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3.5.10 Building H: Courts 24 & 25 Building H comprises two very similar top-lit purpose-designed courtrooms and adjoining two-storey judges rooms. Drawings were signed by the Government Architect George McRae in 1921 and it was built in the same year for the Metropolitan District Court to replace the keeper’s quarters that succeeded the original dormitory on this part of the site. The two courtrooms are quite intact. Court 24 (Space 1.18) is presented in a near original state with cedar fittings: witness box, public seating, etc. Court 25 has its boarded ceiling covered over with sheeting but is otherwise intact. It has modern furniture and is used currently for meetings.

Figure 3. 80: Copy of elevations for additions to the District Court, dated 1921 and signed by George McRae, Government Architect (Source: PWD 3559,SLM) The courts were constructed with cavity brick walls. Better quality face bricks were used on the sides facing the courtyard while a cheaper common brick was used on the north. The roof is of corrugated steel with ventilated clerestory lanterns and is supported on handsome queen post trusses. A lean-to verandah provides shelter on the southern side.

Interestingly, the eastern stone façade of Greenway’s north-eastern corner pavilion was carefully preserved and incorporated into the 1921 design no doubt at some additional trouble and expense. This is an early acknowledgement of the heritage value and sensitivities of the place.

The judge’s chambers adjoin Court 25. It presents quite a stylish brick and stone façade to the Domain on the east. Windows are 12-paned Georgian Revival pattern and the chambers are well appointed internally with a good quality cedar stair, five-panel doors and decorative fibrous plaster ceilings and cornices. This part of Building H is also intact. It is currently used as offices for SLM.

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The ensemble of the two courts and attached chambers provides an excellent interpretation of the District Courts operation in the 1920s.

Figure 3. 81: Building H (Source: LSJP, 2016)

3.5.11 Building I: 1940s Courtrooms A 1920s photograph of the Barracks shows that the original (or early) eastern perimeter wall was still quite intact at that time (see Figure 3.34 above), however a part of the wall at least must have been removed for the construction of Courts 24 and 25 (Building H) in the 1920s. The remainder of the wall was swept away in 1943 to make way for Building I, a two-storey Industrial Arbitration Court design by Government Architect Cobden Parkes.

It is a plain building, a product of the wartime austerity period, constructed of cavity brick walls with a Marseilles tiled roof, but it takes its lead from the earlier 1920s courts building in using face brick and sash windows with a Georgian Revival character. It was connected to the rear of the main barracks building at first floor level via an ad hoc passage and steps.

Figure 3. 82: Building I (Source: LSJP, 2016) The building was refurbished in the 1980s when a subterranean plant room was added to the west under the courtyard and latticed screened verandahs were added to the courtyard elevation. Later in the 1980s the building became the Parole Court and cells with steel barred gates were inserted on the ground floor.

The interior remains very much intact with most of the original finishes and fittings still present and the overlay of the Parole Court still visible and understood. The building is currently used by SLM for offices on the first floor and maintenance and cleaning staff as well as public toilets are located on the ground floor. The Hyde Park Cats are housed under the verandah at ground floor level.

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3.6 Historic Period Archaeology32

3.6.1 The Archaeological Record The archaeological record of Hyde Park Barracks is diverse; it is preserved in the reports, field drawings, data sheets, samples and artefacts maintained at the place. It encompasses the following:

 stratified deposits that have been laid down on the site as the result of actions such as filling to create level surfaces, earth-moving to create new landform, infill of excavations, additions created by construction and demolition works amongst other events;  surface improvements and additions such as formed yard works, gardens, and edgings;  structural components such as foundations, post-holes, drains and paving;  environmental evidence such as preserved micro-flora and evidence of erosion or water movement; and  the artefact assemblage. This composite resource with its documented stratigraphic associations is the archaeology of Hyde Park Barracks. It is an interconnected resource and no single component is more important than any other, although some certainly have greater public appeal and connection. Through careful analysis, the relationship of each of the above elements to each other is able to illuminate and narrate specific events as well as the evolution of the development of the place. Archaeology, as demonstrated in the overview of the evidence recorded to date, has the ability to address people and places, the environment and the connections between them.

Apart from the underfloor (UF) collection of artefacts (refer to The Collection below) which has been extensively investigated, the remaining components of the archaeology at Hyde Park Barracks that have been investigated and documented remain difficult to access because of the absence of a comprehensive analysis and narrative to date. Specifically, the Hyde Park Barracks has never been the subject of a “whole of site” archaeological assessment that quantifies the scope of evidence that is or was likely to be preserved in the ground. Such an assessment has been pre-empted to some degree by the results of the several programmes of archaeological investigation and/or salvage. Every trench excavated has revealed complex profiles of evidence that encompass multiple periods of use, including the pre-settlement landscape.

3.6.2 Analysis of the Evidence In order to gain an understanding of the scope of the buried resource a number of overlays have been prepared using contemporary surveys from the full period of nineteenth century occupation and up to the mid-twentieth century. These have been laid over an aerial image of the present barracks precinct, thus presenting a visual relationship between the present landscape and those of the past. These plans demonstrate the full extent of the built environment of the compound at different periods and show significant additions at different times. (Refer to Appendix 7)

32 Refer also to Appendix 7: Archaeological Report Wendy Thorp

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A sample of these overlays has been colour-blocked, a different colour for each survey and date. These plans have been laid on the site plan to build up layers that show the location and extent of buildings that are recorded at this site since 1816 to 1953. Several buildings are common to these surveys and these are identifiable as the densest layers of colour on the first resource plan (See Figure 3.86: Plan No 3). This combined overlay demonstrates the extent of the potential resource with respect to recorded buildings; almost the entire precinct is coloured including land beyond on both the eastern and southern boundaries. The overlay, for example, demonstrates the extent of the southern range of buildings that now lie beneath the footpath.

The areas that remain white or uncoloured on Plan No. 3 will also encompass a complex archaeological profile although less likely to include structural elements from buildings. These areas will preserve, at the least multiple layers of yard surfaces, paving, services, deposits associated with construction and destruction and land-forming, artefacts and environmental evidence. There is also likely to be evidence of landscape additions; for example, the plan records several versions of the circular garden bed that was established at the front of the barracks building by the 1860s and which survived until 1980. This complex plan also demonstrates the potential of all existing buildings to lie above intact or partially intact archaeological profiles.

The second resource plan (see Figure 3.87: Plan No 4) overlays all the impacts that were identified in this report, either through archaeological excavation or service trenching, on the plan showing the layers of the barracks precinct over time. This does not include the information described by archaeologist Graham Wilson in his monitoring of the yard clearance in 1984.33 The surface of the yard was comprehensively reduced in 1984 although the impact of stripping the surface was limited in depth it revealed large and significant archaeological features close to the surface of the present yard.

For example, in the north-eastern corner of the yard the complex overlay records the base of a bath-house constructed for the Asylum in the mid-1860s. The impact plan (Plan No. 4) that includes trenching Figure 3. 83: Detail of Colonial locations suggests that this has not been disturbed, however the floor Architect’s plan dated 1867 showing of this building was revealed when the ground surface across the the location of the bath-house courtyard was reduced in depth. This work also revealed other located adjacent to the southern foundations close to the surface which have since t been largely elevation of Building H (circled in covered over; these were from part of the external wall of the 1887 red). (Source: State Records NSW, Building H and what appeared to be a nineteenth century drain. In SR Plan No. 1844: “Proposed New those areas, although the impact of the surface reduction was limited Closets Government Asylum Hyde in depth it revealed large and significant archaeological features Park”, 1867,courtesy of SLM) close to the surface of the present yard.

33 Wilson, G.;1986, unpublished report, Archaeological Monitoring Courtyard Clearance Hyde Park Barracks, January – February 1984

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3.6.3 Historic Archaeological Evidence Overlays Refer also to Appendix 7.

Figure 3. 84: Plan 1- Site plan showing locations of archaeological excavations undertaken in 1980-1981 (Stages 1 & 2) (Source: Cultural Resources Management, 2016)

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Figure 3. 85: Plan 2-Site plan identifying locations of sub-surface impacts as a result of excavations and monitoring. This overlay plan covers the work undertaken between 1980 and 1999. (Source: Cultural Resources Management, 2016)

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Figure 3. 86: Plan 3- Site plan showing locations of built structures located at Hyde Park Barracks between 1819 and 1932 based on contemporary surveys. (Source: Cultural Resources Management, 2016)

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Figure 3. 87: Plan 4- Site plan showing areas impacted by excavation in relation to areas of potential archaeology. The graded overlay indicates the location of past excavation and archaeological monitoring trenches. (Source: Cultural Resources Management, 2016)

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3.6.4 The Potential for Intact Archaeology The archaeological evidence reviewed in this report, the potential for archaeological evidence demonstrated by the overlays and resource plans and the hard evidence supplied by investigation and mitigation works make it possible to conclude the following concerning the potential for an intact archaeological profile at Hyde Park Barracks:

 The entire site, courtyards, the land beneath existing buildings, the land beyond the present boundaries particularly to the south and east will contain and preserve complex archaeological profiles.  Those areas that have been subject to archaeological investigation, service trenching and where the surface has been removed should also be considered as areas of potential archaeology although disturbed or fragmented at least to the depths of those excavations. This profile commences very close to the level of the present yard surface.  The profile will encompass the full scope of European occupation on this place since 1817 when construction began and including the work undertaken to develop the site of the barracks in 1817-1819.  It is highly likely to encompass intact environmental evidence of the pre-settlement environment and of the impacts caused by European settlement; this has relevance for the potential for Aboriginal archaeology.  The profile will encompass all forms of archaeological evidence (structures, soils and other deposits, environmental material and traces and artefacts) and it will be able to address individual components of the place and the evolution of these elements and the place, the people who have occupied it and the environment created within it at various times.  This intact and buried resource will provide evidence that is not available through other means, it will complement the above ground buildings and archival records of earlier works and it will be possible to create the connections with those portions of the profile that have been excavated once a comprehensive analysis of those works has been completed.  In many cases it will be the best or only physical connection and demonstration of aspects of the occupation and development of this place.

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3.7 The Collection

3.7.1 Quantifying the Collection The Hyde Park Barracks assemblage or archaeological collection is a large collection of artefacts that is comprised of material culture removed from its in-situ location within the Hyde Park Barracks precinct, including building remnants from the site. The collection has developed as a result of various archaeological excavations, excavations for building services and construction work and building conservation works within the HPB precinct.

There is currently an Access database in which the archaeology collection is catalogued. However, the exact nature and size of the collection cannot be quantified as it has to date not been entirely catalogued or compiled in a single reference format. Some sources estimate the collection is comprised of 113,000 – 120,000 items (fragments and artefacts) although the total number of items is likely to be much higher34.

The collection has developed as a result of multiple excavation projects (or phases) over the last three decades. Due to a history of different management structures and approaches there are a number of ways in which the collection has been categorised and recorded. The primary sources of the collection as it currently stands are summarised in Table 3.1 below compiled from the available records.

Various sources refer to the collection as the artefact material retained from the major archaeological excavations in 1980-198135. However, the collection has developed since 1979 to the last recorded excavation in 1999 and will continue to grow as below ground works are carried out, or works to the interior of the buildings uncover or reveal more artefacts.

The majority of the artefact material (c.80,000 items) has been recovered from the underfloor cavities of the Main Barracks Building, while a further c.34,000 have been excavated from the ground floor of the Main Barracks Building and other buildings within the compound and underground from the courtyard.

34 2016_Property Dossier - Hyde Park Barracks - Working document_D14 5920.docxDocument D14/5920 in Folder F2013/444, Churchill & Starr,p8; Davis et al 2013, An Archaeology of Institutional Confinement. SAHA volume 4; Crook & Murray (2006) An Archaeology of Institutional Refuge, p9.; Starr (2015), An archaeology of improvisation: convict artefacts from Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney, 1819-1848, Australasian Historical Archaeology (33) 2015.p 37 The total number of items cannot currently be quantified due to incomplete catalogue records. There are 113,000 records in the database but this is based on estimates of multiple artefacts, as these were not counted during initial cataloguing. SLM has estimated 120,000 in internal documents, and Starr advises this estimate is now thought to be low, with recent research indicating the estimates have consistently been low in the faunal assemblage. 35 2006 Crook & Murray, p 115; Starr (2015), An archaeology of improvisation: convict artefacts from Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney, 1819-1848, Australasian Historical Archaeology (33) 2015.p 37

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Table 3. 1: Development of the Archaeological Collection since 1979 based on available records Excavation Year Excavation By Why/Where [Stage ID]36 Catalogued Database 1979-198037 Carol Powell Engaged to record YES – in report38 & All Access artefacts exposed during in 1985 analysis39 Database40. building works Possibly UF [Stage 1.1] and UG records 19804142 Wendy Thorp Test trenching (main Preliminary n/a building, north range, catalogue yard) commenced 198143 [Stage 1.2] All [UF] catalogued in n/a 1985 analysis project4445. YES – Wendy Thorp Access 199446 Database. UG records YES – Wendy Thorp & Access Sydney University & Database. UF Dana Mider 1985- records 199547 1981 Patricia Burritt, Main Building excavation Preliminary n/a Wendy Thorp (underfloor and catalogues with underground deposits); excavation archives eastern courtyard, 198149 northwest cell block, store, All catalogued in 1985 n/a bakehouse, and Deputy analysis project5051.

