passport handbook your guide to health And safety

www.sitesafe.org.nz 06 about site safe Training 06 Membership 06 contents NZ Certificate in Workplace Health & Safety 07 08 risk management Risk Matrix 09 10 identifying hazards Task Analysis/SWMS 12 Step back 5x5 12 7 point analysis 13 14 reporting hazards Controlling hazards 15 Hierarchy of Controls 15 16 health and safety representatives Toolbox Talks / Health and Safety Meetings 17 18 health Fatigue in Construction 19 Noise 21 Hazardous Products and Substances 23 Safety Data Sheets (SDS) 25 26 safety Actuated Tools 26 Confined Space 28 Electricity 31 Lockout and Tagout 33 Excavations 34 Falsework 36 Hot works 38 Ladders 40 Manual Handling 41 Mobile Elevating Work Platform 44 Mobile Plant 48 Outdoor Maintenance/Mowing Operations 51 Scaffolds 53 Slinging and Rigging 56 Working at Height (General) 58 Working in Occupied Buildings 60 Working on the Road 61 Working with Bitumen 63 66 personal protective equipment (ppe) Eye Protection 67 Face Shields 68 Gloves 69 Hard Hats 70 Hearing Protection 71 Hi-Vis Clothing 74 Respirators 76 Safety Harnesses 77 78 legislation basics Key Concepts 78 Responsibilities 80 PCBU 80 Officers 80 Workers 81 Notifiable Events 84 Hierarchy of Legislation 85 86 safety culture Benefits of Health and Safety 88 Fork in the Road 89 The Triangle 90 Make your conversation matter / action plan 91 Nice One Mate! 92 93 your training record 6 7 about site safe

About this booklet Site Safe offers a range of renewal options once ›› access to member-only resources from the Site To complete the programme, you’ll need a minimum This booklet is designed as a takeaway resource you have completed your Foundation Passport. Safe website of 40 Site Safe programme credits. These are for those who have completed Site Safe training. It These include a range of specialist Passport Plus ›› recognition of your commitment to safety earned by completing Site Safe courses, and/or is a handy guide for the basics of keeping safe on options such as, height awareness and health ›› promotional material including Membership submitting workplace evidence. construction sites. awareness. This means you avoid repeating the ›› certificate, Member stickers and posters, and use of By completing the Health & Safety in Construction course. the ‘Member of Site Safe’ logo and more… programme you will: About Site Safe Check out our website for the full range of options. ›› Become a Health and Safety leader Since it was formed in 1999, Site Safe has been Contact Site Safe’s Membership Coordinator by ›› Develop your career and skills influential in creating a positive change in the Membership emailing [email protected] or phoning ›› Demonstrate your commitment to health and safety Health and Safety culture of New Zealand’s You can support safety in your organisation by 0800 748 372. training construction industry. joining your business as a Member. ›› Proudly stand for health and safety in the New Our overarching goal is for the industry to be proud Health & Safety in Construction programme Zealand construction industry to be safe. Some of the benefits include: Site Safe’s Health and Safety in Construction ›› Develop an in-depth knowledge of workplace To do this, we provide education and resources on significant discount on the price of training ›› programme provides you with essential health and health and safety requirements and contribute to best practice systems and behaviours known to ›› access to current Health and Safety information safety training you need to make a difference at the wider construction industry in New Zealand improve on-site Health and Safety. and advice work. Completing this programme will award you ›› regular mailouts, including Safety Insite, as well as with a New Zealand Qualification Authority (NZQA) Scholarships Training many other industry publications recognised New Zealand Certificate in Workplace Every year Site Safe offer scholarships to those who Your site access card will expire two years from the ›› access to Regional Safety, Health, and Environment Health and Safety Practice (Level 3). demonstrate a commitment to leadership in Health date you completed your Site Safe training. Advisors and Safety. 8 9 risk management risk matrix

What is a Hazard? Risk Assessment Matrix is one tool that can be used to help assess risk in your workplace. A hazard is something that can harm you and others. Examples: slip or fall, struck-by object, electric shock, noise etc

What is Risk? Risk arises from people being exposed to a hazard (a source of harm). The level of risk is determined by the combination of; ›› the likelihood of a hazardous event occurring ›› the severity of the injury/illness

What is Risk Management? Risk management is simply the process of: ›› Identifying hazards ›› Assessing the level of risk posed by these hazards ›› Implementing controls to eliminate or minimise these risks, and monitoring the effectiveness of these controls. 10 11 identifying hazards

Identifying hazards involves paying attention to details. The drawing shows two workers at risk of injury while working on a What are some ways of identifying hazards roof. There are 12 deliberate hazards shown in the drawing – what are they? and risks? ›› Safety Inspection / Audit ›› Step Back 5x5 (ref pg.12) ›› 7 Point Analysis (ref pg.12)

Can you think of any others?

the ladder (12) No safe access onto roof. roof. onto access safe No (12) ladder the

clothing (9) Loose tools in bag likely to fall out onto people below (10) Carrying tools up ladder (11) Only one hand available to steady the worker on on worker the steady to available hand one Only (11) ladder up tools Carrying (10) below people onto out fall to likely bag in tools Loose (9) clothing

short and tied to gutter (5) Manual handling (6) Unprotected skylight (7) Worker kneeling on fragile roof materials (8) Workers not wearing suitable suitable wearing not Workers (8) materials roof fragile on kneeling Worker (7) skylight Unprotected (6) handling Manual (5) gutter to tied and short (1) Workers not wearing hard hats (2) No edge protection on roof to stop materials falling off (3) Roof ladder not long enough (4) Access ladder too too ladder Access (4) enough long not ladder Roof (3) off falling materials stop to roof on protection edge No (2) hats hard wearing not Workers (1) 12 13

task analysis/swms step back 5x5 7 point analysis

What is a Task Analysis / Safe Work Method What is Step Back 5x5? To identify hazards on site, ask yourself: Can I: Statement (SWMS)? Step Back 5x5 is a method used to identify hazards A Task Analysis / SWMS is a safety planning tool. onsite.

