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D. Report on New Zealand, Western Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Fiji JACK GOLSON INTRODUCTION I have published summaries of archreological work done in the South Pacific up to and including 1959 and have reviewed its implications for the culture history of the region (Golson 1959a and b). Here I bring the 1959 papers up to date for the areas specified in the title of this paper, by discussing subsequent work in New Caledonia, and by taking cognizance of new work done, and new hypotheses advanced by scholars in adjacent areas. The region under discussion in the traditional view straddles in somewhat irrational fashion two major and two minor culture areas, Melanesia and Polynesia, and within the latter Western and Eastern Polynesia. Archreological and other studies since the war, however, have shown the inapplicability of these distinctions with any rigidity to the prehistoric situation, and demonstrate a community of cultural tradition over a significant part of the area in question. Since the re­ analysis and re-definition of the terms in question is only now becoming possible, I shall still employ them in this discussion to signify certain differences that, as will be seen, are basic in the culture history of the region. FIJI Fiji is from the point of view of culture historical studies the Cinderella island of the South Pacific. To the east the neighbouring islands of Polynesia have been the object of intensive ethnological survey and description by workers under the auspices of the Bishop Museum. To the west at least some of the islands of Me­ lanesia have a good ethnological literature. The large and varied island group of Fiji still awaits a record as comprehensive and reliable. Here, the archreologist is denied the sound base-line for his prehistoric studies which ethnological description of still living or still remembered cultures provides elsewhere. This is all the more serious in that Fiji is a culturally complex group, standing on what has been looked on as a vital frontier in the culture areas of the Pacific. Besides archreological work, therefore, a good case can be made for ethnological work in Fiji while some of the record is still recoverable. The conditions for work in Fiji are favourable. There is a small but well­ organized museum in Suva that acts as a centre for ethnological and archreological collection and record; and the Fiji Society, with its Transactions, reflects the local interest. For the archreologists, as Gifford's report on his 1947 expedition makes clear (1951), sites are numerous and often well-provided with locally obtainable traditional information. The sites that Gifford visited in the course of his prelimin­ ary reconnaissance were generally known to the local inhabitants as former villages. N.Z., W. POLYNESIA, NEW CALEDONIA AND FIJI Archreologically they were characterized by the presence of shell and potsherds and commonlyofhouse-mounds, rectangular and/or round. Some ofthevillage sites were ditched for defence. In some areas of Fiji, for example the Rewa river delta of S.E. Viti Levu, ring-ditch forts are numerous and provide good prospects for excavation. Gifford's expedition, the only one to date, excavated two sites in northern Viti Levu: site 17, Navatu, to the east; site 26, Vunda to the west. Both sites were stratified into two layers, an upper one of shell, a lower one almost completely devoid of shell. At both, cultural material was recovered to considerable depths-at Navatu to nearly 12 ft., at Vunda to 10! ft. Artifacts, apart from pottery, were extremely rare. Four adzes were found at Navatu, two in each layer; at Vunda two adzes came from the lower layer. As to ceramic analysis, Navatu is the more important site: its importance rests in variations from level to level in the proportions of decorated to undecorated pottery, and within the decorated pottery of incised to relief decoration. In the lowest levels relief decoration is predominant to the virtual exclusion of incised, and decorated pottery is as numerous as undecorated; in the upper levels incised decoration is more common than relief, but undecorated pottery is much more frequent than both. The incised motifs are all geometric and some of them are seen on modern Fijian ware. Gifford found it impossible to say whether the rare incised ware of the lower levels is an intrusion due to disturbance from the upper levels, or whether it constitutes an earlier tradition of incised decoration. Certain types of relief decoration occur at all levels, some indeed in modern Fijian pottery. But confined almost exclusively to the lowest levels, where indeed it predominates as a decorative type, is Gifford's 'wavy relief, angular or curvilinear'. None of this ware was found elsewhere, either by excavation at Vunda, or on the surface of unexcavated sites. It would therefore appear to represent