36 As used by Andrew Wilson. 1985 Wilson, The Mint & Hyde Park Barracks Archaeological Investigation Stage 5.1. Unpublished Report Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, p61. 37 2006 Crook & Murray, p 21, 116, 123 38 1981, Hyde Park Barracks Artefact catalogue and discussion, unpublished report referenced in2006, Crook & Murray, p 123 39 1985 Wilson, The Mint & Hyde Park Barracks Archaeological Investigation Stage 5.1. Unpublished Report Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, p12 40 2016 Fiona Starr confirmed inclusion in Access Database (11 August 2016). Applies to all notations of Access Database 41 2006 Crook & Murray, p 116 42 1980 Higginbotham, Hyde Park Barracks: The Deputy Superintendents Residence Trench 7. Unpublished report. 43 1980-81 Potter ed. Historical Arch at Mint and HPB, p21. Unpublished report. Includes artefacts from a previous consultant from the third floor. Unclear what consultant or excavation is being referred to. 44 1985 Wilson, The Mint & Hyde Park Barracks Archaeological Investigation Stage 5.1. Unpublished Report Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, p13. 45 2003 Crook, Ellmoos, Murray, p 16 – specify the 1985 Wilson work for MAAS specifically underfloor artefacts from levels 2 & 3 of the main building 46 2006 Crook & Murray, p 21, 116 47 2006 Crook & Murray, p 21, 116

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Excavation Year Excavation By Why/Where [Stage ID]36 Catalogued Database Superintendent’s YES – Sydney Access 48 Residence University & Dana Database. UF [Stage 2] Mider 1985-199552 records YES – Wendy Thorp Access 199453 Database. UG records 1981-82, 1983 Elizabeth Salvage Excavation YES- in report55. Access Pinder (various locations interior All catalogued in 1985 Database. and exterior of main analysis project56. building and HPB perimeter)54 [Stage 3.1] 1981-198457 Graham Wilson Salvage at Bakehouse, 1981-1983 works Access Southern and Northern catalogued & 1984 Database59 Gatehouse works NOT [Stages 3.2 & 3.3] catalogued in 1985 analysis project58. 1984 Graham Wilson Courtyard Clearance YES- in report60. No61 Monitoring Note: listed as part of unstratified artefacts

49 1980-81 Potter ed. Historical Arch at Mint and HPB, p51. Unpublished report 50 1985 Wilson, The Mint & Hyde Park Barracks Archaeological Investigation Stage 5.1. Unpublished Report Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, p13 51 2003 Crook, Ellmoos, Murray, p 16 – specify the 1985 Wilson work for MAAS specifically underfloor artefacts from levels 2 & 3 of the main building 48 2003 Crook, Ellmoos, Murray, p 16 52 2006 Crook & Murray, p 21, 116 53 2006 Crook & Murray, p 21, 116 54 2003 Crook, Ellmoos, Murray, p 16 55 1983 Pinder, Archeological Monitoring: Royal Mint and Hyde Park Barracks, Macquarie Street, Sydney. Unpublished report. 56 1985 Wilson, The Mint & Hyde Park Barracks Archaeological Investigation Stage 5.1. Unpublished Report Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, p14 57 2006 Crook & Murray, p 116 58 1985 Wilson, The Mint & Hyde Park Barracks Archaeological Investigation Stage 5.1. Unpublished Report Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, p14-15 59 2006 Crook & Murray, p115. 2016 Fiona Starr advised she understands these items are included in Access Database (11 August 2016). 60 1986 Wilson, Archaeological Monitoring Courtyard Clearance Hyde Park Barracks January – February 1984 61 2016 Fiona Starr advised she understands these items are recorded in an Excel spreadsheet (11 August 2016).

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Excavation Year Excavation By Why/Where [Stage ID]36 Catalogued Database 1987 Wendy Thorp Hyde Park Barracks, Report not sighted. Unclear Western Edge of Unclear. Macquarie St62 1993-1994 Rachelle Monitoring works North- Unclear. Unclear 64 1997 Graves, eastern courtyard Tonkin63 1997/1999 Peter Tonkin Foundations of 1817 mess Unclear. Awaiting room N& S walls65 cataloguing 199966 Peter Tonkin Australian Monument to NO Awaiting the Great Famine And not all retained. cataloguing

3.7.2 Qualifying the Assemblage Cataloguing of the artefacts excavated in 1980-1981 was split into two separate projects and as a result the collection has historically been separated into three main groups:

 the underfloor (UF) artefacts,  the underground (UG) artefacts, and  other artefacts not included in either group including the “unstratified” artefacts and the artefacts where context information has been lost. The UF artefacts have been more extensively studied and analysed than the UG. A small number of artefacts from the 1999 monitoring are yet to be catalogued. This is discussed further in Section 6.

In describing the collection, the available information limits what can be summarised. Of the approximately 120,000 catalogued artefacts in the collection, work by Davies et al (2013) identified in total 113,606 UF and UG artefacts, classed as 80,037 UF artefacts and 33,567 UG artefacts.

Of the c 80,000 UF artefacts that have been analysed, the predominant material type is metal, followed by bone and glass. The distribution of material types for this sample of the collection is outlined in Table 3.2.

62 2003 Crook, Ellmoos, Murray, p 16; Thorp, Wendy 1987, Archaeological Report: Excavations in Macquarie Street, February–April 1987, unpublished report for the Department of Public Works. 63 2006 Crook & Murray, p 115 64 2003 Crook, Ellmoos, Murray, p 16 65 2003 Crook, Ellmoos, Murray, p 16. 2016 Fiona Starr advises this excavation occurred in 1999 as part of the works undertaken for the Australian Monument to the Great Famine (11 August 2016). 66 1999, Tonkin. Hyde Park Barracks Museum: Report on the Archaeological Monitoring of the HPB South Range During Construction of the Australian Monument to the Great Irish Famine.

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Table 3. 2: Total quantity of artefacts in the main building of the Hyde Park Barracks (Source: Extracted from Crook & Murray, 2006; An Archaeology of Institutional Refuge, p. 28

The UF artefacts have (to date) been the most studied component of the HPB archaeology collection and these artefacts are considered by many archaeologists to be significant due to the unusual degree of preservation of the organic materials such as paper and textiles which rarely survive in such quantities in an archaeological context67.

Of the approximately 120,000 artefacts in the collection Starr (2015) estimates that 80-90 percent relates to post 1848 uses of the HPB.68 Starr also notes that the earlier artefacts (dating from the convict period) form up to 20% of the archaeological collection and little archaeological study of these artefacts has been carried out. The SLM property dossier for HPBM (2016)69 notes that identification of much of this convict period material is difficult, due to the material being mixed with that of later deposits.

In addition to artefacts recovered during archaeological excavations and monitoring works there are architectural remnants with provenance to the place which could be included in the scope or definition of the Hyde Park Barracks collection/resource. This includes material from areas such as the main barracks building and courtrooms and components such s skirtings and doors, removed during renovation works. Those with a HPB registration are catalogued in Vernon and currently stored off site.

Starr advises there are approximately c.1000 items currently identified as “unstratified”70. These consist of artefacts that have lost their contexts, in addition to surface finds recovered by Graham Wilson during his courtyard clearance monitoring work of 1984. In addition there is also a number of “props” (c.40 items).

67 Davis 2013 p 15, Crook 2008 p 27. 68 Starr 2015), An archaeology of improvisation: convict artefacts from Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney, 1819-1848, Australasian Historical Archaeology (33) 2015.p 37 and p 8 2016_Property Dossier - Hyde Park Barracks - Working document_D14 5920.docxDocument D14/5920 in Folder F2013/444, Churchill & Starr 69 p 8 2016_Property Dossier - Hyde Park Barracks - Working document_D14 5920.docxDocument D14/5920 in Folder F2013/444, Churchill & Starr 70 Starr 11 August 2016

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This material has recently been re-assessed and there are plans to include (re-unite) this material as well as unstratified material into the Hyde Park Barracks archaeology collection.

3.7.3 Current Information Management There is a history of different management approaches to the collection and therefore a layered system of information management. It is important to note that there is currently no single system that is used to manage the whole collection, although the Access database has most of the content in it.

The details of the current information management system/s in place (as is understood), that is the various artefact identification systems and database or collection management tools, are discussed in Section 6 Constraints and Opportunities.

3.7.4 Location The majority of the collection is currently held in the Archaeology Store on Level 2 of the Hyde Park Barracks Museum. Some artefacts (unstratified and prop items) are currently in the collection store on Level 1 of the museum. A number of artefacts are on display in the HPB Museum (principally on Level 2). The artefacts in storage in the Level 2 Archaeology Store are housed in labelled packaging in labelled and organised boxes.

At the time of writing some items/soil samples were in storage in the SLM Pymble store and due to be relocated to storage in Castle Hill.

3.7.8 Current Uses The Collection is currently used in a number of ways. The principal use has been interpretation (in both temporary and permanent exhibitions).

A selection of artefacts are on display in the Hyde Park Barracks Museum. Current displays which include archaeological artefacts include the “Female Immigration Depot dormitory” display and the “Archaeology” display, both on level 2, and a display case on level 1 in the “Artefact” room which depicts the layers of usage of the HPB site. It is worth noting that only the main building includes artefact displays.

The artefacts play an essential role in the interpretation of the themes presented in the exhibitions. These exhibitions are also central to education programs delivered to c.20000 primary, secondary and tertiary students each year.

It is understood that artefacts may also be loaned for display, internally to other SLM properties for temporary or long term exhibitions and externally to museums and galleries (principally within Australia). SLM staff have noted an increased number of loan requests when collection details have been made available on line71, for example the loan request of convict clothing, the details of which appeared on a MAAS online database.

71 Sarah-Jane Rennie May 2016, pers. comm.

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The secondary use of the majority of the artefact material, which is currently in storage, has been for research purposes. Parts of the collection have been studied in detail since excavation, and notable large scale projects carried out by La Trobe University have been discussed elsewhere. In addition numerous archaeology students and professionals (including SLM staff) have undertaken smaller scale research projects over the years. The value of this collection as an archaeological resource is well recognised in the Australian archaeological profession. The result of this research has informed the interpretation of the collection and the place and such research is considered essential in the development of authentic interpretation.

Figure 3. 88: Artefacts on display in Level 1 of the Main Barracks Building.

Figure 3. 89: Photograph of convict Figure 3. 90: Convict gaming pieces, a hand carved bone piece shirt (UF51) discovered under the floor of (UG1011, left) and a carved or ground down fragment of blue and Level 3 by the Department of Public white transfer printed ceramic (UG1015, right) recovered under the Works I 1979 (Source: courtesy of SLM) ground of the main barracks building. (Source: courtesy of SLM)

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3.8 History of Development

3.8.1 Development Sequence Diagrams As discussed in Section 2 there have been five historic phases that remain evident in the fabric of the place (underground archaeology and above ground structures). These phases are:

1. Prehistory including Aboriginal occupation of the land and geographic context.

2. The convict phase of HPB (1817-1848), including the initial construction phase.

3. Female immigration and female asylum phase (1848-1887), alterations and additions.

4. Legal institutions phase (1830, 1848-2001), substantial alterations and additions, demolition and reconfiguration of the southern and eastern portions of the site.

5. Heritage, conservation and museum phase (1979- date), restoration, reconstruction and interpretation works.

The following diagrams (development sequence plans) illustrate the main phases of built development of Hyde Park Barracks as they relate to the above historic phases (namely phases 3 to 6, Section 3.6 above addresses underground archaeological deposits and potential archaeology for phases 2 to 4). These diagrams are based on a collection of historic plans and maps, copies of many of which are held by SLM. A similar sequence of diagrams was produced in 1990 by archaeologist Wendy Thorp72 and in 1993 by Robert Varman73 and this previous information has also been relied on.

The plans relied on in the preparation of the following development sequence diagrams are as follows:

 c.1817 Unsigned and undated ( attributed to Francis Greenway) “Bonwick Transcripts”, State Library of New South Wales, A 2000/vols. 1-4  1824 Standish Lawrence Harris “Report & Estimate of the Value of the Improvements which have taken place in the Public Buildings of Sydney, Paramatta, Windsor, Liverpool and Campbelltown, between the 25th of December 1822 & the 24th of December 1823 inclusive, and an Expose of the present state of the Public Buildings in New South Wales, 1824”, State Library of New South Wales: ML C225, Digital Order No. a1357039  c.1825 Louis-Claude de Saules Freycinet, “Port-Jackson. Plan et elevation de la caserne des convicts, a Sydney”; courtesy of SLM  1833 Site survey plan, 1833 AO Map 5543, courtesy of SLM  c.1837 Survey plan (Source unknown possibly redrawn from plan in Surveyor General sketch book, SLNSW x754 F72 131 Reel 2779, courtesy SLM  1870 “Plan of the site of the Immigration Depot, District Court, Vaccine Institution, Colonial Architects Office etc…” 1870, AO Map 58, courtesy SLM  1887 James Barnett “Proposed Alterations to Immigration Barracks” AO Plan No. 1720, courtesy SLM

72 Thorp, W., 180; Hyde Park Barracks Archival Report, unpublished report for SLM 73 Varman, R., 1993; Hyde Park Barracks Stratigraphy, unpublished report for SLM

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 1887 City of Sydney Section 50 Water & Sewer Plan for Macquarie Street, Detail Sheet 3780, MWS&DB State Library of NSW  c.1896 City of Sydney Section 50 Revised Water & Sewer Plan for Macquarie Street, Detail Sheet 3780, MWS&DB, courtesy SLM  1908 “Registrar General’s Department New Offices” W. Vernon, Government Architect, PB5/57, Plan 32, courtesy of SLM  1915 City of Sydney Section 50 Revised Water & Sewer Plan for Macquarie Street, Detail Sheet 3780, MWS&DB courtesy SLM  1932 “Chancery Square Sydney” Government Architects Branch, PB23/59, courtesy SLM  1950 City of Sydney Section 50 Revised Water & Sewer Plan for Macquarie Street, Metropolitan Detail Sheet 3780, MWS&DB, courtesy SLM  1974 “Sydney Law Courts (Macquarie Street)”, Department of Public Works File 85140/36, courtesy SLM  1996 site survey, Youdale Strudwick & Co., ref 9679/1, courtesy SLM Each of the development sequence plans include the principal uses of the various buildings located within the complex at a particular time and they should be approached as providing only a snapshot view of the complexities of the development history of HPB. Further information as to the diverse range of uses and roles HPB has accommodated since 1817 and the buildings and spaces the range of historic uses were associated with (where known) is provided below.

