DI SIBICT SIJTRYI]Y BEPOBT FOR SAND MINING DISTRICT KARUR
KARUR DISTRICT I 4 MAR INDEX 2019
DISTRICT STIRVEY REPORT-KARUR
S.\o. Particulars Page no
1. Prcface I
2. Lrtroduction 2
2.a.Dcmographics 3
Gencral prol-rle ()1'the Districl 3
3.a.Physical leatures and gcographical Area
3.b. l'hysioglaplry anil rcgional geologl 7 1. Iliver systern- ('auvcr1, l0 .1.a. Cauvcry River' t0 .1.b. Anaravathi River lt
.1.c. Kodavanar River 12 ,1.11. Nanganji River t2
,1.c. Pungar Ri!er 12
4.1'. Noyyal River 13 5. Clirnate Charactcr-istics. humidity ald wind t4
5.a. (ilirlograph of KlrLl tlistlict 15 5.b. Tenperatulc Kar-ur -qraph ol 15 5.c. Karur climatc table/histo-ical wcathcr dat.t t6
5.d.Humidity 16
5.e. Wind 17 5.c.(i). Average wircl spccd diagran l8
5.e.(ii) Wind clircctii)r diagrarrt 18 6. Land tltilisatio pattcm l9 6.a.Bui1t up land l9 6.b.Agliculture Llrd l9 6.b.(i).Kharilland l0 6.b.(ii).Rabi land 20 6.b.(iii).Fallow land 20
6.b.(iv).Doublc iTliplc land 20
6 c Iioresl 21 6.c.(i).Deciduous lbrcst )1
6.c.(ii).Evergrccn tbrcst 21 6.c.(iii).Dcgradcd ti)rcst )1
6.d.Wastc laud 22 6.d.(i).Scrub land )2
6.d.(ii).Other waste land 22
6.e.Water bodics 23
7. Land Usc pattern Diagram 24
E. Methodology ald Cuiding principles 24 8.a. Method lirr calculation ofrescrlcs 28
9. Overview ofrnining activitics in tlic District 28 I0. Sard r lring ill tire dislricl 29
Dctails of proc[Lctiort ill saml, Rcvonue fio]r thc sand quarry \ isc,.l llrr di.tri(l I 'r lr. Lr,r 1rrr.. 30 37 Quany rvisc saml sale ancl rer'enuc dertails oi l(arur clislr'ict firr thc ycar 2015-2016 II Quarry rvise sand sak rnd re!,e[ue dctrils ol KaNI district lbr 38-41
the year 2016-201 7
12. Quary wise sald sale and reveuue details of Karur distlict for 41-49 the year 2017-2018
13. Proccss ofAggradation o| Dcposition ofscdimclts jtr thc Rjvcr' 50 Crrurrn :rr,l (.,lrn,,rr,'r- | ri.'lrr,li..tri.t. 13.a. Cauvery River Lilie diagrarl 52 13.b. Cauvery in Tamilnadu 53 13.c. Locatiur Map of Lnporlant Anicuis 5,1 1 3.d. Dclta Map of Cauvery 5,+ l.\.e. Railall Pan(m al.,ng ( aureD lru.in 55 l3.L Geology along Cauvcry basin map 56 l3.g.Shoaling in River bed 51 i3.h. Reduction ofRiver carlu- ilig clpacit! bv shoal li)rm.ltion 57 13.i. Siltatior problcLls [.1'S ofrnicLrt 53 13. j. Delta ofCauvcry Picnuc 53
14. Details ol Ficld Data 60 l.l.a. Location of CWC gauging site rnap 60 l.:l.b.Caliblation study resull using H[('RA.S diagranr 6i
1,1.c. Locatior of Mayanul sitc rnitll 61
I l.d. I rclJ lh.(n.lliur\ :rl Mpulhur (irirer.,rn 62
14.e. Flow dctails 173-2013 rliagrarn 62
I ,1.1. Florv detaiis l0ll-l0l + diagrlni 6l 15. Estinlation of scdirlcrlts 6i 15.a. Florv re.eimes pictures 64
15.b. Iypical HECRAS rcsuhs with closs scction cliagrrnr 61
15.c. Monthly tlorv i)vel a decade dia-g1-ani 69
15.d. Sedinent depth {bnnatiol in CarLvely diagram 14
16. Drainage system with description of majlr nvers 75 l',l . Salient ltatures of ill1p()itaut rivels and sffeams 76 18 Mirreml potcntial olthe District '77
19. Economic inpact of urining
20. C onclusior,/ Recilmrnendati,lrr 73 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT FOR SAND MINING ...... :::l:::1.:::.i...... 1. PREFACEI.
In compliance to the Notiflcation issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forest and Climate Change dated 15-01-2016, the preparation of District Survey Report of river sand mining in accordance with Appendix X of the Notification. It is also mentioned here that the procedure of preparation of District Survey Report is as per Notification guidelines. Every efforts have been made to cover sand mining locations, areas and overview of mining activity in the district with all its relevant features pertaining to geology and mineral wealth in replenishable and n o n-replenisha ble aTeas of rivers, stream and other sand sources. This report will be a model and guiding document which is a compendium of available mineral resources, geographical setup, environmental and ecological setup of the district and is based on data of various departments, study conducted by renowned institutions, published reports and websites.
SURVEY REPORT OF KARUR DISTRICT
As per Gazette Notiflcation of 15th January 2016 of l4inistry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, a survey shall be carried out by the District Environment Impact Assessment Authority (DEIAA) with assistance of Water Resources Department, Forest Department, Geology and 14ining Department and Revenue Department in the District for preparation for District Survey Report as per sustainable sand mining guidelines to ensure identification of areas of aggradation or deposition where mining can be allowed and identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area, The detailed study has been made through IIT, Madras to cover sand mining locations, area and overview of mining actiyity in the district with all its relevant features pertaining to geology and mineral wealth in replenishable and non-replenishable areas of rivers, stream and other sand sources. The mineral potential is calculated based on fleld investigation and geology of the catchment area of the river (or) streams. The area for removal of the mineral in a river or stTeam is decided depending on geomorphology and other factors. The District Survey Report shall form the basis for application for Environmental Clearance, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. The report shall be updated once in five years,
2. INTRODUCTION:
Karur District is a district located very centrally along the Kaveri and Amaravathi rivers in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The main town in Karur District is the city of Karur, which is also the district headquaders. The district had a population of 7,064,493 with a sex-ratio of 1,015 females for every 1,000 males.
It belongs to Kongu Nadu Region. Karur is one of the oldest towns in Tamil Nadu and has played a very significant role in the history and culture of the Tamils. Its history dates back over 2000 years, and has been a flourishing trading center even in the early Sangam days. In the ancient and medieval times, the area was ruled by the Cheras, Gangas and Cholas. Karur was the capital of Cheras. The Pasupatheesvarar temple sung by Thirugnana Sambhandar, in Karur was built by the Chola kings in the 7th century. Later the Nayakars followed byTipu Sultan also ruled Karur. The British added Karur to their possessions after destroying the Karur Fort during their war against Tipu Sultan in 1783. There is a memorial at Rayanur near Karur for the warriors who lost their lives in the fight against the British in the Anglo-lYysore Wars. 2.a. DEMOGRAPHICS According to 2011 census, Karur district had a population of f,064,493 with a sex-ratio of 1,015 females for every 1/000 males, much above the National average of 929. A total of 702,731were under the age of slx, constituting 52,969 males and 49,762 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 20,8o/o and 0.05o/o of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 68.3yo, compared to the national average of 72.99o/o. fhe district had a total of 287,095 households. There were a total of 543,298 workers, comprising 83,800 cultivators, 182,639 main agricultural laborers, 10,162 in house hold industries, 231,906 other workers, 34,791 marginal workers, 2,072 marginal cultivators, 18,198 marginal agricultural laborers, 1,178 marginal workers in household industries and 13,343 other marginal workers.
3. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT 3.A. PHYSICAL FEATURES AND GEOGRAPHICAL AREA: Post British annexure to Madras presidency, Karur became a taluk headquarters and was first part of Coimbatore District and later Tiruchirappalli District. A new district was formed on 30 September 1995 bifurcating Karur, Kulithalai and Manapparai Taluks of Tiruchirappalli district, which comprises the present day Aravakkurichi, Manmangalam, Karur, Krishnarayapuram, Kulithalai, I\4usiri, Kadavur and Manapparai Taluks.
Later, not less than a year, Musiri taluk was separated from Kulithalai taluk. N4usiri and 14anapparai taluks were reunited with Tiruchirapalli District. Karur Taluk was bifurcated to form Aravakkurichi and Karur taluks whereas Kulithalai taluk was bifurcated to form Krishnarayapuram and Kulithalai taluks.
