Smarter Living Moving Forward to a Sustainable Energy Future with the 2000 Watt Society

1 The 2000 Watt Society: Working to Secure the Fair and Sustainable Use of the World’s Resources

While the world’s finite resources are be- Furthermore, we should reduce our use of Contents ing depleted at an alarming rate and green- fossil fuels to the point where per capita CO2 Foreword 3 – 5 house gases continue to spur global warm- emissions can be maintained at around one ing, the use of fossil fuels in the developed ton per year. These goals, which are to be Disparities in Energy Use 6 – 7 countries of the world remains highly ineffi- reached by 2150, correspond to the recom- The 2000 Watt Path 8 – 9 cient. Indeed, the amount of energy that is al- mendations made by the Intergovernmental Energy Footprint and Demand 10 – 11 lowed to dissipate senselessly is greater than Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for limiting the amount that actually powers our modern the extent of global warming to + 2 °C. Lifestyle Models 12 – 13 world. Moreover, the close link between high Ecological Energy Production 14 energy consumption and economic prosperity Studies conducted by researchers at the has led to tremendous disparities among the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Low CO2 Mobility 15 various countries and regions of the world. In demonstrate the technological feasibility of Sustainable Construction 16 – 17 Switzerland, the average person consumes the 2000 Watt Path. Indeed, daily life in West- Networks for Sustainability 18 – 19 energy at a continuous rate of 6500 watts ern Europe could actually be powered by

Basel Pilot Region 20 – 21 and accounts for around 9 tons of CO2 emis- less than one-third of the energy consumed sions a year. today. To achieve this, we need to alter our Zurich Partner Region 22 – 23 consumer and user behavior and increase the Geneva Partner Region 24 – 25 The 2000 Watt Society is the vision of a efficiency of our infrastructure. In addition to SwissEnergy for Local Communities 26 – 27 society in which the world’s raw materials are Switzerland’s three largest cities, many smaller used in a sustainable and fair manner. The municipalities have already become actively ETH Domain 28 – 31 prerequisites for achieving these goals include involved in a range of public-private part- Glossary, Sources 32 – 34 dramatic increases in energy efficiency and in nerships which test practicable models and Contact, Imprint 35 the use of renewable energies. Novatlantis, technologies for the 2000 Watt Society. Such the sustainability program established by the showcase projects are to help establish the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, aims 2000 Watt Path in all areas of life and to send to establish local, national and international a signal that the journey to a sustainable soci- networks as a means of promoting the 2000 ety has begun in earnest. The know-how that Watt Path, which is essentially a roadmap has been acquired by Novatlantis as the pio- outlining the steps that need to be taken to neer of the 2000 Watt Society is in demand reduce our energy needs by a factor of 3 to 4. throughout Europe, North America and Asia. Foreword "Energy Efficiency – An Opportunity for Switzerland"

"The forecasts released by the International En- ergy Agency (IEA) are clear. By the middle of the "New ways of thinking and new forms century, global consumption of primary energy of cooperation are required." will increase by more than 50 %. Developing and newly industrialized countries will account for more than 90 % of this increase, with Chi- Working to actively shape the future by devel- na alone generating one third of the increase. oping new technologies and sustainable mod- The lion’s share of the energy consumed (more els of energy use is better than attempting to than 80 %) will continue to be supplied by coal, fight the causes. Indeed, the vision of the 2000 petroleum and natural gas. While the share of Watt Society offers a promising approach. We renewable energies in the energy mix will more should reduce our use of natural resources, us- than double, this will scarcely meet one-fifth of ing energy more sparingly and more efficiently. the world’s energy needs. While this may seem to be a marvelously

straightforward approach at first glance, it will Doris Leuthard, Member Do these global developments really concern require tremendous efforts to implement. This Our country can play a crucial role in achiev- of the Swiss Federal Council us? After all, Switzerland has enjoyed the ad- becomes clear when one considers the fore- ing these goals. As a center of innovation, vantages of a clean and secure supply of en- cast issued by the World Business Council for Switzerland is notable for its outstanding re- ergy for decades. The answer is clear. Climate Sustainable Development, according to which search landscape and technology companies change is not something that stops at national we will need 2.3 times the resources available with highly specialized products, employees borders. We, too, are affected by the increas- on our planet in the year 2050 if the rate of glo- and services. We have an opportunity to play ing depletion of the world’s resources, including bal energy and resource consumption contin- a leading role in the area of energy efficiency, energy and other raw materials. We, too, are ues to rise as it has so far. These are reserves power storage and smart-grid technology. exposed to the increasing costs. We, too, are that we simply do not have. The energy system Swiss contributions to energy conservation directly affected by the supply shortages that of the future will therefore need new structures. and clean energy consumption are not only an arise in the wake of military conflicts, economic We must continue to pursue technological so- opportunity for our economy, they can help to crises and environmental catastrophes. We lutions. New ways of thinking and new forms of reduce global energy consumption in the com- therefore have every interest in using our exten- cooperation are required. This is the only way ing decades and eliminate our dependence on sive know-how in the areas of energy supply we will be able to achieve low-impact econom- fossil fuels. And that is something that really and ecology and in participating in the creation ic development and a sustainable society. concerns all of us!" of global solutions.

3 Foreword "At the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), research is the wellspring of the future."

technological progress, around 80 % of this demand will have to be met with fossil fuels. "Our core mission is to establish and maintain an environment in which This represents a challenge to our society. Part researchers are free to participate in of the ETH Domain’s mission is to develop open scientific discourse. Given the novel approaches to such challenges and to provide support for these approaches in role that scientific inquiry can play in a scientific capacity until they have reached shaping a brighter future – and given the status of viable solutions. With its two the ETH Domain’s reliance on public universities – ETH Zurich and EPF Lausanne – funding – it is incumbent on us to ac- and four research institutes – the Paul Scherrer complish this mission." Institute (PSI), the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials in this brochure should therefore not be con- Science and Technology (Empa) and the strued as an endorsement of any particular Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science solution, but as a commitment to all avenues of and Technology (Eawag) – the ETH Domain is inquiry that promise to help us to secure a safe committed to addressing the issues that are and sustainable supply of energy. critical to our energy future. The ETH Domain develops and optimizes its proposals taking Our core mission is to establish and maintain into account the overall system and takes a an environment in which researchers are free Dr. Fritz Schiesser, balanced approach to achieving the goals of to participate in open scientific discourse. President of the "For more than three decades, our ecological energy security, environmental protection and Given the role that scientific inquiry can play in ETH Council footprint has exceeded the regenerative capac- economic sustainability. shaping a brighter future – and given the ETH

ity of our planet. CO2 emissions have increased Domain’s reliance on public funding – it is in- faster than predicted, and global temperatures The ETH Domain has established a broad- cumbent on us to accomplish this mission. It may begin to rise more rapidly than forecast in based research network that has enabled its gives me great pleasure to see outstanding the 2007 IPCC Report. Other forecasts indicate researchers to productively share their ideas research in the field of energy science make that worldwide energy consumption may double with one another and with the public. The its way to the general public in the form of in the next twenty years. Without considerable prominence that is given to the ETH Domain inspiring ideas and viable applications."

4 Foreword "Innovative entrepreneurs are needed if we are to find sustainable building solutions."

"Building construction and operation account The contribution that can be made by the for nearly half of Switzerland’s energy needs. building sector includes the development of Changes in the area of new construction and innovative products, ranging from high-quality building renovation would therefore seem to facade systems to user-friendly systems for present a great opportunity to reduce our to- producing solar energy. Responsible com- tal energy consumption. The architectural sol- panies do all they can to conserve resources utions for the 2000 Watt Society are already and minimize the environmental impact of available. Appropriate incentives have been their products. This commitment extends introduced to spur renewal, bringing us closer from the extraction of the raw materials to to securing a sustainable supply of energy. production, installation, use, recycling and disposal. As an essential part of any sound The goal is to construct affordable buildings and environmentally responsible business that offer both comfort and the highest de- policy, the development of energy-efficient gree of energy efficiency. Buildings with highly products is also a key to economic success. insulated envelopes and controlled ventilation Indeed, innovative entrepreneurs have dem- systems help to im- onstrated in recent years how a commitment prove the economic Hans Ruedi Schweizer, to sustainable building practices can have a Managing Director at feasibility of renew- Ernst Schweizer AG, positive effect on sales and employment. able energies. Metal Construction We all stand to benefit from an informed and It’s a small step from your own home to a broad-based discussion of sustainable build- small power plant: surplus energy houses "Responsible companies do all they ing concepts, the increasing use of solar en- produce more solar energy than they need can to conserve resources and mini- ergy and new solutions for sustainable build- for heating, hot water and electricity. Modern ings." mize the environmental impact of their buildings distinguish themselves in terms of their energy-efficient designs, their active and products. This commitment extends passive use of solar energy, and their comfort from the extraction of raw materials and ambient air quality. to production, installation, use, and recycling."