Development Sequence Diagrams

Figure 3. 91: Convict Phase-Plan 1 based on the c.1817 plan attributed to Francis Greenway (LSJP, 2016).

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Figure 3. 92: Convict Phase- Plan 2 based on the 1824 S. Harris plan and the c.1825 Freycinet plan (LSJP, 2016)

Figure 3. 93: Convict Phase- Plan 3 based on the 1833 and 1837 site survey plans (LSJP, 2016)

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Figure 3. 94: Female Immigration and Asylum Phase- Plan 4 based on the 1870 site survey plans (LSJP, 2016)

Figure 3. 95: Female Asylum/Legal Institutions Phase- Plan 5 based on the 1887 plan (LSJP, 2016)

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Figure 3. 96: Legal Institutions Phase- Plan 6 based on the c1888 and c1896 water and sewer plans (LSJP, 2016)

Figure 3. 97: Legal Institutions Phase- Plan 7 based on the 1915 water and sewer plan (LSJP, 2016)

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Figure 3. 98: Legal Institutions Phase- Plan 8 based on the 1932 site survey of Chancery Square (LSJP, 2016)

Figure 3. 99: Legal Institutions Phase- Plan 9 based on the 1953 water and sewer plan (LSJP, 2016)

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Figure 3. 100: Legal Institutions Phase- Plan 10 based on the 1974 site survey (LSJP, 2016)

Figure 3. 101: heritage/Conservation phase- Plan 11 based on existing site configuration (LSJP, 2016)

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3.8.2 History of Occupants

Known Occupant Groups The following is a list of all known occupant groups at Hyde Park Barracks (extracted from the 1996 Conservation Plan74):

Date Range Occupant Group 1819-1848 Male Government-assigned Convicts 1819-1848 Deputy Superintendent of Convicts c.1830-1848 Principal Superintendent of Convicts 1830-1848 Court of General Sessions 1831-1841 Board for the Assignment of Servants 1848-1886 Agent for Immigration 1848-1886 Female Immigration Depot 1848-1952 Orphan Institution 1848-1856 Government Printing Office 1856 Stamp Office 1856-1859 Court of Requests 1856-1860 Department of the Chief Inspector of Distilleries 1857-1886 Vaccine Institution 1857 Department of the Agent for Church and School Estates 1858-1878 Metropolitan District Court 1861-1870 NSW Volunteer Rifle Corps 1862-1886 Government Asylum for Infirm and Destitute Women 1864-1887, 1887-1907 City Coroner 1887-1951 Master Lunacy Court and Offices/Protective Jurisdiction 1887-1896 Registrar of Copyright 1887 Registrar of Weights and Measures Office 1887-1970 Supreme Court Judges 1888-1898 Registrar of Patents Office 1888-1914 Master in Equity Court and Offices 1888-1914 Bankruptcy Court

74 Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd, 1996; Conservation Plan for Perimeter Structures, Vol. 1; p.5

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Date Range Occupant Group 1888-1903, 1915-1961 Clerk of the Peace 1888-1913 Curator of Intestate Estates 1893-1915 Probate Court and Offices 1901-1938 Court of Review 1901-1979 Court of Marine Enquiry 1904-1910, 1919 Land Appeal Court 1905-1910 Patents and Library and Records Office 1908-1911 Industrial Disputes Office 1908-1914 NSW Registrar, Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Court 1911-1914 Industrial Court 1912-1927 Industrial Arbitration Court 1914 Office of the Undersecretary, Department of Labour and Industry 1915-1920 Necessary Commodities Control Commission 1915-1917 Wheat Acquisition Board 1917 Railway and Tramway Boardroom 1917 Public Trustee 1919-1944 Legal Aid Office 1921-1922 Profiteering Prevention Court 1922-1956, 1976-1979 Land and Valuation Court 1927-1977 Industrial Commission of NSW 1943 Chambers of the Public Defender 1944-1964 Court Reporting Branch 1979-1984 Department of Public Works Commission 1984-c.2001 Parole Board/The Offenders Review Board 1984-1990 Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences 1990- Historic Houses Trust of NSW

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Building Locations of Known Occupants The following table locates each of the known occupants in the buildings/spaces of Hyde Park Barracks (where known). The following information has also been drawn from the 1996 Conservation Plan75 with additional information included showing known occupants of the main barracks building. This additional information has for the most part been based on information included on floor plans of the building for proposed alterations and addition prepared by the Government Architect’s Branch in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Date Building Name Institution/Period Use Main Barracks Building 1819-1848 Barracks Convict Barracks Convict Barracks 1848-1887 Barracks Immigration Depot Immigration Depot Immigration Commissioner/Agent Irish Female Orphans 1848-1854 Families of Convicts 1849 1862-1886 Barracks Asylum Female asylum Master of Lunacy Matron/caretaker residence 1887 Barracks Asylum/Legal Jury rooms, Judges’ rooms, Court rooms and Institutions offices (Lvl 1) Masters Court and offices (Lvl 2) Lunacy Department offices/Curator’s Depart offices (Lvl 3) 1917 Barracks Legal Institutions Public Trustee offices, Patent’s Dept. offices, Judges’ rooms, Railway and Tramway Board, Reporters’ room (Lvl 1) Clerk of the Peach offices, Industrial Court courtrooms, and offices, Judges’ rooms (Lvl 2) Offices (Lvl 3) 1984-1990 Barracks Museum of Applied Museum Arts and Sciences 1990 to Barracks Sydney Living Museum date Museums Perimeter Structures – Northern Range (Buildings C to H) 1817-48 Pavilions Convict Barracks Cells for solitary confinement East Convict Barracks Dormitory for newly arrived convicts

75 Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners Pty Ltd, 1996; Conservation Plan for Perimeter Structures, Vol. 1; pp. 5-13

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Date Building Name Institution/Period Use Centre Convict Barracks Quarters for Superintendent of Convicts West Convict Barracks Bakehouse and store rooms 1830-48 East Court of General Sessions 1848-55 Pavilions Government Printer Store? West Government Printer Printery Centre Government Printer Printery East Government Printer Offices? 1856 West? Stamp Office Printery 1856-64 Pavilions Judicial Store? 1856-59 West Judicial Court of Requests 1859-1991 Whole Judicial Sydney/Metropolitan District Court West Judicial Court No. 1 – Judge Cheeke (1858-1865) Centre Judicial Offices? East Judicial Offices? West Judicial New 2-storey building on same site 1856-86 East Asylum Wash house By 1873 NW Pavilion Judicial Opened up into Court No. 1 Ground Judicial Court, messenger, judge, jury, stairway Centre Judicial Summons and pay office L1 East Judicial Judge, office, registrar, stair, records, caretaker’s quarters? By 1888 Entire range Judicial Metropolitan District Court West Judicial Court No. 1 East Judicial Office keeper’s quarters: kitchen, living room, bedrooms 1 and 2 1917 Level 2 Judicial Registrar Level 1 NE Judicial Judge Heydon (1900-1908) Level 2 Judicial Judge Docker (1912-1918) Level 2 NSW Judicial Judge Backhouse (1899-1921) 1939-40 Level 1 NSW Judicial Judge Roper (1901-1958) 1940 Level 1 Judicial Ante room, Court No. 1, tipstaff, female

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Date Building Name Institution/Period Use witnesses, Crown Prosecutor, hall 1980s Majority Judicial and Administration and cafe Museums Perimeter Structures – Southern Range (no longer extant) 1817-48 Centre Convict Barracks Cookhouse East and West Mess rooms 1848-61 Centre Immigration Depot Cookhouse East and West Mess rooms? Some time SW Pavilion Store for Magistrates’ records until 1861 Court of General Sessions 1861-70 Whole E Side Volunteer Rifle ? Corps Store? Accommodation for Asylum Centre Armoury W Side An office and sergeant’s quarters Built lodge and Messenger Cockburn’s dwelling North gatehouse 1871-86 Some 190 feet Immigration Depot Store and accommodation 1887-1907 Centre City Coroner Court 1888-1913 E end Curator of Intestate Store? Estates 1887 E end? Weights and Store? Measures 1887-96 SE Pavilion Copyright Office Registrar 1888-98 E and W pavilions Patents Office Registrar 1891 SW pavilion Examiner of Patents Administration Office 1909 Whole S range demolished with construction of Registrar-General’s building behind. Perimeter Structures – Eastern Range (Majority of original/early structures demolished, Buildings G & H) 1819-48 Various- Convict Barracks Wash house, well, privies entrance to flogging demolished yard? 1848-86 Various- Immigration Depot Privies, laundry, shed demolished

1862-86 Various- Asylum Privies, laundry, shed

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Date Building Name Institution/Period Use demolished

1887-1942 Various- Judicial Judge’s private entrance demolished Shed Another private entrance, WC Buggy shed Set of 8 + 4 WCs 1921 N end Judicial 2-storey building with 2 rooms for judges 1943 Original eastern wall removed to make way for new court building (Building I) 1943-77 Majority Judicial 2-storey building for Industrial Arbitration Court 1980- Majority Judicial and Administration and Courts Museums 1984- Court Room, L2 Judicial Parole Board, later Offenders Review Board Perimeter Structures – Western Range & Forecourt (Buildings A & B, other buildings demolished) 1817-19 Lodges Convict Barracks Constable and clerk’s quarters Pavilions Convict Barracks Store, office, bedrooms ? Bell 1820-29 Corners Convict Barracks Open sheds for convict recreation 1829-48 S of S lodge Convict Barracks Gatekeeper’s accommodation 1842 N of N lodge Branch pipe from Busby’s Bore 1848 N of N lodge Wall built E-W to separate N range from main area 1854 Outside NSW Ashlar wall, garden pavilion 1861-70 Lodge/gatehouse Volunteer Rifle Messenger Cockburn’s dwelling Corps 1863 S of S lodge Volunteer Rifle Shed Corps N of N lodge Judicial Privies Outside main Immigration Semi-circular garden beds lodges 1871- N of N lodge Judicial Caretaker’s cottage 1894 Part demolished, including E half of S lodge, with re-alignment of Prince Albert Road

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INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

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4 Assessment of Cultural Significance

4.1 Introduction This section discusses a number of the issues that have been considered in the course of developing a Statement of Cultural Significance for the place (Section 5).

For Hyde Park Barracks there have been many assessments of the cultural significance of the place undertaken over the years, including formal Statements of Cultural Significance as part of various statutory and non-statutory listing processes.

In addition, a number of previous conservation management plans for the place have developed their own assessments of significance including in the most recent “Hyde Park Barracks Management Plan” (2010) prepared by Sydney Living Museums in preparation for its imminent World Heritage listing.

As discussed below, when reviewing the numerous statements of cultural significance already prepared for the place, including most importantly the official statements of cultural significance linked to the various statutory listings for the place, it has been found that no one statement provides for all aspects of significance identified for Hyde Park Barracks.

Article 5.1 of the Burra Charter states: Conservation of a place should identify and take into consideration all aspects of cultural and natural significance without unwarranted emphasis on any one value at the expense of others.1

The Burra Charter also states: Co-existence of cultural values should be recognised, respected and encouraged, especially in cases where they conflict.

It is therefore the aim of the following assessment of significance (Section 4.3 below) to amalgamate the already recognised heritage values with those aspects of the significance of the place that remain not fully recognised within the current listings.

4.2 Identified Heritage Values

4.2.1 Introduction As discussed, Hyde Park Barracks is one of the eleven Australian Convict Sites that constitute the World Heritage serial listing. It is also listed on the National Heritage List, the NSW State Heritage Register (together with The Mint building) and on the City of Sydney Council’s Local Environmental Plan 2012 (Schedule 5). Each of these listings has its own Statement of Significance responding to its own designated criteria.

1 Australia ICOMOS 2013, The Burra Charter, p. 27.

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In addition, the Management Plan prepared as a requirement of the World Heritage serial listing of the Australian Convict Sites (SLM, 2010), contains another Statement of Significance for the place (see below). Copies of all the heritage listings are provided in Appendix 5.

