March 16, 1937, prevented his him was first-class gunner's mate, part of the Spaniards helped to destroy scheduled appearance before the Senate George Charette. In his own story writ their fleet. As the Spanish Admiral Cer Judiciary Committee to represent the ten shortly afterward, Lieutenant Hob vera later told Hobson, his men coul~ Constitutional Democracy · Association son relates that he called out "Charette, not stick with their highly inflammable which was organized by Admiral Hobson lad, we are going to make it ·tonight. ships once they had been hit hard. "We and others to fight President Roosevelt's There is no power under heaven can keep had to jump into the sea or be burned plan to readjust the Supreme Court. us out of the channel." up," Cervera remarked. Admiral Hobson, as is most fitting, is As fog lifted and the moon shone Before boarding the Merrimac, Hob buried in Arlington National Cemetery. brightly, an early attack was unexpected son had carefully planned courses of Though he no longer lives, the fight goes from the guns of. the Spanish forts; but future attacks against the Spaniards. He on against intemperance and drug addic the Merrimac ~ot within 500 yards of the later quoted Admiral Sampson as saying tion and tyranny and war. He has be entrance before firing began. Then a he would have used those plans had the queathed us as a high legacy the causes picket-boat to the left opened up with war been prolonged. for which he fought. They remain to rapid-fire guns, aiming at the ship's In view of Lieutenant Hobson's ex challenge us. rudder. The bigger guns of the fort sent traordinary heroism, President McKi.nley I am impressed with what William a deluge of shot and shell down at the nominated him to be advanced to the Garrott Brown said of him in his The 1953 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- -HOUSE 1123 Lower South in American History. Af.. complished wliat a great many of the in the Cuban, the Philippine, and the ter comparing Hobson to other American people, who live on that island but who Boxer campaigns. Originally, there were naval heroes, Decatur, Somers, and would like to pull aw·ay from the Govern a number of organizations, including the cushing, Brown concludes: ment of the United States, said they were Army of the Philippines of which Col. To attempt a .comparison of the four young going to accomplish; that is, the raising P. J. H. Farrell was commander in chief. heroes would be both useless and vain.· Each of the flag of Puerto Rico. to the 'top of Colorado veterans were the most active measured his devotion by the poet's stand· that-particular flagpole. Yet it was done in the VFW, although Illinois, Pennsyl. ard: effectively and orderly under our spon vania, and New York were also strong. "Give all thou canst; high heaven neglects sorship and under the leadership of their Eventually all the groups were merged. · · the lore · duly elected Governor and Commission Denver has the credit-and I know it is Of nicely calculated less and more." er; and, they still remain an integral a distinction the people of Denver will But a longer retrospect would be equally part of the Unitetl States of America. always ·cherish-of being, in a sense, the appropriate. It might go back to the very · May I say to the gentleman from birthplace of the VFW. beginnings of our national life; to Paul Jones Illinois [Mr. O'HARA] that citizens of my ·. Mr. Spea'ker, I am closing my remarks and the Bon Homme Richard; to Washington State had no little part in the Spanish ·on· the· occasion· of this 55th anniver himself on the icy Delaware. We need not American War which conflict really sary observance of the sinking of the stop even there. Our fancy wanders on to brought our country· to its adulthood. Maine by including a message from Am-· the beginnings of England's sea power, when ' We gave of our men, our youth at that the might of Spain was not cabined in block bassador Aurelio F. Concheso, ·delivered aded harbors, but flaunted forth in armadas. time, and they served gloriously, not. only last evening at the Maine services of the Raleigh [sic] or Drake were as good a peg .for in the Caribbean area but also in the United Spanish War. Veterans of the a comparison as Cushing or Somers. It leads Philippines. About 25 of our young men District of Columbia. The Ambassa us even beyond history, into the legends an<;l served with Col. Theodore Roosevelt's dor's. address follows: mythology of the north. For what was this Rough Riders, and were present and did at Santiago but the whole warfare of our· their part in that engagement which at Mr. President, -veterans of the Spanish· race in little? What was it the watchers saw tracted so much publicity and patriotic American War, ladi.es, and gentlemen, ,once from the fleet but the immemorial ship that again, in the incessant course of trine, the disappears into the unknown? What, but emotions on the part of the American veterans of the Spanish-American War and the young Siegfried entering the cave of the people. .Our men suffered their. casual the Cuban colony in Washington gather in dragon? What, but Arthur p assing into the ties. Those ·fighters of 50 years ago this Capital of the United States to com· dying day? To peer into the soul of this have had their