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A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature i ORAN EtHO A BRIEF OUTLINE OF SYRIAC LITERATURE by Sebastian Paul Brock St. EPHREM ECUMENICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SEERI) BAKER HILL, KOTTAYAM - 686 001 INDIA 2009 (Revised Edition) www.malankaralibrary.com www.malankaralibrary.com www.malankaralibrary.com ^ Iic^vvm t.\ ILibns il'»rtl) i+lartuitlio ILibiatP The Malphono George Anton Kiraz Collection Ls'i'i Lo h>N-iX c*^. °\v.. Ll.1 llcilov Sv»~> 1 -X m v loou V>_*5 ftlV . .V m °i 0| .10 Ol*k*M L.S.CPJ 1 ' °lX CL. ^ L_3Oj0 I.\m >S>. looo ?iA.i l«\to oSs. \>N. v c-^v_aoc*S>. f °i.->■. Lia^. -Vi'-'' ^ Anyone who asks tor tins volume, to read, collate, or cop\ from it, and who appropriates it to himselt or herself, or cuts anything out ot it, should realize that (s)he will have to give answer before CkhTs awesome tribunal as it (s)he had robbed a sanctuary. Let such a person be held anathema and receive no forgiveness until the book is returned. So be it, \men! \nd anyone who removes these anathemas, digitally or otherwise, shall himselt receive them in double. www.malankaralibrary.com Moran ’Eth’o - 9 A BRIEF OUTLINE OF SYRIAC LITERATURE by Sebastian Paul Brock St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute (SEERI) Baker Hill, Kottayam 686 001, Kerala, India 2008 www.malankaralibrary.com Moran 'Eth'd - 9 A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature Ss Sebastian Paul 5rock XC\V 0 E '0 z st Eo t o' o. o s^eo ■' ‘EE' >ooo ' w no : o ' os <oo.\ o ' o coo o. o o^oo ' EECS r. o <"eo o\ St Eol" ;?’" Eo.-e-'oo ao<oo o" 'st tJte SEE^ Soso - \otto\a- S5S.\"‘ \e'o o '0 o E Vo to <oo o'o<' ' -oo oEootoo'o ' \NoOS to >\\sss <00 0 0 ' ><• ; . \ - 00 ^< :s: . ....... V n. o ‘5 - oostooo oo ooo Sts o os o. t *s or ro sooot s o \ortos o " r ' ;* » V V v* » St .'s* . .3 . .s - .'0» Vo ' 'o 'o — \ortoso www.malankaralibrary.com CONTENTS PREFACE I A BIRD’S EYE VIEW: THE MAIN PERIODS 1 II THE SECULAR AND ECCLESIASTICAL 2 BACKGROUND a) Periods A-C (2nd to 7th cent.) b) Periods D-F (7th to 21st cent.) III MAIN AUTHORS AND WRITINGS OF THE SIX PERIODS 7 A. 2nd to 3rd centuries B. 4th century C. 5th to mid 7th century a) 5th century b) 5th/6th century c) 6th century d) 6th/7th century D. Mid 7th to 13th century a) second half 7th century b) 7th/8th century c) 8th century d) 8th/9th century e) 9th century f) 1 Oth century g) 11th century h) 12th century i) 13th century E. 14th to 19th century F. 20th and 21 st century Appendix: Chronological list www.malankaralibrary.com IV TRANSLATIONS INTO SYRIAC 79 V SUMMARY GUIDE TO ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS 84 VI PARTICULAR TOPICS 102 a) Bible b) Exegesis c) Liturgy d) Canon Law e) Monastic literature and spirituality f) Chronicles g) Secular literature VII SELECT GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 131 a) Introductions to Svriac literature r J b) Monographs on some important Syriac authors c) Specific topics: Early history' of the Syriac Churches Topography Spirituality Hagiography d) Series of texts, main relevant periodicals and encyclopaedias e) Collected volumes 0 History of Syriac studies g) Bibiography h) Syriac manuscript collections i) Grammars and dictionaries j) Anthologies VIII SAMPLE PASSAGES FROM SOME MORE IMPORTANT WRITINGS 150 a) Syriac authors b) Translations into Syriac INDEX OF NAMES (to III) 281 www.malankaralibrary.com Preface This outline of Syriac literature aims to provide no more than an initial orientation to the subject. The number of authors covered has deliberately been limited to the more important (or, in some cases, the more accessible); furthermore, although it is emphasised that the history of Syriac literature is a continuous one, right up to the present day, the focus of this outline has been on the period up to the early fourteenth century. The reasons for this limitation are largely practical ones: Syriac literature of the period up to about 1300 is often of particular significance and importance, and accordingly the editing of Syriac texts has largely been confined to authors of this period; but it should be noted that even here many important works remain unpublished, and reference has on occasion been made to these. On the whole, however, the writers selected and the works specifically mentioned in Chapters III (Syriac authors) and IV (translations into Syriac) are for the most part confined to those which are available in published form; in Chapter III (and likewise VIII) the most important authors are mdicated by means of an asterisk1. Indication is also given of the availability of an English translation (and/or, on occasion, of translations into other modem European languages): thus ET=English translation, FT = French tr., GT = German tr., etc.; details of these are given 1 It should be noted that in Chapters IV and V the asterisk serves a differ¬ ent purpose: in