5 Disparities in Energy Use 2000 Watt Society – Working Towards the Fair and Sustainable Use of Resources

Our vision of the future use of the world’s and Asia consuming only a small fraction of natural resources is motivated by the be- what North Americans and Western Euro- lief that all regions of the world should enjoy peans consume. While consumption in China equal opportunities for economic develop- and India is currently somewhere in between, ment and a high standard of living, i.e. these it is rising rapidly. should not be reserved for a select group of industrialized countries. Energy consump- Current use of the world’s finite fossil tion and its benefits – activities, services and fuel resources in the industrialized countries On a per capita basis, the world’s inhabitants goods – should therefore be adjusted to a of the world is inefficient. Up to two thirds use 2000 watts of energy sustainable degree and distributed fairly. The of the energy contained in primary forms of a year. Behind this figure current global rate of energy consumption energy is lost in the process of converting are tremendous regional Dr. Thomas Stocker, disparities. While those per capita is 2000 watts, which corresponds these to more readily useable forms of energy. Professor for Climate living in developing coun- to the continuous output of twenty 100-watt Transportation and lighting offer typical exam- and Environmental Phys- tries in Asia and Africa ics, University of Bern, light bulbs or an annual 17 500 kilowatt hours ples of low energy efficiency. In both of these consume only a few Co-Chair of the IPCC’s hundred watts a year, the or 1750 liters of petroleum per capita. The cases, only a small percentage of the imme- Working Group 1 figure for Switzerland is regional differences in consumption, however, diate source of energy (gasoline or electricity) 6500 watts, and that for are astounding, with many people in Africa is transformed into effective propulsion (auto- the USA is up to 20 times more. (Source: PSI) mobile) or luminosity (light bulb). Most of the "Our analyses show that the rate of potential energy is lost in the form of waste global warming over the last 50 years Watts per person heat, which is left to merely dissipate. In con- is unusual when compared to other trast, the 2000 Watt Path offers a fair and 12000 periods in the last 1300 years. The sustainable model of "smarter" living ( Life- 10000 style Models, page 12). Here, it is essential to associated degree of climate change 8000 bear in mind that the standard of living that can be expected to greatly exceed 6000 is typical of industrialized countries can be that of previous change. But ultim- 4000 made accessible to all of the world’s inhabit- ately, we are the ones who will deter- ants at the same time as we significantly re- 2000 mine the extent of climate change." 0 duce carbon emissions and our overall energy Bangladesh Africa World Switzerland Western Europe USA needs ( 2000 Watt Path, page 8).

6 Petroleum and other fossil fuels have been the motor of industrial development for more than 150 years. Eighty percent of the energy that is available to Western socie-

ties comes from fossil fuels. High CO2 emissions have come to be a chief indicator of a country’s economic and social prosperity. At an annual per capita rate of around nine tons, greenhouse gas emissions are correspond- ingly high in Europe and, at more than 20 tons, exorbitant in North America. In contrast, per capita emissions in developing regions of the world amount to a few hundred kilograms.

According to the International Energy

Agency (IEA), our energy needs and CO2 emissions continue to rise. The anticipated consequences include an accelerated greenhouse effect, involving rising sea levels, more frequent natural catastrophes, restricted land utilization, and species extinction. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC ( Glossary, page 33), an increase of 2 °C in the average surface temper- ature of the earth would be tolerable. How- ever, we would have to reduce CO emissions Increasing energy 2

consumption and CO2 by between 50 % and 85 % by 2050, com- emissions intensify pared to the reference year of 1990. To this climate change and its consequences for people extent, the reduction goals set by the IPCC and nature. conform to those of the 2000 Watt Path.

7 The 2000 Watt Path

Reducing Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions to Enhance Our Quality of Life

If Switzerland would like to become a energy consumption that applied in 1960, i.e. In their "White Book on the 2000 Watt 2000 Watt Society, it will have to aim to when the country had just entered a sustained Society", researchers at the Swiss Federal reduce the current per capita rate of energy period of solid economic growth. However, Institute of Technology published data dem- consumption – 6500 watts – to 3500 watts in only one quarter of the country’s total energy onstrating the feasibility of dramatically in- the span of two generations, i.e. by the year needs are to be met by fossil fuels, so that an creasing energy efficiency. In the case of pas- 2050. At the same time, annual per capita annual per capita low-impact mass of one ton senger vehicles and buildings, the researchers

CO2 emissions will have to drop from around of CO2 emissions can be maintained. It follows outline the feasibility of reducing our energy nine tons to around two tons. The final sus- that making progress on the 2000 Watt Path needs by 50 % to 90 %. Housing (room heat- tainable goal is then to be reached by the will depend on our ability to produce energy ing, hot water, and lighting) and mobility ac- year 2150, at which time the country’s total more intelligently and to use it more efficiently count for the lion’s share of total energy con- per capita rate of energy use will have been – in industrial production, providing public sumption in Switzerland today. Buildings lowered to 2000 watts. For Switzerland, this infrastructure and in our daily lives ( Energy account for 40 % to 50 % of total energy con- would mean returning to the same level of Production, Mobility, Construction, page 14 ff.). sumption, while mobility accounts for nearly

Watts per person Energy Use in Switzerland by Sector 7000 (Year 2006)

6000 Buildings 47 % ]] Heating 35 % 5000 Non-fossil fuels ]] Hot water 6 % Interim goal: 3500 watts and 4000 ]] Lighting 3 % 2 tons of CO2 emissions Chart right: Switzerland ]] Appliances, equipment 3 % 3000 on the 2000 Watt Path. Services, industry 24 % The use of fossil fuels is to be reduced by 50 % 2000 ]] IT, communications 2 % by 2050 and total energy Goal: 2000 watts and ]] Process heat 13 % consumption by a factor Fossil fuels 1000 1 ton of CO emissions of three or more by 2150. 2 ]] Machines 9 % 500 Source: Novatlantis Table right: Energy use 0 Mobility 29 % 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 by sector in Switzerland Total: 242 million GWh (100 %) (Source: BFE)

8 30 %. Given the right political and economic The International Energy Agency (IEA) goal in advance with the help of increases in framework and the deployment of the best has published its own efficiency scenarios for energy efficiency. Achieving this goal will re- of the available technologies, the authors of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions quire a transfer of know-how in order to ben- the White Book indicate that it would be alto- by 2050. According to the IEA’s "Blue Map", efit research and development which aligns gether feasible to increase energy efficiency annual CO2 emissions are to be reduced innovative key technologies to the needs of a in these important areas by a factor of five. from their current level of 62 billion tons to sustainable society. Furthermore, such know- Moreover, the use of available technologies 14 billion tons. In orienting itself on the tar- how can be shared on test sites in the field, would allow us to provide two thirds more get value of two tons of CO2 emissions per where representatives from the fields of re- energy services – i.e. for heating and lighting capita per year – as per the recommendations search, business, politics and society come buildings, for motors and computers – while contained in the IPCC Report ( Disparities together to test the broad-based applicability consuming only a third of the energy. in Energy Use, page 7) – the IEA’s strategy of such technologies ( Pilot and Partner essentially confirms the goals of the 2000 Regions, page 20 ff.). Watt Path. The IEA would like to reach this

IEA Efficiency Scenario Annual CO2 Emissions Worldwide / Source: International Energy Agency (IEA) The "Blue Map" scenario published by the Interna- 70 Emissions (reference) Emissions (target) tional Energy Agency (IEA) shows how annual CO2 emissions can be reduced from 62 billion tons to 14 60 billion tons. The IEA scenario was presented for the 62 billion tons of CO Energy efficiency 54 % first time in the World Energy Outlook 2008. The ef- 50 2 ficiency scenario offers a quantitative outline of an approach that is comparable to that of the 2000 Watt 40 Path. The measures that are to contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gases are largely the same: 30 Renewable energies 21% ]] Greater efficiency in the use of products and the generation of power = reduction of 54 %; CO separation 19% ]] Alternative fuels and renewable energies 20 2 = reduction of 21 %; Nuclear power 6% 10 ]] CO2 capture and storage (CSS) 14 billion = reduction of 19 %; tons of CO2 ]] Nuclear power = reduction of 6 %. 0 2005 2050 Time

9 Energy Footprint and Demand Energy Efficiency in Everyday Life – Lifestyle Models and Ecological Options

Switzerland is currently a 6500-watt soci- energy calculator ( Glossary, page 32), we ety, with the average Swiss citizen account- can reduce our personal energy needs by

ing for around nine tons of CO2 emissions a around 50 % to 3500 watts. However, in addi- year. These figures assume individual con- tion to making the appropriate changes in our sumption behavior for an average two-person consumption behavior, we also need a range household living in a modern city apartment of products that can be manufactured and with a floor area of more than 100 m2. Within made available in an energy-efficient manner. and around the home, the household members follow the most important tips for sav- The lifestyle we choose and our day-to- ing energy and use energy-efficient appli- day behavior play an important role in de- ances. To get to work, they choose to make termining our energy footprint, and there are do with a shared automobile, in which they considerable individual choices we can make. cover nearly 10 000 kilometers a year. They Some measurable ways of reducing our use also make regular use of a bicycle and public of resources include: living in a moderately transportation. While they usually use the train sized home or apartment with less than 50 m2 when traveling to other European countries, of space per person, which is preferably lo- they also fly once a year to America or the cated in a low-energy building (e.g. Minergie South Seas. standard); shortening the distances we travel to work and to vacation destinations; making Whether they are directly aware of it or greater use of public transportation; and ad- not, these average citizens use services justing our consumer behavior. Buying power for housing, work and mobility that involve also influences our personal energy footprint. high amounts of energy and lead to consider- In some cases an overly active "ecological"

able CO2 emissions. How can these habits be consumption may involve greater use of en- changed? What does the 2000 Watt Society ergy than modest but ecologically wasteful call for when it comes to lifestyles, products consumption. The energy calculator: and technologies? The good news is that we Our consumer behavior have the means of adapting our lifestyles to and choice of products play an important role in meet the requirements of the 2000 Watt Path. determining our personal As can be demonstrated with the use of an energy footprint.