Identify your project task or activity and: Step back five paces from the job and spend ›› Identify specific steps for the activity five minutes planning. Think and observe ›› Anticipate and identify hazards for each step your surroundings. Step through the work in 1. Come in contact 2. Come in contact 3. Be struck by or strike your mind and begin only when the work can with an energy with a hazardous against anything? ›› Determine the risk rating for each hazard source? substance? be done safely ›› Determine the most appropriate and effective controls for each hazard Ask yourself: ›› Implement and monitor the controls ›› What will I be doing? ›› What are the hazards? ›› What equipment and plant do I need? Be caught in, on or Slip, trip or fall on Be injured by poor Strain or sprain a 4. between anything? 5. the same or lower 6. job/plant design? 7. muscle? How can I get hurt? ›› level? ›› What if something unexpected happens?

For further information please refer to our Passport Handbook resource library by scanning the QR 14 15 reporting hazards controlling hazards

What are some ways of reporting hazards A control measure is any measure taken to eliminate or minimise risk. and risks? When controlling most hazards and risks, the better the controls used, the lower the level of risk. ›› Induction ›› Verbal one-on-one discussions ›› Hazard and Incident Registers ›› Task Analysis / Safe Work Method Statements ›› Toolbox Talks ›› Safety meetings and committees

Can you think of any others? 16 17 health and safety representatives toolbox talks / health and safety meetings

What is a Health and Safety Representative? What are Health and Safety meetings all about? Health and Safety Representatives are Toolbox talks / meetings should be held regularly knowledgeable about Health and Safety matters, onsite / in the workplace, to inform everyone on and are aware of the rights and responsibilities of Health and Safety. Everyone should be encouraged everyone in the workplace. to participate by raising Health and Safety issues for discussion. If your company has an elected Health and Safety Representative make sure you know who that person You should attend, become involved and have is, as you can go to them for advice if something your say. concerns you. Tips for running your toolbox talks: ›› Arrange a suitable meeting location ›› Actively involve the workers to get their input ›› Use props and visual aids ›› Review your Task Analysis ›› Talk about problems or incidents ›› Recognise safe performance ›› Encourage feedback 18 19 health fatigue in construction

How many deaths are caused by exposure to Examples: What is fatigue? and taken in a single continuous period. When the Health Hazards in New Zealand? ›› Chemical risks: liquids, gases, vapours Fatigue is a state of physical and/or mental exhaustion length and quality of sleep each day is disrupted, ›› Construction workers are 20 to 30 times more likely ›› Physical risks: sun, noise, dust, fibres which reduces a person’s ability to perform work fatigue may result. to die of workplace ill-health than a workplace ›› Biological risks: TB, HIV, hepatitis, blood borne safely and effectively. Fatigue reduces alertness. ›› Environmental conditions: Climate extremes (such safety incident pathogens, bacteria This may lead to errors, and an increase in workplace as working outside in winter), noise and handling incidents and injuries. ›› 600 to 900 people die from occupational disease ›› Ergonomic risks: lifting, repeated movements vibrating tools place demands on workers and every year and tool or workplace design and layout increase fatigue. There are various causes of fatigue, some of them ›› An estimated 170 people die of asbestos-related Psychosocial risks: stress and fatigue, coping ›› Physical and mental work demands: Construction ›› inter-related. These include: diseases each year at home or work and physical or mental work can be physically demanding which can Work schedules: Hours of work, night work and shift ›› 30,000 people develop serious but non-fatal work- exhaustion ›› increase fatigue. Mental demands can also increase work (including breaks between shifts): Long work related ill-health fatigue, such as tasks that require periods of intense hours, irregular work hours, and schedules that require Health hazards can be hard to identify because concentration. night work can cause fatigue. These schedules limit What are Health Hazards? often you can’t see them, and they could take a ›› Emotional well-being: Work events can be the time for a person to physically and mentally A health hazard is an agent or activity that poses a long time to cause harm. emotionally tiring and increase fatigue, such as potential hazard to your health. recover from work. Working at night interrupts the regular criticism or the pressure to complete a task to natural sleeping rhythm, which can cause fatigue. a deadline. Non-work events can also cause distress ›› Sleep disruption: Everyone needs a particular and lead to fatigue - for example: when a person faces amount of sleep to stay alert and perform well. People the loss of a loved one or tries to resolve personal generally need between 7.5 and 9 hours of sleep a conflicts. night. The most beneficial sleep is deep, undisturbed 20 21 fatigue in construction noise

How can I minimise fatigue? ›› Nutrition: Eat a balanced diet, particularly foods How do you know when noise is a problem at ›› Sleep: People generally need between 7.5 and that provide a steady release of energy throughout your workplace? 9 hours of sleep a night to maintain health and the day (e.g. whole grains). Drink sufficient amounts Many construction tasks, tools and equipment alertness. Adequate, good quality sleep is essential of fluid. produce high noise levels, which can lead to to maintain and restore full physical and mental ›› Stimulants: Coffee, nicotine and energy drinks hearing problems. functioning. It is the only way to recover from provide only short-term relief from the effects of If you have to raise your voice to have a normal fatigue. If it is hard to get good-quality sleep, try: fatigue. When the stimulants wear off, there is conversation when standing about a metre keeping a regular sleep schedule by going to sleep usually a ‘crash’ and poor-quality sleep may result. apart, for at least part of the day, then noise and waking up at the same time daily; sleeping in Sleeping tablets can reduce fatigue if properly used levels on the site could be damaging your a dark room; avoiding using electronics directly for limited periods (seek medical advice before use). hearing. before sleep; eliminating noise; not eating large Drugs and prescription medications should not be There could also be a problem if there are meals directly before sleep; exercising regularly; used as a substitute for getting adequate rest. sudden extreme loud noises on the site, such as changing to a different bed. Look at sleep-specific ›› Work/life balance: Have a life outside of work and from cartridge operated tools; or if at the end of websites for more advice. If that does not work, ‘switch off’ after work hours. Continue any personal the day you notice that your hearing is muffled consult a sleep expert. hobbies ie sports, social group meet-ups etc. or your ears are ringing. ›› Take breaks during and between shifts: Use this rest and recovery time appropriately to restore If fatigue and sleepiness persists, see a doctor. Refer to page 71 regarding hearing protection energy and alertness. 22 23 noise controls hazardous products and substances

Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. What controls can we use to deal with noise? What is a hazardous product or substance? dizziness, nausea, headache and irritation of the Remember to use the Hierarchy of Controls, e.g. Any substance, or product containing a substance, eyes, irritation of the lungs, or irritation of the to be used or produced in a workplace that is known skin (dermatitis). The long-term effects will vary or suspected to cause harm to health. according to which solvent or paint you are exposed to. Ways you can be affected: eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe ›› Skin contact What are the effects of dust, fumes and mists? Dust, fumes and mists can irritate your nose, throat Eliminate noise Use newer Do the job at a Use soundproofing Hearing checks, Wear hearing ›› Inhalation (breathing) during design. technology that is time when others training, audits, protection e.g. ear ›› Digestive system (ingestion or eating) and upper respiratory system. Some particles, quieter. are not in the area toolbox meetings muffs or ear plugs depending on their size and type, can pass through ›› Injection to your lungs, where they can damage the lung

tissue and cause more serious health hazards e.g. Can you think of any other controls you could use? What are the effects of solvents and paints? sanding dust, spray paint mist. Solvents are chemical substances that are used to

dissolve or dilute other substances and materials. They tend to be a mix of several individual What are the effects of gases and vapours? Gases and vapours can pass immediately to your substances. Different solvents and paints can lungs. From there, they can be absorbed into your affect your health in different ways. Some of bloodstream, where they can damage your brain the short-term effects are; light-headedness, and internal organs. An example is solvents.

For further information please refer to our Passport Handbook resource library by scanning the QR 24 25 hazardous products and substances controls hazardous products and substances

Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. What controls can we use to deal with Safety Data Sheets (SDS) SDSs must include information under each of Hazardous Substances? Remember to use the Hierarchy of Controls, e.g. SDSs should be available onsite when using the following headings: hazardous products and substances. Read before use 1. Product and company identification – it’s important to know about your product before 2. Hazard(s) identification an emergency happens. Ask your boss about the 3. Composition and information on ingredients assessment of safe use. 4. First-aid measures eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe 5. Fire-fighting measures 6. Spillage, accidental release measures Use clips, clamps Replace it with a Separate Ventilated booths Work rotation to Wear suitable gear or bolts instead of lesser hazardous workers from for spraying or reduce the period e.g. a respirator, 7. Handling and storage adhesive substance. E.g. the hazardous fibre glassing of exposure for safety eyewear 8. Exposure controls and personal protection replace a solvent substance through workers, air and/or gloves 9. Physical and chemical properties product with a distance or the use sampling, training, water-based of barriers job briefing 10. Stability and reactivity product 11. Toxicological information 12. Ecological information Can you think of any other controls you could use? 13. Disposal considerations 14. Transport information 15. Regulatory information 16. Other information

For further information please refer to our Passport Handbook resource library by scanning the QR 26 27 actuated tools actuated tools controls

When using a powder-actuated fastening tool, complying with NZS 1873.3 and NZS 1873.4 Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. operators have a responsibility to protect are used. themselves and others from hazards associated Actuated Tool Hazards: with this type of work. ›› Not having a suitable substrate behind what you ›› Operator must hold a certificate of competency. are fixing. ›› Ensure the barrel is always pointed in a safe ›› Particles on work surfaces which may fly off during eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe direction away from your body and is at no time fastening. Work surfaces should be clear of such Remove the Electrical or other Barricade the work Safety switch Give 2 seconds Gloves, eye pointed towards any person. material. sources of harm type of tool area warning, inspect protection, face Only allow essential persons in the immediate Concealed pipes or electrical wiring. Check the tool before protection, hearing ›› ›› use, training, protection where vicinity of the firing place. location of pipes or electrical wiring to ensure that six monthly appropriate ›› The area on the opposite side to the operating they are not concealed within the material at the certifications location should be cordoned to restrict entry with point of firing. appropriate signage. ›› The presence of any explosive or flammable ›› Operators should ensure they are in a safe and gas, dust or vapour, or an atmosphere which Can you think of any other controls you could use? well-balanced position before firing. is compressed. Do not use a powder-actuated

›› Always use the weakest charge when firing for the fastening tool in these circumstances. first time into previously untried material. ›› The presence of excessive heat, which may cause ›› Ensure that only those fasteners and charges the charge to be unintentionally exploded. 28 29 confined space confined space hazards

What is Confined Space? When your head enters a confined space you have ›› Hazardous atmospheres (low oxygen, flammable, A confined space is an enclosed or partially entered it. All confined spaces should be identified toxic etc). enclosed space with limited entry and exit points and clearly marked on your job. ›› Engulfment that is not intended or designed primarily for human ›› Explosion occupancy, with a risk of one or more of: Most victims in confined space injuries and fatalities ›› Temperature extremes are would-be rescuers. ›› Oxygen concentration outside the safe oxygen ›› Energy sources range ›› Mechanical hazards A Concentration of: ›› ›› Falls ››Toxic airborne contaminant that may cause impairment, loss of consciousness or If there is a chance that a confined space contains asphyxiation one of the above hazards a Confined Space Entry ››Flammable airborne contaminant that may Permit is required before anyone can enter. cause injury from fire or explosion ›› Engulfment in a stored free-flowing solid or a rising level of liquid that may cause suffocation or drowning

30 31 confined space controls electricity

Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. Electricity Hazards: ›› Electrocution ›› Electric shock ›› Burns ›› Fire and explosion eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe ›› Falls Eliminate all Use alternative Use a lockout / Local or area Use a permit- Use a harness in ›› Exposed electrical parts hazards in the methods to do tagout system ventilation to-work system, fall restraint or space so the the job without specialised retrieval, personal ›› Overhead power lines entrants can entering. E.g., use training, rescue gas detector accomplish the a vacuum machine plan, job briefing, task and exit and extended hose air sampling (e.g. safely. E.g., to suck out sludge gas detector) lockout & tagout rather than have all electrical workers enter the energy sources. confined space to remove it.

Can you think of any other controls you could use?