Krishnarayapuram taluk is again bifurcated to form Kadavur taluk whereas Karur taluk also bifurcated to form Manmangalam taluk. At the present day Karur District has 6 Taluks with headquarters at Karur, it is the centrally located district of Tamil Nadu. It is bounded by Namakkal district in the north, Dindigul district in the south, Tiruchirapalli district on the east and Erode & Tiruppur districts on the west. Karur is located at 10"57'" N 78".+'o E has an average elevation of 122 metres (400 feet), It is about 3lI kn (231 mile) south west of Chennai (Madras), the state capital of Tamil Nadu.
The highest temperature is obtained in early lvlay to early June usually about 34 oC (93.2 oF), though it usually exceeds 3B oC (100.4 "F) for a few days most years. Average daily temperature in Karur during lanuary is around 23 "C (73.4oF), though the tempe.ature rarely falls below 17'C (62.6 oF), The average annual rainfall is about 775 mm (30,51n). It gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the north-east monsoon winds, from late September to mid November.
Karur district has one I\4unicipal Corporation, one Second grade 14unicipality, 11Town Panchayats, 158 Village Panchayats and 203 Revenue Villages.
LOK SHABHA CONSTITUENCIES Karur District Comes under 2 Lok Shabha Constituencies 1. Karur (Lok Sabha constituency) 2. Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)
KARUR DISTRICT ASSEMB!-Y CO}I5T]TU E NCI ES
1. Aravakkurichi Assem bly Constituency 2. Karur Assembly Constituency 3. Krish naraya puram Assembly Constituency 4. Kulithalai Assembly Constituency
KARUR DISTRICT REVENUE DIVISIONS The District is divided into 2 Revenue divisions 1. Karur 2. Kullthalai KARUR DISTRICT SUB DIVISIONS (TALUKS)
1, Karur 2. Aravakurichi 3. Manmangalam 4. Kulithalai 5. Krishnarayapuram 6, Kadavur
KARUR DISTRICT BLOCKS
1. K.Paramathy 2. Aravakurichi 3. Karur 4. Thanthoni 5. Kadavur 6. Krishnarayapuram 7. Kulithalai 8. Thogaimalai
TOWN PANCHAYATS
1. Aravakurichi 2. Pallapatti 3. Punjaipugalur 4. Punjai Thottakurichi s- TNPL Pugalur (Kagithapuram) 6. Puliyur 7. Uppidamangalam 8. Palaya Jeyankondam 9. Krishnarayapuram l0.lvlarudur
11. Nangavaram Karur District is a part of Cauvery delta region and utilization of land area in the district is up to 44.59a/o. 4.76a/o ot the land area remarns as other uncultivated land. 2,f44/o is forest area in Karur district. Black soil is the predominant soil type in this district accounting for 35.51% followed by laterite soil for 23.85%. The remaining 20.31olo is sandy, coastal and alluvium soil. The main cTops are paddy, banana, sugarcane, beetle leaf, grams & pulses, tapioca, kora grass, groundnuts, oilseeds, tropical veqetables, qarland flowers, and medicinal herbs,
Karur is famous for its home textiles. Karur has a niche in five major product groups: bed linens, kitchen linens, toilet linens, table linens, wall hangings. Overall Karur generates around Rs.6000 crores in foreign exchange through direct and indirect exports. Allied industries like ginning and spinning mills, dyeing factories, weaving etc., employs around 450,000 people in and around Karur.
Karur is connected with the rest of India through all modern means of transportation. The national highway NH-43 pass away here. There are two national highways: NH-44 (North South Corridor Road (Kashmir to Kanyakumari)) Srinagar - Kanyakumari and NH-67 (Nagapattinam - Trichy - Karur - Coimbatore - Gudalur), which connect with other major towns such as Chennai, Erode, Tiruppur, Pollachi, Hosur, Tuticorin, Dindigul, Theni, Vellore, Palani, Tanjore, Karaikudi, Kumbakonam, Kochi, and Pondicherry. There are new highway construction projects under wo rk.
Karur Junction railway station (Station Code - KRR) is an important railway lunction in the state, connected to the Indian Railways network. Apart from this, there are 17 other stations lies across Erode- Tiruchirappalli line and Salem-Karur-Dindigul line which connects all other parts of the country. 14ore than 30 Express and Passenger trains ply through Karur Da ily.
6 PHYSIOGRAPHY:
The Karur district is made fertile by the perennial flows of the Kaveri River on the northern side and Amaravati River, Nanganjiyar River and Noyyal River, The highest temperature in this district is obtained in earlier parts of the month of lvlay to early June, usually about 37 degree centigrade, though it normally exceeds 39 degree centigrade for a few days. The average daily temperature of this district in the month of January is around twenty four degree centigrade, though the temperature rarely falls below nineteen degree centigrade. The average annual rainfall of the district of Karur is about six hundred and fifteen mm. The district gets a considerable amount of its seasonal rainfall from the north-east monsoon winds, from the later half of September to mid November.
Karur is located at 10.95oN 78.08oE and has an average elevation of 101 metres (331 feet). Karur district is of the South Indian state, Tamil Nadu, at a distance of 370 km (230 mile) from Chennai.
3.b. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL GEOLOGY
Karur is located on the banks of Amaravathi river. The topography is almost plain, with no major geological formation. There are no notable mineral resources available in and around the town, The soil types are black and red that are conducive for common crops in the Cauvery delta. The temperature ranges from a maximum of 39 oC (102 oF) to a minimum of 17 oC (63 oF). Like the rest of the state, April to June are the hottest months and December to January are the coldest. Karur receives an average of 590-600 mm (23-24 in) annually, which is lesser than the state average of 1,008 mm (39.7 in). The South west monsoon, with an onset in June and lasting up to August, brings scant rainfall. The bulk of the rainfall comes during the Noth East monsoon in the months of October, November and December. Karur district is broadly classified into smaller hilly regions represented by Kadavur hills, Ayyarmalai, Thanthoni malai and Velayuthampalayam hills. The entire area of this district is drained by the river Cauvery, which flows on the northern boundary of the district. The trbutary rivers namely Amaravathi, Kodaganar and Noyyal drain the western part of the district.
KARUR district ls underlain by the wide ranqe of metamorphic rocks of peninsular gneissic complex. These rocks are extensively weathered and overlain by the recent valley fills and alluvium at places. The geologicai formations found in the district are Archaean rocks like Gneisses, Granites, Charnockites basic granuJites and calc-gnelsses. The younger formations are quartz veins and pegmatite.
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1
,1 4. RIVER SYSTEM 4.a. CAUVERY RMR The Cauvery river system consists of 21 principal tributares each with catchment area exceeding 250 sqkms. The Iargest of all of them are the catchment area shimsha, lying wholly in Karnataka, the Amaravathi rising in kerala but lying mostly in Tamil Nadu and the Kabini rising rn both Kerala and Tamll Nadu but lie nrostly in Karnataka, The Bhavanr is the 4th largest and the second longest, It rises in Kerala and Karnataka but lies mostly in Tamil Nadu. The longest tributary, the Hemavath (24skms) is the 5th largest in catchment area and lies wholly in Ka rnataka,
CAUVERY RIVER IN KARUR DISTRICT
,.1.rl ,l '-1
Two important trbutaries Noyyal river and the Amaravathi river join tn the River Cauvery in Karur Distnct- Therefore flver tlecomes widest from Karur to Tiruchirappalli and hence this stretch has been called 'Aganda Kaveri"
t0 4.b. AMARAVATHI RIVER
.--
The Amaravatl river is the longest tributary of Kaveri River in fertile the distrlcts of Karur and Tirupur, Tamil Nadu State, South India. The 282-kilometre (175 mile) long Amaravati River begins at the Kerala/Tamll Nadu border at the bottom of l\4anjampatti Valley between the Annamalai Hills and the Palani Hills n Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park in Tirupur district. It descends in a northerly direction through Amaravathi Reservoir and Amaravathi Dam at Amaravathinagar. It is joined by the Kallapuram River at the mouth of the Ajanda valley in Udumalaipettai. Through Dharapuram and ATavakurichi it Joins with the Kaveri at Thirumukkudal, about 10 kilometres (6 mile) from Karur.
Nanganji, Kudavanar, Shanmuga Nadhl, Uppar, Kudumiar, Thenar and so many tributaries are joint with the Amravatj river. It has the Tributary of the Pambar and Chinnar riveTs from Kerala also.
The ancient names of the river is Aanporunai and Aambravathi. Amaravathi, which invokes rhe greenery and Kaipavriksha tree of Lord Indra's heaven. The name Amaravathl echoes the Hinduism/ Buddhjst past of southern India. And also by the Hindu methodology, river s from the graceness of qoddess Ambaal form the heaven. The Amaravathi river swells into life in the Anjanad valley (Anaimalai, Kerala state) of the Western Ghats, whose slopes are awash with Kurinji blossoms once every ll 72 years, descends to the plains near Udumalaipettai, Tamil Nadu, and flows to make the rich plains of Dharapuram and Karur . It is one of the longest rivers (282 km) in Tamil Nadu, which join with the river Cauvery, neaT Karur.
