DOCSLIB.ORG

Compositional Lexical Semantics in Natural Language Inference Ellie Pavlick University of Pennsylvania, [email protected]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Compositional Lexical Semantics in Natural Language Inference Ellie Pavlick University of Pennsylvania, Elliepavlick@Gmail.Com University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 Compositional Lexical Semantics In Natural Language Inference Ellie Pavlick University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Computer Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Pavlick, Ellie, "Compositional Lexical Semantics In Natural Language Inference" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2519. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2519 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2519 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Compositional Lexical Semantics In Natural Language Inference Abstract The focus of this thesis is to incorporate linguistic theories of semantics into data-driven models for automatic natural language understanding. Most current models rely on an impoverished version of semantics which can be learned automatically from large volumes of unannotated text. However, many aspects of language understanding require deeper models of semantic meaning than those which can be easily derived from word co-occurrence alone. In this thesis, we inform our models using insights from linguistics, so that we can continue to take advantage of large-scale statistical models of language without compromising on depth and interpretability. We begin with a discussion of lexical entailment. We classify pairs of words according a small set of distinct entailment relations: e.g. equivalence, entailment, exclusion, and independence. We show that imposing these relations onto a large, automatically constructed lexical entailment resource leads to measurable improvements in an end-to-end inference task. We then turn our attention to compositional entailment, in particular, to modifier-noun composition. We show that inferences involving modifier-noun phrases (e.g. “red dress”, “imaginary friend”) are much more complex than the conventional wisdom states. In a systematic evaluation of a range of existing state-of-the-art natural language inference systems, we illustrate the inability of current technology to handle the types of common sense inferences necessary for human-like processing of modifier-noun phrases. We propose a data-driven method for operationalizing a formal semantics framework which assigns interpretable semantic representations to individual modifiers. We use our method in order to find instances of fine-grained classes involving multiple modifiers (e.g. “1950s American jazz composers”). We demonstrate that our proposed compositional model outperforms existing non-compositional approaches. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Computer and Information Science First Advisor Chris Callison-Burch Keywords Artificial Intelligence, Computational Linguistics, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Paraphrasing, Semantics Subject Categories Computer Sciences This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2519 COMPOSITIONAL LEXICAL SEMANTICS IN NATURAL LANGUAGE INFERENCE Ellie Pavlick A DISSERTATION in Computer and Information Science Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2017 Supervisor of Dissertation Chris Callison-Burch, Associate Professor of Computer and Information Science Graduate Group Chairperson Lyle Ungar, Professor of Computer and Information Science Dissertation Committee Chris Callison-Burch, Associate Professor of Computer and Information Science Ido Dagan, Professor of Computer Science Mitch Marcus, Professor of Computer and Information Science Florian Schwarz, Associate Professor of Linguistics Lyle Ungar, Professor of Computer and Information Science COMPOSITIONAL LEXICAL SEMANTICS IN NATURAL LANGUAGE INFERENCE c COPYRIGHT 2017 Ellie Pavlick This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Dedicated to my sisters, Cassie and Ginger. Your creativity and sense of humor is why I love language. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am incredibly lucky to have had such a supportive advisor, Chris Callison-Burch. Chris invested in me very early in my computer science career and had confidence in me well before I had any idea what I was doing. He has been my go-to mentor and my strongest advocate since. With every year, I have only become more excited about the field, and I credit that to Chris's consistent energy and encouragement. It is been a genuine privilege to work together. A huge thank you to my dissertation committee. Mitch Marcus has been a constant source of wisdom and guidance, and his personality, in my mind, will always be synonymous with Penn NLP and the wonderful intellectual environment I have experienced during my time here. Lyle Ungar's directness and pragmatism has been invaluable, and he has provided me with clarity and perspective when trying to articulate my own thoughts. Florian