For further information please refer to our Passport Handbook resource library by scanning the QR 32 33 electricity controls lockout and tagout

Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. ›› Never remove a lock or tag that is not yours. ›› Notify affected parties that lockout or tagout is going to be used. ›› Coordinate your work activities with others. ›› Ensure systems, plant and equipment can be eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe locked-out. Use hand tools Use battery Lockout/tagout Use with a Testing and Eye and face ›› Shut down energy sources – isolate them from powered tools Residual Current tagging every shield, rubber power (stored energy must be dissipated). Device (RCD) 3 months by a gloves and soles or Lifeguard. competent person where appropriate ›› Lockout and tagout power/energy sources to (In construction ensure no-one is exposed. ensure your RCD is Class H and has an IP rating of 33 or higher), raise leads off ground

Can you think of any other controls you could use?

For further information please refer to our Passport Handbook resource library by scanning the QR 34 35 excavations excavation controls

Excavation hazards: Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. ›› Threat of a cave-in (when the walls of an excavation collapse) ›› Accidental contact with utility lines ›› Crushing and striking hazards with mechanised equipment eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe ›› Hazardous atmospheres Bore and thrust Use less Maintain fencing Batter and bench Remove all Wear hi-vis instead, horizontal hazardous work around the area to the area, utilise equipment, clothing and a drilling practice protect others a trench shield or materials and hard hat shoring, ladders supplies a minimum of 1m away from the edge of the excavation, inspections

Can you think of any other controls you could use?

For further information please refer to our Passport Handbook resource library by scanning the QR 36 37 37 falsework falsework controls

What is Falsework? Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. Falsework or propping is used primarily to support a load. It is any temporary structure used to support a permanent structure while it (the permanent structure) is not self-supporting. eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe Falsework Hazards: Use an alternative Use precast Use barricades Factor safety into Must be inspected Wear hi-vis ›› Collapse of props or entire system construction columns and to create an design and signed off clothing, gloves Falls while erecting and using method that does beams instead exclusion zone before loading; and a hard hat ›› require the use of of constructing signs; competent ›› Improper erection or dismantling falsework formwork and persons ›› Overloading pouring concrete onsite ›› Poor foundation or soil conditions

Can you think of any other controls you could use?

For further information please refer to our Passport Handbook resource library by scanning the QR 38 39 hot works hot work controls

What is Hot Work? Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. Hot work is any process that can be a source of ignition when flammable material is present or can be a fire hazard regardless of the presence of flammable material in the workplace. Common hot work processes are welding, soldering, grinding, eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe cutting and brazing. Use mechanical Less toxic welding Screens, exclusion Blowback valves, Hot Work Permit, Gloves, respirator, fasteners material zone local exhaust Fire watch, Safety eye protection, Hot Work Hazards: ventilation Data Sheets, fire face protection Fire systems (LEV) extinguishers where appropriate ›› available, good ›› Toxic fumes housekeeping ›› Burns ›› Radiation – UV, infrared

Can you think of any other controls you could use?

40 40 41 ladders 01 manual handling

Before using a ladder, confirm that the ladder is the 02 One in four construction workers will have a back safest and most effective piece of equipment for the injury of some description in any year. job. Ladders are one of the most misused pieces of equipment on a site, and when misused ladders have 03 Manual Handling Hazards: enormous potential to contribute to serious injuries. ›› Heavy manual handling (lifting, carrying, shoveling, pushing, pulling etc) Tips for safe ladder use: 04 ›› Repeated movements Awkward postures 01 Ladder more than 1 metre above the work area ›› ›› Slips, trips, falls and loss of balance (these cause 02 Ladder secured at the top 30% of long-term back injuries) 03 Working between the stiles ›› Vibration (from plant) 04 At least three points of contact with the ladder 05 4:1 ladder angle 05 06 Ladder on level surface 07 Ladder secured at the bottom

For further information please refer to our Passport Handbook resource library by scanning the QR 06 07 42 43 manual handling controls proper lifting technique

Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. ›› Stop and think ›› Position the feet ›› Adopt a good posture ›› Get a firm grip ›› Keep close to the load eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe Move ›› 01 02 03 Remove the Use less Isolate the hazard Use a mechanical Warm up before Wear gloves sources of harm hazardous work to prevent only aid, e.g. trolleys, starting work and practice one person coming conveyor belts, take breaks, share into contact with it crane, tail lifts the load, deliver materials close to work area, reduce the size and weight of the load

04 05 06 07 Can you think of any other controls you could use?

For further information please refer to our Passport Handbook resource library by scanning the QR 44 45 mobile elevating work platform mobile elevating work platform controls

What is a Mobile Elevating Work Platform? Mobile Elevating Work Platform Hazards: Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. There are various types of mobile elevating work ›› Entrapment platforms (MEWPs): ›› Overturning ›› Forklift platforms ›› Falling ›› Crane lift platforms ›› Collision ›› Vehicle extension arms ›› Equipment failure eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe ›› Knuckle booms ›› Electrocution Do the work on the Standing scaffold Edge protection, Use spreader Have a practiced Wear hi-vis ground isolate the area plates when rescue plan in clothing, a hard Scissor hoists Catapulting ›› ›› around the MEWP needed because place hat with a chin ›› Other mobile elevating work platforms so that falling of the ground strap, and a safety tools or objects do conditions harness where They can be vehicle-mounted, self-propelled, towed not strike people appropriate below or moved by hand and used to access work above or below ground level.

Can you think of any other controls you could use?