10 Lowering Our Personal Energy Demand from 6500 Watts to 2000 Watts

Housing Mobility Food Consumption Infrastructure 2000 Watt Path: aims to re- 2000 Watt Path: aims to re- 2000 Watt Path: aims to re- 2000 Watt Path: aims to re- 2000 Watt Path: aims to reduce demand from 1800 watts duce demand from 1700 watts duce demand from 750 watts duce demand from 750 watts duce demand from 1500 watts to 500 watts to 450 watts to 250 watts to 250 watts to 550 watts Current state: Three-quarters Current state: long commut- Current state: A lot of energy Current state: Products with Current state: public infra- of all existing residential and ing distances, heavy shopping is packed into the food we eat. short service lives (clothes, structure includes airports, office buildings are more than and recreation-related traffic, Farm production also requires furniture, etc.), non-basic train stations, streets, water 30 years old and do not offer and faraway holiday destina- large amounts of fertilizers, services and events (concerts, and power supply, hospitals, a sufficient degree of energy tions are typical of our current silage and water. Meat pro- hotel stays, etc.) are popular schools and security systems. efficiency (20-liter houses). standard of mobility. Air travel duction is especially energy- items that involve large Options for action: Individu- 2000 watts as a per- 2 sonal lifestyle model: Currently at around 50 m per uses around twice as much intensive: the production of 1 amounts of embodied energy. als are less able to influence Using energy in a fair person, the living area in new energy per kilometer as car kg of beef requires 10 times We should bear in mind that the energy efficiency of public and sustainable homes is on the rise. travel and five times as much more energy than the produc- a large part of our leisure and infrastructure. Public agencies manner in different areas of our lives Options for action: Well- as train travel. tion of 1 kg of pasta. consumption infrastructure, must play a leading role when insulated low or zero-energy Options for action: the use of Options for action: Place an which often requires consid- it comes to the installation of 2000 watts buildings (Minergie-P, Minergie a bicycle or public transporta- emphasis on products which erable time to put in place, is infrastructure that is compat- P-Eco) reduce heating needs tion for short and medium dis- are fresh, local, organic, and in used only temporarily. ible with 2000-watt goals. Housing to the equivalent of 2 liters of tances; little air travel; the use season. Consume little meat. Options for action: an effi- Mobility heating oil per m2. Moderate of an energy-efficient vehicle; cient consumer behavior is Food house size and energy-effi- and limiting driving to less also called for when it comes Consumption cient appliances are important. than 9000 kilometers a year. to clothing, accessories, Infrastructure health, culture and hotel stays.

11 Lifestyle Models Improving Our Energy Footprint: Housing, Mobility, Food, Consumption

The notion that we can reduce our en- photovoltaic cells. A heat pump has been ergy footprint is not utopian: if we are installed to meet most of the family’s room to realize the vision of a 2000 Watt Society, heating needs. we will soon have to exploit the potential for greater efficiency in our day-to-day lives. Here ]] Mobility. Short distances are the key, in- we outline how a family of four can limit its per deed reducing individual mobility generally. capita rate of energy consumption to 3500 Both parents use a bicycle or public transpor- watts ( Energy Calculator, page 32). This tation to get to work. The children walk or ride amount corresponds to the interim goal (the their bicycles to school. The family’s summer year 2050) set by the 2000 Watt Society. and winter vacations are spent in Switzerland at locations offering family-friendly accommo- ]] Housing. Our family lives in a duplex dation and a view of a lake or mountains. home measuring 172 m2 on the outskirts of a medium-sized city. Although the home is ]] Food. The family makes a point of buying nearly 10 years old, it was originally built to organic foods from local or regional produc- accommodate the active and passive use of tion as well as products that are in season. solar energy, including solar collectors and They limit their meat consumption to one or two meals a week.

4000 watts ]] Consumer products. The family’s budget for these items is moderate. Articles of clothing and shoes are therefore worn for as long Housing as possible. Furniture and other household Reference Mobility items are only replaced when they are broken Housing 2000 watts Food or cease to function as they should. Elec- tronic devices are only purchased if they are Mobility durable and energy-efficient. Food Consumption Consumption Infrastructure Infrastructure

12 What is the impact of your ski vacation in themselves favorable, Mr. X’s personal energy the mountains or your vacation in the South balance is undermined by the size of the Seas on your well-being? While answers to apartment (75 m2). this question will be subjective, it is poss- ]] Mobility. Mr. X uses the streetcar or the ible to arrive at an bus to get to work. While his compact car Housing accurate assessment remains parked on the street in a space re- 8000 watts of the energy use served for residents during the week, he uses associated with your it on the weekend for trips in and around the vacation ( Energy city, driving around 4500 kilometers a year. Calculator, page 32). However, large amounts of energy are con- We will now sketch sumed for regular vacation-related plane trips Mobility the lifestyle of a fic- – once a year to Mexico and multiple trips 6000 watts tional single person each year to other cities in Europe. whose rate of consumption is 9000 ]] Food. For Mr. X, price, quality and regional watts, demonstrating production all play an equal role. However, that there are virtu- ready-to-eat products and frequent restaurant ally no limits to the visits tend to increase his personal energy de- 4000 watts amount of energy we mand, taking into account the energy required Food can use. to provide the entire infrastructure.

]] Housing. Mr. X ]] Consumer products. Mr. X’s consumer Reference lives in an attic apart- habits lead to a high rate of energy consump- Housing 2000 watts ment in the center of tion. Social and recreational activities go hand the city. The building in hand with shopping for clothes and acces- Consumption Mobility was built to meet the sories. Mr. X’s environmental awareness is of Food Minergie standard. a pragmatic nature. Measures aimed at sav- Consumption Although these cir- ing energy are implemented only when they Infrastructure Infrastructure cumstances are in don’t run counter to his personal comfort.

13 Ecological Energy Production The Solution: Consistent Use of Renewable Sources of Energy for Electricity Generation

Solar energy, geothermal heat, hydro- use of these technologies in existing buildings power, wind and biomass represent an depends on increasing the low rates of heat- important reservoir for the 2000 Watt Path. A ing system renewal. clear consensus has been reached about the need to develop renewable sources of energy The production and use of electricity and to increase the share of renewable ener- will play a more major role in the 2000 Watt gies in the overall energy mix. Calls for action Society. In contrast to a reduction in our over- can be heard at many levels of society, politi- all energy needs, our demand for electricity cians have begun to establish the necessary will increase in the short and medium term, as framework and many investors have turned – for instance – the requirements in buildings their attention to large and small energy pro- rise (e.g. as the use of heat pumps spreads) duction and extraction systems. The use of and more electric renewable sources Dr. Kathy Riklin, Member cars are introduced of energy has begun of the Swiss National in the private trans- "In the long term, renewable energies Council and President and new, optimized portation sector will suffice to meet 100 percent of our of the Advisory Body on technologies have Climate Change (OcCC) ( Mobility, page heating needs if demand decreases reached a promising 15). A reduction in by two thirds. Concrete measures stage of development renewable sources of energy. The "road- our demand for electricity will only be feasible must be implemented to ensure the ( ETH Domain, page map" published by the Swiss Academy of in the long term and it will not keep pace with success of this transition as well as 28 ff.). This means we Engineering Sciences (SATW) outlines how the reduction in our demand for primary will be able to replace this can be done and how the potential of re- energy. The scenarios for the sustainable the success of Swiss companies on fossil fuels and finite newable sources of energy can be exploited supply of electricity are of special interest to future energy technology markets." energy sources to a to the full. Consider, for instance, the new power companies. For instance, the power large extent. Indeed, approaches being taken to heating demands company of the city of Zurich ( Partner it is only to a limited extent that such a substitu- in Switzerland ( Sustainable Construction, Region, page 22) plans to meet nearly 100 % tion remains a technical problem. page 16): According to the SATW roadmap, of demand using electricity generated from re- one in every two buildings can be outfitted newable sources. The main contribution is to Economic and political hurdles will have with heat pumps, wood stoves and solar be made in the form of hydropower, with pho- to be cleared if we are to meet our heat- collectors in order to meet the demand for tovoltaic installations accounting for 10 %. ing and power needs with domestic and heating and hot water. However, the increased

14 Low CO2 Mobility On the Way to a Sustainable Future: on Foot, by Bicycle, Using Public Transportation or The One-Liter Car