veterans organizations 1J1emorate with religious fervor the tragic high-fortuned youth is to feel the higher since then. We are proud of their serv event of the battleship Maine, which was mood of the race, in which all the wonders of ice, military and civilian. Sometimes I sunk in the harbor of Habana on the 15th our past have been wrought out. It is to lean think we pay all too little attention to of February in 1898, thereby sowing the seed upon the strength which shall fight the the service of those who took an active of the common destiny of our two nations, battles of this Republic so long as it survives because that episode so stirred the public and battles ·are to fight. part in this particular military era of opinion of this Nation that at the unani.. our military experiences. I again say mous cry of·"Remember the Mai ne, the illus.. Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. I thank the that what has taken place in Puerto trious Teddy Rooseveit was able to organize gentleman from Alabama for his elo Rico is· perhaps on:e of the necessary and his Rough R iders, and entering the war quent remarks on. one of the immortals vital steps into our coming into a place against the metropolis, fought side by side of American heroism. He has .made a of world leadership. We have given to with Cu.bans to conquer our longed-for in.. profound impression on me in his maid· dependence. the people of Puerto Rico a feeling that From the middle of the 19th century, Cuba en speech in this Chamber, and in that they are no longer what we have termed maintained in the hemisphere its indomi..: observation I am sure my colleagues them heretofore-possessions of our table will to be free and independent, as would join. country, but that they are really a part were her sister republic . of the continent. Mr. ASPfNALL. Mr. Speaker, witl the of our own American Government and In 1868 she initiated· and fought the Ten . gentleman yteld? our American way of life. I join with Yeats War, in which victory did not crown Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. I yield to the my colleague from Illinois in remember the efforts of a nation that had shown a gentleman from Colorado. ing with pride the courage and valor of heroism far superior to that of any other . nation on the earth. But the consciousness Mr. ASPINALL. I wish to compli. our soldiers, sailors, and marines of the that had been aroused in the Cuban people ment the gentleman from Illino"is [Mr. Spanish-American conflict; and, also, to be independent did not weaken in the O'HARA] for taking this time to bring to · the services of those unsung patriots who decade following the defeat of 1878. our attention the matt.er which is now have established a sound local govern Marti, as mentor of the new generation, before this body. ment in the form of a new common and the centennial of whose birth we cele I spent a great many of my years as wealth for our citizens in Puerto Rico. brate this year, together with Maceo, Gomez, a teacher in the high schools, teaching Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. I rriay say to and Calixto Garcia, as leaders of the Cuban social sCience; and particularly history. the gentleman ·from Colorado [Mr: hosts, declared the war of 1895. It was on AsPINALL] that perhaps no State in the, this occasion that the sinking of the battle Before I came back to this honored body ship ~Maine occurred, and the Government I was acquainted with a great many of Union had more active participation in of the United States, obeying the generous the matters surrounding the Spanish·. the Spanish-American War in the com mandate of the American Nation, declared American War, and was particularly in bat zones, both in the Atlantic and the war on Spain, to share with us the final terested in many of the heroic instances Pacific, than did the State of Colorado. struggle for independence; and it was at of that war and _what it meant, as far as ~here were at least 25 from Colorado in El Caney and at San Juan that these glO· the development of our Nation is con Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders. In the rious veterans, here present, with their de· Philippines, Colorado soldiers were very parted comrades and ·cubans, sealed with .cerned.· their blood the final liberation of our coun. Almost immediately after the begin prominent and wrote a brilliant page. try and the historical alliance of nations ning of my service in this body I had the That was followed in the years afterward geographically neighbors--closer neighbors honor of helping to sponsor the passage when Gus Hartung and Rice Means from because of the indestructible solidarity of a · of a bill which gave to the Puerto-Rican Colorado were among the fathers of the common destiny which the succeeding years · people the right to write their own con..; Veterans of Foreign Wars. have made ever closer. stitution. I was at the ceremonies last Mr. ASPINALL. Will the gentleman It is not strange, therefore, but a perfectly yield? natural consequence, that in both the. last year which brought the constitution into· wars which this great Nation has fought-in being in San Juan, P. R. I could not help Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. I am happy 1914 and-in 1941-the Republic of Cuba has living history with those people at that to . yield to my good friend. · answered "Present,'' to face with you the time.