46 47 mobile elevating work platform mobile elevating work platform

Set Up Use of MEWPs: Daily Check by the Operator: ›› Check Inspection Certificate is current – if it is not, ›› Only trained and competent operators should use ›› Tyre pressure and condition don’t use the MEWP them ›› All brakes are working efficiently ›› Set up with stabilisers or outriggers fully extended ›› NEVER exceed the Safe Working Load (SWL) ›› Fuel, water, oil levels, batteries are charged and leveled ›› Don’t start moving unless the way is clear ›› Hydraulic lines for leaks and damage ›› Use the parking brake and brake lock ›› Only travel if the machine route is firm and level ›› Structure is sound, free of distortion/cracks ›› Ensure the platform cannot be hit by vehicles or ›› In boom mounted MEWPs, always wear a safety ›› Power mechanism for platform is working other equipment harness attached to an engineered anchor point ›› Emergency controls function correctly ›› Ensure adequate clearance for the platform from ›› NEVER climb out of the platform ›› Electrical insulation is not bridged by any residue electrical conductors and other fixed obstructions ›› Never use MEWPs with combustion engines in ›› Other checks specified by the manufacturer Ensure that the public and other workers cannot ›› confined spaces ›› Observe safe operating practices go under the platform or enter the work area – use ›› Remain in the bucket if you contact live power lines ›› Complete the daily log book barricades and warnings ›› If any fault is suspected – cease operation ›› Ensure that the platform is lowered before moving 48 49 mobile plant mobile plant controls

What is Mobile Plant? Mobile Plant Hazards: Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. Mobile plant is equipment powered by an engine ›› Stability / rollover and operated by a licensed, competent operator ›› Struck by objects in the manner in which it was designed for use. ›› Falls when getting on or off equipment Examples of mobile plant include: ›› Hydraulic and other energy sources ›› Pinch-points eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe ›› Industrial lift truck (forklifts) ›› Overhead and underground services Remove the source Use a less Isolate the work Operator Operator training, Hard hat, hi-vis ›› Mobile cranes of harm hazardous work area from all protection / roll marked roadways, vests and hearing ›› Noise Earthmoving machinery – excavators, backhoe practice non-essential over protection maintain three protection where ›› personnel and the with seat belt – at points of contact appropriate loaders, bulldozers, skid steer loaders, motor public all times while climbing, graders or trenchers never walk under a suspended load, eye contact with the operator

Can you think of any other controls you could use?

50 51 blind spots with machinery outdoor maintenance / mowing operations

One of the big safety challenges for those of Outdoor Maintenance / Mowing Operations you who operate construction equipment is to Hazards: maintaining constant awareness of your blind ›› Mechanical plant spots. For many types of machinery, these ›› Falls (tree pruning, mobile plant) unseen areas can be quite large. On a busy ›› Entrapment and pinch points (chainsaws, mulchers, construction site, a labourer can easily wander tools) close enough to your machine to be struck when ›› Operating on embankments you move it. ›› Hidden objects becoming missiles ›› Health (temperature, noise, fumes, chemicals) ›› Chemicals, biohazards ›› Aggressive animals, insects (bees, wasps, spiders etc), pests (e.g. rats), poisonous plants ›› Public safety (working on or near public roads traffic/pedestrians) ›› Working alone ›› Environmental

For further information please refer to our Passport Handbook resource library by scanning the QR 52 53 outdoor maintenance / mowing operations controls scaffold hazards

Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. Hazards associated with the design of Hazards associated with erecting and the scaffold dismantling scaffolding ›› Foundation collapses ›› Injury resulting from to manual handling of ›› Failure of structure equipment ›› Incorrect design ›› Crushed by moving equipment eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe ›› Inadequate decking ›› Falling objects and debris Remove the Use a less Machine guarding Roll over Training, signs, Hearing protection, ›› Inadequate access and egress ›› Defective tools and equipment sources of harm hazardous work protective barricades safety boots, Inadequate edge protection Falls due to slippery equipment practice structures (ROPS) eye protection, ›› ›› and seatbelts sunscreen where ›› Inadequate bracing appropriate ›› Unstable scaffold falling Hazards from the environment ›› Wind loading Can you think of any other controls you could use? ›› Live electrical conductors or equipment ›› Fire

54 55 scaffold controls scaffolds

Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. Important things to check before you use an existing scaffold: ›› Scaffold tag ›› Foundation ›› Edge protection eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe ›› Access Complete the work Use a cherry Barricade the area Use physical Scaffold tag Wear hi-vis ›› Working platform on the ground picker or a Mobile below the scaffold, control measures clothing, hard Elevating Work use suitable indcluding hats and safety Platform guardrails and mechanical footwear kickboards devices or processes

Can you think of any other controls you could use?

56 57 slinging and rigging slinging and rigging controls

Slinging and Rigging Hazards: Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. ›› Being struck by, crushed or caught in the material being lifted ›› Back injuries trying to assist or move the material being lifted ›› Falls from trucks or other surfaces at height eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe ›› Rigging equipment not able to support the load Remove the source Use a less Barricade the Certified lifting Dogmen must be Wear hi-vis Mechanical failure of harm hazardous work area so no one points, slings and competent, trained clothing and a ›› practice can work under a strops. and authorised. hard hat where ›› Understrength anchors suspended load. Inspect all slings appropriate ›› Toppling or mechanical plant roll over Tag line. to ensure they are: in good condition, rated for the load being fitted, with proper types of attachments and slings used

Can you think of any other controls you could use? 58 59 working at height (general) working at height controls

One of the leading causes of death and injury in the ››Into excavations Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. New Zealand construction industry. ››From falsework ››From roofs ›› You can be seriously injured in a fall from any height ››Weather conditions – e.g. wind, rain, ice (including falls less than 3 metres) ››Slips/trips ›› Nearly all construction workers are exposed to falls ››Obstructions eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe from height at some point in their working day ››Falling objects Do the work on the Use scaffold Have guardrails Use physical Job planning, Safety harness ground instead of ladders and edge control measures training, practiced system (but ensure Working at Height Hazards: protection including rescue plan you are trained) When working over water: mechanical Falls: ›› ›› Prevent the fall devices or From ladders/scaffold/working platforms processes ›› ›› Use life vests From leading edge work (an advancing deck or ›› ›› Rescue equipment/craft must be available platform) ›› Buoys with rope attached available Can you think of any other controls you could use? ››Through penetrations ›› Practiced Emergency Rescue Plan From plant/climbing on and off mobile plant ›› ››Confined space ››Unloading materials ››From bridge piers and abutments 60 61 working in occupied buildings working on the road