Schwarz gave me my first formal education in linguistics, and I am not exaggerating to say that that has had the single largest influence on the way I approach research. Annual meetings with Ido Dagan have been the most enlightening part of ACL conferences over the past several years{his drive is inspiring and every conversation I have had with him has reaffirmed my enthusiasm for the ambitiousness of NLP. I have been fortunate to work with many other incredible research mentors. I have learned so much from Ben Van Durme, Joel Tetreault, Peter Clark, and Niranjan Balasubramanian and owe each of them a huge thank you. Thank you especially to Marius Pasca, for engaging in every discussion with such depth and for challenging me on every opinion{working together made me a holistically better researcher, and I am extremely grateful. Of course, thank you also to my many coauthors and other collaborators, who have been a constant source of new ideas and great conversations. Finally, I am forever thankful to my family and friends who have been an unwavering support network. Thank you first to my incredible husband Steve, for being my best friend iv and for somehow managing to both keep me inspired and keep me grounded over the years. Thank you to my parents, Karin and Michael, for endless love and encouragement and for raising me to be confident and ambitious and unapologetic. Thank you to my sisters, Cassie and Ginger{growing up with you two is the best thing that ever happened to me. Thank you to Andrea, Jan, Howard, Nate, and Sherrie for all the love and support. Last, but never least, thank you to all the friends I have made at Penn and within the ACL community, and to the friends from my other lives at JHU, Peabody, and elsewhere, for all the happiness you've brought me. v ABSTRACT COMPOSITIONAL LEXICAL SEMANTICS IN NATURAL LANGUAGE INFERENCE Ellie Pavlick Chris Callison-Burch The focus of this thesis is to incorporate linguistic theories of semantics into data-driven models for automatic natural language understanding. Most current models rely on an im- poverished version of semantics which can be learned automatically from large volumes of unannotated text. However, many aspects of language understanding require deeper models of semantic meaning than those which can be easily derived from word co-occurrence alone. In this thesis, we inform our models using insights from linguistics, so that we can continue to take advantage of large-scale statistical models of language without compromising on depth and interpretability. We begin with a discussion of lexical entailment. We classify pairs of words according a small set of distinct entailment relations: e.g. equivalence, en- tailment, exclusion, and independence. We show that imposing these relations onto a large, automatically constructed lexical entailment resource leads to measurable improvements in an end-to-end inference task. We then turn our attention to compositional entailment, in particular, to modifier-noun composition. We show that inferences involving modifier-noun phrases (e.g. \red dress", \imaginary friend") are much more complex than the conven- tional wisdom states. In a systematic evaluation of a range of existing state-of-the-art nat- ural language inference systems, we illustrate the inability of current technology to handle the types of common sense inferences necessary for human-like processing of modifier-noun phrases. We propose a data-driven method for operationalizing a formal semantics frame- work which assigns interpretable semantic representations to individual modifiers. We use our method in order to find instances of fine-grained classes involving multiple modifiers (e.g. \1950s American jazz composers"). We demonstrate that our proposed compositional model outperforms existing non-compositional approaches. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . iv ABSTRACT . vi LIST OF TABLES . xv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . xviii CHAPTER 1 : Introduction . 1 1.1 Overview . 1 1.2 Outline of this Document . 8 CHAPTER 2 : Background and Related Work . 11 2.1 Definition of \Entailment" in Natural Language . 11 2.1.1 Entailment in Formal Linguistics . 11 2.1.2 Entailment in Natural Language Processing . 13 2.1.3 Types of Knowledge Tested by RTE . 14 2.1.4 RTE Systems and Approaches . 17 2.2 Lexical Entailment . 20 2.2.1 Word Denotations and Semantic Types . 20 2.2.2 Definition of Semantic Containment
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mekong Cultural Diversity Beyond Borders