a genuinely ancient ceramic tradition. The radiocarbon date for the relevant levels is 46 B.C. ± 500. Though the technique of manufacture and decoration is the paddle and anvil technique widespread in and round the Pacific at large (Solheim 1952 a, b), this specific decorative type remains without close parallel. It becomes impossible therefore to fit this early stage of Fijian prehistory into the general cultural fran1e­ work being built up for surrounding areas. The six adzes recovered at both sites seem all of the type we are accustomed to call Melanesian-fully polished, with rounded, oval or lenticular cross-section. Certainly the pottery found in the upper levels at both sites with its similarities, particularly in decoration to historical Fijian and New Hebridian ware, might be looked upon as Melanesian, in the sense of ancestral to the historic pottery of the area. But in the absence of detailed typological analysis based on more extensive collections, this can be only a very tentative hypothesis. Some interesting information comes from study of the excavated bones. Canni­ balism and the domestic pig are present in the lower layer, and thus the early period of settlement at site 17. The chicken, wild or domesticated, comes in right at the end of this period. Most of the dog bones belong to the upper layer. At neither site 168 JACK GOLSON AP.5, 1961 17 nor 26 is there any change throughout the deposits in the representation of sorts of fish. To conclude this section on Fiji, attention is drawn to the occurrence on the surface of a sand-dune site, near Sigatoka in S.W. Viti Levu, of pottery with incised decoration of a type-so far unique for Fiji, whose closest parallels are westwards in our next area of discussion, New Caledonia. NEW CALEDONIA New Caledonia is a rich and favourable field for archreological research. There is a good base-line for the archreological investigator in the ethnological works of Sarasin, Leenhardt, Guiart, and others. The small Musee Neo-Caledonien pro­ vides a centre for the collection and storage of ethnological specimens and archreo­ logical finds; its director, M. Luc Chevalier, does a certain amount of archreological reconnaissance and recording, and his knowledge and experience is freely put at the disposal of visiting workers. The small Societe des Etudes Melanesiennes is a focus for local, amateur ethnological effort and publishes a little journal, Etudes M elanesiennes. Sites of archreological interest are varied and numerous, comprising petroglyphs, mounds for habitation and for. other, less easily discoverable purposes, stone heaps and alignments, cultivation terraces, and kitchen middens, rich in pottery. There appears to be no opposition from the Melanesian inhabitants to any type of site being investigated. The material culture to be expected from excavation consists of pottery, polished stone adzes and axes, mace-heads and sling-stones, flake tools in a variety of stone, and shell artifacts like bracelets, scrapers, fishing gear and money pieces. In excavations prosecuted up to date pottery has been by far the commonest material in occurrence. Shell artifacts are not infrequent; indeed on some sites, like Gifford's site 26 Oundjo, common. Though flaked stone is known on most sites, discoveries of expected types of stone artifact by excavation have been disappointing; four adzes and one axe only were recovered from Gifford's eleven sites and not a single example in my own excavations. Gifford's work of 1952, published in 1956, was exclusively directed to the excavation of kitchen midden deposits, the sites being mainly coastal (9 out of II) on both sides of the central chain of the main island (La Grande Terre). Most of the sites were between 2 ft. and 4 ft. deep, but site 50 had cultural material down to 7! ft. Stone, pumice, coral and shell formed, with sand or humus, the principal constituents of the sites. The Auckland University excavations of December 1959 to February 1960 took place on the lIe des Pins, south of New Caledonia proper, and were partly concerned with coastal sites of similar type. The major effort was directed to the excavation of the sea-eroded site reported by M. Lenormand in 1948 under the name of St. Franc;ois-pres-Vao, but called here after the beach on which it occurs St. Maurice. A neighbouring site, Kapume, was tested. A prelimin­ ary report of this work has been issued in cyclostyled form and is in press with Etudes Melanesiennes at Noumea. Detailed analysis of shell and soil samples and of the recovered artifacts is ready to start at the Australian National University. N.Z., W. POLYNESIA, NEW CALEDONIA AND FIJI Though varying in date (A.D. 73 site 50, A.D. 1569 site 51), depth, composition and detail of artifactual assemblage, 10 of Gifford's II sites are characterized by the presence of the same general ceramic tradition.

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