Tips when Working in an Occupied Building: ›› Do not permit access to swimming pools Working on the Road Hazards: ›› Enter properties only where you have permission ›› Do not borrow items from homeowners ›› Workers being struck by traffic ›› Avoid abusive people and aggressive animals ›› Have an emergency plan ›› Traffic accidents to the roading public. They may ›› Always leave things the way you found them ›› Control access to your workspace be killed if they are involved in an accident while ›› Maintain safe public access ›› Monitor/control visitor access driving through roadwork sites. ›› Schedule the work for the least disruptive time ›› Separate your work from the public or anyone else This is often due to: ›› Maintain access to exits and fire protection, use fire that could be harmed from your work activity ›› Speed extinguishers/fire watch ›› Use barricades and signs – but don’t rely on them ›› Driver confusion ›› Keep the area safe and tidy, control dust and noise to keep people out ›› Diversions and lane closures and leave it safe when you go ›› Do not place yourself in any potentially ›› Variations to normal conditions ›› Don’t work around unsupervised children compromising situations - e.g. when working around ›› Distractions – for you and drivers children and minors, hospitals, public toilets, etc. ›› Obstructions Tips for Security: ›› Uneven pavement/loose shingle ›› Do not compromise a building’s security system ›› Blind spots ›› Lock all doors behind you ›› Road rage ›› Do not disarm security or fire alarms without ›› Civil construction hazards – plant, excavations, approval height, noise etc

62 63 working on the road controls working with bitumen

Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. Bitumen hazards: ›› Burns ›› Fire and explosion ›› Steam eruptions ›› Fumes eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe ›› Toxic/corrosive additives Remove sources Use a less Safety work zones Close road access Toolbox Talks / Wear hi-vis ›› Spills of harm hazardous work and solid barriers traffic mangement clothing in Run over by equipment practice plan in compliance accordance with ›› with the Code NZTA requirements ›› Traffic of Practice for Temporary Traffic Management signage

Can you think of any other controls you could use?

64 65 bitumen controls working with bitumen

Always maintain good personal hygiene and cleanliness when working with bitumen. Use these controls as appropriate. First aid for bitumen burns: It is not a definitive list of control measures. ›› Do not remove bitumen sticking to skin ›› Cool the affected area by drenching in cold running water for a minimum of 20 minutes OR use fit-for- purpose cool packs ›› Attach Bitumen Burns Card to the patient eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe ›› Get patient to hospital immediately Use another form Barricade the work Use physical Emergency Plan, Face shield, ›› The patient MUST be accompanied to and at the of roading material area, create an control measures supervision, proper hard hat, hi-vis, hospital. The accompanying person should have exclusion zone including plant maintenance gloves, boots, mechanical and operation, heat resistant full knowledge of the incident and an understanding of devices or training and length clothing treatment from the Bitumen Burns Card. processes authorisation, Use same treatment as above for eyes burn card and ›› procedures Note: Burns are always serious and can be fatal, even small burns. Can you think of any other controls you could use?

66 67 personal protective equipment (ppe) eye protection

What do I need to know about eye protection? Eye protection can help you against intense wind, sun, dirt, dust and debris, absorption of chemicals, as well as high heat and humidity.

Refer to AS/NZS 1337.1:2010 ‘Recommended Practices for Occupational Eye Protection’

Different types of eye protection:

goggles sealed tinted 68 69 face shields gloves

What do I need to know about Face Shields? What do I need to know about Gloves? Different types of gloves for different work: Face shields are intended to protect the entire Different types of gloves provide protection from face or portions of it from impact hazards such as cuts and abrasions, chemicals, cold weather, etc. kick-back, flying fragments, objects, large chips, Not one pair of gloves protects you from everything. and particles. When worn alone, face shields do not protect you. You should use a face shield in All protective gloves provided must comply with AS/ combination with eye protection for additional NZS 2161.1:2000 and be compatible with: protection beyond that offered by the safety face shield + polycarbonate visor ›› the wearer brow guard (High Impact Protection) glasses or goggles. ›› the work to be done manual handling chemicals ›› any other personal protective equipment required Face shield windows are made from different to be worn transparent materials and in varying levels of thickness. The thickness of your face shield Refer to AS/NZS 2161 ‘Occupational protective should be appropriate for your work activity. gloves – selection, use and maintenance’

polycarbonate half circle visor (Medium Impact Protection) cut resistant disposable 70 71 hard hats hearing protection

What do I need to know about Hard Hats? What do I need to know about Hearing Your employer has a legal duty to monitor the noise Hard hats protect you from falling debris, rain and Protection? level in your workplace. the sun’s UV rays. According to the AS/NZS 1800 Loud noise is dangerous and the impact it can have standard the service life of a hard hat (from the on your hearing is irreversible. Exposing your ears Hearing protection includes ear plugs and earmuffs time of issue) should be 3 years for the shell and to a 85> dB (decibel) noise – i.e., the noise levels that are designed to reduce the intensity or 2 years for the harness unless otherwise stated of industrial equipment or inner ear headphones at loudness of sound. Ear plugs must be fitted properly by the manufacturer. full volume - damages the inner ear, even if just 15 or they will not work. Ensure your hard hat does not interfere with other minutes. Working unprotected in loud environments PPE such as hearing protection, respirators and hard hat shell hard hat for working for several hours at a time is even Refer to AS/NZS 1269 ‘Occupational Noise eye protection. at height more risky. Management’ and AS/NZS 1270 ‘Acoustics – Hearing protectors’. Be careful though - the helmet can be damaged The problem is simple: once destroyed, the by petroleum products, cleaning agents, paints microscopic hair cells of the inner ear do not for adhesives and similar products without the grow back. damage being visible. Make sure you correctly adjust the harness before wearing. If you work in a noisy environment, ask your boss if hard hat harness/suspension the level of noise has ever been checked to make Refer to AS/NZS 1800 ‘Occupational protective sure you have the proper protection against long helmets – selection, care and use’ term hearing loss. 72 73 different types of hearing protection fitting instructions for earplugs