Chapter IV (Translations into Syriac) it indicates that the Greek original is wholly or largely lost, while in Chapter V (Summary guide to English translations), it indicates that the Syriac original is also provided, as well as the English translation. www.malankaralibrary.com later, in Chapter V. In Chapter VI preliminary guidance is given to certain specific types of Syriac literature, while Chapter VII provides a selection of more general secondary literature. In order to give the reader a first impression of the variety to be found within Syriac literature, a selection of short samples in translation is offered in Chapter VI11. This Brief Outline, first published in 1997, was written primarily in order to meet the needs of students taking the M A course in Syriac language and literature at SEERI, though it was hoped that it might at the same time prove to be of some interest to a wider readership as well. In this second edition the bibliographical infoimation in Chapters V-VII has been updated, and at the same time the opportunity has been taken to re-order certain of the chapters, in order to provide a more logical sequence. Once again, I am most grateful to the indefatigable Director of SEERI, the Revd Dr Jacob Thekeparampil, for undertaking the publication of this new edition. Sebastian Paul Brock Oxford, England Commemoration of Mor Gregorios 30th July, 2008 Yuhanon bar'Ebroyo www.malankaralibrary.com A BIRD’S EYE VIEW: THE MAIN PERIODS Syriac began as the local Aramaic dialect off Odessa f Urfiay. rrxxkrr. Urfa in ST'1 urkeyj, with its own script, first attested in inscriptions of the first century AD. It must have beerj adopted as the literary language of Aramaic-speaking Christianit> at arj earf. date, and as a result of this its use spread rapidly along with the spread of Christian! y in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire and in the Persian Empire further east Synac is in fact one of three Late Aramaic dialects v.hich came to produce large survi ving literatures, the other two being Jewish Aramaic and Mandaean: both in literary quality and in quantity Syriac easily s urpasses these other two large Aramaic literatures. Synac literature covers from the second to the tv. enty - first century AD. This long pan of time can conveniently be broken up into six mam periods: A. The earliest literature: 2nd - 3rd century AD. B. Aphrahat. Ephrem. and other 4th century writings. C. Fifth to mid seventh centurv. D. Mid seventh to end of the thirteenth century E. Fourteenth centurv to nineteenth century. * ~ F. Twentieth and twenty-first century. Of these six periods B-Df 4th -13th cent.) provide the most extensive and most important literature. www.malankaralibrary.com 4 The Secular and Ecclesiastical Background independent at this date from the forms of monasticism which were developing in Egypt at the same time. Subsequently, however, the Egyptian monastic tradition, owing to its great prestige, became dominant in the area of Syriac Christianity as well, and earlier distinctive Syriac ascetic tradition was largely forgotten. (b) Periods D-F (7th-20th cent.) belongs to the time of Islamic domination in the Middle East. Period D (7th-13th cent.) belongs to the time of the Omayyads (7th-8th century),kAbbasids (750-c. 1100), Seljuks (in Turkey, 11 th/ 12th centuries) and Mongols (from 13th century). Period E (14th- 19th cent.) belongs to the time of (successively) Mongol, Mamluk (along with other local dynasties), and Ottoman rule in Western Asia, and opened with a time of great devastation and destruction through war and then the Black Death. Period F (20th -21 st cent.) belongs to the time of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of the modem nation states in West Asia. By the time of the Arab invasions the ecclesiastical boundaries between the different Christian communities had alreadvj become virtually fixed. The Syrian Orthodox and the Church of the East formed the largest of the Syriac Churches. From the 8th century onwards many writers of the Syriac Churches preferred to write in Arabic , rather than Syriac; thus there is very little Melkite and Maronite writing in Syriac after the 8th Century, though Syriac remained the liturgical language in these Churches for much longer (in the Melkite Church Syriac was in a few localities used liturgically up to about the 1 7th century; in the Maronite Church it has continued to the present day, but in recent years is largely being replaced by Arabic). As a result of the widespread adoption of Arabic as a literary’ language especially in the Melkite and Maronite Churches, most Syriac literature in period D (7th -13th cent.), and all Syriac literature in periods E-F (14th-21 st cent.) has been produced by writers from the Church of the East and the Syrian Orthodox Churches (and, in the more recent centuries, their Eastern Rite Catholic counterparts).
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