The sustainable mobility plan envisages of CO2 emissions per kilometer – the average work on the development of low-emissions in the long term the use of the appropriate fuel efficiency of new cars is still too high. vehicles that are powered by hydrogen fuel means of transport depending on the distance cells. Other researchers and engineers are traveled. Slower means of transport are espe- The percentage of electric cars in city working together to test the general viability cially suitable for short distances. Public trans- traffic can be expected to increase. Light of new mobility technologies and concepts in portation is suitable for medium distances. vehicles with efficient motors are in demand in an everyday context. The "Experience Space Airplanes powered by fossil fuels remain the the entire model segment. Low carbon fuels Mobility" project creates a setting for new mo- means of transport for long, transcontinental such as natural gas and biogas can make bility experiences in the "Basel Pilot Region" Low-emissions vehicles distances. In the short term, it is essential to an additional contribution to the reduction of ( page 20) in which pilot and demonstra- are tested in the Basel Pilot Region: Testing a reduce CO2 emissions associated with cars. greenhouse gases when used to power larger tion projects can be carried out and the gen- catalytic converter car- At 6.9 liters of gasoline per 100 kilometers private and commercial vehicles. Scientists at eral public informed about alternative forms of rier developed by Empa (2009) – a rate corresponding to 170 grams the Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science mobility. for use in natural gas and Technology (Empa) and at the Swiss vehicles. Institute of Technology (ETH) are currently developing prototypes with especially energy- efficient and clean natural gas and biogas engines that can be deployed in hybrid vehicles ( ETH Domain, page 28 ff.). Engineers at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) are also at

"Cost-effective and comparatively clean-running vehicles can be produced using natural gas and biogas motors. These fuels also represent an important technological and socio- economic bridge to the development Christian Bach, Head of the Combustion Engine of hydrogen-powered vehicles." Unit at Empa

15 Sustainable Construction Key Assessment Criteria: Location, Embodied Energy and the Planning Process

The building of the future is already being make active use of renewable energies. Energy

"The Minergie-P standard is a pio- built today. While the average building today conservation and low CO2 emissions are fac- neering, high-performance product. consumes the equivalent of more than ten tors that are considered at the very beginning It places higher demands on all those liters of heating oil per square meter, single- of the planning stage. After all, it is during the family homes, apartment buildings and office planning stage that 80 % of a given building’s involved in the building process. Effec- Minergie-P-Eco build- buildings designed according to the Minergie- ultimate energy needs are determined. Only ings consume less – by tive communication is essential for the P standard consume only two liters per square 20 % of overall demand is determined by the a factor of three – than successful application of the standard, meter, or five times less. We can increase behavior of the building’s occupants. buildings constructed according to conven- which already has the status of a path- energy efficiency by positioning buildings for tional standards (Swiss the passive use of solar energy, outfitting them Construction methods that are compat- Ornithological Institute in breaker and a motor of innovation." Sempach, with suitable insulation and equipping them to ible with a 2000-watt agenda are planned LU-001-P-Eco). in accordance with the comprehensive specifications established by the Association of Swiss Engineers and Architects (SIA). Build- ings are often required to meet the Minergie- P-Eco Standard and the assessment of their overall sustainability will include factors such as embodied energy and access-related traffic as well as energy efficiency. This is because the location of a building and the purposes for which it is to be used are just as relevant to the energy equation as the building’s heating demands and insulation standard. The mobility variable, which is determined by the use of a building or complex of buildings (e.g. housing, office space), is also one of the important cri- Prof. Armin Binz, Direc- teria used to evaluate tor of the Energy and whether a building Architecture Institute (FHNW) and the Minergie is compatible with a Architecture Agency 2000-watt agenda.

16 The SIA Guideline 112/1 is available as a comprehensive catalogue of criteria for sustainable construction. The guideline is rel- Sustainable Construction – SIA Guideline 112/1 evant for investors and developers because the sustainable buildings will offer advantages that improve their investment value. These Society Environment Economy advantages include a high degree of energy Well-being, health Embodied energy, Building structure efficiency and of user comfort, low operat- • Ambient air building materials • Flexibility ing costs and low long-term costs. However, • Light • Raw materials, availability, • Noise flow of materials Operating and maintenance creating 2000-watt buildings depends also on • Environmental impact costs interdisciplinary development processes. The • Removal, renaturation • Accessibility smooth interaction of investors, architects, Minergie-Eco • System separation specialist planners and planning authorities is an important success factor in the develop- Comfort Operating energy • Thermal comfort • Indoor climate, building envelope ment of sustainable construction methods. • Protection against • Hot water summer heat • Household appliances In order to lower the energy that is con- • Systematic ventilation • Lighting sumed in our buildings, it is essential that Minergie/Minergie-P we do far more to increase the energy effi- • Utilities ciency of existing buildings. Given that most Infrastructure (mobility) of our buildings were built before 1970, the • Site selection need for renovation is considerable. Technical • Incentives • Technical installations innovations of the sort that are being devel- SIA Energy Efficiency Path oped by researchers in the ETH Domain ( • Waste page 28 ff.) are needed. Moreover, it will also Community • Water Investment costs be necessary to introduce greater incentives Design • Lifecycle costs for property owners. Progress in this area is Site development and use Land, landscape being made by certified Swiss Energy Cities SIA Guideline 112/1 Sustainable Architecture – Construction A comprehensive list of criteria for sustainable  and the Novatlantis Partner Regions ( page construction (as per SIA 20 ff.). guideline 112/1).

17 Networks for Sustainability Novatlantis Seeks Partners − Private Enterprise and the Public Sector Seek Showcase Projects

Progress on the path to sustainability and new products. As the sustainability initiative and communities that are committed to mak- the 2000 Watt Society will require commu- established by the ETH Domain, Novatlantis ing progress towards the 2000 Watt Society. nication and a continuous exchange of in- seeks to create a network between scientists, Close cooperation among the various stake- formation between members of the research public administrators and industry representa- holders improves our ability to evaluate the community and their counterparts respons- tives, align research efforts to the needs of feasibility and suitability of innovative tech- ible for developing, approving and marketing society and create partnerships with cities nologies. The successful implementation of such technologies depends both on a sound scientific basis and effective communication. Novatlantis uses case studies, feasibility tests and information events (e.g. the Building Research Application Forum and the Mobility Breakfast) as a means of making selected specialist groups aware of showcase projects and the prospects of the sustainable 2000 Watt Society ( Pilot and Industry and ETH Domain Partner Regions, page 20 ff.). This is because Politics the success of new technologies and con- Transfer cepts is essentially dependent on their cost- effectiveness and their acceptance by various decision makers.

Novatlantis The Novatlantis partner regions are ini- tiating numerous pilot and demonstration projects that will also play a role in the transfer of knowledge to the general public. Such • Construction (self-sufficient • Pilot and partner regions • Scientific principles pathbreaking projects are to provide a bea- Novatlantis initiates buildings, etc.) • Communication (Building Forum, (balancing methodology, etc.) con of the 2000 Watt Society at a regional demonstration projects • Mobility (fuel cells, etc.) Mobility Breakfast) and promotes knowledge • Energy supply (thin-film • International Sustainable and a national level. For instance, a tool for transfer and networking photovoltaics, etc.) Campus Network (ISCN) sustainable urban development (NaQu) is between the research • Space and resources (sustainable community and the world urban development, etc.) being tested in the four regions of Basel, of practical applications. Geneva, Neuchâtel and Zurich with the aim of

18 facilitating compre- ]] Pull projects promote research that directly "While many of the technologies that hensive urban devel- corresponds to the needs of society and the are required for energy sustainability opment and renewal public sector. Novatlantis seeks to unify the are either already available or forth- ( Glossary, page unlimited possibilities of research conducted 33). Further research in the ETH Domain with our need for specific coming, they often face delays when and implementation solutions and broad applicability. This is well it comes to real market penetration. projects have been exemplified by the efforts in the individual pilot Novatlantis and the 2000 Watt Society initiated to address and partner regions and in the "Experience are committed to facilitating this proc- the issues of con- Space Mobility" project to encourage repre- ess in the interest of achieving signifi- struction, mobility, sentatives from industry, society and science energy supply, land to enter a continuous dialogue concerning cant reductions in CO2 emissions and development and re- long-term and sustainable mobility policies. greater energy efficiency." sources. Novatlantis takes a push-pull ap- Innovation and implementation platforms proach to organizing specific projects and co- for sustainable development are in demand ordinating the efforts of researchers and those not only locally and nationally, but also glo- interested in applying the results of research: bally. This is why Novatlantis also plays a re- presentative role at an international level to ]] Push projects enable knowledge and tech- encourage the implementation of methods Roland Stulz, nologies developed at the various institutions and technologies for sustainable develop- ( ETH Domain, page 28). The first four an- Executive Director of Novatlantis in the ETH Domain to be transferred to the ment. Comprised of 120 leading universities nual ISCN conferences took place in Switzer- world of practical applications. Contacts to from around the world, the International land and China. At the ISCN meeting in 2009, key persons in the public sector, in political Sustainable Campus Network (ISCN) was the Lausanne-based École Polytechnique circles, at NGOs and in private enterprise can founded for precisely this reason. ISCN con- Fédérale even won the Construction Award. facilitate the process. Current topics include ferences and working groups aim to provide the future supply of energy and the concept a sound basis for decisions concerning the of a smart grid. In addition to this, representa- structural development of member cam- tives from industry, politics, and research have puses, promote communication among re- engaged in a "mobility trialogue" about future searchers and encourage the inclusion of the mobility concepts and technologies. subject of sustainability in college curricula