4.C. KODAVANAR RIVER
The Kodavanar, is a river in the Palni Hills in Tamil Nadu. At the northern side of Kamarajar Lake are the Kannivadi Hills up to approximately 800 metres (2,600 ft) high. In the west is the so-called northern slope of the Palani Hills up to 1/5OO metres (a,900 ft) high. There is a river from Pandrimallai, named the Karuvalli Ar (up-stream) and Kulal Ar (down-stream). The KElal Ar enters in the northwest side of Kamarajar Valley where Palani Hills and Kannivadi Hills meet each other. On his way down the Kulal Ar passes two waterfalls, many small cascades and ponds. The other river is called the KodavanAr River. It is a run off from Thandikudi and passes Pannaikadu and enters the Kamarajar Lake in the southwest side of the valley. Kodavanar , which is one of the important tributary of Amaravathi River,. drains the western part of the district. Originating in Rangamalai hills located in the border of Karur and Dindigul district,. It flows from south to north and joins with the river Amaravathi at Karuvadampatti.
4.d. NANGANJI RIVER
The Nanganji river, flowing in the western part of the district, has its origin from the Kottaivali hills in Dindigul district. It flows towards north through Aravakurichi and K.Paramathi blocks and joins with the river Amaravathi at Ariyur,
4.e. PUNGAR RIVER The Pungar river, flo,,/ving across the eastern part of the district, has its origin in the Kadavur hills located in the southern pad of Karur district. It flows towards north through Kadavur and Krishnarayapuram blocks and joins with the river Cauvery at Timmachipuram.
L1 4.f. NOYYAL RIVER
The Noyyal River ls a small river in Western Tamil Nadu, and a tributary of Kaveri River-. It rises fro!-n the Velltngiri htlls in the \tr/este!-n Ghats n Tam I Nadu, very close to Kerala border, and flows through many villages and the cities of Coimbatore, Tlrupur, Erode and Karur finally draining into the Kaveri River at Noyyal, a village n Karur district named after the river itself. The rvers basin is 180 km (110 mile) long and 25 krn (16 mile) wlde and coveTs a total aTea of 3,500 km2 (1,400 sq mile). Cultivated land in the basin amounts to 1,800 km2 (690 sq mile) wniie the popuiaiion density is 120 people per km2 (311/mile2) in the countryside, and lOOO people per km2 (2590/mile2) in the cities. The area is known for tts scanty rainfall and the development of the Noyyal R ver Tanks Svstern to hold any overflow from the ralns plus the water ofthe Northeast and Southwest monsoon season was ecologically impodant. The 173 km (107 mile) long tributary of the Kaveri River filled 32 tanks. These interconnecting tanks held the water flowing from the Noyyal.
The "Noyyal" ls a sacred river in Tamil history. Its original narne was Kanchinadi but changed later to the name of the place where it drains nto lre kaver Rtver in 1/50 A.D.
The Noyyal village is situated at the banks of Noyyal and Kaveri (Ponni) Rivers where they both merge. An anctent temple to the goddess Sellandiyamman ls also situated at Sangamam. 5. CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICSI HUMIDITY AND WIND
The district receives the rain under the influence of both southwest and northeast monsoons. The northeast monsoon chiefly contributes to the rainfall in the district. [4ost of the precipitation occurs in the form of cyclonic storms caused due to the depressions in Bay of Bengal. The southwest monsoon rainfall is highly erratic and summeT Tains are negligible, Rainfall data from three stations over the period 1901-2000 were utilised and a perusal of the analysis shows that the normal annual rainfall over the district varies from about 620 mm to 745 mm.It is the minimum around Aravakurichi (622.7mm) in the western part of the district. It gradually increases towards eastwards and attains a maximum around Kulithalai (744.6mm).
The district enjoys a tropical climate, The period from March to may is generally hot and dry. The weather is pleasant during the period from November to January. Usually mornings are more humid than afternoons. The relative humidities are generally between 40 and B0o/o, But in the period from February to luly the air is comparatively drier in the afternoon.
The mean maximum temperature ranges from 26.7 to 38.56 oC and the mean minimum temperature ranges from 1B.7oC to 29.3 oC. The day time heat is oppressive and the temperature is as high as 43.9oC. The lowest temperature recorded is of the order of 13.9oC.
I4 5.a. CLIMOGRAPH OF KARUR DISTRICT
5. b. TEMPERATURE GRAPH OF KARUR
15 5.c. KARUR CLIMATE TABLE/ HISTORICAL WEATHER DATA
311 3!3 216 i5t
:r: t,t: 2r. .1
33i 33_! !.1! 3ti 3,r'r 30i
315 33,3 &1 i:a
a;; i,( | int ai:
3!a !la !31 E3g Ei!
:: 1! aa
The precipitation varies 158 mm between the driest month and ihe wettest nronth. The average temperatures vary duririg tire year by 5.9 oC,
5.d. HUMIDITY
We base the humidity comfoft level on the dew point, as t determines whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and hlgher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a m uggy night.
Karur experiences significant seasonal variation in the perceived humidity. The muggier period of the year lasts for 9.7 months, from March 16i' to January 6tt', during whlch time the comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or rniserable at least 62qo of the time. The muggiest day of the year is October 6d', with muggy conditions gBVo of the time. The least muggy day of the year is February 1st, with muggy conditlons 50Yo of the time.
16 Humidity Comfort Levels .|i.:
::
,/
5,e, WIND
This section discusses the wlde-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) al 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on Iocal topography ano otner factors, and instantaneous wlnd speed ano directton vary moTe wldely than hourly averages.
The average hourly wind speed in Karur expeTiences significani seasonai variation over the course of the year.
The windier part of the year lasts for 3.5 months, from t4ay 24|, to September Bth, with average wind speeds of more than 9.3 miles per hour. The windiest day oi ihe year is Juiy 2nd, with an average hourly wind speed of 13.1 miles per hour.
The calmertime of year lasts for 8.5 months, from Seplember 8th lo i"lay 24". Tlle calmesl day oI the year is October 23,d, with an averaqe hourly wind speed of 5.5 miles per hour.
)'7 s.e,i. AVERAGE WIND SPEED DIAGRAM
20 mph
18 mph
16 nph Ji,2 14 mph
12 mph
10 mph
I mph
6 tr,ph
2 mph
!r ,.i-
5.e.ii. WIND DIRECTION DIAGRAM
Wrd Direction
100%
807. 2:,,
60%
4.Wo il,,
::r,
-'- 11. Flh \h, lr' 'lr r'. rr Arn tun tur [n r)or
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18 6, LAND UTILISATION PATTERN Land use classes in Karur District area include built up land, aqricultural land (crop land, kharif land, rabi land, fallow land and double/triple), forest (deciduous forest, evergreen forest and degraded forest), waste land (scrub land and ather waste land) and water bodies. Detailed accaunts of these land use / land cover classes af the study area ate desctibed in lhe lollowing set uon-
6.a. BUILT-UP LAND
Built-up land include educational, health and socio-economic facilities like: games/sport viewing centers and shops etc. These features are identified with their dark bluish green tone in the core and bluish tone on the periphery. They have a typical coarse and molted texture. These areas are also associated with the network of canals, roads and railway lines. In the study area, Karur town is an urban centre, found in the central part of the study area, Aravakurichi found in southern part of the study area, K. Paramathi in northern part and Kulithalai in the eastern part of the District, Some smaller settlements and tiny towns are found in the study area, The total area covered by the major and minor settlements in the study area constitutes 10.774 sq,km or 0.372 percent of the study area respectively.
5,b, AGRICULTURE LAND
This encompasses both cultivated and irrigated lands, These are the lands mainly used for farming and for production of food and other commercial and horticultural crops. The help of satellite data, it is possible to identify various agricultural land uses up to level -I - The different types of agriculture lands are identified in the study area and described below in detail- These include the agricultural areas identified by their
l9 characteristic red tone, regular shaped agricultural fields and in associated with settlements, water bodies, etc. Crop lands are well distributed throughout the foot hills zones, along the river side and plain reqians af the study area.
6.b.(i). KHARTF LAND
The kharif crops (paddy, groundnut and sugarcane) are cultivated in the manths of lune, luly and August. It is interested to note that such crops are totally distributed in the central part and eastern part of the study area. These khariF crops occupy 1.32 sq.km (0.04 per cent) of the study area.