    TABATA Yukitsugu, SATO Katsura (eds.) Mekong Cultural Diversity Beyond Borders Proceedings for the International Seminar & Symposium on Southeast Asian Cultural Heritage Studies Today March 2020 Institute for Cultural Heritage, Waseda University TABATA Yukitsugu, SATO Katsura (eds.) Mekong Cultural Diversity Beyond Borders Proceedings for the International Seminar & Symposium on Southeast Asian Cultural Heritage Studies Today March 2020 Institute for Cultural Heritage, Waseda University Notes The following are the proceedings of the International Seminar "Southeast Asian Cultural Heritage Studies Today" and Symposium "To Know and Share about Cultural Heritage" held on 23, 24 and 25 January, 2020, organized by the Institute for Cultural Heritage, Waseda University, as part of the project commissioned by the Agency for Cultural Affairs. Each paper of the Seminar was prepared by the presenter. The record of the Symposium was edited based on the presentation materials and audio recordings. 例 言 本報告書は、2020 年 1 月 23 日、24 日、25 日に文化庁委託事業として早稲田大学文化財総合調査研究所が開催した 国際研究会「東南アジア文化遺産研究の現在」及びシンポジウム「文化遺産を知り、そして伝える」の内容を収録した ものである。研究会の論考は各発表者により書き下ろされた。シンポジウムについては発表資料及び録音記録に基づい て編集した。 Mekong Cultural Diversity Beyond Borders Proceedings for the International Seminar & Symposium on Southeast Asian Cultural Heritage Studies Today March 2020 Published by Institute for Cultural Heritage, Waseda University Toyama 1-24-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8644, Japan TEL & FAX +81-(0)3-5286-3647 Edited by TABATA Yukitsugu, SATO Katsura © Agency for Cultural Affairs & Institute for Cultural Heritage, Waseda University All rights reserved. Table of Contents Part I Seminar on Southeast Asian Cultural Heritage Studies Today [Opening Remarks] What is the Creativity of the World Heritage Cities in Mekong Basin Countries ? ...... 1 NAKAGAWA Takeshi 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Withheld File 2020 Dividend D-8.Xlsx
    LOTTE CHEMICAL PAKISTAN LIMITED FINAL DIVIDEND FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2020 @7.5% RSBOOK CLOSURE FROM 14‐APR‐21 TO 21‐APR‐21 S. NO WARRANT NO FOLIO NO NAME NET AMOUNT PAID STATUS REASON 1 8000001 36074 MR NOOR MUHAMMAD 191 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 2 8000002 47525 MS ARAMITA PRECY D'SOUZA 927 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 3 8000003 87080 CITIBANK N.A. HONG KONG 382 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 4 8000004 87092 W I CARR (FAR EAST) LTD 191 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 5 8000005 87094 GOVETT ORIENTAL INVESTMENT TRUST 1,530 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 6 8000006 87099 MORGAN STANLEY TRUST CO 976 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 7 8000007 87102 EMERGING MARKETS INVESTMENT FUND 96 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 8 8000008 87141 STATE STREET BANK & TRUST CO. USA 1,626 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 9 8000009 87147 BANKERS TRUST CO 96 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 10 8000010 87166 MORGAN STANLEY BANK LUXEMBOURG 191 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 11 8000011 87228 EMERGING MARKETS TRUST 58 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 12 8000012 87231 BOSTON SAFE DEPOSIT & TRUST CO 96 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 13 8000017 6 MR HABIB HAJI ABBA 0 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 14 8000018 8 MISS HISSA HAJI ABBAS 0 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 15 8000019 9 MISS LULU HAJI ABBAS 0 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 16 8000020 10 MR MOHAMMAD ABBAS 18 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 17 8000021 11 MR MEMON SIKANDAR HAJI ABBAS 12 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 18 8000022 12 MISS NAHIDA HAJI ABBAS 0 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 19 8000023 13 SAHIBZADI GHULAM SADIQUAH ABBASI 792 WITHHELD NON‐CNIC/MANDATE 20 8000024 14 SAHIBZADI SHAFIQUAH ABBASI
    [Show full text]
  • Along the Royal Roads to Angkor
    Chapter Four The Royal Roads of King Jayavarman VII and its Architectural Remains 4.1 King Jayavarman VII’s Royal Roads 4.1.1 General Information Jayavarman VII’s Royal Roads was believed (by many scholars) to be built in the era of Jayavarman VII who ruled Khmer empire between AD 1812 – 1218. The road network not only cover the area of the modern-day Cambodia but also the large areas of the present Laos, Thailand and Vietnam that were under the control of the empire as well. As demonstrated by Ooi Keat Gin in Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopeida from Angkor Wat to East Timor Volume Two; highways were built—straight, stone-paved roads running across hundreds of kilometers, raised above the flood level, with stone bridges across rivers and lined with rest houses every 15 kilometers. Parts of some roads are still visible, even serving as the bed for modern roads. From the capital city, Angkor, there were at least two roads to the east and two to the west. One of the latter ran across the Dangrek Mountains to Phimai and another went due west toward Sisophon, which means toward the only lowland pass from Cambodia into eastern Thailand in the direction of Lopburi or Ayutthaya. Toward the east, one road has been traced almost to the Mekong, and according to an inscription in which these roads are described, it may continue as far as the capital of Champa1 1 Ooi. (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopeida from Angkor Wat to East Timor Volume Two, (California: ABC-CLIO.inc.) pg.