· One of the instances which I r·e Mr. ASPINALL. Is it not true that the same dangers you faced with us during the .member so vividly was when we went out Spanish-American War veterans, and epoch of our liberation. to Fort El Moro, the old fort, and there, those w:Po fought in that conflict; found It is fitting that the organization of the with the aid of our military, we saw the ed the Veterans of Foreign Wars in the United Spanish War Veterans continue, as it new flag of the Puerto R'ican people go State of Colorado? has since 1902, to recall the tragic sinking of the battleship Maine, and that Cubans and to the top of the flagpole at the historic Mr. o~HARA of Illinois. The gentle Americans-brothers by the generous blood old fort and fly for the remainder of the man is correct in that- the Veterans of of the sailors who sacrificed their lives in the day alongside Old Glory. Governor Foreign Wars was founded by the Span. magnificent triumph .of right · and justice Munos explained later that· he had ac- ish·American veterans who had served should gather at this religious ceremony. 1124. CONGRES~IONAL ;RECORD= HOUSE February ·1_6 Today more than ever, these ceremonies· its place among the free b.ations of the ernment concerning the status of any free Increase in vigor and perspective, and today world. people. more than ever, the democratic world needs Mr. Speaker, the observance in Con We American Lithuanians are pleased that such commemorations to make even more the shameful agreements of Yalta and Pots solid the spiritual ties that should unite necticut of this independence day of so dam will be repudiated. We do not have the nations, which by the design of history, are much significance to the people of Lithu secret texts of the agreements made at the trustees of western Christian culture, in anian ancestry was held yesterday in the Yalta, but we do know that nine European a world agitated. by the machinations of in beautiful Bushnell Memorial Hall in our nations with 100,000,000 inhabitants were ternational communism which threatens to capital city of Hartford. In spite of a subjugated by Soviet Russia. Add to this destroy democracy, liberty, and justice. driving and splashing rain some 3,500 the few hundred millions of slaves of China, Peace eternal to the American sailors who people 'from throughout Connecticut Manchuria, Mongolia, and North Korea and gave their lives in holocaust for an ideal. you have a perfect picture of Soviet Russia's Today, the present generations of both na filled this auditorium joining in a com victory over the free world. tions are vigilant· to renew together, should memorative program sponsored by the At Yalta, Mr. stalin was asked whether the it be necessary the supreme sacrifice for United Lithuanian Relief Fund Commit- Baltic States will have free elections. He which they, the· sailors of the battleship . tee, consisting of a brilliant concert by answered that the people had already Maine surrendered their scnlls to their God. the Lithuanian art ensemble "Ciurlionis'' spoken and decided to join the Soviet Union. Of course he did not elaborate on Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, from Cleveland, directed by .A,lfonsas Mikulskis. · the Soviet tanks, the secret police, the single I ask unanimous consent that all Mem , Communist Party, and the farce elections. bers be given permission to extend their Just previous to . the opening of the He did not mention the fact that Soviet remarks at this point on the subject of program, Attorney Frank Monchun in Ministers abroad reported a 100 percent the Spanish-American War. troduced His Excellency, Lt. Gov. Edward success in their elections, while the elections The SPEAKER. Is there objection to N. Allen, who welcomed the audience to were still going on. The Ministers did not Hartford and expressed his official and know that the elections were prolonged for the request of the gentleman from another day, because of lack of interest by Illinois? personal greetings and those of Gov. John Lodge in appropriate words for the event. the populace. The results will never be There was no objection. known, because the ballots were destroyed. Other remarks were made by United Yalta's agreement was approved at Pots States Senator WILLIAM A. PURTELL, by dam, when Eastern Prussia, called Little LITHUANIAN INDEPENDENCE my colleague in the House, the Honor Lithuania, was granted to Russia. Let us The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under able ToM DODD, and by me. briefly review the history of Russia's agree the previous order of the House, the gen There then was presented a varied ments with Lithuania, her occupation and tleman from Connecticut [Mr. SADLAK] program of Lithuanian folk songs and annexation of the smaller republic. is recognized for 15 minutes. dances by various ensembles of this large I. SOV~ET COMMITMENTS Mr. SADLAK. Mr. Speaker, I ask chorus dressed in multicolored, festive 1. Self-determination of Lithuania unanimous consent to revise and extend native costumes. The songs varied from By the act of February 16, 1918, the Lithu my remarks and to include as a part