6.b.(ii). RABr LAND
The rabi crops mostly paddy, cholam, cumbu and maize are cultivated in the months of October, November and December. The crops cultivated during these seasons are distributed all aver the study area. These crops found in plain regians, along the river side and near to the water bodies. These crops occupy 677.55 sq.kn (23.39 per cent) ot the total study area.
6.b.(iii ). FALLOW LAND
These are the lands, which remain vacant without crap. These were identified by their dark qreenish tone, stnaller size, regular shape and medium texture. These lands dominated other land use classification of the study area. The fallow land, in the study area distributed ma^imum amount of the classification. These lands evenly distributed all over the study area. These occupy 1667.29 sq.km (57.58 per cent) of the total study area.
6.b.(iv). DoUBLE / TRIPLE LAND The double / triple is another one more classification of the agricultural land. This was found in the northern part of the study atea and exactly found along the Cauvery river of the study area, The regions of the northern parts of Karur, Krishnarayapuram and northern and eastern part of the Kulithalai blocks falls under this land use type. This classification shares about 249.07 sq.km (8.60 per cent) of the total study area.
6.c. FOREST
Forest, comprise of thick and dense canopy of all trees. These lands are discerned by their red to red tone and varying in size. They show irregular shape and smooth texture. These forest areas are found in the southern part of Kadavur block. Based on the tonal and textural variations, the forests of the study area are divided in to three categories as deciduous, evergreen and degraded forests.
6,c.(i) DECIDUOUS FOREST
The forest of this category occupies an area of 87.804 sq.km or 3.032 per cent, This forest characteristic was found with dark red tone, smooth texture and irregular shaped on the satellite images. In the study area, such deciduous forest areas are found in the southern part of the Kadavur block and southern paft of the Thogamalai block. The forest is found confined to the higher and medium altitudinal areas.
6,c. (ii). Evergreen forest
This forest occupies an area of 5.76 sq.km (O.12 per cent) of the total study area. This also found southern part of the Kadavur, Thogamalai, Kulithalai and some pockets of Krishnarayapuram blocks. Such kind of forest is found, where the average annual rainfall is more.
6,c.(iii) DEGRADED FOREST
This forest shares about 5.31 sq.km (O.18 per cent) of the total study area, The relative concentration of scrubs, bushes and smaller trees are predominant while taller trees are limited in areal extent. In remotely
2t sensed data, such forest was identified by yellow tone and their proximity to the above mentioned forest areas. These forests are found in lower altitudes of the hill area and found associated with other forests.
6.d, WASTE LAND
Land, which in its present state does not or only passesses limited ability to support vegetationt is called wasteland (Dudley Stamp, 1954). Ravenous, rock, mining, stony and active depositional features are included in this category. These may result from inherent/imposed constrains such as location, environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil. In the study area, there are two categories of wastelands, which could be easily identified from the satellite image. These are scrub and other waste lands.
6,d,(i). scRUB LAND
These include the uplands or hlgh grounds with scrub. These lands are subjected to degradatian oT erosion and consist mainly of thorny bushes. Such areas are identified from their yellowish tone and their association with uplands and their irregular shapes. These scrub lands are found in the southern portion of Krishnarayapuram, Thanthonimalai, Thogamalai, Kadavur and same pockets of the Kulithalai blocks. These scrub land occupies 34.654 sq.km or 1.196 per cent of the total area.
6.d.(ii). oTHER WASTE LAND
These lands are found in association with higher topography. These areas are identified in the satellite images from its light yellowish tone and its assaciate with higher altitudes. The absence of vegetation distinguishes this category from the earlier described class. Such category is found in almost all the blocks of the study area with some percentage. They are Krishnarayapuram, Kadavur, K. Paramathi, Karur, Thanthonimalai, Thoqamalai, Kulithalai and Aravakuruchi blocks and
22 occupied with an area of 85.67 sq.km (2.95 per cent) af the total study
aTea _
6.e, WATER BODIES
Both man made and natural water features are included in this categary; they are rivers, streamsl lakes, tanks and reservoirs. The deep water features appear in black tone in the satellite imagery. The shallow water and deep water feature appear in light blue to dark blue in colour. Cauvery and Amaravathi are the major rivers of the study area. The numerous major and minor tanks, lakes and canals are identified. The lakes are found in the eastern part of the study area such as Krishnarayapuram, Kadavur, Thogamalai and Kulithalai blocks. The water badies share about 70.33 sq.km (2.42 per cent) of the total study area.
The study has shown the major land use/land cover types. The lndian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) data was used for visual interpretatian by using the image interpretation elements such as tone, texture, shape, pattern/ association etc. The land use categories were built-up lands, agricultural lands, forests, waste lands and water bodies. The agricultural land was predominant in the present study, which is about 2595.25 sq.km. (89.630/0). The agriculture land is well distributed throughout the District, for that reason why the mast af people are engaged in agricultural activities. The agriculture land includes crop land, kharif land, rabi land, fallaw land and double/triple.
The waste land is occupied by 120.33 sq.km and sharing 4.1sa/a of the total land use and land cover of the District. The waste land includes scrub land and other waste lands. The forests occupy 9B.BB sq.km, sharing about 3.11o/o af the total land use / land cover of the District. The three categories af forest are identified such as deciduous forest, evergreen forest and degraded forest. These forests are indentified in the hill slopes of southern part af the Kadavur block. In water bodies, features such as rivers, streams, tanks and reservoirs are identified and included.
23 In the District, Cauvery, Amaravathi, Nunganji and Kadavanar are the rivers identified and the tanks were found throuqhout the District. ln overallt water bodies accupies with the area of 70.34 sq.km (2.43%). With all these evaluations, this study concludes that the agricultural activities are the dominant land use / land cover types of the District as it cavers with the area of 2595.23 sq.km (89.61a/o).
7. LAND USE PATTERN DIAGRAM
LANDUSE / LA.NDCOVER Kdfiit District
Legend I-'oa.foiry f]tu.,*"d",d IrdD4b.i rtub-d Iea*"dd
8. METHODOLOGY AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES
The trace of each and every river/ stream was covered and studied on the follo\,ving principles of ceology/River bed mininE: - The general geology of the area; . The presence of any malor geologiaal structure; - Origin of river; - Pattern of primary / secondary/ tertiary streams; - Total catchments; 2.1 z General profile of river/streams; , l4eandering Pattern; - Bank stability; > Total potential of river bed in reference to minor mineral; > General slope of the river / stream; . Vlorphogenetic regions, In Addition to above, presence of the followlng objects were also studied:- z The presence of any WSS Schemes > Bridges , Agriculture fields > Bank protection works i Plantation etc. Following are the important guiding principles considered while recommending the river / stream bed or part of the river / stream bed for collection for minor minerals:-
The production of aggregate area is a function of the availabllity of natural resources, the size of population, the economy of the area and various developmental and infrastructural works being undertaken in the area like road construction, hydro-electric projects etc. Further, being a low- value, high-volume mineral commodity, the prices are dramatically affected by transportation distances. If the distance increases, the transportation cost may increase much more than the cost of the aggregates. A stable river is able to consistently transport the flow of sediments produced by watershed such that its dimension ( width and depth) pattern and vertical profile are maintained without aggrading ( building up) or degrading ( scouring down)
The amount of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and sand deposited in river bed equals to the amount delivered to the river from
)5 watershed and from bank erosion minus amount transported downstream each year.
. It is compulsive nature for river to meander in their belts and therefore they will have to be provided with adequate corridor for meandering without hindrance. Any attempt to diminish the width of this corridor (floodway) and curb their freedom to meander would prove counterproductive.
. Erosion and deposition is law of nature, The river/stream has to complete its geomorphological cycle from youth, mature to old age.
. River capturing is unavoidable.
. Erosion in upstream and deposltion in downstream.
. Tendency of the river / stream toward grade.
. Fundamentally, the lowest point ofany stream is fixed by Sea Level.
. The ratio between the width of meander belt and width of the stream decreases as the width of the stream increases.
. Formation, Bank erosion and Replenishment of any specific riverbed depends Primarily upon:
; The Geoloqy of the area;
t River Profile;
i Nature of source;
, Rainfall in catchments;
> I\4orphogenetic region;
- Catchrnents geomorphology:
, Efficiency of River / Stream ( i.e erosive power);
26 The competency of the river / Stream ( i.e transport heaviest stone);
> The capacity of the Rlver/Stream ( i.e volume of transportation);
- Hyclraulic radius of the River / Stream (ratio between cross sectional area and Iength of wetted perimeter) secondarily upon: > Geologicalstructures; ). Porosity of formation; > Run off in the catchments; > Forest cover; In addition to the above following man made factors are also involved.
> Type of agriculture; , Encroachment on flood plaln leaving least space for n-teandering; . Any barrier on river / stream bed i.e banks , dams and bridge foundations etc; > Throwing of debris into the rive./stream course; > Drying up of river courses due to construction of dams, thereby reducing the efficiency and capacity of the rjver / stream.