01 02 ear muffs banded ear plugs

disposable ear plugs multi - use ear plugs 03 04 74 75 hi-vis clothing

What do I need to know about Hi-vis Clothing? The main thing to remember is: ‘Fluorescent for High-visibility safety clothing keeps you illuminated daytime visibility, reflective for night’. so that you are more visible to all. It gives people more awareness of your presence, which enables Hi-vis clothing is affordable, light and comes in them to act faster in the event that they could different shapes and sizes, qualities and thickness. potentially endanger you or themselves. It must be clean to be effective (but be sure not to hot wash your clothing as it kills the reflective Hi-vis clothing is made of fluorescent material with strips). added reflective tape or shapes. Now for the technical bit: Refer to AS/NZS 4602 ‘High visibility safety ›› The sun’s ultraviolet rays react with the fluorescent garments’. colours to make them appear to ‘glow’, increasing daytime visibility ›› At night, light from sources such as car headlights bounces off the reflective areas to make the tape glow, increasing night-time visibility

76 77 respirators safety harnesses

What do I need to know about Respirators? (Note: no standard respirator will fit against facial accordance with manufacturers’ instructions. Both What do I need to know about Safety Breathing air that contains toxic substances and hair). cartridges and filters must be replaced regularly Harnesses? particulates or an atmosphere with insufficient ›› Have an active maintenance programme to support by using the manufacturer’s recommendations. A safety harness has the potential to save your oxygen to support human life is a very real and the devices in use, including cleaning and defect Remember that some filters can expire. life and greatly reduce injury when used in common hazard in industry. Respirators are recognition. This includes the cartridge or filter. high places. There are various styles of safety designed to protect against one or more of the ›› Ensure equipment is properly stored, it is best kept Refer to AS/NZS 1715 ‘Selection, use and harnesses, but they all accomplish the same task, following types of atmospheric hazards in the in an airtight container. maintenance of respiratory protective equipment’. which is to restrain you from falling in the first workplace: place or to arrest your fall if you do slip from your ›› Particulate contaminants such as dust, fibre, mists, Since filters capture particles, caution must be working area. fumes or dirt exercised to always check that these filters are ›› Gaseous or vapour contaminants, such as solvents not clogged, as clogging makes it harder for air Safety Harness Systems are the last resort for to pass through and increases the likelihood of working at height. There are four simple principles of respiratory contaminated air entering the mask. Cartridges protection: can also become ‘full’ or saturated. They will stop You must be fully trained to wear a safety harness ›› Always select the right respirator for the task, e.g., working and ‘breakthrough’ will occur – this term in either US 23229 or US 15757. one with correct filters. means that the gases or vapours will leak through ›› Always ensure a proper face fit. Fit test if necessary the cartridge. To test this, complete a valve test in 78 79 legislation basics

Key Concepts The focus of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1. PCBU – (person conducting a business or 5. Safety is everyone’s responsibility – no 2015 (HSWA) is to protect workers and other people undertaking) is a key term – the PCBU has the one can ‘opt out’ and safety becomes everyone’s against harm to their health, safety and wellbeing by ‘primary duty of care’ to ensure the safety of workers responsibility. All parties from executives to workers eliminating or minimising risks at work. It’s part of a and anyone affected by its work. have Health and Safety responsibilities. reform package that aims to reduce New Zealand’s work related illness, injury and fatality figures by 25% 2. Worker participation – a strong emphasis on 6. Due diligence for directors – the Act places by 2020. worker participation and engagement to ensure that more legal responsibility on directors and executives workers are engaged with Health and Safety. of an organisation to manage risks and keep people safe. 3. Consulation, cooperation and coordination – where multiple PCBUs share a duty for worker safety 7. Stronger fines and penalties – the Act they must all work together to meet their duty significantly increases the category of offences, with a three-tiered hierarchy being introduced along with a 4. Risk management – shifts the focus from hazard range of other offending provisions. identification and control to proactively identifying and managing risks. 80 81 responsibilities

PCBU ›› provide adequate facilities for the welfare of An Officer must exercise due diligence by taking Workers Despite the name a PCBU is not usually an actual workers reasonable steps to: This is the term for employees. Workers are person, (it is a legalism referring to a business ›› provide information, training, instruction, or ›› Keep up to date about work Health and Safety individuals who carry out work for the PCBU. entity). In most cases the PCBU will be the business supervision that is necessary to protect all persons matters A manager who only has influence over daily itself e.g. a company or an organisation such from risks to their Health and Safety arising from ›› Understand the nature of the hazards and risks operational matters is also classed as a worker. as your employer, the main contractor, client or work associated with the organisations operations consultant. ›› Ensure the organisation has resources and Workers should: The PCBU has the ‘primary duty of care’ to ensure Officers processes to eliminate and minimise risks ›› Take reasonable care to ensure the Health and the safety of workers and anyone else affected by These are the people in senior positions who ›› Ensure appropriate and timely processes for Safety of themselves and others in the workplace its work. have a significant influence over the way the receiving and responding to incidents, hazards and ›› Follow instructions from the PCBU

business is run. They include CEO’s, directors, risks ›› Cooperate with Health and Safety policies and The PCBU must (as far as reasonably practicable): sole charge owner-operators and anyone else at ›› Ensure there are processes for complying with any procedures of the PCBU provide and maintain a workplace that is without that level. A person who merely advises or makes ›› duty Workers also have the right to refuse to undertake risks to Health and Safety recommendations to someone in a senior position is ›› Verify that Health and Safety processes are in place unsafe or dangerous work provide and maintain safe plant and structures and not considered an officer. ›› and being used safe systems of work Officers are now personally liable under the Act if ›› ensure the safe use, handling and storage of plant, they fail to meet their due diligence obligations. structures and substances 82 83 notifiable works for construction