    [Show full text]
  • The Natwest Series 2001
    The NatWest Series 2001 CONTENTS Saturday23June 2 Match review – Australia v England 6 Regulations, umpires & 2002 fixtures 3&4 Final preview – Australia v Pakistan 7 2000 NatWest Series results & One day Final act of a 5 2001 fixtures, results & averages records thrilling series AUSTRALIA and Pakistan are both in superb form as they prepare to bring the curtain down on an eventful tournament having both won their last group games. Pakistan claimed the honours in the dress rehearsal for the final with a memo- rable victory over the world champions in a dramatic day/night encounter at Trent Bridge on Tuesday. The game lived up to its billing right from the onset as Saeed Anwar and Saleem Elahi tore into the Australia attack. Elahi was in particularly impressive form, blast- ing 79 from 91 balls as Pakistan plundered 290 from their 50 overs. But, never wanting to be outdone, the Australians responded in fine style with Adam Gilchrist attacking the Pakistan bowling with equal relish. The wicketkeep- er sensationally raced to his 20th one-day international half-century in just 29 balls on his way to a quick-fire 70. Once Saqlain Mushtaq had ended his 44-ball knock however, skipper Waqar Younis stepped up to take the game by the scruff of the neck. The pace star is bowling as well as he has done in years as his side come to the end of their tour of England and his figures of six for 59 fully deserved the man of the match award and to take his side to victory.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Design Study Report on the Project of Preparation for Conservation of Vat Phou Archaeological Site in Lao People’S Democratic Republic
    NO BASIC DESIGN STUDY REPORT ON THE PROJECT OF PREPARATION FOR CONSERVATION OF VAT PHOU ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC DECEMBER 2001 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD. GR2 CR(1) 01-210 Preface In response to a request from the Government of Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the Government of Japan decided to conduct a basic design study on The Project of Preparation for Conservation of Vat Phou Archaeological Site and entrusted the study to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). JICA sent a study team to Laos from the 4th of June to the 16th of July, 2001. The team held discussions with the officials concerned from the Government of Laos, and conducted a field study at the study area. After the team returned to Japan, further studies were made. Then, a mission was sent to Laos in order to discuss a basic design, and as a result, the present report was finalized. I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of the project and to the enhancement of friendly relations between our two countries. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned from the Government of Lao People’s Democratic Republic for their close cooperation extended to the teams. December 2001 Takao Kawakami President Japan International Cooperation Agency List of figures & Tables Figure 2-1 Present Rainwater Flowing Routes...................................................................2-4 Figure 2-2 Location Map of Candidate Sites for Repository ...............................................2-9
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring East-West Cultural Corridor Through Ancient Communication Routes: New Paradigm in GIS-Based Cultural Studies
    Paper submitted to the 1st International Conference of Asian Network for GIS-based Historical Study (ANGIS) at Tokyo University, dated December 1 – 2, 2012 Exploring East-West Cultural Corridor through Ancient Communication Routes: New Paradigm in GIS-Based Cultural Studies Surat Lertlum1 Im Sokrithy2 and Mamoru Shibayama3 1Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy 2APSARA Authority, Cambodia 3Center for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University Not to be cited without author’s permission Exploring East-West Cultural Corridor through Ancient Communication Routes: New Paradigm in GIS-Based Cultural Studies Surat Lertlum1 Im Sokrithy2 and Mamoru Shibayama3 1Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy 2APSARA Authority, Cambodia 3Center for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University Email: [email protected] Abstract This paper will be centered on the Khmer-Thai Collaboration research project named “Living Angkor Road Project” (LARP) supported by Thailand Research Fund (TRF). LARP is a cross-border multi-disciplinary research aimed, firstly, to identify all the remaining portions of ancient roads radiating from the Angkor capital to different provinces of the ancient Khmer Empire, in view of an overall mapping of the network known to date; secondly, to identify and describing all the infrastructures existing along these roads: bridges, all kinds of canals, temples, remains of rest- houses and hospitals. Since very early of the work, the core concept was enlarged. The project would target not only the archaeological remains, but also the present-day communities establishing all along these axis. The argument is simple and clear: although normal evolution, abrupt changes, and special historical events. Globally speaking, these communities are not alien to the Angkor past.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vat Phou Museum and the Archaeological Collections of Champasak