The total potential of the river / stream bed is calcLllated up to the depth of one meter and in the workable span. Total potential or dinual replenishment is not necessarily mineable, i\4ine ability depends upon the availability of approachable roads, distance from the general conditions of policy viz distances from WSS Schemes, bridqes etc and overall on the market demand etc. Thus keeping these factors into consideration 60010 of the total potential has been taken for the purpose of exploitation of mlnor minera ls.
2',l 8.a. METHOD FOR CALCULATION OF RESERVES: For the calculation of total Teserves of minor minerals available in the river bed, Iength, average width and depth of the river bed for which the exploitation is to be carrled out / allowed under rule / prevailing instructions of the Govt. was taken into cons;deration. The volume thus obtained is multiplied with the bulk density which has been assumed as 1.65 for all types of minor minerals. Thus Teserves up to particular datum line i.e one meter below the surface have been calculated.
Total reserves of minor minerals ( lV.t,1= 1"nn,n x Width x Height i.e Depth x Density.
For the annual replenishment of minor mineral reserves, the average annual mean depth up to which the replenishment of minor mineral takes place annually, has been taken into consideration which depends upon the annual rainfall factor and geology of the catchments area,
9. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITIES IN THE DISTRICT.
Mainly two types of Minor minerals constituents such as sand and jelly are required for any type of construction apart from other mineral like cement and steel. In earlier times, the houses / buildings were constructed in form of small dwellings with walls made up of mud plaster, stone and interlocking provided with wooden frames and there were negligible commercial as well as developmental activities resulting in less demand of binding materials. However with the percentage of time, new vistas of development activities were started. The quantity of minor mineral consumption in a particular area is thermometer to assed the development of the area. Thus with the pace of development activities, the consumption of minerals also increased. As Tamil Nadu State is highly urbanised state of Indian sub-continent after Maharastra, the demand of minor minerals in the Trichy District has started increasing trend. Besides that the Trichy District is the centre part of the State and having potential of sand sources, the highly industrialised districts western and faraway southern districts are depending its sand need on Trichy, Karur and Ariyalur Districts.
10. SAND MINING IN THE DISTRICT.
The Public Works Department directly operates sand mining in Cauvery and Coleroon rivers from the year 2003 in the district for the following places as per G.O.Ms No.95 Industries (MMC-I) Department Dated 01.10.2003.
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PROCESS OF AGGRADATION OR DEPOSITION OF SEOIMENTS IN THE RIVER CAUVERY AND COLEROON OF TRICHY DISTRICT ASSESSMENT OF THE SEDIMENT FLOW IN CAUVERY AND COLEROON RIVER IN TRICHY DISTRICT Introdr,.tion K.r\cri rivcr uo\r,s !n South Karrrrlakr and lhcl l(, famil Nadu. The KaYen is one olthe mljor n\crs rrflndia. $hich is.onsidered sacred b) IIindus. IhcKirvcrr Ri\crbasin is estilllstcd $ bc li.7iX) square nliies 171.{)0(l krr:) u,itlr r:rany tributaries including the Shimsha. thc }lcnravali Rl\cr. llre Arkalath! RiYcr. Hohnuholc'Ri\'{r. Lakshme a lifiha Rilicr. KibiDi River, Bhavnni Ri\tr. thc Lokapalani Ri\cr'. the River and !he,,\mctu\llti Ri\er. Rising in south\\cstrm ^'oy)xl Karnalaka slatc. it l]orvs southcast sonrc.l?5 mi (j65 kn1) eolering stales oll(amitta. Kcrala. Tarnilnadu and I'o dychcry and eniers the Bal of Bengal. 'fhe vcr systcm is a \ourcc lbr rgriculturc and hydrc powrr. The rivcr cniers Tamil Nitdu !hruugh Dhannapurr dislricl lcading (r thc lhr plains $ hcrc it :ncanders. Il d.ops inlo lhc llogenakkai !-tlls lus! belbre ir arri\ es in thc loxn ol Hogenakkal rn Tamrl Nxdu lhE lhree nrinor lribulrrics . Palar, ('hcnnxr and Thoppar ener inlo the Ka\eri (ni her c()ursc. ilbo\ c Slanley Re\en,oir in Meltur. rvhert lhc danl has been constructcd. Then thc river is ioircrl b) tnbularics \,ir Bhr!dni. No11,al and Amarauthv and llo\\,s up 1o uppcr anrcul. Thc river pass !hrough Dhannapuri- Salcnr.Nalrakklll. Karur. Irichy.l hanjar'ur.Thiruvarur and Nagapattinln dlstricls in Tanlilnadu. At Kxrur onu.ul'(ls lhe ri\ cr bccornes \'idc, wl1h a sandy brd. rnd Uo$s rn an caslerly direction until il splits inlo two at Lrppcr Anicul .thoLrt 14 krbrnctres west ol ThrruchiraDpalli ('ilv. thc nonhern b,"nch of thc nver is called d1e Colero.'n or Kollidanr lvhilc lhc soulhem bftrnch relains thc nanre Kaveri and then goes directlv eastwerds into Ihroia\ ur Disn ict. These t\\o ri\ ers.join agaio a d ibml ihe Srirangarn isianti uhich is apan r,l cit\ ol 'l'irLrchirapdlli. The Chola king Kankilan his been rnrofialised rs hc lonstnrcted ihe brnk li)r the Kaveri nll lhc ray liLrn I']uh,r (K.rleripo(nnpallinrm) 1() Srrrrngam. It $as built irs lar brck as 1.600 ycars ailo or c\en morc. On borh srdes ol the riv.r arc liund u,alls spreading io a distancc of 1,080 tcet (i-'10 nr). The Kallmai dam constructed by hiln on ihe border betNcen Trruchirappfllli and Thanla\ur is a supcrb *rrrk o[enginccring. uhich \ras made $ith eafih and srone and has stood the !,agarics ci alurc lbr hundrcds o[ ycirrs. in l91h ccnrur], it sJs renovatcd on a bigger scale. Thc oanlc ol-lhc histoncal rliLrn has since been changed to -fhanjavur -Crand Anicut and slands as thlr hcad ol a groxt imgalion sl.stem in i the dlstrrcl. Frolr this point. thc Coleroon or Kollidanr River runs nor1h-casl and discharges itself rnto thc sea at l)e\.akottai. a little south olParanB:pcttai The Crand Anicut (Barrage) is cLnrstruoled on thE main Cauvcrv rivcr. Al Grand Anicut corrplcx. the river Cauvery splits into two branches Cauvery and V€nnar. These tur rivers acl 3s thc main inigatron canajs wilh thc help of head regulalors provided on lhc boih thc rivers 50 serararely These rivers in tum, divide and sub divide inlo numbel of bmnches rvhich fblm ncllork all ovel dclta and distdbutes the Caulery wat€r in thc \.ast inigalion systcm. These .hiunels also canJ the dminage water and act as irigation cum drainagc chimnels in the lowcr J:lt:r. \ticr cland Anicul, rhe Kaveri divides into nunerous branches and covers the whole o1'the derta $itlr a vast network of ilTigation channels in Nagapatram and Tiruvamr districts ard gels lost in rhe \1ide expaose ofpaddy fields. The mighty Kavoi River hero is rerlucecl to an iasignificant .hanncl and cntels the Bay o f Beogal at the poompuhar historical placc of about I 3 kn1 notlh o f Tharangarnpadi. (Fig I & 2)_ A. Mohanakrishnan (201 l) estimates thc inigation in thc beguurilg of I9'h celtuy as 600000 acres. The lirsi impir\emenls lvcle done by British cnginecm in 1S09 and subsequently by successive govemmmts; the totar ilrigatior was