19 Basel Pilot Region Test Site for Realizing the Sustainable Development Vision

The canton of Basel City placed the 2000 the area of sustainable development and pro- company (IWB). Also built according to the Watt Society on its political agenda when it vides an opportunity for knowledge and expe- Minergie-P standard, the apartment building became a pilot region in 2001. The city’s cur- rience to be exchanged with the ETH Domain "Cosy Place" in the city’s Bruderholz district rent goal is to reduce energy consumption to and other universities. Furthermore, special is similarly a first of its kind in Basel. The aim one-third of the Swiss average and to continu- tours are organized to give residents an op- of such pilot and demonstration projects is to ously expand the share of renewable energies portunity to experience the vision of sustain- demonstrate the marketability of new tech- in the city’s overall energy mix. The canton’s able development. nologies and forms of construction. The can- parliament proved that it is not just paying lip ton has also sponsored a building renovation service to the notion of sustainability when it Basel has also initiated various showcase contest. In a canton in which 95 % of the renewed its four-year investment credit of CHF projects in the area of sustainable construc- buildings were built before 1985, and are cor-

Dr. Guy Morin, 1.8 million in 2009 for the second time. The tion. These include the customer center – a respondingly poorly insulated, this is an impor- President of the Basel pilot region is a test site for research in Minergie-P office building – of the local power tant instrument ( Sustainable Construction, Cantonal Government of Basel City pages 16 and 17). The first-place award went to the planners of a Minergie-P renovation of a "The 2000 Watt Society is more than 60-year-old apartment building. Although orig- an energy conservation program; it is inally organized as a one-time event, the reno- a metaphor that stands for sustainable vation contest is to be held for a second time. development, a long-term process that The Basel Office for Environment and requires stamina and innovation. That Energy initiated a three-year program in 2008 is why we are working together with to encourage property owners to renovate our local universities and industry." their buildings with an eye to enhanced energy efficiency. Those owners who carry out a complete renovation of their property are of- fered significant subsidies and free renovation consulting services. More than 900 property owners registered for the program and around 420 buildings are being completely renovated. The program has since been made a part of the canton’s general energy subsidies program.

20 Efficient, low emissions car motors are converters for natural gas motors ( page The development and demonstration tested in the context of the "Experience Space 15). These converters are continuously tested area "Space and Resources" was defined Mobility" project. The focus here is on environ- in the vehicle fleets of various enterprises in in 2009 in order to give greater attention to mentally friendly fuels and propulsion technol- the Basel region. sustainable urban development in the canton ogies (e.g. natural gas, biogas, and hydrogen).  Electro-mobility is soon to become a regu- of Basel City and to focus on the issue of a The following specific projects were initiated: lar feature of the test site. In cooperation with more efficient use of energy and resources.  Begun in 2009, the "hy.muve" project Mobility Solutions, the postal service’s fleet One example is the district center known as ( ETH Domain, page 28) involves the testing operator, the canton of Basel City plans to Gundeldinger Feld, which was built on the of a street cleaner that is powered by hydro- make a fleet of new electric cars available to former factory grounds of the Sulzer Machines gen fuel cells. the canton’s administrative offices and to vari- Company. The existing factory buildings were  In the context of its "near Zero Emission ous private enterprises as a means of testing converted for sustainable use with a minimal World premiere in Basel: Testing of a street Vehicle" project, Empa is developing catalytic innovative technology. investment volume. cleaner powered by hydrogen fuel cells.

Pilot Region Development Current Projects ]] 2001: Pilot region launched under the direction of ]] Experience Space Mobility with the support of the Office for Environment and Energy (AUE), canton private and public fleet operators of Basel City ]] "hy.muve" feasibility testing of a street cleaner; ]] 2002: "Experience Space Mobility" project launched "hy-light" passenger vehicle together with the Basel power company (IWB). ]] Renovation contest for apartment buildings (winner: Continual expansion of project sponsorship through Minergie-P renovation in Güterstrasse) the addition of industry partners, the canton of Basel ]] Pilot and demonstration buildings (e.g. Pro Volta, Country and the Swiss Federal Office of Energy IWB Customer Center, Sevogel District) (SFOE) ]] Sustainable urban development "NaQu" at the ]] 2004: Pilot and demonstration projects set up Gundeldinger Feld and Dreispitz locations relating to urban development and new construction ]] Novatlantis Building Forum for investors, developers technologies and architects ]] 2005: Integration into the political agenda, with a ]] Mobility Breakfast focus on the areas of architecture and mobility ]] Case studies ]] 2006: Building Forum and project contests for ]] Energy certification program for buildings sustainable urban development

21 Zurich Partner Region Citizens and Politicians Join Forces in Support of the 2000 Watt Society

The Zurich city council moved to place the initiative "Sustainable City of Zurich – on the Way to the 2000 Watt Society" on its main agenda for the 2006 − 2010 legislative period, thereby underscoring its intention to begin the work of implementing suitable environmental, energy and climate policies. As a complement to this resolve at the level of city government, the citizens of Zurich have also demonstrated their concern to secure an intact environment for future generations. In a referendum held in the fall of 2008, the citizens of Zurich voted in favor of writing the objective of the 2000 Watt Society into the city’s constitution by over 75 %. According to the provisions that have now been entered into the municipal code, per capita energy consumption is to be re-

duced by a factor of three and CO2 emissions by a factor of four to six by the year 2050. The city has since established the Minergie standard as the minimum standard – both for new buildings and renovations. In the case of architectural competitions that are organized in connection with cooperative development projects, the more ambitious Minergie- The Trotte showcase nursing home: Zurich has P-Eco standard typi- adopted the Minergie-P- cally applies. Eco standard to ensure compatibility with the 2000-watt agenda.

22 A number of showcase projects are un- The establishment of an environmentally Partner Region Development derway: the new Triemli city hospital and sustainable power supply for the city of ]] 2005: Novatlantis establishes contact with the the Trotte nursing home are among the first Zurich is also a major step along the 2000 Building Authority of the city of Zurich projects in Switzerland that fulfill the com- Watt Path. This supply is to be secured with- ]] November 2005: Joint workshop "Sustainable Development as a Goal of the Building Authority: prehensive sustainability requirements of out the use of nuclear power and is to be Implementation via Partnership?" the 2000 Watt Society ( Sustainable Con- provided essentially by renewable sources of ]] 2006: City council agenda focus: "Sustainable City struction, pages 16 energy such as wa- of Zurich – on the Way to the 2000 Watt Society" and 17). The city of ter, solar, geothermal ]] 2006 to 2010: Action plans and measures in the areas of energy supply, energy efficiency, con- Zurich is also taking "Cities provide the best conditions for heat, wind, and bio- struction, mobility, environment, and cooperation an active approach reaching the goals of the 2000 Watt mass ( Energy Pro- ]] 2008: Referendum to include the goals of the 2000 to making the expe- Society. Short distances and compar- duction, page 14). Watt Society in the municipal code is accepted rience and knowl- City administration ]] Implementation plan drafted atively dense urban development with edge gained from the facilities are already realization of such large common greenways allow us to supplied exclusively Current Projects showcase projects lead a good life while consuming less with certified green ]] Showcase projects including the Triemli city hospital, the Trotte nursing home, the Sihlbogen housing available to archi- energy and using less land. Zurich is power. Moreover, Corine Mauch, development, and the Science City Campus tects, city planners, pilot and demonstra- President of the City determined to seize the opportunity of Government of Zurich ]] Energy coaching for property owners relevant specialists, tion power plants are realizing the vision." ]] Sustainable urban development project "NaQu" in and political authori- in the planning. In Werdwies, the Bulling district and on the Hunzik ties of other cities particular, the city of ration for the implementation of a traffic plan site ]] Consultation platform for small and medium-sized and cantons. Further Zurich’s power com- that is compatible with the 2000-watt agenda. companies (Green Compass) implementation measures relating to the 2000 pany is planning to use geothermal sources to The city is also intensifying its measures to ]] Sensitization campaign: mobility behavior of the Watt Path in the area of real estate develop- meet the heating needs of individual buildings inform and sensitize the public to the issue of users of sports facilities ment include publicly funded consulting pro- and districts. Test drilling has already been ini- sustainable mobility. A guideline for the mobil- ]] Personal energy calculator and online energy game ]] Spatial planning for an energy supply compatible grams for homeowners and an energy-coach- tiated to determine the feasibility. ity specifications that development projects with the 2000-watt agenda ing program that is available free of charge to are to meet for 2000-watt compatibility has ]] Energy exhibition on the 2000 Watt Society in prospective homeowners and planners. The The city’s public transportation network been drafted for investors. Furthermore, a the ewz (local power supply company) Customer focus of the city’s urban renewal campaign is and infrastructure for "slow traffic" are to calculation model is available to help evaluate Center directed equally to housing projects and com- be continuously developed. Planning and fea- ]] Information and sensitization campaigns the mobility factors associated with develop- mercial buildings. sibility studies are being carried out in prepa- ment projects.