4.2.2 World Heritage Listing Hyde Park Barracks Museum was inscribed on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage List as one of eleven (11) individual sites comprising a serial listing titled “Australian Convict Sites.” The other sites included in the listing are:

 Port Arthur Historic Site (Tasmania);  Kingston and Arthur's Vale Historic Area (Norfolk Island);  Fremantle Prison (WA);  Old Government House and Domain (Parramatta);  Great North Road (near Wiseman’s Ferry);  Coal Mines Historic Site (via Premadeyna);  Cascades Female Factory (Hobart);  Cockatoo Island Convict Site (Sydney);  Brickendon-Woolmers Estates (near Longford) and  Darlington Probation Station (Maria Island). As a group, the Australian Convict Sites demonstrate evidence of the era of British penal transportation during the 18th and 19th centuries. The Australian penal system became an example which influenced several European nations, signalling the success of the transportation system as an effective tool to punish and reform criminals and to carve out prosperous colonies.

World Heritage Values The Australian Convict Sites meet World Heritage criteria (iv) and (vi) under the UNESCO Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention for their outstanding global significance as follows: 2

Criterion iv: An outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrate a significant stage/s in human history.

“The Australian convict sites constitute an outstanding example of the way in which conventional forced labour and national prison systems were transformed, in major European nations in the 18th and 19th centuries, into a system of deportation and forced labour forming part of the British Empire’s vast colonial project. They illustrate the variety of the creation of penal colonies to serve the many material needs created by the development of a new territory. They bear witness to a penitentiary system which had many objectives, ranging from severe punishment used as a deterrent to forced labour for men, women and children, and the rehabilitation of the convicts through labour and discipline.”

2 UNESCO World Heritage listing for Australian Convicts Sites at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1306

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Criterion vi: Be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance.

“The transportation of criminals, delinquents, and political prisoners to colonial lands by the great nation states between the 18th and 20th centuries is an important aspect of human history, especially with regard to its penal, political and colonial dimensions. The Australian convict settlements provide a particularly complete example of this history and the associated symbolic values derived from discussions in modern and contemporary European society. They illustrate an active phase in the occupation of colonial lands to the detriment of the Aboriginal peoples, and the process of creating a colonial population of European origin through the dialectic of punishment and transportation followed by forced labour and social rehabilitation to the eventual social integration of convicts as settlers.”

Hyde Park Barracks’ contribution to the “Australian Convict Sites” criteria Within the context of the World Heritage serial listing for the Australian Convict Sites, the Hyde Park Barracks complex is considered to represent a significant stage in human history, that of the forced migration of convicts (Criterion iv).

Hyde Park Barracks is also associated with global developments in ideas and beliefs about punishment and reform of the criminal elements of humanity in the modern era. These included the consolidation and expansion of the transportation system as one of the dominant models of punishment of crime by European powers in the 19th century (Criterion vi).

The tables below show the assessed ability of each site in the serial group to meet certain particular aspects of the two criteria, according to the Australian Government nomination in 2008.3

As an individual site within the context of the eleven listed sites, the Hyde Park Barracks in particular demonstrates the historic approach of state powers to reform the criminal elements of humanity. Penal systems were introduced to rehabilitate criminals into productive citizens and integrate them into the new colonies or for their return to the home state.

Although not identified under the assessment undertaken by the World Heritage Committee the theme of Punishment and Deterrence (under Criterion iv) could be expanded to encompass the Hyde Park Barracks. Like the other sites within the serial listing that have been identified as expressing this theme (KAVHA, Port Arthur, Cockatoo Island etc.) which represent places of secondary punishment and/or the results of secondary punishment and deterrence (e.g. Old Great Northern Road), Hyde Park Barracks was a place of secondary punishment to some extent (solitary confinement, flogging). Moreover, as the centre of convict administration which housed the Court of General Sessions (from 1830) which judged convicts on their behaviours and dealt out punishment, and as a mustering point for the reassignment and relocation of convicts; it can be seen that the Hyde Park Barracks had an essential role to play in the administration and support of differing punishment and deterrence systems at play throughout the penal colony. Refer also to Section 4.5 Comparative Analysis for further details.

3 Australian Government 2008, World Heritage nomination, p. 73.

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4.2.3 National Heritage Listing The Hyde Park Barracks has been assessed as meeting the National Heritage criteria for its contribution to historic events and processes, its rarity, its creative or technical achievement and its associations with significant people, as follows:4

Criterion A Events, Processes: the place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s importance in the course, or pattern, of Australia’s natural or cultural history.

“Hyde Park Barracks represents a turning point in the management of British convicts in Australia. The construction of the Barracks in 1819 enabled the more systematic control of government assigned male convicts and the work they undertook. Convicts were subject to greater surveillance and their freedom was restricted. As such, the Barracks demonstrated the penal philosophy that transportation was a punishment and that convicts should be subject to hard labour and strict control.

Hyde Park Barracks is one of the first buildings of substantial design and construction to be built in a colony which until then had consisted of mainly makeshift constructions. The values of the place are reflected in the Old Colonial Georgian simplicity of design, the scale of the complex, its prominent siting and setting, the quality of the brick and stonework and interior timber construction.

Hyde Park Barracks is also important because it demonstrates Governor Lachlan Macquarie’s vision for Sydney and the growing colony as a permanent settlement. On initially surveying the colony Governor Macquarie became convinced that infrastructure needed to be developed. The construction of Hyde Park Barracks as an architecturally designed and substantial structure reflects this permanency while its function as a convict barracks provided the centralised workforce necessary to sustain large scale infrastructure projects.”

Criterion B Rarity: the place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of Australia’s natural or cultural history

“Hyde Park Barracks is the only remaining barracks building and complex from the Macquarie era of convict administration, and as such, represents a rare aspect of Australia’s cultural history. The place retains its integrity as a barracks complex with its intact barracks building, its external expression of its structural elements, the simplicity of its exterior and interior with its large unadorned spaces, its perimeter walls, parts of the two gate lodges, the former pavilion, the walled enclosure and the unadorned spaces of its curtilage. The values of the place are also reflected in the Old Colonial Georgian simplicity of the Barracks’ design.”

Criterion F Creative or Technical Achievement: the place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.

“Hyde Park Barracks is one of the first buildings of substantial design and construction to be built in a colony which until then had consisted of mainly makeshift constructions. The values of the place are

4 Australian Heritage Council final assessment report for Hyde Park Barracks, downloaded from: https://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/organisations/australian-heritage-council/national-heritage- assessments/hyde-park-barracks

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reflected in the Old Colonial Georgian simplicity of design, sense of proportion, and symmetry of the building and the simplicity of the building’s interior, reflecting its original configuration.

The architectural design, the scale of the Barracks complex, its prominent siting and setting, the quality of the brick and stonework and interior timber construction reflect the intention to make Hyde Park Barracks a substantial and permanent feature of the colony.”

Criterion H Significant people: the place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in Australia’s natural or cultural history

“Hyde Park Barracks is the only remaining place which represents the intersection between Governor Macquarie’s architectural and social aspirations for the colony. Macquarie’s governorship saw a significant change in the administration of the colony, as it developed from a penal colony towards a more fully fledged colonial society. Francis Greenway, as the first official Government Architect, is regarded by many as Australia’s first architect. Hyde Park Barracks building and complex is regarded as one of his best works, and he was granted an Absolute Pardon at its opening in recognition of his contribution to the colony.”

4.2.4 State Heritage Listing The Hyde Park Barracks is understood to meet the State Heritage criteria for its historic, aesthetic and social significance, its research potential and its rarity as follows:5

Criterion A Historical significance: An item is important in the course, or pattern, of NSW’s or natural history.

“There is a diversity of structures which document the evolution of the Hyde Park Barracks complex from the late Georgian era to modern times: from the era of convict cell blocks and enclosed penal institutions, through to judicial courts and offices and present day museum.

It contains two fig trees on Macquarie Street which are symbolic of a number of significant town planning schemes throughout the 19th century, such as the creation of Chancery Square (now Queen's Square)

Within the complex are structures associated with the first purpose built government institution for the housing of convicts.

It is associated with the development of the legal system in NSW being the location of the first meeting in 1830 of the bench of magistrates for the Court of General Sessions and the first location of the Metropolitan District Court established under the District Courts Act, 1958.

It is associated with other historic landmarks in the area such as the former Rum Hospital, St James' Church, Hyde Park, the Domain, St Mary's Cathedral and Macquarie Street.

5 State Heritage Register entry for Hyde Park Barracks, downloaded from: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045722

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It is associated with a large number of government and semi-government institutions such as the Government Printing Office, Vaccine Institution and the NSW Volunteer Rifle Corps.

The Hyde Park Barracks complex was, from 1887, the focal point for the NSW judiciary and government departments under the control of the Minister for Justice, a function associated with the former name of Queen's Square - Chancery Square.”

Criterion C Aesthetic significance: An item is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in NSW.

“It contains elements such as the perimeter walls, parts of the two gate lodges, one former pavilion and parts of another, some external and probably internal walls on the northern range of buildings which are associated with the convict architect Francis Greenway's design. Together with the central barracks building, the place possesses a rich architectural history from the earliest days of European settlement in Australia.”

Criterion D Social significance: An item has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in NSW for social, cultural or spiritual reasons

“It contains a museum which is a centre of tourist and cultural activity in Sydney

It contains fabric which is important to members of the community for its association with the development of the conservation movement in Sydney.

It contains fabric which may be significant to members of the general community for associations with the convict era of Australian history, and as a place of researching this era.

It contains fabric which may be significant to members of the legal community for associations with past and ongoing administration of justice.

The perimeter structures in combination with the central barracks building and courtyard area may provide a poignant/appealing/authentic backdrop to social and recreational activities/events.”

Criterion E Research potential: An item has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of NSW’s cultural or natural history

“The site contains areas of potential archaeological significance which are likely to provide a significant insight into the establishment of the place and its subsequent developmental history.”

Criterion F Rarity: An item possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of NSW’s cultural or natural history.

“It is the oldest example of a walled penal institution in Australia. The barracks provide rare evidence of the standards and skills of building practice, architectural design and urban planning in early 19th century Sydney.”

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4.2.5 Local Heritage Listing (Sydney LEP 2012: Schedule 5) The Hyde Park Barracks is assessed as meeting the NSW Heritage Council-endorsed criteria for its historic, aesthetic and social significance, its research potential, rarity and representativeness as follows:6

Criterion A Historical significance: An item is important in the course, or pattern, of NSW’s (or the local area’s) cultural or natural history.

“The Barracks has the highest state and national significance as a critical part of the grand concept of Governor Macquarie and Acting Civil Architect Greenway for reshaping the character of the colony. The changing use of the main building for 30 years from 1819 reflects changes in penal philosophy, just as in the succeeding 40 years, to 1887, the complex reflects bureaucratic concerns with female immigrants, vaccination and the district court system. The penultimate phase in the Barracks’ history, from 1887 to 1975, is significant for the needs and practices of judicial administration. Its final phase, as the complex became a museum, has had its own significance in focussing attention on conservation and archaeological principles and techniques. Has historic significance at a State level.”

Criterion C Aesthetic significance: An item is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in the local area.

“The Hyde Park Barracks is an outstanding and particularly early example of the state's 19th century Colonial Georgian public buildings. In its form and detailing the building reflects both the vision of Governor Macquarie for the character of the new colony and is one of the finest works of the accomplished colonial architect Francis Greenway. The main barrack's superbly simple forms, fine sturdy proportions and elegant detailing, notably to the west elevation, make it a widely acknowledged exemplar of its style and period.

The form and massing of the main building and its strategic corner location - within a walled setting similar to its earliest layout - fronting the important Queen's Square across Macquarie Street ensure that the Barracks makes an important visual contribution to streetscape and wider historic precinct. Has aesthetic significance at a State level.”

Criterion D Social significance: An item has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in the local area for social, cultural or spiritual reasons

“The site and its group of associated buildings and features remains associated in the popular imagination - by name and historical links - with its colonial origins and use. With recent museum adaptation and interpretation these associations have been enhanced and a wider appreciation engendered of the site's other important uses as Immigrant Barracks and court facilities. Has social significance at a State level.”

6 City of Sydney heritage entry for the LEP listing of Hyde Park Barracks, downloaded from: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=2423810

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Criterion E Research potential: An item has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the local area’s cultural or natural history

“The archaeological campaigns to date have demonstrated the wealth of social and technical information which further study of the million artefacts and the dig records can explore. There are also additional untouched underground and above-ceiling deposits which offer better results with better techniques in future excavations.”

Criterion F Rarity: An item possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the local area’s cultural or natural history.

“As the first convict barrack (1819-1848) in the colony the Hyde Park Barracks is arguably the most important secular building surviving from Australia's colonial past. Is rare at a State level.”

Criterion G Representativeness: An item is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of the local area’s cultural or natural place; or cultural or natural environments.

“The Hyde Park Barracks is an outstanding and particularly early example of the state's 19th century Colonial Georgian public buildings and displays many of the characteristic features of the period's architecture and building construction processes. Is representative at a State level.”

4.2.6 Hyde Park Barracks Management Plan, 2010 The Management Plan prepared as a requirement of the World Heritage serial listing of the Australian Convict Sites (SLM, 2010), also contains a Statement of Significance for the place but no assessment under individual criteria. This Statement of Significance reads as follows:7

“Hyde Park Barracks is of Local, State and National heritage significance for its unique evidence of the convict period in the history of Sydney, New South Wales and Australia, particularly its demonstration of the accommodation and living conditions of male convicts in New South Wales between 1819 and 1848.