i.rcrEased to ncarry 1000000 acres, lu tirc absence ofwater.flow the riverbed liorn Katur to Kollidam is always filled with sancl ancl he ce inordff lo ass€ss thc sedircnt depositior, this study was iaken up as requesred hy Wat€r Res,,urics Depunmenr. PWD.Tiruchy Region il 13-a. Cauvery River Line diagram orll! lsrl,l Irrli|i-r.'rri re**r.l..t Objective Cauvery receives llow Eom Mett6 dam. Thc reach liom Kartr 1{) Kollidam is very wide (Fig l) rcsulting low flow vclocily. This results in sedimentation process and it was necessaly to assess the sedifienlation. He[ce the sludy was taken up- 52 13,b. Cauvery in Tamilnadu Locetion of irrigotion structur€s The imporlant irrigation sructures located aloag the sludy which a]c used lor the rcgulation of water along the reach axe defailed below (Fig 4 & 5) Jeeddarpalayam barrage Mayanur barrage Uppe. anicut CftDd anicut Lower anicut 5: '13.c. Location Map of lmportant Anicuts 13.d. Delta map of Cauvery Climatc det ils Thc weslcm sidc ol the catchmelrl mainly expedences d1e south-west ntonsoon ftom June to Selle,nbel and the eastern side experiences nollh-easl DDnsoon Eorn C)ctober to Deceraber-. The rai f.ll du ng lhe rcst olthc ycar is i signiiicant. The total rahlall in lhe basin across the year .3r1 scpalated irlo parts. About 50% is rcccived during the south-west monsoon. about ll% in 5.1 i\. nonhcrrsl monsool1. r.ollghly lO% in d1e plc monsoons and the rest irr the wintcr ntonths. Anruirl precipitation varies Iirm about ?00-900 mm in the inrerior ro 1200 and above in rhe i.rsrcln all(l westem edges ofthe basin. Ceologf and meteorology ofthe reach The region ialls Bainly under crtaceous rock lbrmations. The rcgional tock lbnnation is the largcsl granulile block ot soulhem granulile renain of India. It is borxrded by patghat Cauvery ihear zons in lle nolth and Acharkoil shear z,one in fic sout[ 11 is domina[tly composed ofhigh grade metasedimentary rocks, malic $anulitcs, highlaM charnocldtes. Massif Anotthosites and related rocks. The liver Cauvery is flowing o11 the notlhem and eastem boundades. The area I'alls under reccnt alluvial lormation. The sand prcduced by ihc tidc and flow of river Cauvcry. The sedirncnts ofthe rivrr Cauvery are derived liorr Archern gneissic and chamockitic soulto regions. The lonDalion ofsandy bed in U/S and D/S ofBarragc based on borc 1og details rcveais that l4m and 9-5m rcspectivcly. The chernical analysis rcveals ihat the prescnce of Mic6, .lhis esfim?tion ofoxidcs ofother elcments Al., etc. is lounal to be snall enough to ignorg. pafi olSourh India experiences serri,aid climatic conditions wit} modemte lainfull averaliing aboul 630mn per year (Fig 6 & 7). The river Cauvery is perennial rivel in this region. The sca\onal sffeafis alld tiver inlcts rvhish get activaled during rnonsoon. ofien conl]uence in to uver Cauvery which ultimarely debauches in the Bay ol Bengal rvhich is 200KM away fmm thg pldect site. Iopogr aphic clcvation varies f'rom 101 .00m ro 95.70m above MSL. Ih; area applierl lbr. is river bed in rvhich sand shoals arE lorrncd abovc fie sill olthe baruge. The shoal lbr.n,rations above the barragc aflect the proposed storage oapacity of thc baragc an<1 decrease the efliciency ol. discharge ir downstrcam side during maximum 1lood. 13.e. Rainfall Pattern along Cauvery basin 55 13,(f). Geology along Cauvery basin Map "'i " \ Need aor the study Most ol'thc lime in a year the river in the study reach will have water flow for ilTigation Along Cauvery. lnoasc ofhcary mh in the uppcr catchmel1t of Mettur darn,lhe [low can be exccssivc and lthe surplus water is diveded llllough Kollidarn. HenceKollidara will be mostly dry and Cauvery will have flows. Duc to flai slope and wide nver nature. the flow velocily will be mostly low (< I tn/s) resulling in scdimenl fomations along the bed o aths riveN Cauvery and Kollida[t' Th€ scdiml-ntation has resultcd in decleasing thc elliciency otregulatom in divc[ing the tlow o{ pemlillcd ver' Thc sand waler to the side channcls eic.13gro13j). Hence sand miring was ii the mioing aclivity is lin' ted to middle rcach ol drc river' The sand mining aclivity is cTried as Ibllo,*s " lm helo^' llteo rctieal bel und renoval oJshouls ahove lhe bed". 13.19). Shoaling in River bed 13.(h). Reduction of Rive. carrying capacity by shoal fo.malion 57 13.(i). Siltation problems U/S ofanicut "'-'-*' 13,(i).Delta of Cauvery picture ,.4 5E lUethodolog"Y adoplcd Thc lbllo\ring arc lhe details oflhe p.ocedure ad(P1cd for the estimation ofslrdimenl . Collection ofavailable ficld details on discharge and sediment . Calibration ofnumerical model usitg the fiold data . Adoption ofsuitable empirlcalrelationships Ibr estimating sedimenl itansport . Evolution ol'!urlablc 4Fchrrge vq scdimenl transport chafls [o; variou5 slopes ol ri\cr Ill order to aarry tbe ttudies the river is divided as sugg€sted by PWD h to vanous slopes as detailed (Fig 12 and'fable l) Table I Details of river reach Slope Sl no River 1/1800 1 Nerur to Mucombu (Upper adcut) l4.Details of Field Data (i). \1ater level observation at Musiri The Cortral water courrnission fiow observations wer'c tirr Musiri sile indicate dlat lor a dischargc oI575 cu ocs the water level at Musiri is 83.480rn oll 22-9-2012 . Inilit ly lhis cross section was used for thc mrmeical modcl studies using nurnerical tnodel IIECRAS . For the pmsent study the LLS. Anny Corps of EngineeN (2008)' River Analysis System (I-iEC-RAS) software is useal. This softw'are is developed by thc Hydrologic Engineering Ccnter (l{EC). rvhich is a rlivision oftbe Institute fbr Water Resources oWR)' U.S. Anny Corps olEnginccrs Ihe details of$e modcl dre as behw 14.(r). Location of CWC gauging site map (ii). HIIC-RAS( olle dim€nsiollal modcl) IJEC-LAS is dcsigned to perlonn one-dimensional hydraulic calculalions for a lirll nelwork ol' natural and conslrucied chamels. Thc basic computational procedure is based on solviflg the onc-dimeosional energy equation using ihe Mannings' equation in conjunclion wilh the contraclion and expansion coeflicients usiag a prooedure si!1ilar lo the slandard slep n1cllrcd. The sleady tlow waler surface ptoliles computalion can handle thc subcritical supertritical and mixed flow regimes. The in pput to the modcl are Geornctnc data, llow data and boufidary condition. The output oo sists ol waler surl'ace level. velocity and Froude no- In the prcsenl contexl the HEC-RAS model mns wctc perlbnrred Ibr $e obsewed dischar€e o [575 cumecs and iirlibmlcd o resulr .hc \!arcr proiilc ast') 8l480m rPrc l4\a)& l4\b)) 6u \\ xt(r lelrl l)t ('\'( for 5ll( unr/s I l 86 Eru 6 levol ir, -Bed walor levol a0 -Model Lcvel -obseryedwarer 16 Alonfs c s lm) 14.(b). Calibration study result usingErCRAS dia$nm (iii). Field Measurement by WRO, PWD The Watcr Rcsources Depr (WRO) o IPWD Tiruchy region is engoged in sand quary. 