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Impact De L'apiculture Urbaine Et Du Paysage Urbain Sur Les Abeilles

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Impact De L'apiculture Urbaine Et Du Paysage Urbain Sur Les Abeilles Impact de l’apiculture urbaine et du paysage urbain sur les abeilles sauvages Mémoire Frédéric Mc Cune Maîtrise en biologie végétale - avec mémoire Maître ès sciences (M. Sc.) Québec, Canada © Frédéric Mc Cune, 2018 Impact de l’apiculture urbaine et du paysage urbain sur les abeilles sauvages Mémoire Frédéric McCune Sous la direction de : Valérie Fournier, directrice de recherche Marc J. Mazerolle, codirecteur de recherche II Résumé Les abeilles sauvages contribuent significativement au service de pollinisation et connaissent présentement un déclin important. L’une des causes de ce déclin serait la compétition par l’abeille domestique. L’apiculture urbaine, une pratique assez récente, devient rapidement populaire. On ne connait pas de quelle façon la compétition entre les abeilles sauvages et domestiques s’exprime en milieu urbain, d’autant plus que ce milieu a déjà des impacts importants sur les abeilles, sauvages comme domestiques, notamment par la présence d’îlots de chaleur. Les objectifs de ce projet étaient de déterminer comment les paramètres environnementaux (abondance de l’abeille domestique, proportion des îlots de chaleur à l’intérieur de 1500 m, quantité et diversité des ressources florales) expliquent les communautés d’abeilles sauvages en milieu urbain. Nous avons émis les hypothèses : 1) que la compétition avec l’abeille domestique influence négativement les abeilles sauvages, 2) que les sites avec des ressources florales abondantes soutiennent des communautés d’abeilles sauvages plus diversifiées et abondantes et que ces ressources minimisent l’impact négatif de la compétition et 3) que l’urbanisation a des impacts variables sur les abeilles sauvages en fonction de leurs traits fonctionnels. Nous avons testé ces hypothèses à l’aide d’un jeu de données récoltées à Montréal en 2012 et 2013 sur 25 sites où les abeilles furent échantillonnées à l’aide de pièges-bols colorés. Nous avons étudié les patrons des communautés de 166 espèces d’abeilles sauvages ainsi que de l’abondance des espèces les plus communes après avoir tenu compte de la probabilité de détection. Nos analyses n’ont pas permis de détecter de compétition entre les abeilles sauvages et domestiques. Nos résultats indiquent cependant des effets variables des îlots de chaleur et positifs des ressources florales. Les villes permettent potentiellement la cohabitation harmonieuse entre l’apiculture urbaine et les abeilles sauvages à des densités modérées de ruches. III Abstract Wild bees are currently declining at a global scale. One of the possible contributors to this decline is the competition with domesticated honey bees for floral resources. Urban beekeeping, a fairly new activity, is rapidly gaining popularity. Competition between domesticated honey and wild bees occurs in some agricultural and natural settings. However, the extent of such potential competition in urban setting is unclear, given that this environment imposes pressures on bees, both wild and domesticated, namely by the presence of impervious surfaces and urban heat islands. The objectives of this project were to determine how environmental parameters (abundance of honey bees, proportion of urban heat islands within 1500 m, and availability and diversity of floral resources) affect wild bee communities in Montreal, Canada. We hypothesized that: 1) competition with honey bees influences wild bees negatively, 2) that high floral resources support abundant and diversified wild bee communities and mitigate the negative impacts of competition with honey bees, and 3) that urbanization has variable impacts on wild bees depending on their functional traits. We tested these hypotheses using an extensive data set collected in 2012 and 2013 on 25 sites where bees were sampled with pan-traps. Floral resources were sampled along transects at 15 of the 25 sites in 2016 and 2017. We investigated community patterns and abundance after accounting for imperfect detection probability. We found no evidence of competition between wild and domesticated bees. However, results indicate mixed effects of the proportion of urban heat islands and positive effects of floral resources. Thus, cities potentially allow the coexistence of urban beekeeping and wild bees under moderate hive densities. However, it will be important to further investigate the competitive interactions between wild and honey bees as urban beekeeping is rapidly gaining in popularity. IV Table des matières Résumé ........................................................................................................................ III Abstract ....................................................................................................................... IV Table des matières ........................................................................................................ V Liste des tableaux ........................................................................................................ VII Liste des figures .......................................................................................................... VIII Remerciements ............................................................................................................ XI Avant-propos ............................................................................................................. XIII Chapitre 1 : Introduction générale ................................................................................. 1 1.1. Importance de la pollinisation .......................................................................... 2 1.2. Déclin des pollinisateurs .................................................................................. 3 1.3. Importance des ressources florales pour les abeilles ........................................ 4 1.4. Impacts de l’abeille domestique ....................................................................... 5 1.4.1. L’abeille domestique, un organisme exotique envahissant ............................. 5 1.4.2. Impact de l’abeille domestique sur les plantes indigènes et exotiques .......... 7 1.4.3. Transmission de parasites et de maladies par l’abeille domestique ............... 7 1.5. Compétition pour les ressources par l’abeille domestique ................................ 8 1.5.1. Introduction à la compétition ........................................................................... 8 1.5.2. Quand l’abeille domestique en est victime ...................................................... 9 1.5.3. Superposition de niches écologiques et utilisation des ressources ................. 9 1.5.4. Abeille domestique et abeilles sauvages ........................................................ 11 1.5.5. Impacts sur la valeur adaptative (fitness) des abeilles sauvages ................... 12 1.5.6. Cohabitation harmonieuse ............................................................................. 13 1.5.7. Compétition pour les nids .............................................................................. 14 1.5.8. Apiculture urbaine .......................................................................................... 14 1.6. Impacts du paysage urbain sur les abeilles sauvages ...................................... 15 1.6.1. Introduction à l’urbanisation .......................................................................... 15 1.6.2. Pollinisateurs sauvages en milieu urbain : la diversité en ville ...................... 15 1.6.3. Pollinisateurs sauvages en milieu urbain : impact de l’urbanisation ............. 16 1.6.4. Pollinisateurs sauvages en milieu urbain : les ressources florales ................. 18 1.6.5. Pollinisateurs sauvages en milieu urbain : urbanisation et nidification ......... 19 1.6.6. Pollinisateurs sauvages en milieu urbain : urbanisation et spécialisation ..... 20 1.6.7. Pollinisateurs sauvages en milieu urbain : urbanisation et taille des abeilles sauvages ........................................................................................................................ 21 1.6.8. Pollinisateurs sauvages en milieu urbain : autres considérations ................. 21 1.6.9. Îlots de chaleur ............................................................................................... 22 1.7. Objectifs et hypothèses de recherche ............................................................. 24 1.7.1. Objectif général .............................................................................................. 24 1.7.2. Objectif spécifique 1 ....................................................................................... 24 1.7.2.1. Hypothèses : ........................................................................................... 24 1.7.3. Objectif spécifique 2 ....................................................................................... 24 1.8. Approche méthodologique ............................................................................ 25 V Chapitre 2 : Impacts of urban beekeeping, urban heat islands and floral resources on wild bees. .................................................................................................................... 26 Résumé .................................................................................................................... 27 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 28 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 29 Materials and Methods
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