Hyde Park Barracks is also highly significant for its contribution to the serial inscription of eleven Australian Convict Sites on the World Heritage List, illustrating in its built form and the overall architectural ensemble of the whole site as a cultural landscape, ideas and beliefs in the reformation of men convicted of criminal offences and transported to the other side of the world where they helped found a new society.

Its construction as an architecturally designed and substantial structure reflects its function as a convict barracks that provided the centralised workforce necessary to sustain large scale infrastructure projects. It is the only remaining intact barracks building and complex from the Macquarie era and retains its integrity through the external expression of its structural elements, the simplicity of its exterior and interior with its large unadorned spaces, its perimeter walls, parts of the two gate lodges, the former pavilion, the walled enclosure and the unadorned spaces of its curtilage.

7 Sydney Living Museums Management Plan for Hyde Park Barracks, 2010, downloaded from the Sydney Living Museums webpage at: http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/about-us/reports-plans#plans

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Hyde Park Barracks provides rare evidence of the standards and skills of building practice, architectural design and urban planning in early nineteenth century Sydney—in particular, the transference of building forms and stylistic devices established in late eighteenth century England, as applied to functional buildings in New South Wales, and the quality of workmanship, methods and materials.

It is one of the finest works of the accomplished colonial architect Francis Greenway. The essence of his design has persisted through adaptations by government architects up to the present time. It is the only remaining place which represents the intersection between Governor Macquarie’s architectural and social aspirations for the colony. Francis Greenway, was granted an Absolute Pardon at its opening in recognition of his contribution to the colony, and appointed the first official Colonial Architect in New South Wales.

Hyde Park Barracks provides major evidence of Governor Macquarie’s vision for Sydney. Its important relationship with St James Anglican Church, The Mint, Hyde Park, The Domain, Queens Square and Macquarie Street demonstrate patterns of early nineteenth century urban planning which signalled the transition of New South Wales from penal settlement to settler colony to original state of the Commonwealth. Hyde Park Barracks remains a significant landmark within this historic precinct of Macquarie Street and Queen’s Square.

Hyde Park Barracks provides evidence of conditions experienced by immigrant and institutionalised groups in the period 1848–87, such as single women, Irish orphans, the aged and infirm.

Patterns of use in Hyde Park Barracks since the 1880s occupation by courts and government offices (1887– 1975) demonstrate aspects of changing attitudes and functions of government, legal and public life. This is apparent in some remnants of building fabric but better documented in other sources.

The value of Hyde Park Barracks as an icon of early nineteenth century Sydney stems from its late twentieth century association with community involvement and concern for historic building in New South Wales. In particular, as the first major government sponsored archaeological investigation in New South Wales, it is the source of a significant archaeological collection of artefacts and documentation, and a focus for debate about the aims and methods of historical archaeology in Australia. As the subject of one of the first Permanent Conservation Orders in New South Wales and a major historical conservation project by the Public Works Department (1975–1984), it is a focus for debate on building conservation theory and practice. As the subject of extensive adaptation for museum purposes by the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (1984–1990), it is the focus for debate on museological policy, practice and interpretation. As a significant historical site in the CBD of Sydney, it is a focus for great interest and involvement by government, tourism and cultural agencies.

Further detailed investigation of the place is likely to yield significant information about aspects of New South Wales history not available from other sources. It has significance as a resource and focus for demonstration and debate about conservation methodology, comparative social studies and a multidisciplinary approach to historic interpretation.”

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4.2.7 Conclusions on recognised significance of HPB The convict era history and its global implications, associations and fabric are the only aspects of significance recognised for Hyde Park Barracks in the World Heritage listing and the National Heritage listing. The State and Local listings, as well as the Management Plan of 2010, all recognise a wider array of values and significance associated with the place, including many aspects of its later institutional uses.

The most prestigious heritage listing for Hyde Park Barracks is the World Heritage listing. Here, the assessment of significance for Hyde Park Barracks is very brief, as it is just one of 11 Australian Convict Sites being collectively registered as one listing. Furthermore, in order to effectively address the World Heritage criteria at the required level of “Outstanding Universal Significance,” the listing focuses on the convict era as Hyde Park Barracks’ only aspect of global significance, and leaves out its subsequent history of occupation by other government and semi-government agencies.

The National Heritage listing also mentions only the convict era significance of Hyde Park Barracks, perhaps because it was developed at the same time as the World Heritage Nomination in 2008. Within this context however, the listing does not acknowledge its significance as displaying the principal characteristics of a class of places (Criterion D). Given that the Hyde Park Barracks is considered to be Francis Greenway’s finest design and one that demonstrates a number of the key elements of Greenway’s architectural language, it is considered that the place also meets this criterion for its importance representing a particular architectural design that is important in the history of Australia. Neither does the National Heritage listing note the likely national significance of the place as a major mid-nineteenth century immigration depot which welcomed an estimated 40,000 women to the country.

The State Heritage Register listing comments on many more aspects of Hyde Park Barracks’ history and physical fabric, including its contribution to the urban design of the precinct, its historic association with the judiciary and other government agencies and legal institutions and the social significance of its most recent phase as a museum and its archaeological potential. However the state listing does not mention the women’s immigration and women’s asylum phase of the building’s history or its associated “underfloor” archaeology, all of which are assessed here as being at least of state level significance. This Statement of Significance is almost 20 years old, last being updated on 2 October 1997, so it would benefit from a revision incorporating the substantial research findings of the last two decades.

The City of Sydney (local) heritage listing, last updated on 6 January 2006, introduces the broadest range of values and aspects of significance of all these statutory listings including, importantly, the later history of the place (immigration depot era, asylum era and law court era etc.) as well as the archaeology.

Thus the various assessments of significance for Hyde Park Barracks have focused on different aspects of the building complex or its archaeology, relying on different sources of information. This has resulted in a wide array of different assessments of significance for the place, each valid within its own context, but partial. The Conservation Management Plan offers an opportunity to develop an up-to-date, consolidated and comprehensive Statement of Significance.

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4.3 Reassessing Cultural Significance of HPB 4.3.1 Introduction

James Semple Kerr’s The Conservation Plan (2013) proposes that the purpose of assessing cultural significance is “to help identify and assess the attributes which make a place of value to us and to our society . . . Once the significance of a place is understood, informed policy decisions can be made which will enable that significance to be retained, revealed or, at least, impaired as little as possible.”8 The assessment of the significance of a place requires an evaluation of the fabric, uses, associations and meanings relating to the place, from which a detailed statement of significance can be formulated.

According to Kerr, a coordinated analysis may be presented in a variety of forms but it should establish an understanding of the following:

 The past development and use of the place (including its content and setting), particularly in relation to its surviving fabric (refer to Sections 2 and 3);  The reasons for and context of [any proposed] changes, including requirements of owners and users (refer to Sections 2, 3 and 6);  Comparison with contemporary developments and similar types of plans (see Section 4.X Comparative Analysis);  Any other aspect, quality or association which will form a useful basis for the assessment of significance.9 As discussed above, Hyde Park Barracks has already been the subject of numerous assessments of significance. Thus there are already a number of aspects of the significance of the place that are well researched, investigated, analysed and confirmed. These aspects of significance are not under question and are fully realised within previous assessments and statements of significance.

By contrast, and in preparation for the Statement of Significance presented in Section 5, the rest of this Section 4 offers discussion of those other aspects of significance that are less well understood, or which have not been previously addressed at all.

Based on the historical chronology, analysis of the physical evidence and review of existing statements of significance, those aspects of significance that require further analysis are the following:

 Aboriginal history of the place  Aboriginal archaeology at the place  Historic archaeology at the place  The Collection/Assemblage  Conservation practice at the place  Comparative analysis of the place (see Section 4.x below)

8 Kerr, 2013 The Conservation Plan, p. 4. 9 Kerr, 2013 The Conservation Plan, p. 9.

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The following discussion of cultural significance therefore aims to examine other aspects, qualities and associations which may contribute to the assessment of significance.

4.3.2 Significance of Aboriginal History10 The Hyde Park Barracks is located on land that was part of an Aboriginal cultural landscape long before Europeans arrived in Sydney and planned for its construction. The clearing of trees, scraping of ground and the construction of the buildings and walls were an act of appropriation of a piece of an Aboriginal cultural landscape.

As such, the place is significant as an appropriated piece of Aboriginal land and representative of the creeping expansion of the Sydney colony at the expense of Aboriginal people.

The activities which subsequently took place within the walls of the site were also central to the unsanctioned dispossession of Aboriginal people far beyond Sydney. From HPB, thousands of convicts were assigned to private individuals or to government work gangs, forming a vanguard of colonial settlements and often implicated in frontier violence.

As with many colonial institutions, HPB is a place which illustrates the process of dispossession of Aboriginal people as part of a broader process of colonial expansion. The subsequent historical phase of use of HPB as a Women’s Immigration Depot contributed to thousands of female servants being assigned to outlying settlements contributes to this broader process of dispossession, of constantly placing more Europeans in more parts of the colony, always to the detriment of Aboriginal people. The idea of dispossession is a strong theme which sits alongside, and cuts across most other aspects of the significance of the place.

The consequences of Aboriginal dispossession echo through Australia’s colonial history through to the present day. Like many early colonial buildings, the Hyde Park Barracks is a place which contributed to the historical process of dispossession and continues to exist as a symbol of that dispossession to Aboriginal people. The values that Aboriginal people may ascribe to the site, symbolic or otherwise, remain a poorly investigated aspect of the site’s history and significance. Ultimately, the Aboriginal historical significance of the site will need to be determined by Aboriginal people through broader Aboriginal community engagement.

4.3.3 Significance of Aboriginal Archaeology11 There are currently no documented Aboriginal archaeological remains within the Barracks site. However it is important as a basis for site management that the potential for these to occur is considered.

Aboriginal archaeological remains may be present either in relatively intact original topsoil profiles within the site, or as isolated artefacts mixed into historical (non-Aboriginal) deposits. Any Aboriginal archaeological remains that survive within Sydney’s central business district (CBD) irrespective of their intactness or extent are potentially of exceptional significance for their rarity as a scarce resource in a highly impacted environment.

10 Assessment provided by Dr Paul Irish (MDCA). 11 Derived from the unpublished report provided by Paul Irish (MDCA) contained in Appendix 6

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At the Hyde Park Barracks, any such evidence would also be of high significance as a currently missing piece of the history of the site. Management policies should therefore be based around a presumption of high significance for any Aboriginal archaeological remains that may be uncovered at the site. Policies should also be geared to the protection of any such remains as a rare and valuable resource.

4.3.4 Issues with the Significance of the Historic Period Archaeology12 The archaeology of HPB is recognised as making a substantial contribution to the significance of the place, and is mentioned in several of its statutory listings. In 1993 archaeologist Robert Varman noted how “remnants . . . in building fabric and archaeological deposits . . . provide evidence of the changing attitudes and functions of government, community opinion and historical and conservation practice.”13 Between 2003 and 2013 the Australian Government funded a major research led by La Trobe University to analyse the resource. Sydney Living Museums, as the manager and curator of the site, also emphasises the “significant archaeological collection of artefacts and documentation”14 and has encouraged interpretation of the archaeology to be part of the museum experience.

The underlying premise concerning the significance of archaeological resources for Hyde Park Barracks was already understood and stated in 1980.15 Archaeological data provides evidence that encapsulates, illustrates, narrates or defines aspects of a particular place and its evolution and the people who built, occupied or used this place. It has equal value to the evidence presented in structures, landscaping or archival records. These different sources can produce specific and unique information and combined, these different perspectives can create a more insightful, textured and diverse perception of a place and its occupants. In most cases one aspect of information or evidence is likely to better demonstrate or embody a component of cultural value than any other; it is important to determine where that premium value is best preserved.

In terms of standard evaluation criteria archaeological resources are usually valued only as a “research” tool. However sometimes archaeological evidence may be the only embodiment of those values. In the case of Hyde Park Barracks, the buildings constructed for the convict barracks have the highest cultural significance. However, where half of the original precinct buildings have been removed—on the southern and eastern boundaries—the archaeological evidence of these structures should carry a similar value to the standing buildings and not just as the “research” tool to be uncovered. This is the only evidence of a major component of this place. These foundations may preserve more original details than those standing buildings which have been subject to approximately one hundred more years of change. Together the evidence preserved in the ground and above it provides the most complete scope for understanding the environment of a convict barracks.

In assessing the significance of the archaeological resources of Hyde Park Barracks this more inclusive view of this component of conservation management is proposed. Rather than just a process or commodity, the resource should be considered as additional and alternative fabric that can make a substantial contribution to the demonstration of aspects of cultural significance.

12 Derived from the unpublished report provided by Wendy Thorp contained in Appendix 7. 13 Varman, 1993 “Hyde Park Barracks Stratigraphy.” 14 Historic Houses Trust, 1990 “Museum Plan.” 15 Thorpe, 1980 “HPB Archival report.”

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The role or contribution of archaeological resources to the multiple layers and levels of significance for Hyde Park Barracks is discussed below.

Archaeology Associated with the Convict Experience The built fabric that survives from the convict period at Hyde Park Barracks is a major component of the expression of the management of the convict system and the experience of the convict system; this encompasses those who regulated it, those who were the subject of it and those who observed it.