'inder activitiesatvarioussiiesalongCauvery.oreofsuchsitcisMfu1hur(10'N80'E)'fhequanlity od sanal rcmoved along dre Cauvcry becl frorr Chainage al m ile 8916+90u to 90/0+70m iocated alolg d1e dver at M PuthuI vi]lage ofTholiyam uluk olT chy Dl(Fig 15 to :8). Thc abovc cross section was monitored hom Augusf 20ll to June 20l5 Thedverhas uodergonc various clischarges .Thc iolal quantum olsand fonnalion in the above pcriod along the river length oI 330m wo*s oul to 106516.00rn3 14.(c). Location ofMayanur site map 6l !. 14.(d).Field observations at Mputhur diagram Annual Flow 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 l 6000 IAnnurlllowlMCM) 4000 flow (mcum] 2000 -Avcrrse 0 Year l{.(c). Flow details 173-2013 diagr{m 62 700 . 600 * ,J; soo :rt, :ai 400 y* 3oo ,. ; 200 ",1r " * 100 .?-**- fiaflaliliri Eu gE g E E E g i Pa'E E ! E g ! "i ii ! ! "a 11.(tl. lrlow details 2013-201{ diagarnr The total s€dimert accumulatron lor lhc period l]:om August 2011 ioJurc2015 along a 1tidfi of 50Om works our ro l065l6n)r. This data was adopted to calibmte the approach adopted to estimatg tie sedimcnl calculations based on the discharges. 15. Estimation of Sedimcnts Depending on the size , shape and compilsition {rfsedimenl ptuticles . rhc scdimen$ arc tmnspon.d as follorv Slili g or tolling Round and cubical pa(icle will take sliding and rolling modes- Saltation ot Skipping Panclc movemenl along smalljumps I ree morement without contact l}'ilh bed. T)pes of se.lbrcnt loal 6:i the The sediment lral}sported by stream consists ofbed 1oad, suspentled load and wash load ln present study tted load estimations are made. Bed deformstions undulation' Tle bed ofstream tonspofting sediment under usual condilions offlow develops The r,arious uailulalions are ripples, dunes' and plafle bed' standing wave and anli dunes ' (Fis I9 & Table 2). tuie uit' .pEles srelosal ,=--3\r.ri, ,_ :rr r.i I I l f.-J n ida1. brarbng',twe 15.(a). Ftory regimes pictures Sall ske atd densily The eflactive size ol-sand paflicle D50 is 0.4,nm. Mass Densily is (ps ) 1850Kg/m-r Thc f'lo\t reglm es rrc identili ed as lillows based on bed Shear stres s to fld c titical shcar stltss 7o= Y,, RS" rc.= 70l (g(F - P$) d) 64 Bed load csthuation The tlanspon rate o[ sedimeflls in thc bed load qu is usually referred in unils of weight pcr second per uait width (N/s/m). A vcry large n;rmber ol cmpiricaL relations are available. Tlvo main pammelers used arc bed Shea. siess 1o and critical shear strcss r" In alluvial chanrel the particles will starl moving when bed shear stress exceeds critical shear stress. The most widely used expression is that od Meyer-leter-and Mullcr (1948). This relates a parameter called shcar . strtss paralrel€r 'r- ryith bed load function Sb. r- = ( Y* R S" / (Y"-t-") d) (N"4\1) 0b.: 8 (r. -0.047) rrz = (qrJ (gd)'/:) (r( (yv y*)-t),rl) where qb = Bed load in N/s/m d: mean scdiment .izc (m) Y.= Unit w.ight orsediment particle Y. = Unit reigh: ofeater N' = r\Iannings Coefffor particle roughness = (drr62l.l) N = Mannings coeff for channel R: Hydraulic mesn radius So = Longitndinal slope ofchanncl Tablc 2 Caril. & Rcngaraju method tor ana:ysis of bed form SI lo (T"/tJratio Flow regim€ I No rnotion 2 Betw.een 1 and 0.28(R,d)oia Ripples & Duncs lSel\l.eer 0.28(Ud)i ra and Transilio l.ls(t."d)u t6 4 Crcater lha :. i 8(&d)016 Antidunes. Bed load esrin'dtion Tlc transpo( ra1c of sedimen:s in the bed :oad qb is usually refe ed in uoiis of weigltl pcr se.ond per unil ividtlt (N/s/m). A very large number of.mpirica: rclations ue available. Tvo main paramelers usgd are bed Shear slress ro and critical shear slress r. In alluvial channel the particlcs will slart moviog when bed shear stress exceeds critical shear stress. Thc most widely used expression js that od Meyer-Peter-and Mullsr. TIis rclates a parameter called shear staess paraocier ''.- *ith be.d load .function (}6. The approach takes in to account bed slope, particle . s;ze and discaarge which are the main paameters. r, - ( y, R s. / () fY*) d) (Ne/i{) 0b= 8 (r. ,0.047) r/, - (qJ (gdr)i/) (t( (yry.)-l)rn) where q[ = Bed load in N/s/m d - mean sedimcnr sizc (m) r_s = UDit w€ight ofsediment particle .I." = Unit weight of water N" = Mannings Coefifor particle roughress = (dr/621,1) N : M.nnings coeia for ahann€l R = Hydraulic mcan radius Sd - Longitudinal slope ofchanret IIEC-RAS model run The input lbur cross lections along M Puthur Longiludinal slope Discharge valuqs lrom August 2013 to Jun€ 2015 The output Velociry (Mean) Fiow across cross section for various discharges Froude no 66 l1r. abovc \,alucs ofthc model rlrn for varioLs dischargcs aro extmcled &om the output of I1ECILAS. Flom thc outpnl the a!,€rage ilowdepth ior various discharges are evaluated ard cumcls (PF2) fumished below. . A twical ouqld lor discharges o{604 cumecs GFI) and 53 're gil'en bclow (Fig 20 & 2l) Ka€:yl{lE*|rir.HEC Plan: Plan 05 E 1occ .ltit Shlitx,'r) 1s.(b).Twical HECRAS results with cross sectioD diagarm 61 laii fllwSla Bda I Tdal [1i:ftE \{.x. tkr lril\!.5. t.6 tler E[,{]Gr€ Vel[tnl Fhr.Aret TotMd tr&&f ft tdlltl ttnl lml lrll {ml ltl,tr) {drl Iml 1 { $l 60ls s4.fr $$ mmm 0{6 1U4.31 181[21 [1] l I tr2 1t&$ 9{.25 S.u 0H843 0.41 M00 HElir $.1{ pF3 1 { 395.31 s.73 $.8 [.mfi 0{ $t 07 1 [1[ 'tsi, 1 , F!4 1 946 $.54 $.54 0.ffi8 C.I 54058 flr7 'lsB l 4 tr5 95.6! , $$ [mm1 lltr It 1 Iff 118. 34 2! $t9 ' s5.{9 offis 0.s. 017 'I i w1 aL!3 s4.25 !4.S -: !{.!1 o.ilfr4 t.s 6&t{, ftt{5 1 I Ptt 3!],'qE-,uL sc,F@ 0.31 $.!0 2{1r 1 ff3 ffifi 9,{.S SS $.$ [0ffi2 0ft] 81.!3 W6. 0l 1 1 17.S 94.87 .9rl 0 flr 31.6 94.Si 0mrE9 'OA,011 2${2 'I -9115 4 $r1 hrl $S --gOS OmAi ilrOrrliln- U ,: { fFt2 {r5i $1.25 $]! - $16. !0i,i lrEt3 fl15 1. Pf13 m45 S{25 S7t 35.71, 0.Bt${ 0.U i95$ 1i21.3 !, I Pf 1{ 5{1.n. ${ri $.$ $.{r [ffi]] 0.45 ]fr7.2. r8t3.60 0 l { $15 573 $.74 0.mml [3r 8$.n9 175tS fi l ,{ it16 s{.25 95.{i $.18 00[tn6 0.31. 452.34 124531 0l l { Pf 17 2312 g{.fr 95 $.63 0.t&n6 C.l0r SLil 158.13 [' 1 4 Pl.lt 2US8 !4.25 $.5! $.59.00t[ffi t.$] 613.79 1563$ 0 l caml-lE- riii---:- $2to.ffitl r11r 10t17 C1r ]l n1C 1 at dl r.4 3Lfr S14 $.14 0.00uru 0.2{ lSS 4$$ [1 l { 6i.31 t4.25 S.27 95.?S i.0imff {Xi-:trliO fiaS fi 1 4 FFI' .9? 34.2! r5fl 9122 !.ltfrrl it?7 irl7.$ [1&{$ 01 { tru {nfr 9,{.6 9515 $.tE [00X,17 r]25 16{.24 511.9' 0.1 1 4 FF 21 l2rm00 !,{.25 lm.ll lC!.{5, 9Wlrffi l.3lr S{5.53 1${.ll [1 T!pical IIECR{S rcsults in tables fi}r diffcrcnt floN dati Flolr d?rttr analyses 1'hc sand mining rctir ities were rdgularized ihr ough PWll in the year .2003. Hm.e rhe flow d6ra in Cauvery lil)m the rear 2004 to 2015 was collected al1d analyscd. The monthjy values for lhe periods arc presentcd . T):c hig|: vaLues rvele obselved during th. pcriod 2005-06 and 200?-08. Afa( aon thesc dre f:ows du|ing othcr years rvelc rrr-rmiral. ir; an inigation year cornmefl(ing 68 Duling ionr June and endind in May, the 0ows were mainly observecl during Juiy to January' th. other monlhs tuinimum flow was seen, (Fig 22) Flow 2004-2015 1200.00 1000.00 -2004.05 -*2005-07-2005{6 800.00 E 600.00 -2007{8 3 -2008"09 9 400.00 -*2009.10 -.'' 2010.11 100.00 2011-r2 0.00 ' - 101:11 >90zl)ir 15.