sweet to happy to sad, and though the anian Council fn Vilnius procbiimed the res thereof a splendid address made by the singers tried to show happiness on their toration of the independence of the Lithu Reverend Monsignor John Balkunas, of faces, their songs reflected sad feelings in anian state. The constituent assembly was Maspeth, Long Island, N. Y., on yester their hearts for those with whom their convened at Kaunas on May 15, 1920. its thoughts were on this day, for the Ciur first act was to ratify ~he proclamation of day. t.he independence of the Republic of Lithu- Tlle SP..EAKER prcr tempore. Is there lionis ensemble consists of recently .dis ania. · · objection to the request of the gentle placed persons who have somehow es The Bolshevik regime, which seized power man from Connecticut? caped to freedom from their native in Russia in 1917, solemnly proclaimed its There was no objection. Lithuania and have found refuge in our adherence to the principle of self-determina Mr. SADLAK. Mr. Speaker, on the oc- midst. tion of nations, as expressed ~n President . caBion of the 35th anniversary of the in Their voices individually. and in chorus Wood\-ow Wilson's famous 14 points. This sang out a plea for justice and freedom however, did not deter the rulers of the dependence of Lithuania, I wish again Soviet Union in 1919 from invading a large to restate my feelings of sympthay that to their native Lithuania which today is part of the territory of the Lithuanian state I have expressed previously here on the being physically obliterated but their by armed forces. spirit and determination to once ag·ain floor of the House not only for the cour 2. Peace treaty ageous Lithuanians still under the thumb have the freedom won in 1918 and which has been forcibly taken from them by After the Lithuanian Army had repulsed of Russian aggression, but for our· own the aggressor, a peace treaty was concluded citizens of Lithuanian ancestry who feel the Soviets is strong. in l\1oscow on July 12, 1920, between the so keenly the separation from their During the intermission, the chairman Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the mother country because they can in no presented a distinguished and forceful Republic of Lithuania, article 1 of which way communicate with their relatives speaker-a great American who is tre reads as follows: and dear ones there. mendously interested in the plight of the "In conformity with the declaration by the Lithuanian-Americans, as well as Lith .people and the nation of Lithuania-and Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Repub uanians everywhere this side of the Iron the thunderous applause given his re lics, all peoples have the right to a free self Curtain, will observe the day with fit marks expressed the unanimity of agree determination, including the right of com ment of the capacity audience. I refer plete secession from the State of which they ting ceremonies, while Lithuanians in were a part. Russia recognizes without any the homeland, completely shut off by the to that eminent scholar, the Very Rever reserve the sovereignty and independence of Iron Curtain, will silently and secretly end Monsignor John Balkunas, of Mas the State of Lithuania wi-th all juridical join in observing an independence which peth, Long Island, N. Y., whose stirring consequences resulting from such recogni has been temporarily put aside. address I include with my remarks and tion and voluntarily and forever renounces In the brief span between the two commend to every Member of this Con all sovereign rights possessed by Russia over world wars, Lithuania established her gress with the plea that we join in all the Lithuanian people and territory." right to take her place in the family of efforts to realize soon, full, complete in 3. Treaty of nonaggression free nations. The cause of freedom was dependence of Lithuania and with it the On September 28, 1926, a treaty of non precious to her and her progress was re restoration of the independence of all . aggression was signed in Moscow by the rep markable. Today, Lithuania, as a na nations behind the Iron Curtain who resentatives of the Republic of Lithuania and tion, is being exterminated. Lithuania, seek freedom. those of the U. 8 . S. R. The pertinent articles together with other nations behind the The address of Monsignor Balkunas of this treaty read as follows: follows: - "Article 1: The treaty of peace concluded Iron Curtain, is waging a great struggle between Lithuania and Russia in Moscow on against world-Communist expansion. LITHUANIA'S STATUS QUO IN 1953 July 12, 1920, the dispositions of which main The~r freedom is not only for their own Mr. Chairman, Governor Allen, Members of tain their validity and inviolability, remains liberation but is a fight for freedom in the Congress, Monsignor Ambot, members of the basis. of the relations between the Union the world. the clergy, distinguished guests, ladies and of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Republic Freedom-loving Americans everywhere gentlemen, I wish to take this occasion to of Lithuania. admire the spirit through which this thank the President of the United States for "Article 2: The Republic of Lithuania and small country had attained its independ his courageous stand in the message of the the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics mu state of the Union in reference to the non tually agree to respect their respective sover ence, and it is the hope and prayer of all recognition of any secret agreements of the eign.ty and also their integrity and territorial of us that Lithuania may soon again take previous governments with any other gov- inviolability in all circ~mstances. 