23 Geneva Partner Region An Association and Many Active Members – A Successful Start for Western Switzerland

In 2006, the canton of Geneva asked organization to promote the vision of the 2000 Novatlantis to define the measures that Watt Society in the canton of Geneva. To- could be implemented at a local level to help gether with Novatlantis, the association has achieve the goals of the 2000 Watt Society. established a regional platform to facilitate the No provision was to be made for the use of exchange of ideas among various groups of nuclear energy. At the beginning of 2008 a stakeholders. The association has set the fol- comprehensive energy concept (known as lowing goals for itself: the Conception Générale de l’Energie) could  to realize the 2000 Watt Society in the already by unanimously ratified by the canton Geneva region by reducing overall energy de- of Geneva’s Grand Council. Having drafted a mand and introducing innovative technologies cantonal Energy Guidance Plan, which speci- ]] to develop and apply a feasible sustainabil- fies implementation activities, timetables and ity plan for mobility, construction, energy pro- necessary instruments, and having initiated duction and the public infrastructure various showcase projects, the canton of ]] to establish a network among scientists, Yves Leuzinger, Director of hepia, Geneva has taken a significant step closer cantonal administrators, industry representa- Technical College of to the 2000 Watt Path. Planning and devel- tives, and ordinary citizens. Western Switzerland opment measures as well as a revision of the cantonal energy law – which may require Partner Region Development Current Projects building owners to renovate their buildings ]] 2006: Novatlantis contacts the relevant energy of- ]] Referendum to revise the cantonal energy law, – mark the beginning of the canton’s efforts ficials of the canton of Geneva, the University of Ap- including an obligation to renovate inadequate to lower its energy needs. As a measure de- plied Sciences (Western Switzerland), EPF Lausanne, buildings signed to begin changing the nature of the University of Geneva and SIG ]] ChequeBatimentEnergie: building program spon- region’s energy supply, Geneva’s cantonal ]] Novatlantis drafts an energy strategy for the local sored by the canton of Geneva power company SIG (Services Industriels de 2000 Watt Society ]] Promotion of solar power by the cantonal power ]] 2007: The association "Genève à 2000 watts" is company (SIG) Genève) has launched a program to help sta- founded with representatives from private and ]] Power stabilization program (Eco 21) bilize the region’s power needs. public enterprises as well as the university ]] Genève Lac Nations: supply network for air-condi- ]] 2008: 1st Building Forum in the French-speaking tioning with lake water Founded in 2007, the association "Genève part of Switzerland ]] 2010: The association establishes an implementa- à 2000 watts" has been working in its capac- tion program over several years ity as a politically independent and non-profit

24 "The 2000 Watt Society offers the canton of Geneva many opportunities. These include the double challenge of developing renewable energies and achieving energy self-sufficiency. Opportunities abound as well for the canton’s local economy, especially in the clean-tech sector."

Initiative "Eco 21" is the name of the campaign initiated by the cantonal power company SIG to help the region prepare for the 2000 Watt Path. In particular, the campaign seeks to encourage private enterprises and municipalities to voluntarily commit themselves to optimizing their energy and power demands. Various interested parties have responded, including the operators of shopping centers, transport companies and educational institutions, and declared their readiness, for instance, to construct energy- efficient buildings and make exclusive use of energy-saving lamps. The public Eco 21 Home to many inter- program aims to bring about a reduction in national organizations, power needs: by 2013 annual power con- Geneva is now helping to create the sumption in the region of Geneva is to be 2000 Watt Society. reduced by 150 million kWh.

25 SwissEnergy for Local Communities A Commitment to Sustainability Made by More than 600 Municipalities

The European Energy Award (EEA) stands of around 87 000 tons since 1999. The total ies and other local municipalities are certified for effective local energy policy. More than annual savings of 80 million kilowatt hours of by the Energy City Association, which is itself 240 Energy Cities and 430 members of the electricity correspond to the annual power supported by the federal "SwissEnergy for Energy City Association representing more needs of a medium-sized city. This has turned Local Communities" program. One central as- than four million residents have reduced their the European Energy Award into a trademark pect of the certification initiative is that it is not fuel needs at an annual rate of 34 million lit- for successful and results-oriented local en- compulsory. The participating cities and other

ers and their CO2 emissions at an annual rate ergy policy. In the context of the program, cit- municipalities agree to commit themselves to the sustainability process.

The "Building Standard 2011" is one example of the commitment the energy cities make as they seek to fulfill their self-imposed obligations. Launched by the cities of Lucerne, Schaffhausen, St. Gallen, Winterthur, and Zurich, the popularity of this program for public buildings has spread. A growing number of cities and other municipalities have decided to embark upon the

Becoming an Energy City ]] Submission of a letter of intention by the relevant officials of the city or municipality ]] Induction as a member of the Energy City Associa- tion ]] Drafting of a current state analysis The sense of common ]] Obtaining Energy City certification upon imple- purpose that develops in mentation of at least 50 % of 90 measures the energy cities (photo: ]] Obtaining the European Energy Award Gold upon Rapperswil-Jona) as implementation of at least 75 % of 90 measures citizens become aware ]] Annual success checks and audits every four of the need to become years more energy-efficient is impressive.

26 path to the 2000 Watt Society by enforcing heating systems with new energy-efficient a phased introduction of innovative building systems. The city’s local power company has standards. In the initial phase, all new build- also launched a long-term program to pro- ings are required to meet the criteria of the mote the installation of solar systems (solar Minergie-Eco standard. Later, the Minergie- collectors for hot water and photovoltaics for P-Eco standard is to apply. Heating demand electricity) on every suitable roof. is to be reduced to around 50 % of the legal limit and at least 40 % of this demand is to be The city district of supplied in the form of renewable energies. Malley, a suburb of The building standard adopted by the energy Lausanne, has used "Day in and day out, EEA cities make cities also requires an approximately 30 % re- a largely abandoned an exemplary contribution to climate duction in power consumption. To help reach piece of property as protection. They have begun the this target, additional requirements outlined in an opportunity to journey to the 2000 Watt Society. Al- the Minergie module are to apply to lighting consider the 2000 though we have a long way to go, the and the use of highly efficient household ap- Watt Society. The fact that we have begun the journey pliances and office equipment. Moreover, municipality now all of the building materials are to meet the energy production ( page 14). By using heat plans to develop the is encouraging. I am convinced that strictest of safety and sustainability criteria pumps and, if geologically possible, tapping property – approxi- we will soon have an opportunity to ( Sustainable Construction, page 16). deep geothermal sources, geothermal energy mately 200 acres of celebrate the first 2000-watt cities." is to be used to cover a major portion of the former railroad yards The energy city of St. Gallen has em- city’s heating needs. Erstfeld, an energy city and industrial site – barked upon the 2000 Watt Path. The in the canton of Uri, also has ambitious plans. into a new sustainable residential district for Kurt Egger, Director of 2050 energy concept is based on the require- The city’s power company has already be- 17 000 residents. The district is to include the SwissEnergy for Local Communities ments of the 2000 Watt Society. The city’s come one of Switzerland’s largest producers a link to the regional train network, and the Program current annual energy needs of 1000 gigawatt of green power. In the future, the power com- Minergie-P-Eco standard is to apply to all new hours for heating and hot water are to be re- pany’s customers are to be supplied entirely buildings and Minergie to all building renova- duced by around 50 % by the year 2050. This with electricity generated from local sources tions. Furthermore, the district’s energy needs will require the optimal renovation of existing of renewable energy. At the same time, the are to be reduced by around 50 %, despite buildings. The city of St. Gallen is also aim- city also aims to reduce its power consump- the fact that the number of people and jobs in ing to introduce major changes in the area of tion, for instance by replacing old electric the district is expected to double.

27 ETH Domain A Sustainable Energy Future – the Contribution Made by the Research Community

Researchers in the ETH Domain are Contributions to a sustainable energy fu- nology (Empa) and the Swiss Institute of busy researching every link in the energy ture have been made by researchers in all of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). chain. They have developed technologies the various fields of inquiry at the Swiss Insti- The approximately 600 professors, 17 000 re- that are ecologically, economically and so- tutes of Technology in Zurich and Lausanne, search fellows, and 20 000 students and doc- cially sustainable. These researchers pursue as well as at the four federal research insti- toral candidates at these institutions produce various efficiency, substitution and self-suffi- tutes the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), the top quality work that helps to secure a safe ciency strategies. Some of the main aims of Swiss Institute for Forest, Snow and Land- supply of energy, economic prosperity and research include: scape Research (WSL), the Swiss Federal environmental protection. ]] Improving the efficiency of our energy use Laboratories for Materials Science and Tech-

]] Replacing fossil fuels with CO2-neutral or

low-CO2 fuels ]] Optimizing the supply of and demand for Heating center for the release of surplus energy energy services Building User Building

Building Science City Sustainable Energy Concept The goals of the 2000 Watt Society provide a guideline for a sustainable supply of energy to Science Freecooling City, the ETH campus in Hönggerberg. According to

the plan, campus CO2 emissions are to be reduced by at least 50 % by the year 2020. The technology Ring circuit involved centers on a dynamic system of underground storage tanks (diagram right): waste heat and Freecooling environmental sources are used to supply low-order Cold water ring Hot water ring energy that is then converted to heating or cooling Underground storage tank Production/storage energy using highly efficient heat pumps and cooling

machines. Two geothermal-probe fields with over Underground storage tank 200 geothermal probes have been created. These are to be linked to the system’s energy ring and made operational by 2011. Additional campus-based Underground storage tank geothermal-probe fields are already in the planning. Underground storage tank

28 The Energy Science Center (ESC) at the the flow of knowledge from the research com- ]] PECHouse initiative: establishment of a Swiss Institute of Technology in Zurich munity to other sectors of society. Current competence center for the production of hy- and the Energy Center (CEN) at the Swiss projects at the ESC in Zurich include: drogen by means of direct photoelectrolysis.