    Christine Hawixbrock The Vat Phou museum and the archaeological collections of Champasak Christine Hawixbrock* “Le musée de Vat Phu et les collections archéologiques de Champassak”, BEFEO 97-98 (2010-2011), 2013, Paris, EFEO, p. 271-314. The archaeological collections of the museum of Vat Phou come from thirty or so sites in Champasak province, the principal ones being the monumental complex established on the western slope of the Mount Phou Kao and the Ancient riverside City that is thought to be the first capital of the Khmer dynasty of Chenla. The great majority of objects and vestiges conserved belong to the pre-Angkorian (5th c.-8th c.) and Angkorian (9th c.-13th c.) periods. Later Laotian Buddhist artefacts (17th c.-20th c.) make up part of the collections, as well as elements of a princely collection, now national heritage. Enriched with some 1490-catalogued pieces (nearly 400 supplementary objects are to be entered in the inventory), the archaeological collections gathered together at Champasak are not all open to the public. The museum of Vat Phou, opened in 2004, shows a selection of 225 pieces representing various historical periods [fig. 1]. The rest are preserved in an adjacent store as well as in a warehouse in the town of Champasak. Some objects are on view in other museums, especially those of Pakse – provincial capital – and of Vientiane. Over the last thirty years several inventories of Champasak archaeological collections have been attempted. The systematic survey of the pieces began only in 2009 however; it depends upon a computer database specially designed for the project.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Knowledge Systems and the Conservation and Management of Asia’S Heritage Rice Field in Bali, Indonesia by Monicavolpin (CC0)/Pixabay
    ICCROM-CHA 3 Conservation Forum Series conservation and management of Asia’s heritage conservation and management of Asia’s Traditional Knowledge Systems and the Systems Knowledge Traditional ICCROM-CHA Conservation Forum Series Forum Conservation ICCROM-CHA Traditional Knowledge Systems and the conservation and management of Asia’s heritage Traditional Knowledge Systems and the conservation and management of Asia’s heritage Rice field in Bali, Indonesia by MonicaVolpin (CC0)/Pixabay. Traditional Knowledge Systems and the conservation and management of Asia’s heritage Edited by Gamini Wijesuriya and Sarah Court Forum on the applicability and adaptability of Traditional Knowledge Systems in the conservation and management of heritage in Asia 14–16 December 2015, Thailand Forum managers Dr Gamini Wijesuriya, Sites Unit, ICCROM Dr Sujeong Lee, Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), Republic of Korea Forum advisors Dr Stefano De Caro, Former Director-General, ICCROM Prof Rha Sun-hwa, Administrator, Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), Republic of Korea Mr M.R. Rujaya Abhakorn, Centre Director, SEAMEO SPAFA Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts Mr Joseph King, Unit Director, Sites Unit, ICCROM Kim Yeon Soo, Director International Cooperation Division, Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), Republic of Korea Traditional Knowledge Systems and the conservation and management of Asia’s heritage Edited by Gamini Wijesuriya and Sarah Court ISBN 978-92-9077-286-6 © 2020 ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property Via di San Michele, 13 00153 Rome, Italy www.iccrom.org This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution Share Alike 3.0 IGO (CCBY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo).
    [Show full text]
  • P17 4 Layout 1
    TUESDAY, MAY 16, 2017 SPORTS Double departure hands Pak a testing transition ROSEAU, Dominica: As Younis Khan and talking and is currently the only Misbah-ul-Haq head off into the sunset Pakistani to have joined the coveted after long and illustrious careers, 10,000 test-run club. Pakistan begins a tricky period of transi- tion looking for a new wave of players GREAT SERVANTS ready to fill a huge void left by the retired The former captain, who led Pakistan batting greats. In a fitting finale, Younis, to the World Twenty20 title in 2009, tal- Pakistan’s most prolific test run-scorer, lied 10,099 runs in 118 tests, embellish- and Misbah, the country’s most success- ing his legacy with 34 hundreds at an ful captain, bowed out together in a average of more than 52. Together they blaze of glory on Sunday with the team were the pillars of Pakistan’s batting line- celebrating a first-ever series triumph in up for over a decade and it could take the Caribbean. many years for the country to find any- The thrilling 101-run victory in one capable of matching their feats. Dominica sealed a 2-1 win over West Pakistan’s situation mirrors the dilemma Indies and was Pakistan’s 26th under the South Asian rivals Sri Lanka faced when 42-year-old Misbah, who also led the side batting mainstays Kumar Sangakkara to the top of the International Cricket and Mahela Jayawardene ended their Council (ICC) world test rankings last year. international careers two years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • A Natural Proof System for Natural Language