1953 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD..:.__ HOUSE 1125 "Article 3 : Each of the two contracting first. In these secret agreements Lithuania 5. Soviet ultimatum of June 14, 1940, and the parties undertakes to refrain from any act was given over to Russia. invasion of Lithuania by the armed force~ of aggression whatsoever against the . other These secret protocols alone constitute an of the- Soviet Union party." (League of Nations; treaty series explicit violation of all the treaties binding The final stage of the Soviet aggressiort publication of treaties and international en Soviet Russia and Lithuania and are acts of against the Republic of Lithuania follov.;ed gagements registered with the Secretariat of flagrant aggression by the Soviet Union immediately. On June 14, 1940, at 11 p.m., the League of Nations, vol. 60, p. 153.) · against the Republic of Lithuania. All Soviet several days after the Allied front in France Before the termination of the above-men acts that followed the conclusion of these had been pierced and Paris had surrendered, tioned treaty, the Government of Moscow secret agreements were but an implementa Mr. Molotov presented an ultimatum to the proposed to ~he Government of the Republic ·tion of these agreements. Minister of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania, re of Lithuania that the validity of this treaty 3. Treaty of Mutual Assistance and estab peating the above-mentioned allegations. be extended for another 10 years. This was lishment of military bases in Lithuania, He demanded the arrest of certain govern done on April 4, 1934. The nonaggression October 10, 1939 ment officials, the formation of a new gov treaty was extended until December 31, 1945. ernment, and ;free entry into Lithuania for On September. 27, 1939, Mr. Molotov ex the army of the Soviet Union. 4. Convention for the defhtition of the pressed to the Minister Plenipotentiary of aggressor . The reply was to be given at 10:30 a. m., Lithuania in Moscow the desire to discuss on June 15. But even before the expira On July 5." 1933, a convention for the defi some questions concerning the relations be tion of this term, armored units of the Red nition of the aggressor was concluded in tween the two states. On October 2, 1939, army and cavalry divisions, 300,000 men in London between the Republic of Lithuania the Lithuanian delegation, headed by the all, poured into Lithuania. The legal gov and the U.S. S. R. The U. S. S. R. and Lithu Minister of Foreign Affairs, left for Moscow. ernment of the Republic of Lithuania was· ania agreed to recognize as the aggressor, in The negotiations were difficult and several dismissed and a new government composed a conflict, that State which first committed crises arose. Wishing to pres.erve the neu chiefly of Moscow stooges was formed, the one of the following acts: trality and independence of Lithuania, her so-called elections for the Peoples Diet 1. Declaration of war on the other party. delegation resisted the demand of the Soviet staged, and the incorporation into the Soviet 2. Invasion by armed forces, even without Government that it sign the proposed Treaty Union performed on August 3, 1940, by the declaration of war, of the territory of the of Mutual Assistance and allow the estab Supreme Soviet in Moscow. other State. lishment of Soviet military bases in Lithu Possessing a very limited force, Lithuania 3. No consideration of a ·political, military, ania. In the face of the Lithuanian refusal, alone was not in a position to resist forcibly Stalin resorted to an undisguised threat. He economic or other order may serve as an the Soviet aggression. An appeal to the let it be understood that the problem posed League of Nations was out of the question excuse for or justification of aggression con was more serious than ever before. templated by article 2. not only because of the political situation With the beginning of the collapse of the In the matter of nonaggression, the bi· in existence at the time which 'had prac· European order, and before October 10, lateral commitments and pledges of the So tically paralyzed the functioning of this in 1939, the Soviet Union concentrated its forces ternational institution, but also because of viet Union with regard to Lithuania were on the Lithuanian frontier. The pressure explicit and precise. · We are setting aside the aggression against Finland the Union on the part of the Soviet Government be the multilateral international obligations of of the Soviet Socialist Republics 6 months came so great that the Government of before, on December 14, 1939, was ousted the Soviet Union on the same subject, re Lithuania was forced to sign the . Pact of sulting from the fact that (1) Lithuania and from the League of Nations. the U. S. S. R. adhered to the Pact of Paris Mutual Assistance which also provided for the establishment of Soviet military bases in. III. CONCLUSION (Briand-Kellogg pact) of 1928, and (2) both Lithuania. The facts related here speak for themselves. states were members of the League of Nations. The preamble of the treaty once again re The contract between the written and verbal II. SOVIET DEEDS affirmed the principle of respect of national" pledges of the Soviet Union and its deeds is alarming. What may tend to puzzle world 1. Negotiations with France and Great Britain independence and of noninterference in in-: opinion in the CI:!