Institute of Technology in Lausanne are re- ]] The one-ton CO2 strategy, a dynamic road- sponsible for ensuring that the research car- map to help Switzerland achieve a sustain- The Competence Center Energy and Mo- ried out at these institutions in the area of able energy system by the year 2050. This bility (CCEM) works to promote multidiscipli- energy sciences has a multidisciplinary com- instrument offers a basis for making informed nary research in the ETH Domain. Under the ponent. Both of these organizations function decisions and working out promising political direction of the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), as competence centers assigned to facilitate strategies the CCEM coordinates and finances research ]] Passenger vehicle electrification: the devel- projects that are proposed by researchers Competence Center Energy and opment of plug-in hybrid engines that can be in the ETH Domain or at the University of charged using low-CO electricity ( Mobility, Applied Sciences Northwest Switzerland or Mobility (CCEM) 2 page 15) and the creation of a comprehensive the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences Transport mobility system that will help us to achieve and Arts. The CCEM also solicits the involve- ]] Low-carbon fuels (e.g. methane from biomass, massive reductions in CO emissions. ment of industry in such research projects. CO2-neutral production of hydrogen) 2 ]] Clean engine systems (e.g. fuel cells, zero-emis- The Competence Center Environment and sion motors) Current projects at the CEN in Lausanne Sustainability (CCES) focuses on research include: conducted throughout the ETH Domain re- Electricity ]] Electricity from renewable energies (e.g. competi- ]] The MEU project (Management of Urban lating to climate and environmental changes, tive photovoltaic systems using thin-film cells, Energy Systems): establishment of a consor- sustainable land use, nutrition, health and geothermal energy, hydropower) tium known as Plus-E for the planning of natural hazards. Such research includes the ]] Safe power networks and a reduction of energy urban energy systems. The purpose of this development of models and technologies for transmission losses consortium is to bring together the members application in the area of climate protection. Buildings of the research community, the public sector, ]] Innovative technologies for new buildings private enterprise and planning offices in the ]] Plans for renovating old buildings with a focus on search for effective solutions increasing energy efficiency ]] Round table for sustainably produced bio- ]] Tool for decision-making in renovation projects fuels: an international initiative involving the participation of producers, enterprises, NGOs, governments and scientists

29 ETH Domain Research and Development in the Interest of Sustainable Concepts and Technologies

The Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) is a multi- The Swiss Laboratories for Materials disciplinary, internationally renowned research Science and Technology (Empa) is an center for natural sciences and engineering interdisciplinary research and service institu- and is active in the areas of solid state phys- tion for materials science and technological ics, materials science, particle physics, bio- development. Through its involvement in the sciences, energy science and environmental following projects, Empa is making an impor- research. In the area of energy science, for in- tant contribution to the 2000 Watt Society: stance, researchers at the PSI are developing ]] Energy efficiency in buildings: together new fuel cells and non-polluting engine sys- with national and international partners tems for passenger vehicles. Specific projects (CCEM and IEA), Empa is developing ideas include: for energy-focused building renovation and ]] Propulsion systems for fuel-cell hybrid energy self-sufficient buildings. One exam- vehicles: market success will depend on ple of Empa’s work in this area is the devel- lower production costs and engine durability. opment of cost-effective, prefab renovation The PSI contributes to the production of elec- modules trolyte membranes, develops stack formation ]] Energy transformation and storage: re- innovations and provides concepts for system search into thermoelectricity is being con- simplification. The implementation of the new ducted to develop efficient ways of trans- technology is being carried out in a joint ven- forming sunlight, geothermal heat and waste ture with Belenos Clean Power motor heat into electricity. Research is also ]] Methane from wood: development of pro- being conducted in the area of thin-film photo- cedures for converting waste wood, scrap voltaics and organic photovoltaics wood and used wood via thermal gasification ]] Hy.muve: hydrogen-powered vehicles are into biofuels of the second generation. being developed in the projects known as hy.muve ("hydrogen-driven municipal vehicle") and hy-light (passenger vehicles) Heliostats concentrate ]] near Zero Emission Vehicle project sunlight. Researchers at (nZEV): here the aim is to discover ways of the PSI are developing ways of storing solar eliminating polluting emissions in natural gas energy. engines.

30 The Swiss Institute for Forest, Snow and duct comprehensive investigations of water Landscape Research (WSL) conducts re- and waterways, ranging from relatively intact search in the area of land and resource man- aquatic ecosystems to technically sophisti- agement, with a special focus on land use cated wastewater management systems. The and habitat protection. Taking a sustainable goals of this interdisciplinary aquatic research approach to our limited expanses of land is include reducing our demand for potable wa- just as essential as taking a sustainable ap- ter and relieving our overburdened wastewater proach to the use of our natural resources. treatment plants. The idea for the minimal- Drawing upon studies conducted in various energy building "Forum Chriesbach", which areas of the social sciences, researchers at makes an active supply of energy for heat and the WSL are investigating sustainable ap- hot water almost superfluous, was developed proaches to delineating and drawing re- at the Eawag. Some of the most important sources from terrestrial ecosystems. Current energy-related research projects include: research projects at the WSL include: ]] Aquamin House: with the use of novel ]] Land resources, land use, biodiversity and technology, wastewater is purified inside the conservation biology building and then allowed to leach in the ]] Forest ecosystems, natural hazards, warn- ground or is channeled to a body of flowing ing and prevention water. ]] Environmental and resource economics, ]] NoMix technology: urine is gathered sepa- regional economics and development rately in urine diversion toilets or waterless urinals. The main benefit of this technology The Swiss Institute of Aquatic Science is that it unburdens and Technology (Eawag) is the aquatic sci- wastewater treat- Eawag in Dübendorf: ences institute in the ETH Domain. One of ment plants. The "Forum Chriesbach" Eawag’s special strengths has been its long- ]] Green power: a uses three times less energy than buildings standing commitment to education, train- catalogue of criteria constructed according to ing, consulting and otherwise transferring has been drafted conventional standards. knowledge to other sectors of society. The for the certification (Foreground: installation of toilets by artist Ping combination of natural sciences, engineering of truly sustainable Qiu of the "Artist-in-Lab" and social sciences permits Eawag to con- hydropower plants. project).

31 Service Glossary

 2000 watts: the continuous rate of en-  CO2 emissions: the 2000 Watt Society  Embodied energy: the amount of energy ergy produced by 20 100-watt light bulbs. An calculates greenhouse gas emissions in terms that is required for the production, transport,

output of 2000 watts amounts to 17 500 kilo- of primary energy in CO2 equivalents, which storage, sale, maintenance and disposal of a watt hours (kWh) or 1750 liters of petroleum include the remaining substances that are product, including all its component parts. used over the course of a year. At the turn of climate-relevant and produced by human act- the century, this value was equal to the global ivities (methane, nitrogen compounds, etc.).  Energy calculator: the ECOPrivate en- average of energy consumed per capita for all ergy calculator calculates energy needs in the energy services.  Competence Center of the 2000 Watt area of personal consumption. For instance, Society: the Competence Center of the 2000 housing variables include home size, source  2000 Watt Path: medium to long-term Watt Society is funded by the Swiss Federal of energy for heat and hot water, and house- reduction process to realize the 2000 Watt Office of Energy (SFOE) and supported by hold appliances. Mobility variables include Society. The projected arrival dates with re- Novatlantis. The aim of the Competence means of transport, distance and air travel. gard to total energy consumption and the Center is to encourage an active approach to Food variables include eating habits (meat, use of fossil fuels are 2050 and 2150. The the issue of sustainability in municipalities, en- restaurant visits). Consumer products vari- SIA Energy Efficiency Path offers a means of terprises, schools, and other organizations. In ables include clothes, electronic devices and calculating the reduction goals that apply to a performing its work, the Competence Center general infrastructure. Energy balance data single building for 2000-watt compatibility. has access to a network of certified 2000- are supplied by the "ecoinvent" competence watt consultants who provide resources and center in the ETH Domain.  Balancing method: The city of Zurich, expertise to help meet the requirements of the the Swiss Energy Agency and Novatlantis 2000 Watt Society.  Energy services: goods and services have joined forces in drafting a guideline for whose provision or production require energy calculating a given individual’s primary en-  Efficiency: measure of primary energy including, for instance, heated houses, IT,

ergy needs (in watts) and CO2 emissions (in consumption in relation to an activity or a unit telecommunications, mobility, manufactured tons). The calculation involves primary energy of utility. In order to increase energy efficiency, products, vacations, energy supply, etc.

factors, CO2 equivalency factors and a defini- it is essential to minimize all energy conver- tion of regional target values (in watts per per- sion losses and incidental energy losses (e.g.

son and CO2 equivalency per person). transport) that may occur in the process of using primary energies to provide energy services.