The Health and Safety in Employment Regulations greater than the horizontal width at the top ››Work on overhead telecommunications lines and 1995 require employers as well as the person ›› Work in any drive, excavation, or heading in which overhead electric power lines who controls a place of work to provide at least any person is required to work with a ground cover ››Work carried out from a ladder only, or 24 hours’ notice to WorkSafe New Zealand of overhead ››Maintenance and repair work of a minor or routine particularly hazardous work as defined below. ›› Work involving the use of explosives, or storage of nature explosives for use. ›› Logging or tree felling undertaken for commercial ›› Work in which a person breathes compressed air, or ›› Use of a lifting appliance where the appliance has purposes respiratory medium other than air (not diving). to lift a mass of 500 kilograms or more a vertical ›› Construction work with a risk of falling 5 metres or ›› Work in which a person breathes compressed air, or distance of 5 metres or more. Excludes: more respiratory medium other than air (diving). ››Work using an excavator, ›› Erecting or dismantling scaffolding with a risk falling ››Work using a fork-lift, 5 metres or more Exclusions: ››Work using a self-propelled mobile crane ›› Use of a lifting appliance where the appliance has ›› Construction work with a risk of falling 5 metres or to lift a mass of 500 kilograms or more a vertical more. Excludes: How to notify: distance of 5 metres or more ››Work in connection with a residential building up to In most cases notifying WorkSafe will involve calling ›› Work in any pit, shaft, trench, or other excavation and including 2 full storeys them on 0800 030 040, this number is available in which any person is required to work in a space 24/7. You can also complete an online notification or more than 1.5 metres deep and having a depth complete a PDF form (for some types of events). 84 85 notifiable events hierarchy of legislation

Under the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015 Note: the word ‘accident’ should no longer be used, The Health and Safety at Work Act 2015 is the available may be considered as part of legal certain events must be notified to the regulator – it is an ‘event’ or an ‘incident’. governing Health and Safety law in New Zealand. proceedings. WorkSafe New Zealand. The HSWA Regulations help businesses understand How to notify: what they need to do to comply with the law and There is a Hierarchy of Health and Safety Different types of notifiable events: In most cases notifying WorkSafe will involve calling provide additional information; these regulations Legislation in New Zealand, which looks like this: ›› A death them on 0800 030 040, this number is available are also legally binding. Health and Safety ›› A notifiable illness or injury (e.g. an 24/7. You can also complete an online notification or legislation in the workplace is considered the lead h&s work act 2015 amputation) complete a PDF form (for some types of events). legislation – it triumphs over other legislation that ›› A notifiable incident (when a person’s Health and may apply. regulations Safety are seriously threatened or endangered as a result of a work situation). Standards in Health and Safety may be considered safe work instruments by the Courts as good practice. Under the Act a notifiable event is when any of the WorkSafe New Zealand produces additional codes of practice above occurs as result of work. The underlining guidance in line with HSWA and regulations. These of the word ‘work’ is important. A death, injury or include Codes of Practice, Interpretive Guidelines, standards illness that is unrelated to work is not a notifiable Fact Sheets, Bulletins and Alerts. event, e.g., a diabetic worker slipping into a coma at guidances notes and fact sheets work is not a notifiable event. Approved Codes of Practice support the law and may be used in legal proceedings. Other guidance business management system 86 87 safety culture behaviour patterns

The safety culture on a site drives the safe or unsafe subcontractors. actions of managers, workers and subcontractors – In many companies you’ll only hear about Health their performance. and Safety after something goes wrong or when my a you are blamed for making a mistake. This results ts f c fe in people not wanting to be involved in Health and e attitude c ›› Culture is a reflection of the unwritten rules that f t f s define what is important and worth doing. Any Safety. a organisation, has perceived ‘rules to know’ and ‘rules to break!’ If you want to change your culture, make safety ›› A positive culture contributes to overall productivity positive. If it is positive no one will hesitate to be your my and effectiveness but when ignored or unnoticed involved in it! behaviour behaviour

culture will impede progress.

a

s

Everyone contributes to your company’s Health f

t

f

c

e

e

and Safety culture. It is mainly shaped by company c

f t

f s leaders (managers or role models). When they pay a your attention to Health and Safety and are involved attitude in Health and Safety activities, Health and Safety becomes important and worth doing for staff and 88 89 benefits of health and safety fork in the road

There are many benefits to Health and Safety ›› Improved competency All workers face a decision many times each day to beyond the cost of incidents. These include: ›› Change in attitudes and opinion be ‘safe’ or ‘unsafe’. Always take the safe fork in the ›› Getting to go home at the end of the day and spend road for you, your family and your mates. ›› Control of your business your hard-earned money! ›› Reputation ›› Innovation and quality A productive job is a safe job, and a safe job is a ›› Peace of mind productive job. Both require you to plan ahead, ›› Influence / better decision making motivate and lead workers to make changes as the work progresses. ›› Staff retention and recruitment ›› Better contractor relationships ›› Improved discretionary effort ›› Better planning and productivity ›› Leadership in industry ›› Safer sites ›› Improved knowledge ›› Engaged staff ›› Greater commitment 90 91 the triangle make your conversation matter / action plan

The only way to stop serious injuries and deaths Questioning Approach Action Plans – what you’ll do to improve your Health is to stop unsafe acts. When you see an unsafe worker ask questions to and Safety get buy-in and lasting change When you have fewer unsafe acts you’ll get fewer ›› Tell me about the job you are doing. These are 3 actions I will take to help my company or incidents, injuries and deaths ›› What is the safe way to do it? site Health and Safety culture improve You never know the odds and can’t predict when ›› How could you be harmed doing the job this way? one unsafe act will result in something tragic. 1. ›› What impact would that have? Everyone can have an impact on eliminating Why are you doing it unsafely? unsafe acts from the workplace. ›› ›› How can the job be done safely? What can I do to help you? ›› 2.

Recognition When you see safe workers simply recognise the safe work to get more of it 3. ›› Thanks for… ›› Well done. ›› Keep it up. 92 93 nice one mate! your training record

A ‘Nice One Mate!’ card is a tool used to help you has completed training with Site Safe New Zealand. have positive Health and Safety conversations.

Use it: Site Safe Course: Date Completed: Trainer Stamp: ›› As a trigger to help you start recognising safe actions and activities ›› To help you say ‘thanks’ ›› To acknowledge someone who is acting safely or has completed any safety activity

Once you get the hang of it, recognise good work anyplace and anytime without the card. Site Safe can help any company that wants to pursue this process further by implementing something similar for them to kick-start positive They have passed the course and are awaiting a Site Safety card, which will arrive in approximately four weeks’ recognition activities. time. If you have any queries please contact Site Safe on 0800 SITE SAFE or alternatively [email protected] 94 notes Third edition, February 2019