The archaeological resources already removed from the ground and those that are preserved within it have a major contribution to demonstrating the buildings and environment of the barracks and a unique contribution with respect to the lives of the men and boys who lived and worked here. These contributions may be summarised as follows:

 The archaeological profile of Hyde Park Barracks extends well-beyond the present precinct. The entire southern range of the building and cell blocks lie to the south of the existing southern wall and southern legal boundary of the place, in the footpath to Prince Albert Street. Investigation has demonstrated that substantial elements of this building remain in the ground. On the eastern side of the barracks attached to the back wall and enclosed in a triangular yard was the punishment area for the barracks. The foundations of at least one of the walls from this small yard are preserved in the ground.  This resource complements the above ground elements of the barracks and adds to them by the preservation of details such as flooring, room divisions and original detailing removed from the above ground elements, such as ovens and flooring. The preserved archaeological evidence may provide detail which has been removed from the standing buildings because they were demolished nearly a century ago and thus may have been subject to less change than those still in use.  There is also evidence of the original construction programme for building the site with respect to land clearance, site preparation, trenching and masonry work.16 This evidence provides context and detail available through no other means and enlarges our understanding of place and its management.  In addition the evidence preserved in the ground is the only direct means to describe the environment within and around the barracks buildings. Evidence of landscape improvements, paving, drainage, water, rubbish and vermin speak to the conditions that were the backdrop to the convict’s lives. This aids in recreating the experience of life in the barracks which is lost in the restored spaces of the buildings and yards.  The personal possessions and clothing of the men and boys who were housed here provide the most readily accessible connection between this society of men and our own time. The scope of the artefacts provides a small window into the occupations and pastimes of the convicts; particularly as archival sources can be silent on the private world of the convict system. The evidence of manufacture and modification in this assemblage may demonstrate individual response to the limited material culture of the place and thwarted opportunities for creativity; it may be possible to make some comparisons with the creative output of other captive populations such as Napoleonic French soldiers in British POW camps.

16 Varman, 1993 “Hyde Park Barracks Stratigraphy.”

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 The relationship of the Barracks to the town during its years as a home to convicts might be expressed in the underground (UG) assemblage which appears to be little different to domestic assemblages of the same period. It may be possible to define the institutional management of the barracks in relation to the town economy and place it within the setting of the town.

Archaeology Associated with Other Phases of Use of HPB The reuse of the barracks in the immediate years after 1848 was shared between the immigration depot and asylum in the main dormitory building and three other principal occupants: the government printer in the northern range, a body of volunteer militia in the southern range and the Vaccine Institution that was housed in a building constructed between the northern range and the immigration depot.

 Each of these new occupants of the barracks had local significance for their roles in different aspects of community life. There is virtually no evidence above ground of any of these occupants although most stayed around ten years at the site. The archaeological profile that is retained in the ground and within the buildings is the best expression of these tenants of the barracks.  There is a substantial archaeological resource in the northern courtyard that defines the Vaccine Institute although it has been impacted on several occasions by service trenching.  Evidence of the occupation of the Government Printer has been exposed in the northern range of the barracks building and some of the changes to the fabric of that wing are derived from this phase of occupation. There is archaeological evidence in the northern courtyard of a wall built in 1848 to separate the Printer from the Depot. There is distinctive archaeological evidence of this period of occupation in terms of artefacts: specifically print type and spacers. The artefacts and the changes to the buildings help to define how the printer made use of his new offices.  The occupation of the southern range of the barracks is likely to have left an imprint on the structure of the building; it is known to have been altered to accommodate an armoury. The archaeological evidence for this tenant is now located in ground outside the barracks precinct. There may be evidence of a wall that separated the Volunteer Rifles from the Depot. This would be the only expression of the association of this unit with the site.

Immigration and Social Welfare The barracks was a temporary home to tens of thousands of immigrant women, including those fleeing the famine of Ireland, in the period between the years 1848-1887. In this it could be said to represent another diaspora of populations around the globe, a continuation, in some ways, of the preceding period when convicts were transported to new settlements. Certainly immigration is one of the most fundamental aspects of life and development in Australia and in its representation of nineteenth century immigration the Hyde Park Barracks offers evidence of exceptional significance.

 The demonstration of these two aspects of social welfare and immigration are represented in the alterations and additions made to the existing convict-era buildings to make this place fitting for its new use and occupants. The extensive refurbishment of the buildings can be seen as a pragmatic response to a new occupant and their needs but some indication of the desire to distance this from the convict use might be seen in the landscaping and refurbishment of interior spaces.  The archaeological resources at Hyde Park Barracks both documented and preserved, are a robust and direct expression of this phase of occupation. New kitchens, bath houses and privies, landscape

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changes and drainage works were all undertaken for the new occupants and evidence of all these works has been recorded to date and more is preserved in the ground.  Archival records provide an important resource in connecting our community to the women housed here but the archaeological assemblage retrieved from the floor cavities of the barracks is a resource that provides a rare and intimate glimpse into the world of these residents. This assemblage has been recognised as one of the most significant of its type anywhere in the world. In many ways this is the best embodiment of the significance of this phase of occupation.

The Judicial Period Beginning with the establishment of a bench of magistrates in 1830 the Hyde Park Barracks precinct, in what became known as Chancery Square, was one of the longest continuously occupied judicial sites in the colony. While most of the Judiciary left in 1979, there was a continuing presence with Judges Common Room occupying a room until 1997 and the Parole Board (later the Offenders Review Board) with its court and cells occupying the premises until 2001. The courts housed here at various times had a wide range of responsibilities that impacted many levels of the community, for example, the metropolitan district court, the industrial court and the bankruptcy and equity courts.

 Despite the extensive occupation of the site, with numerous offices and small buildings for clerks, keepers and other staff very little remains of this association. Much of this evidence above ground is concerned with changes or additions to buildings; many of the interior details of the barracks building derive from a major programme of renewal carried out when the site was effectively redeveloped for this purpose in 1887.  There is an extensive sub-surface archaeological resource that is derived from the judicial occupation including foundations for several courts within the yards, other buildings and enclosures.  The artefact assemblage from the barracks includes a substantial and recognisable component from this phase of occupation.

4.3.5 Issues with the Significance of the Assemblage17 Archaeological artefacts cannot simply be reduced to their material properties. Rather archaeology is always about the artefact AND its environment. The artefact is contingent upon its context and relation. Museums at their best seek to enable a public space of encounter with historical artefacts which may or may not inspire visitors. But they are nonetheless regulated and administered spaces of annexation; culture at one remove. From this perspective visiting archaeological artefacts in a museum is akin to visiting animals in a zoo. It is a constructed environment of artificial preservation. A life support machine for culture. Archaeological artefacts do not live in museums. They merely endure there.18

The significance of the archaeological assemblage cannot be seen in isolation—it is an integral part of the archaeology, which is an integral part of the buildings, which is an integral part of the site. Each part is

17 Derived from the unpublished report provided by Julian Bickersteth and Karina Acton for ICS, 2016. 18 Hermens, c.2015, Authenticity in Transition: Ross Birrell in conversation with Frances Robertson, adapted and paraphrased by Julian Bickersteth for assessment provided by ICS, 2016.

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that much more significant for having the other parts to contextualise, inform and deepen our understanding of its value.

This approach is critical to understanding the significance of the archaeological assemblage and must be reinforced and considered at every stage of decision making around its care and interpretation.

In doing so it helps to look at the assemblage in a variety of ways. For example in considering the periods of occupation of the site, it is possible to consider parts of the assemblage from the convict period, and parts from the female immigration depot or asylum period.

Heritage Victoria’s document Guidelines for Investigating Historical Archaeological Artefacts and Sites (2014)19 provides a useful outline of issues/aspects to be considered when assessing the significance of the assemblage.

The assemblage’s Statement of Significance must identify how and why the assemblage is significant and should consider the following:

 integrity of the site and its deposits  percentage of the site that was excavated  condition of artefacts in the assemblage (for example intactness, preservation of organics, post- depositional damage)  size and diversity of the assemblage  ability of the assemblage to enhance the significance of the site  ability of the assemblage to address significant research questions  aesthetic, technological, or social values of individual artefacts in the assemblage, if relevant  potential for further analysis of the assemblage  potential for archaeologists to conduct future work at the site. In consideration of these issues, the significance of the HPB archaeological assemblage can be summarised as follows.

Condition of Artefacts in the Assemblage The assemblage is highly significant due to the unusual degree of preservation of the organic materials such as paper and textiles which rarely survive in such quantities and condition in an archaeological context.

Size and Diversity of the Assemblage The size and diversity of the assemblage comprising over 120,000 artefacts is significant. Whilst the convict period component is substantial, there are other examples of assemblages of similar age (e.g. First Government House Site, Sydney, Port Arthur, Tasmania and KAVHA, Norfolk Island). The artefacts from within the main building however form the largest proportion of the assemblage, most of which has been attributed to the female immigration and asylum phase. This component of the HPB assemblage is highly significant for its size, diversity and the rarity of survival of such material in such quantities.

19 Heritage Victoria 2014, “Guidelines for Investigating Historical Archaeological Artefacts and Sites,” pp. 22-23.

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Ability of the Assemblage to Enhance the Significance of the Site The assemblage is highly significant for its ability to enhance the significance of the site. It is integral to the site as the artefacts have the ability to reveal the lives of those who lived and worked there like no other component of this place. Thus the assemblage informs a much greater understanding of the place, and therefore the buildings and the site.

The significance of individual artefacts in the Assemblage was assessed in 2014 by SLM, and a so called “A list” of 500 of those deemed to be highly significant developed, based on a range of significance criteria. These criteria included whether they were convict related, their display potential, whether they were type series, along with assessment of their integrity, condition, rarity and educational and financial value. This list has since been expanded to 646 of the most iconic artefacts, as of late 2016 (this list is expected to expand with further analysis of the assemblage). The process was undertaken as part of an overall financial valuation of the Assemblage. A total of 300 of the “A list” artefacts have now been professionally photographed and are loaded on the SLM website and used for marketing and educational programs, and for online interpretation, publications and external talks.

Ability of the Assemblage to Address Significant Research Questions The assemblage is highly significant for its ability to address important research questions. Material from the main building has already been much studied with funding from the Australian Research Council. The potential for the assemblage to further address significant research questions is demonstrated by calls for further research by many of the academics who have begun to analyse this assemblage. The convict period artefacts have not been as intensively studied as the underfloor artefacts related to the Immigration Depot and Asylum phases of use. A 2015 preliminary study by Fiona Starr noted their potential for revealing details of the everyday and private lives of convicts living at the barracks, and their potential for use in comparative studies with the material culture of convictism from other sites as well as offering a unique insight into the life of the convict in early Sydney.

4.3.6 Issues with the Significance of Conservation Practice at the Place The conservation works carried out at Hyde Park Barracks in 1979-1984 were part of a programme of works to a suite of historically important places in Sydney, including the Mint, Parliament House and the first Government House site, that may be considered a landmark in the conservation movement in NSW.

These conservation works are visible symbols of the growing awareness and appreciation amongst Australians for the value of their own past. Archaeological work was increasingly featured in these conservation programmes and it was the first time that government-funded work of this type recognised the possible contribution archaeology could make to the objectives of the restoration programmes.

 The archaeological programmes carried out at Hyde Park Barracks in 1980 and 1981 were seminal for many reasons. They were very visible expressions of a movement that gained momentum in the 1970s that placed value on Australian history and its expression in the environment.  These projects mark the beginning of professional archaeological involvement within the conservation movement and the realisation that “heritage” could be more than buildings and landscapes. It was the first time that heritage evaluation criteria were applied to archaeology and that this form of evidence was accepted as a means of embodying heritage and cultural values.

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 The programmes at Hyde Park Barracks were the foundation for establishing a professional body of archaeologists in NSW.  These were seminal projects also for creating an appreciation by the general public for its past and its expression as archaeology.

4.4 Aspects of Significance The existing Statements of Significance for the place have been reviewed in order to understand the aspects of significance that have been accounted for within these existing statements.

The following is an analysis of the identified aspects of significance, condensed and categorised in accordance with the five heritage values (or criteria) of the Burra Charter, which are understood to be fundamental to all the criteria adopted by heritage bodies across Australia. This table also incorporates additional aspects of significance as discussed above. Each aspect of significance is identified in relation to relevant statutory heritage criterion.