32  Final energy: final energy is the form of  Primary energy: the 2000 Watt Society (solar power, geothermal heat, wind, biomass, energy that is directly available to users in pri- specifies that when calculating our primary etc.) for high-CO2 fuels (petroleum, natural vate households, industry or transportation, energy needs, we should also consider the gas, coal). The represents a de-carbonization i.e. commercially available energy sources, energy consumed at upstream stages of the of our energy supply. for instance heating oil, natural gas, electri- process, including the energy used to extract, city, gasoline, diesel, wood pellets and district convert and distribute the fuels in question.  Sustainable urban development heat. (NaQu): Commissioned by the Swiss Energy  Self-sufficiency: an indicator of the re- and Development Agencies, Novatlantis and  IPCC: the Intergovernmental Panel on sponsible and sustainable use of energy and SwissEnergy for Local Communities are cre- Climate Change. Founded by the United other resources. Individuals replace energy- ating a tool that will enable its users to evalu- Nations in 1988, the IPCC is charged with intensive services with energy-efficient serv- ate the sustainability of urban development evaluating the risks of global warming and es- ices and optimize their consumer behavior. projects. Tests have been carried out in four tablishing strategies for avoiding these risks. Examples include video conferences instead pilot districts, including Dreispitz in Basel, of air travel and reducing the amount of living Carré Vert in Geneva, Ecoparc in Neuchâtel  Lifestyle model: represents a compila- space required per person. and Bulling in Zurich. tion of the activities and consumer behavior displayed by individuals in their daily lives.  Showcase projects: in a series of show-  Useful energy: the form of energy that Lifestyle models are usually determined by the case projects, Novatlantis pilot and partner is actually used by consumers, including the economic circumstances and indirectly by the regions are testing the real-life feasibility of heat from a radiator, the light from a lamp, rates of energy consumption that prevail in a concepts and technologies that are compat- the propulsion of a vehicle or the process given country. In contrast, quality of life is de- ible with the aims of the 2000 Watt Society. energy in the manufacturing of goods. fined subjectively. Examples include the expansion of Zurich’s Energy-efficient services and technologies are Triemli hospital, the Trotte nursing home in capable of converting a large portion of final

 One-ton CO2 strategy: a sustainable, Zurich and sustainable urban development in energy into useful energy. per capita climate balance, as specified by the Erlenmatt district of Basel. the 2000 Watt Society. According to the

IPCC, limiting annual per capita CO2 emission  Substitution: global warming can be to this amount would allow us to limit the ex- counteracted in the context of meeting our tent of global warming to a tolerable + 2 ° C. energy needs by substituting low-CO2 fuels

33 Service Further Information

Sources Gebäudetechnik für die 2000-Watt- ETH Domain ]]CCEM Annual Activity Reports; Compe- Gesellschaft; Markus Koschenz and www.ethrat.ch, www.epfl.ch, www.ethz.ch, tence Center Energy and Mobility CCEM Andreas Pfeiffer, Sustainability series, www.eawag.ch, www.empa.ch, www.psi.ch, 2009 and 2008 Faktor Verlag Zurich 2005 www.wsl.ch, www.esc.ethz.ch, cgse.epfl.ch, ]]Denk-Schrift Energie: Energie effizient nut- ]]Road Map, Erneuerbare Energien Schweiz; www.ccem.ch, www.cces.ethz.ch, zen und wandeln, Beitrag zur nachhaltigen SATW 2006 www.ags.ethz.ch, www.sustainability.ethz.ch, Entwicklung in der Schweiz; Swiss Acad- ]]Schweizer Beitrag zur Energiezukunft: For- www.isc-network.org, emies of Arts and Sciences 2007 schung im ETH-Bereich; ETH Council 2009 www.novatlantis.ch ]]Die Energieperspektiven 2035. Final Re- ]]SIA Effizienzpfad Energie. Documentation ports vol.1 to vol. 5; Swiss Federal Office of D 0216, SIA 2006 Other Institutions Energy (SFOE) 2007 ]]SIA 112/1; Nachhaltiges Bauen – Hochbau, www.ccrs.uzh.ch, www.cdproject.net, ]]Dokumentation zum Konsum Report SIA 2005 www.iea.org, www.ipcc.ch, www.proclim.ch, Schweiz; CCRS et al. 2008 ]]Steps towards sustainable development. www.satw.ch, www.sia.ch, ]]Energiespiegel; Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), A white book for R & D of energy-efficient www.sustainability-zurich.org, from various years technologies; E. Jochem (Editor) et al. 2004 www.faktor.ch ]]Energiestrategie für die ETH Zürich; K. Boulouchos (Hrsg.) et al., Energy Science Internet Addresses Energy Calculators, Instruments Center (ESC) ETH Zurich 2008 Federal Agencies www.ecospeed.ch, www.webenergie.ch, ]]Nachhaltige Wohnbauerneuerung. Europe- www.are.admin.ch (Development), www.footprintnetwork.org, wide R & D programme on building value www.bfe.admin.ch (Energy) www.ecoinvent.org retention; CCEM and Empa 2006 ]]Grundlagen für ein Umsetzungskonzept der Pilot and Partner Regions 2000 Watt Society 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft am Beispiel der Basel: www.wsu.bs.ch, www.fhnw.ch, www.2000watt.ch Stadt Zürich; LSP 4 – "Nachhaltige Stadt www.unibas.ch, Zürich – auf dem Weg zur 2000-Watt- Zurich: www.stzh.ch, Gesellschaft"; City of Zurich, SFOE, Geneva: www.geneve2000watts.ch, Novatlantis 2009 www.hepia.hesge.ch, www.eco21.ch, ]]Ökobilanzdatenbank "ecoinvent"; ETH www.sig-ge.ch, Domain, ART, Empa European Energy Award: www.energiestadt.ch, ]]Potenzial Wohngebäude. Energie- und www.european-energy-award.org

34 Imprint Prof. Dr. Konstantinos Boulouchos, ESC; Dr. Contact Publisher: Novatlantis – Sustainability at the Philipp Dietrich, CCEM; Dr. Xaver Edelmann, Competence Center 2000 Watt Society ETH Domain, with the support of Swiss Fed- Empa; Prof. Dr. Janet Hering, Eawag; Prof. www.2000watt.ch, [email protected] eral Office of Energy (SFOE) and the Swiss Dr. James Kirchner, WSL; Prof. Dr. Hans- Engineers and Architects Association (SIA); Björn Püttgen, EPFL; Prof. Dr. Alexander Novatlantis – an Initiative of the ETH Domain March 2011 Wokaun, PSI c/o Competence Center Energy and Mobil- Executive Director: Roland Stulz Zurich: Corine Mauch, Mayor ity CCEM Text and design: Othmar Humm, Paul Knüsel, Zurich, Dr. Marie-Therese Büsser, Bruno CH-5232 Villigen PSI Christine Sidler, Oerlikon Journalisten Bébié, Toni W. Püntener, Dr. Heinrich Telephone: (+41) 044 305 93 60 Gugerli, Ruedi Ott, Sandra Rigon, Dr. Holger www.novatlantis.ch, [email protected] Photo Credits Hoffmann-Riem, Bruno Hohl Cover picture: vitamin 2, page 7: CH-Forsch- Basel: Dr. Guy Morin, President of the Can- Distribution ung, page 10: Don Bayley, page 12: Leigh tonal Government of Basel City, Prof. Armin Swiss Federal Office for Buildings and Schindler, page 13: Robert Wilson, Fotolia, Binz, Viviane Joyce, Dr. Dominik Keller, Logistics (BBL), Publications, 3003 Bern; page 15: Empa, page 16: Swiss Ornitho- Werner Müller www.bundespublikationen.admin.ch logical Institute, pages 16 and 19: Gian Vaitl, Geneva: Reto Camponovo, Jean Marie Duret, Order number: 805.200.e page 20: Juri Weiss, page 26: Slow-Up, page Yves Leuzinger 03.2011 3'000 xxxxxxxxx 28: ETH Zurich, page 31: Stefan Kubli, Eawag SwissEnergy for Local Communities: Kurt Egger, Armin Braunwalder Brochure Contributors Novatlantis: Roland Stulz, Veronika Sutter- Doris Leuthard, Member of the Swiss Fed- Gmür, Felix Frei, Erik Schmausser, Manuela eral Council; Hans-Peter Nützi, Swiss Energy Bourquin; Urs Richard, stadtlandfluss GmbH; Agency; Prof. Dr. Thomas Stocker, Univer- Dr. Stephan Lienin, Samuel Perret, Dr. Bernd sity of Bern; Dr. Kathy Riklin, Swiss National Kasemir, Sustainserv GmbH Council Member; Hans Ruedi Schweizer, Board President, Ernst Schweizer AG ETH Domain: Dr. Fritz Schiesser, ETH Board President; Christian Bach, Empa; Dr. Kurt Baltensperger, ETH Board Member;

35 "Indeed, the vision of the 2000 Watt "Our core mission is to secure an Society offers a promising approach. environment in which researchers are New ways of thinking and new forms encouraged to participate in open sci- of cooperation are required." entific discourse. Given the role that scientific inquiry can play in shaping Doris Leuthard, Member of the Swiss Federal Council a brighter future – and given the ETH Domain’s reliance on public funding – it is incumbent on us to accomplish this mission."

"Responsible companies do all they can to conserve resources and mini- Dr. Fritz Schiesser, President of the ETH Council mize the environmental impact of their products. This commitment extends from the extraction of raw materials to production, installation, use and "While many of the technologies that recycling." are required for energy sustainability are either already available or forth- Hans Ruedi Schweizer Managing Director coming, they often face delays when Ernst Schweizer AG, Metal Construction it comes to real market penetration. Novatlantis and the 2000 Watt Society are committed to facilitating this process in the interest of achieving sig-

nificant reductions in CO2 emissions and greater energy efficiency."

Roland Stulz, Executive Director of Novatlantis xxxxxxxxx

3'000

03.2011