    A In the �tle of this thesis, a proof system refers to a system that carries out formal proofs (e.g., of theorems). Logicians would interpret a system as a symbolic calculus while com- Natural puter scien�sts might understand it as a computer program. Both interpreta�ons are fine for the current purpose as the thesis develops a proof calculi and a computer program A NATURAL PROOF SYSTEM based on it. What makes the proof system natural is that it operates on formulas with a natural appearance, i.e. resembling natural language phrases. This is contrasted to the Proof artificial formulas logicians usually use. Put differently, the natural proof system is FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE designed for a natural logic, a logic that has formulas similar to natural language sentenc- es. The natural proof system represents a further development of an analy�c tableau system for natural logic (Muskens, 2010). The implementa�on of the system acts as a System pp theorem prover for wide-coverage natural language sentences. For instance, it can prove x n that not all PhD theses are interesting entails some dissertations are not interesting. On z certain textual entailment datasets, the prover achieves results compe��ve to the y s state-of-the-art. t γT pp for zγ αF s Natural vp x t β e s vp t T F e np t s n e Language y z λ e s T t T z γ α z λα t n x e F e s T npα λ γ t x β y pp T pp y np x t γ e T n λ T s e x γ t T z F λ z y γ t T s e z e λ αn s β t T np α λ λ e F t α γ Lasha Abzianidze vp x s e s t vp pp F λ s y t z z T λ β n x αpp γ Lasha Abzianidze γ ISBN 978-94-6299-494-2 A Natural Proof System for Natural Language ISBN 978-94-6299-494-2 cb 2016 by Lasha Abzianidze Cover & inner design by Lasha Abzianidze Used item: leaf1 font by Rika Kawamoto Printed and bound by Ridderprint BV, Ridderkerk A Natural Proof System for Natural Language Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan Tilburg University op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Zaka Ashraf the New PCB Chairman Taking Over the Helm in the Most Trying of Circumstances, Zaka Ashraf’S Start Has Been Quite Promising
    November-December 2011 ZAKA ASHRAF the new PCB Chairman Taking over the helm in the most trying of circumstances, Zaka Ashraf’s start has been quite promising aka Ashraf’s appointment as the 27th Chairman of the character what the principal protagonists in generating optimism amongst Pakistan Cricket Board came at a time, when Pakistan one and all. cricket was traversing a multitude of crises, and off-field Although the doubting Thomases obtained nourishment owing to matters shrouded anything and everything that the what was ostensibly an absence of a veritable link to on field matters, team conjured up on the field. He came with the task considering the fact that Mr. Zaka Ashraff was not a professional; but quite conspicuous there in front of him. He had to wipe his keenness a propos all things cricket and his management experience off the off-field turmoil and only then matters on the connotes that the man has all the dexterity to govern an enigma that field would have come to prominence. The new chairman’s appointment Pakistan cricket has evolved into. Mr Zaka Ashraf’s competence in Zbegot buoyancy for a score of reasons. Even though, the man might not management was divulged in his tenure at the helm of Zarai Taraqiati have been a former cricketer, but his association with the game and the requisite savoir fare was indubitable. The ability of the new chief and his Continued on page 20 Pakistan rout Led by our spinning repertoire, Pakistan conjured up their Bangladesh sixth ODI series win undoubtedly hold the most daunting spin attack up being the leading wicket-taker in the series on the bounce in the game.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 25 May 16.Indd
    SPORT Tuesday 16 May 2017 PAGE | 25 PAGE | 26 PAGE | 27 Murray says health Pakistan mark historic win Qatar bag three more key to prolonging as Misbah, Younis quit the medals at Islamic his career game with smiles Games in Baku Ticket frenzy builds up ahead of final Fawad Hussain the Organising Committee, The Peninsula said yesterday. The Khalifa International packed house at the Stadium is Qatar's iconic sports refurbished Khalifa venue, having hosted interna- International Sta- tional matches and the opening dium is expected to and closing ceremonies of the witness this Friday's 2006 Asian Games. EmirA Cup final between Al Sadd “Selling tickets in more than and Al Rayyan. one mall serves our goal which Ticket sales for the much- is to give the largest possible awaited title-clash started number of fans the opportunity yesterday with organisers urg- to enjoy the Emir Cup final in the ing fans to purchase the tickets stadium this weekend,” Al as soon as possible to avoid dis- Kuwari added. appointment later on. “We are pleased to announce “The interest of fans to buy that Khalifa International Sta- their tickets started as soon as dium will host the final of the we released ticket sales, which 2017 Emir Cup between Al reflects the keenness of the Rayyan and Al Sadd on Friday public to buy their tickets evening,” QFA President Sheikh early, especially as the match Hamad bin Khalifa bin Ahmed will be held at the Khalifa Al Thani said. International Stadium," Has- “This historic venue is close san Al Kuwari, Chief to Qatari hearts, and has seen Operations Officer (COO) of some of Qatar’s biggest sporting EMIR CUP FINAL A view of state-of-the-art Khalifa Stadium which will play host to Emir Cup final between Al Rayyan and Al Sadd on Friday.
    [Show full text]