Table 4. 1: Analysis of Aspects of Significance

Aspect of Significance World/National/State/Local Significance Criteria AESTHETIC/CREATIVE/TECHNICAL SIGNIFICANCE Landmark status/Ambitious set-piece State/Local Criterion C: Aesthetic/Creative/Technical Example of colonial Georgian (or “Old Colonial National Criterion E: Aesthetic Characteristics Georgian”) public architecture of high significance, National Criterion F: Creative or Technical admired for its simple classical proportions and Achievement evidence of skilled workmanship. State/Local Criterion C: Aesthetic/Creative/Technical State/Local Criterion G: Representativeness Representative of the broader urban planning scheme State/Local Criterion C: instigated under Macquarie, exhibited in its siting, Aesthetic/Creative/Technical relationship with surrounding development and design; State/Local Criterion G: Representativeness particularly the visual relationship between the place and St James’s Church. Ability to demonstrate a range of influential techniques National Criterion F: Creative or Technical in building conservation, historic archaeology and Achievement interpretation (1970s to present) National Criterion C: Research State/Local Criterion C: Aesthetic/Creative/Technical

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Aspect of Significance World/National/State/Local Significance Criteria HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE A symbol of the dispossession of Aboriginal peoples and State/Local Criterion A: Historical representative of the expansion of the colony at the State/Local Criterion G: Representativeness expense of Aboriginal people, as an appropriated piece of Aboriginal land, as the centre for the administration and disbursement of convicts (assignment) throughout NSW and centre for resettlement of new female immigrants throughout NSW. Representative of the institutionalised treatment of World Criterion IV: Outstanding Example of a criminals (including petty criminals, political prisoners, Type th th women and children) during the 18 and 19 centuries National Criterion A: Events and Processes (globally). State/Local Criterion A: Historical State/Local Criterion G: Representativeness Representative example of the forced migration of World Criterion IV: Outstanding Example of a convicts during the 18th and 19th centuries (globally). Type National Criterion A: Events and Processes Representative of the various forms of convict World Criterion IV: Outstanding Example of a settlements (globally), in terms of: Type  built forms and configurations, National Criterion A: Events and Processes  the functioning of the establishments, and National Criterion D: Principal Characteristics of  approaches to the treatment of convicts. a class of places Representative of the change in approach to the World Criterion VI: Events/Traditions or management and punishment of convict (from Beliefs/Artistic Works of Outstanding Universal punishment to reform) Significance National Criterion A: Events and Processes State Criterion A: Historical Representative of the modes of living and working of State Criterion A: Historical convicts. Representative of a legal form of forced labour and World Criterion IV: Outstanding Example of a servitude that occurred concurrent with and following Type the abolition of slavery (globally) Representative of the colonial system in Australia and National Criterion A: Events and Processes the role that convict transportation played in: State Criterion A: Historical  the establishment of and eventual growth of the European population in Australia and  the impacts on the Aboriginal population.

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Aspect of Significance World/National/State/Local Significance Criteria Representative of the historical shift in Sydney as an National Criterion D: Principal Characteristics of open penal colony to a civil society (separation of a class of places convicts). State/Local Criterion A: Historical State/Local Criterion G: Representativeness Representative of Governor Macquarie’s public works National Criterion D: Principal Characteristics of program and the early development of the colony a class of places through the use of forced/public labour. State/Local Criterion A: Historical State/Local Criterion G: Representativeness It is the only remaining intact barracks building and National Criterion B: Rarity complex from the Macquarie era and retains its integrity State/Local Criterion F: Rarity Provides evidence of conditions experienced by National Criterion B: Rarity immigrant and institutionalised groups in the period State/Local Criterion F: Rarity 1848–87, such as single women, Irish orphans, the aged and infirm. The plight of women in the 19th Century. State/Local Criterion A: Historical State/Local Criterion G: Representativeness The contribution of the women of the Immigration Depot State/Local Criterion A: Historical to Australian’s Immigration history. State/Local Criterion G: Representativeness The asylum and its role in the history of social welfare State/Local Criterion A: Historical and charity/benevolence. State/Local Criterion G: Representativeness The site of the Court of General Sessions (later the Court National Criterion B: Rarity of Petty Sessions) established in 1830. State/Local Criterion A: Historical State/Local Criterion F: Rarity The location of a number of landmark legal cases State/Local Criterion A: Historical including the basic living wage case (1927), the William State/Local Criterion F: Rarity Dobell and Archibald prize case (1944) and the equal pay for women case (1973). Demonstrates aspects of changing attitudes and State/Local Criterion A: Historical functions of government, legal and public life (1887- State/Local Criterion G: Representativeness 1975). Gender shift from a male convict barracks to a female State Criterion A: Historical immigration depot and female asylum is potentially rare. State/Local Criterion F: Rarity (potentially)

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Aspect of Significance World/National/State/Local Significance Criteria HISTORIC ASSOCIATIONS Strong associations with Governor Macquarie and his National Criterion H: Significant People vision for the future of the new colony of New South State/Local Criterion B: Historical Associations Wales. One of a small group of buildings that together are the National Criterion B: Rarity physical manifestation of Macquarie’s architectural and National Criterion D: Principal Characteristics of social aspirations for the colony and of his perception of a class of places the role of convicts in the colonial society and economy. State/Local Criterion C: Aesthetic/Creative/Technical State/Local Criterion F: Rarity Strong associations with Francis Greenway. As the first National Criterion D: Principal Characteristics of official Government Architect, Greenway is regarded by a class of places many as Australia’s first architect and the Barracks National Criterion H: Significant People building is considered his finest work. State/Local Criterion B: Historical Associations Associated with the estimated 50,000 convicts who State/Local Criterion B: Historical Associations passed through the site between 1819 and 1848. Some of these convicts became well-known including James Hardy Vaux, William Westwood, John Knatchbull, Charles Cozens and Francis MacNamara. Associated with a succession of Principal State/Local Criterion B: Historical Associations Superintendents of Convicts and magistrates who worked there, including Frederick Augustus Hely, magistrates Dr James Bowman (Colonial Surgeon), Captain William Dumaresq, John Busby, Archibald Clunes Innes, Edward Deas Thompson and Captain Joseph Long Innes. Associated with numerous Governors of NSW including State/Local Criterion B: Historical Associations Brisbane, Darling, Bourke, Gipps and FitzRoy who instigated various changes to the administration and management of convicts at the place. Associated with the 40,000 immigrant women including State/Local Criterion B: Historical Associations 2253 orphaned girls escaping from the Irish Famine, who occupied the place between 1848 and 1887 during its time as an Immigration Depot. Associated with the Agent for Immigration, who State/Local Criterion B: Historical Associations controlled all immigration to NSW from an office on Level 1 of the main building, Francis Lewis Merewether and George Foster Wise.

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Aspect of Significance World/National/State/Local Significance Criteria Associated with the estimated 6000 invalid and destitute State/Local Criterion B: Historical Associations women who occupied the place between 1862 and 1886 during its time as an Asylum. Associated with the legal and judicial professions of State/Local Criterion B: Historical Associations NSW, including judges and magistrates of note who worked at the place between 1886 and 2001 when the Barracks was home to many legal institutions in NSW. Associated with the presumably tens of thousands of State/Local Criterion B: Historical Associations people who attended court and offices on site from 1887-2001 when the Barracks was home to many legal institutions in NSW. Associated with a range of government and State/Local Criterion B: Historical Associations bureaucratic offices and organisations of note, including the Vaccine Institute, the Government Printers, the Volunteer Rifle Corps and the Colonial Architect’s Office (located beyond the eastern boundary of the complex). Associated with former Premier of NSW, Neville Wran State Criterion B: Historical Associations who formally set aside the Barracks for conservation and its adaptive reuse as a museum. Associated with numerous public debates and State Criterion B: Historical Associations campaigns from the 1920s regarding the conservation and restoration of the Barracks. Associated with numerous heritage practitioners, State Criterion B: Historical Associations architects, archaeologists and museum curators who undertook the conservation of the place. SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE Value for the descendants of convicts, female National Criterion G: Social Value immigrants and asylum dwellers who inhabited the State/Local Criterion D: Social Significance place during the first 70 odd years of its history. Value for members of the legal and judicial community State/Local Criterion D: Social Significance as the location of a legal and administrative hub for 120 years and the location of as number of landmark and socially important legal cases. The value of Hyde Park Barracks as an icon of early State/Local Criterion D: Social Significance nineteenth century Sydney shown by community appreciation of, concern for and attempts to preserve NSW historic buildings from the early twentieth century.

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Aspect of Significance World/National/State/Local Significance Criteria As the subject of one of the first Permanent Conservation State/Local Criterion D: Social Significance Orders in New South Wales and a major historical conservation project by the Public Works Department (1975–1984), it is a focus for debate on building conservation theory and practice. As a significant historical site in the CBD of Sydney, it is a State/Local Criterion D: Social Significance focus for great interest and involvement by government, tourism and cultural agencies. SCIENTIFIC / ARCHAEOLOGICAL / RESEARCH POTENTIAL The source of a significant archaeological collection of State/Local Criterion E: Research Potential artefacts and documentation, and a focus for debate State/Local Criterion D: Social Significance about the aims and methods of historical archaeology in Australia. Archaeological and research potential in the National Criterion C: Research underground resource, under the buildings, throughout State/Local Criterion E: Research Potential the courtyard and beyond the boundaries of the place of State/Local Criterion F: Rarity demolished convict era buildings. Archaeological and research potential in the State/Local Criterion E: Research Potential underground resource, under the buildings, throughout State/Local Criterion F: Rarity the courtyard and beyond the boundaries of the place of other government and semi-government offices and associated buildings and structures. Archaeological profile encompassing the full scope of State/Local Criterion E: Research Potential European occupation since 1817 and the likelihood of Local Criterion F: Rarity encompassing evidence of the traditional environment inhabited by Aboriginal people. Potential of the assemblage to yield significant State/Local Criterion E: Research Potential information about aspects of New South Wales history State/Local Criterion F: Rarity not available from other sources. Provides evidence of the changing attitudes to State/Local Criterion C: Australia’s convict past expressed in the physical Aesthetic/Creative/Technical treatment of the archaeology and the built fabric of the State/Local Criterion E: Research Potential place. State/Local Criterion F: Rarity A resource and focus for the demonstration and debate State/Local Criterion C: about conservation methodology, comparative social Aesthetic/Creative/Technical studies and a multidisciplinary approach to historic State/Local Criterion E: Research Potential interpretation.

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Aspect of Significance World/National/State/Local Significance Criteria As the subject of extensive adaptation for museum State/Local Criterion C: purposes by the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences Aesthetic/Creative/Technical (1984– 1990), it is the focus for debate on museological State/Local Criterion E: Research Potential policy, practice and interpretation The assemblage is highly significant for its ability to State/Local Criterion E: Research Potential address important research questions. Provides rare evidence of the standards and skills of National Criterion C: Research building practice, architectural design and urban State/Local Criterion C: planning in early nineteenth century Sydney. Aesthetic/Creative/Technical State/Local Criterion E: Research Potential State/Local Criterion F: Rarity The rarity of the quantities of organic materials (paper National Criterion B: Rarity (potentially) and textiles) surviving to an unusual degree of National Criterion C: Research preservation in the Assemblage. State/Local Criterion E: Research Potential State/Local Criterion F: Rarity (potentially) Potential of the assemblage to enable a more detailed National Criterion B: Rarity (potentially) understanding of how convicts and women lived at the National Criterion C: Research site. State/Local Criterion E: Research Potential State/Local Criterion F: Rarity (potentially) Significance of the assemblage as a source of some of National Criterion B: Rarity (potentially) Australia’s rarest and most significant convict objects, National Criterion C: Research made more valuable in having clear provenance to a State/Local Criterion E: Research Potential specific convict site. State/Local Criterion F: Rarity (potentially)

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4.5 Comparative Analysis

4.5.1 Introduction Comparative analysis aids heritage assessment in providing supporting evidence for the rarity and / or representativeness of the place, by comparing it with similar places. It may also help in understanding why a place was developed, or how it was used. The analysis may compare many different aspects of a place, including its style, authorship, patronage, use, associations and subsequent history.20

Hyde Park Barracks has a relatively long and complex history and its potential for comparative analysis is extensive. This comparative analysis compares the place to: the other 10 “Australian Convict Sites” included in the 2010 World Heritage listing; Governor Macquarie’s building projects in greater Sydney; buildings designed by Francis Greenway in NSW; other convict barracks complexes in Sydney; and immigration depots and asylums in greater Sydney of the nineteenth century. These aspects have been chosen for comparison as they represent the significant phases of HPB’s history.

4.5.2 HPB comparison with other “Australian Convict Sites” In the Australian Government’s 2008 World Heritage nomination of the “Australian Convict Sites,” HPB was chosen from more than 3000 known sites across Australia to compose the “outstanding ensemble” of 11 sites to be successfully inscribed on the World Heritage listed in 2010. The justification for the collective listing explained that the 11 sites firstly illustrated a significant stage in human history, being the forced migration of people globally (under criterion iv); and secondly the sites were tangibly associated with ideas and events of outstanding universal significance, being convict transportation and penal reform (under criterion vi). This section of the CMP compares HPB with the other ten “Australian Convict Sites” in demonstrating key aspects of the era of forced transportation of convicts to Australia.

Elements of comparison Demonstrating convict accommodation: HPB, as purpose-built barracks for male convicts, demonstrates aspects of “home” life experienced by male convicts in Australia between 1819 and 1848. Eight of the other ten “Australian Convict Sites,” (all except Old Government House and the Great North Road) retain remnants of convict barracks or accommodation. Of these barracks, all were designed to hold male convicts like HPB, except the Cascades Female Factory in Hobart. The layout, structure and management of the convicts at each place was distinctly different. Like HPB, Port Arthur originally held male child convicts as well as adults but both quickly segregated and relocated the boys away from the main barracks—at the Carter’s Barracks in Sydney and Point Puer at Port Arthur.

Demonstrating convict working life: HPB also alludes to the working life of convicts, since it was built to provide accommodation for male convicts employed as government labour. Other Australian Convict Sites which demonstrate this: the Old Great North Road which used convict labour to create public infrastructure; Cockatoo Island which used convicts to build and service ships; and the Coal Mines Historic

20 Kerr, 2013 The Conservation Plan, pp. 7-9; Heritage Council of Western Australia guideline at: http://stateheritage.wa.gov.au/docs/conservation-and-development/guide-to-conservation-management- plans0CE0050FE47C.pdf?sfvrsn=2

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Site which demonstrates the use of convict labour in coal mining. These sites demonstrate a shift to much greater use of convict labour from the later 1820s in public works and the use of labour as punishment.