(c). Monthly flow over a decrde diagarm The snalyses ofthe ow data indicatcs thal iver cauvery flo$'s thrcughoul rhc year lvith v luos varying litm a nrinimuln to maximum value Bccause of the llows therc \till he some deposilions along the bed. The low flow velocity will result in deposition of th': nraterials canied. Based on the discharge valucs thr: bed forn will take place. 69 Table 3 Eydradlc crlculations Sl no Discharge (Cumec) veiocity (nr./si Florv Regime 601.i5 0.46 iio ss 04r 395.31 0.41 180.95 0.33 -Ripples arul Dunes for all the .flotc 0.35 values uncler setial 6 148.89 0.32 nolto23 '7 20.53 0.3 I 18 ll 0.ll 9 3t.0r 0.28 l0 17.86 0.3r 1l 26.71 a_22 t2 48.57 0.26 li 102.45 0.18 l1 5.11.7! 0.45 l5 I3.61 0.39 I6 i40.38 0.31 11 238.12 0.36 lt 214.r8 0.lJ It i3.0i 0.11 2A ;7-71 024 1t 67.3:. 0.28 T. -s2.92 4.2'7 23 40.19 0.25 10 'Iable 4 Hydladic number S, no Discharge (Cumcc) Velocity (nL/s) Fa number Depth (m) .I 60.{.15 0.46 0.17 0.75 2 410.85 0.4: 0.l s 0.J3 l 395.31 0.41 0.18 0.51 160 95 0.33 0.17 0.38 5 )22_64 0.r5 0.18 0.39 r48.89 0.32 o.t'l 0.36 '/ 20.53 ' 0.1 0.20 0.23 8 t8.tl 0.11 0.20 0.24 I s3.01 0.28 0.11 0.28 l0 17.86 0.ll 0.20 0.24 ll 26_71 0.22 0.1l 0.29 t2 48.57 0_26 0.i5 0.31 I -il 102..15 0.38 0. t8 0.45 t4 541.19 0.45 0.18 0.64 l5 13i.67 0.39 0.18 0.4t ir) 140.18 0.3r 0.16 0.36 l1 2lE.t: 0.36 0.tii 0..11 I8 2 r4.98 0.35 0 18 0i9 l9 53.03 c.21 0 t5 0.33 20 1',7.',t4 4.24 0.r4 0.30 21 67.31 0.?8 0.17 0.28 12 52.92 4.27 0.l5 0.:l 23 40.39 0.25 0.i4 0.33 'Ific maxinrum velocity \..as O.46rn,'s and the corresponding tlow dcpth w.1s {).75lI). Ir all flows the Froude number was less than I indicatjng sub citioai flow,. 11 Tabls 5 Bed loaal par&metsrs Sl no Discha.ge 0r,tlen qb (3!d lird N/dE) load function 1 604.35 0.159186 1.3954 0.55 2 410.85 0.2s4521 0.7563 0.30 3 395.31 0.2t4521 0.7563 0.30 180 95 0.184855 0.4095 5 222.64 0.185478 o.4123 0.16 tt 148.89 0-173a22 0.t613 0.16 7 20.53 0.110378 o.1276 0.14 18.13 0.11786 0,1509 0.05 9 83.01 0.133082 o.2021 0.06 10 17 _A6 0.1x786 0.1509 11 26.77 0.140495 o.2287 0.08 12 48.57 0.147389 0.2545 0.05 13 302.45 o.214637 0.5689 0.09 x4 541.79 0,306507 1.0582 0.10 15 333.67 0.230296 0.6278 o.22 16 140.38 0.184156 0.4064 17 2f8_12 0.196228 o,46tz 0.42 1E 214.98 0.185478 0,4123 0.2s 19 53.03 0_158945 0.2995 0.16 20 37.14 0.144158 0.2423 0.x8 1t 67.31 0.133082 0.2021 0.16 22 s2.92 0.158945 0.2996 23 40.39 0.156432 0.2896 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.12 0.11 Tolal Oi/s/m) in two yea-rs = 3.96597465 12 Tablc 6 Bed load estirr{tions S: no Dl6charge Bed load (Kglm/month Bed load (Cqmec) (Kglm/month) i 604.3s t42400.551 $2441 2 410.85 11176.63611 77111 3 395.1r 7',7 t76.6?6'.71 '/71"t7 4 r80.95 .+l?85.s5725 41186 5 222.61 42069.10414 42069 6 i46.89 16870.6q526 36871 7 20.53 13025.77551 13026 8 r 8.1l 15398.90122 ]5399 9 83.01 20618.69931 206t9 10 I7.86 15398.90:22 15199 1l 26.'.7 L 23338.49:01 23338 t2 48.57 25967.03188 2596'l t3 302.45 58050.7899? 5805r 14 541.'/9 t07985.4669 l0?985 15 133.67 64064.86126 64065 L6 140.38 41467.89999 41468 t1 238.12 4',t06t .'t 6628 47062 18 2t4.98 42069.lM14 42069 l9 53.03 30577.22378 30511 20 3'1.74 2,4'.t27.t7751 2472'/ 21 67.31 206:8.699-13 20619 22 52.92 3As 77 .223',7 8 30577 ?3 40.39 29553.43395 29553 Total (Kg/ml23months) 1027980 Total (MVm/23monrhs) r028 Total (Tons/,rtY ca.) 536 Tots(foL/tear) sw .fot -r88.t_28 .llow ttidth of I096nt 13 C.lculntions for 500m $,idth nreasurements tv pwd at M Pulhur TotBl quartily measrirsd in I1 onths = 106516 mr Quafl.ity (MT/yeai/500rn width) = 191729 MT Quxniity (NrT/m/year/) = 383 MT/m/),. Quantity assessed as above = 536 MT/rn/Yr Quantit, assessed (mr| per annum = 118888 m3 The abole quantity indicates a fgrmalion of 76cm ofsand heiSht in the quaried atea of3Eotn -fhe lenglh by 500m widlh against observed averago of 56cm. approach adopted for bed load lranspod reasonably agrceing lvilh the approach.Based on the above disciarge vs Sediment bed ioad is given for Reaches below. The sediment transport is given in lerms weight units pe. metre width per monlh. It can be converled in to volumetric uaits. Based on rcgression anal)ses, equations are also deriled lor lhe assessmenl. Reach from Nerur to Muconbu alonq Cauven' Sedimentation -Ca uvery v 2t oix?, oarTr r 3.247 3") E "; ' o ,;- ;;; 400 ;; ;"; ;, 15.(d). Sedimert depth formatiotr in Cauvery diagram 71 Table -7 Monthly Sediment Formation With Monthly Ftow For . Different Reaches Flow (Cumec) Cauvery sediment Depth (cm) 100 5.141 200 7 .447 300 70.747 . 400 . 13.247 500 76.7 47 600 20.647 790 24.947 800 29_647 900 34.7 47 1000 40.247 16. DRAINAGE SYSTEM WITH DESCRIPTION OF MAIN RIVERS S.No. Name of the River Area Drained o/o Area drained (sq.Km) in the District 1. Cauvery 22A4.BO 80.00 75 17. SALIENT FEATURES OF IMPORTANT RIVERS AND STREAMS: s. Name of the Total length in Place of origin Altitude River/Stream the District No. at origin (in KM) (mm) 1. Cauvery 69.20 Talakaveri 1341.00 karnataka 2. Amaravathi' 67 Amaravathi na9ar, 800 Udumalaipettai 3. Kodavanar 35 Palani hills 1500 Tamil Nadu N an ga ngi 25 Kottavalli, hills 900 5. Pungar t2 Kadavur hills 500 6. Noyyal 1B Vellingiri hills. westen ghats 1000 Tamilnadu 76 01 ? iIt;;;EIE @ =E3.9=EsEE E= o =, o o o EE;g;c @ EgEg' d nE--^ o o o aa $iEEEE N 'EEsEe F I o Il-{ I e F ol N o to l-lo e,EEHi UI J- F lt o iEiE; -c -J t.l s9EFg :) F EA9bE E z ) !J t.EE;U F A ; \E r! J 9oLIE d IIJ 4Vt = E z O t-,i o = Z 6 o 1 4 MAR i;ltg 19. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MINING The mining will generate direct and indirect empl operations, In general there will be no adverse effect on human- as no blasting or handling of toxic material nvolved in sand mining. All the safety measuTes will be strictly followed to prevent occupational risk durlng excavation, ioadlng and transportation, The State is highly urbanised State after lYaharastra, the sand mining operation in the district wlll be the backbone for infrastructural development especially the highiy lndustriai wesiern dlstrici besides generate the revenue to the Government. Since the operation is carrylng out by the Publjc Works Department they properly identify the aggradation area over the river bed n the district it will be useful to mainta n the hvdrogeological cross secton of the river to carry the maxirnum flood discharge. 2O. CONCLUSION/ RECOMMENDATION : The Karur distrct is one of the largest urban agglomeration in the state. It is located nearest to the qeographic centre of the state of Tamil Nadu. The detailed scientific study reveals that the Cauvery River carrying sand sediments whenever there is sufficient flows along jts entire Ienqth in the district. This cumuiatve sedlments nave resulted n shoai iormaron anci reduce the carrying capaclty of flood nearly 4,80,000 cusecs. The properly managed sand mining activities are recommended in Cauvery and Amaravathi. Hence, it is concluded that, the Dermission of sand quarriec n the potential areas of river in the distrlct will be beneficlal for infrastructural development of the state of Tamil Nadu. / 1nt';: v :c ( / i... i t'r.t ' 0 -r /ulrr\{b-