-Se of the Soviet aggression in Moscow, June-August 1939 ternal affairs and recalled the Treaty of Peace of 1920 and the Pact of Nonaggression of 1926 against Lithuania is the constant quest of When the· deterioration of relations be· with its provisions for the peaceful solution the Moscow rulers to present an appearance tween the Third Reich and the western of conflicts. of literal legality for their unjustifiable acts, democracies was approaching its climax in The Treaty of Mutual Assistance was the and their constant practice of representing 1939, Great Britain and France, in view of ·the victim of their own aggression as the the new European situation created by in .. next perfidiously camouflaged act of Soviet treachery, aimed at the undermining of the aggressor. Besides the entirely fEo.lse pretexts creasing German aggression, attempted to given above, the Moscow Government has arrive at a common policy with the Soviet independence of the Lithuanian state and the paving of the way for her absorption." shown a surprising flexibility in its justifica Union, Mr. M. Litvinov's successor Mr. Molo tion of its aggression against the Republic tov, Peoples Commissar for Foreign Affairs 4. The Moscow quest tor a pretext to invade of Lithuania: Reasons have been advanc-ed of the U.S.S.R., proposed to the representa Lithuania concerning the security of the U. S. S. R.; tives of France and Great Britain that the From M~rch 1940, world opinion was di the pretended political will of the people has Soviet Union extend protection and aid to rected toward events of military nature. been cited which found its expression in the Baltic States, even in regard to indirect Hitler had begun his offensive against north the so-called elections of the Peoples Parlia aggressio:o.. (See Gafencu Derniers Jours de ern and western Europe. The forces of the ment, organized under the bayonets of the !'Europe, Paris, 1944, pp. 219-235.) great western powers were engaged against Red army and the pistols of the agents of All Soviet proposals of protection and aid this offensive. Under these conditions, the the NKVD. However, as soon as the Soviets were conditioned by the automatic principle Soviets could give free reign to their plans. were established in Lithuania, this subter of aid and assistance. This meant Soviet A pretext had to be invented. This was fuge was no longer necessary. In Moscow Russia's attainment of a free hand in the done in the following manner: on June 30, 1940, Mr. Molotov bluntly de Baltic. This plan, aimed at the creation of (a) During April and .May 1940, a fierce clared to Prof. Kreve-Mickevicius, Vice Pre prerequisites for the Soviet Russian invasion press and radio campaign against the small mier of the Lithuanian puppet government, of Lithuania, was frustrated by the firm Baltic States and their "nonobservance of that "the traditional Russian policy, prac stand of Great Britain and France; neutrality" was launched by Moscow. ticed since the days of Ivan the Terrible, necessitated the incorporation of Lithuania 2. The Molotov-Ribbentrop secret pact of (b) A desertion of Soviet soldiers from into. the Soviet · Union." And the Peoples August 23, 1939, and September. 28, 1939 the military bases in Lithuania was staged. Parliament, in the resolution addressed to While the discussions between the Western (c) Further, Moscow accused Lithuania of Moscow frankly admitted that "Now the Allies and the Soviet Union were still in having joined the Latvian-Estonian military people, helped by the mighty Red progress, Ribbentrop flew to Moscow. On alliance, which accusation did not ·corre army • • • have established in their August 23, 1939, 8 days before the attack on spond to facts. country the Soviet Government. Poland by Hitler's armies, the U. S. S. R. and (d) The Soviet agents in Lithuania them If the people have been able to establish in Germany concluded a treaty of nonaggres selves tried to foment strikes among the their own country the only just order-the sion. On August 23 and September 28, of Lithuanian workers and technicians em Soviet order-it is only thanks to the Soviet that year, secret protocols w,ere added to this ployed in the construction of barracks for the Union." I cannot clarify this more explic treaty and the boundary and friendship units of the Red Army. itly. treaty of September 28, 1939. The texts of In conformity with the fourth paragraph Please . do not get a wrong impression. these secret agreements were published in of the Mutual Assistance Pact, Lithuania was Lithuanians as such are not Communist 1948 by the Department of State of the forced to accord- the Soviet Union the right minded. Today, after 8 years of occupation, United States of Amerie