Comparable locales: Freemantle Prison provides the closest parallel example of purpose-built male convict barracks in the heart of an established town, which provided convict day labour to help construct infrastructure for the town. However it was constructed more than 30 years after HPB by a less inspired architect and its subsequent history as a gaol means that its physical fabric was considerably altered in quite different ways. Like HPB it remained in government ownership and has been adaptively re-sued as a museum. The Cascades Female Factory was also built centrally within the established town of Hobart, and featured convict barracks designed for use by women along with other institutional buildings. It has largely been demolished and presents primarily as an archaeological site.

Designed by convicts: The convict architect Francis Greenway was HPB’s architect and the only known convict architect involved in the design of any of the “Australian Convict Sites.” Governor Macquarie was so pleased with HPB that he granted Greenway a pardon upon its completion, and it is possible that the prospect of such a reward may have inspired Greenway to do his particularly fine job of designing HPB. The reputation of both the building and the architect are enhanced by association with each other. The design for the Old Government House portico in Parramatta has been attributed to Francis Greenway, the same architect who designed HPB.

Built by convicts: All the 11 Australian Convict Sites were substantially built by convicts, as convicts the vast majority of hard laboring work in the Australian colonies during the penal period. Old Great North Road is an example of the use of penal labour for British Empire expansion while punishing criminals and deterring crime in Britain.21

Demonstration of bureaucratic surveillance: The collection of records held by HPB demonstrates the system of bureaucratic surveillance.

Walled compounds: Hyde Park Barracks is comparable with Norfolk Island’s KAVHA (the second settlement convict precincts), Darlington Probation Station, Cascades Female Factory (as originally configured with walled yards) and the Coal Mines Historic Site for its design as a walled compound.

Site of secondary punishment: Hyde Park Barracks contained isolation cells and a flogging yard but it is not considered to be an exemplary site of secondary punishment and segregation like Norfolk Island’s KARVHA, Port Arthur or the Darlington Probationary Station. These places were solely intended to house, manage and punish convicts outside the free settlements. Compared with this, HPB’s role in the penal system was more to do with the administration of secondary punishment and the sentencing of punishment via reassignment and relocation to sites of secondary punishment. Archaeological heritage and moveable heritage: Like Hyde Park Barracks, Port Arthur and the Cascades Female Factory have a large collection of artefacts, documents, photos and other materials relating to the convict era. They are also outstanding in retaining extensive surface and sub-surface archaeological remains of convict era buildings and structures.

There are other impressive convict sites across Australia which were not included in the World Heritage nomination, possibly because of their poor condition or uncertain management rather than their lack of significance. Several such sites are discussed in the rest of the comparative analysis discussion below.

21 Australian Government, 2008 World Heritage nomination, pp. 28., 29.

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Australian Convict Sites Sited in Parramatta, about 20 km up river from Sydney Cove, Old Government House was constructed to provide accommodation for the Governor of NSW in Parramatta, the colony’s secondary settlement. It was originally built c.1790 for Governor Phillip. Governor Hunter’s 1799 building is erected on Phillip’s earlier structure, parts of which are still extant. There were many later additions and alterations. It was the primary residence of Governor Brisbane in the mid 1820s but Figure 4.1: Old Government House and Domain, otherwise served as the governors’ country Parramatta (NSW, 1788-1856). “A view of Government residence until 1856. Old Government House is House at Parramatta in 1805 before Governor associated with the administration of the penal Macquarie’s extensions” (Source: State Library of New colony in its early days.22 South Wales. PXD388v.3 no3b.)

Sited on an island in Sydney Harbour a few kilometres west of Sydney Cove, Cockatoo Island (1839-1869) was established in 1839 as a penal station for re-offending male convicts sentenced to hard labour. The Prisoner Barracks and Hospital form three sides of an open courtyard. The barracks, initially built to accommodate no more than 328 men, actually housed up to 500 men at times. The Prisoner Barracks area is surrounded by the Military Guard House, two Free Overseers’ Quarters, Military Officers’ Quarters and the Guard House Kitchen.23

Figure 4.2: Convict barracks at Cockatoo Island (Source: https://wifeinoz.wordpress.com/tag/cockatoo- island/)

22 Australian Government, 2008 World Heritage nomination, pp. 21, 50, 51. 23 Australian Government, 2008 World Heritage nomination, p. 36.

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The Great North Road was part of a network of ‘Great Roads’ that was designed to mirror the Great Roads of England. The layout of the site reflects the operation of convict road gangs to punish re- offending convicts and revive the fear of transportation while expanding and linking settlements at the same time. Old Great North Road is an example of the use of penal transportation and also illustrates the success of the NSW penal colony and is associated with the large-scale introduction of transportation by the major European powers in Figure 4.3: Old Great North Road (NSW, 1828– the modern era. 35). This 1833 depiction of convicts building the Great North Road was by Charles Rodius (1802- 1860) (Source: SLNSW PIC Drawer 3842 #T2083 NK9673)

Darlington Probation Station, Maria Island (Tasmania, 1825-1832, 1842-1850). The World Heritage curtilage for the site comprises 14 convict buildings and substantial ruins, including a barracks building. A convict station operated at Darlington on Maria Island briefly between 1825 and 1832 due to increasing numbers. A probation station reoccupied the site in 1842. Most of the buildings were Old Colonial Georgian style, simple and functional with plain, whitewashed brick walls and little decoration. The convicts slept in a triple tiered system of hammocks - resembling a triple bunk bed. Figure 4.4: Sketch by Robert Neill, no date, held State Library of Tasmania of Darlington showing the extent of the penal settlement. (Source: Australian Convicts Sites nomination, pp. 27).

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Norfolk Island operated as an outpost penal station of NSW during two separate periods: Kingston and Arthur’s Vale Historic Area (KAVHA), (1788-1814, 1824-1855). The island featured prominently in Britain’s decision to send the first fleet to NSW due to its reported abundant natural resources. The second penal colony was designed to revive the fear of transportation and deter crime in Britain and the colonies. Very little remains of the first settlement period as all buildings were fired when the settlers departed to Van Dieman’s Land in 1814.24 Figure 4.3: The Gaol ruins at Kingston, photograph undated (Source: National Archives of Australia, Image No. CP822/1, BUNDLE 1)

The Coal Mines Historic Site (Tasmania, 1833-1848) was established in Tasmania in 1833 as a place of secondary punishment for re-offending convicts, where they were put to the heavy labour of extracting coal. The prisoner barracks comprised two large stone buildings that housed up to 170 convicts within a fenced compound, with some 16 solitary punishment cells beneath them. This recent photo shows the ruins of the prisoner barracks and chapel. Figure 4.4: (Source: Photo by Joe Shemesh, Australian Convicts Sites nomination, pp. 34, 35).

24 T. Seller Settlement at Norfolk Island, 1835, held National Library of Australia, reproduced in Australian Government, 2008 World Heritage nomination, pp. 18, 34.

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Cascades Female Factory Hobart (Tasmania, 1828– 56). Most of the site near the centre of the city of Hobart is now demolished and presents as an archaeological site. The World Heritage curtilage includes the archaeological remains of three of the original five compounds which made up the site. The Cascades Female Factory was a place where women convicts were accommodated, set to work and punished, and, like Hyde Park Barracks, is associated with the rise of sex-segregated prisons during the 19th century. Cascades is an example of the use of penal transportation to: expand Britain’s geo-political

Figure 4.5: Cascades Female Factory Hobart spheres of influence; to punish criminals and deter (Tasmania, 1828–56). This photo depicts the original crime in Britain; and reform female convicts. five yards with the Nursery and Matron’s Cottage in the foreground (most of the site is now demolished and presents as an archaeological site). (Source: Archives Office of Tasmania, NS1013-45) Port Arthur Historic Site (Tasmania, 1833-1877). The World Heritage curtilage Port Arthur comprises more than 30 convict-built structures and ruins in a picturesque landscape of 136 hectares. Between 1833 and 1877 Port Arthur operated as a penal station for convicts who had re-offended. Designed and managed to be “a place of terror,” it combined hard labour and unremitting surveillance. The prison settlement on Point Puer, a promontory in Opossum Bay, Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia, was established to cater for boys sentenced to penal servitude by the courts of England. It operated from 1834 to 1849 as Figure 4.6: Painting of Port Arthur dated 1833, part of the prison at Port Arthur. artist unknown ("Painted by a soldier in 1833. Statement by William Williamson” noted on back) (Source: SLNSW, ML185).

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Brickendon-Woolmers Estates (Tasmania, 1820- 1850s) are two neighbouring estates in northern Tasmania where convicts were assigned to “private masters” to undertake agricultural work. The two estates have been managed and worked by descendants of a single family over six generations. Each estate comprises a homestead, buildings, farming structures and fields. The suite of largely intact built structures represents the living and working conditions of assigned convicts. Figure 4.7: The other “Australian Convict Sites”: (Source: Recent photo of the Brickendon group from Australian Government 2008, World Heritage nomination, pp. 23, 24).

Fremantle Prison (Western Australia, 1852-1886) comprises 16 intact convict-built structures including the barrack building and a 6 metre high limestone perimeter wall. Western Australia was established as a free colony in 1829. The colony struggled for 20 Figure 4.8: The other “Australian Convict Sites”: years with an acute labour shortage and slow (Source: H. Wray “Convict Prison Fremantle”, economic progress. The transportation of male 1859, National Library of Australia, World convicts to Western Australia was introduced in 1850 Heritage nomination, pp. 38, 46). to save the failing economy. Fremantle Prison was built as a convict barracks 1852-1859 for male prisoners, who worked daily outside the prison on public infrastructure such as roads, bridges, jetties and many public buildings.

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4.5.3 HPB Comparison with Macquarie’s Civic Building Program When Governor Macquarie left NSW in 1822 he compiled a list of his achievements as part of his attempt to rebut the Bigge Commission’s criticisms of his administration. Now appended to the Bigge Report, this list details some 265 buildings and places commissioned by Macquarie, including fourteen public roads.25 Designed to defend his administration against the criticisms of the Bigge Inquiry, the list has been described as a “roll-call of Macquarie’s achievements as a builder . . . the extent and scope of the works is extraordinary.”26 Most of Francis Greenway’s most substantial architectural designs were produced as part of Macquarie’s civic building program. Whereas their architectural merit is discussed below in the section comparing HPB with other Greenway designs, this section discusses their civic merits and contributions.

Figure 4.9: Rum Hospital, Macquarie Street, Sydney (1810-1816). Although the central wing has been demolished, the north and south wings remain partially intact as NSW Parliament House and The Mint. The designer of the “General Hospital” for convicts is unknown; the author of a commissioned 1911 history of the hospital suggested it may have been Elizabeth Macquarie. (Source: Elevation dated 1811 in Watson, 1911 History of Sydney Hospital) Between 1816 and 1848, the General Hospital provided medical care for the colony’s convict population. The hospital was Macquarie’s first major public works project as Governor of New South Wales. Having been denied the necessary finances, he struck up a deal with local businessmen who contracted to build it in exchange for a monopoly on the importation of rum (spirits) to the colony for a number of years. As a result it became popularly known as the “Rum Hospital.” Another name for it was “the Sidney [sic] Slaughterhouse” since the standard of care was variable and often dubious. The central wing (demolished in 1879) accommodated the convict patients, while the north and south wings accommodated the Principal Surgeon and Assistant Surgeons respectively. By 1842 the north wing was completely turned over for use by the NSW Legislative Council. In response to the gold rush, in 1854 the south wing was converted into the first overseas branch of the Royal Mint in London.27

25 “List and Schedule of Public Buildings and Works erected and other useful Improvements made in the Territory of New South Wales and its Dependencies, at the Expense of the Crown”. The list is available online at: http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1300181h.html 26 James Broadbent in Broadbent and Hughes, 1992 The Age of Macquarie, p. 158. 27 http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/what-was-rum-hospital

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Hyde Park Barracks has become one of the most celebrated of Macquarie’s legacies but it was not the first or the biggest. Major projects commissioned by Macquarie in NSW and still in existence (to some extent) include:

 1810, the reservation of Hyde Park as a space of public recreation;  1810, the reservation of Macquarie Place near Circular Quay and in 1818 the design of an obelisk by Greenway to mark the geographic centre of the colony;  c.1810 laying out of Macquarie Street on the eastern ridge overlooking Sydney Cove as a place for siting government institutions;  1810, the five “Macquarie towns” of Castlereagh, Pitt Town, Richmond, Windsor, Wilberforce were declared, all located around the Hawkesbury-Nepean River on the outskirts of Sydney and incorporating town planning considerations such as civic squares;  1810-1816, the enormous “General Hospital” (also known as the Convict Hospital and the Rum Hospital) on Macquarie Street, designed for convict use. Although the main central wing was demolished in 1879, the two flanking wings survive as The Mint and the NSW Parliament building;  1813, the Female Orphan School, Rydalmere was built as the first purpose-built orphan school in the colony. The building now forms part of the Western Sydney University Rydalmere campus;  1814, laying down of 100 miles (160 km) of Cox’s Road over the Blue Mountains, from Sydney to Bathurst, which opened up the colony to inland Australia west of Sydney;  1816, the existing Governor’s Domain was improved and formalised and botanic gardens established, now known as the “Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain;”  1816, Macquarie Lighthouse in Vaucluse on North Head was built. Although the original building designed by Greenway was demolished because of structural defects, between 1878 and 1883 it was rebuilt on almost the same site to almost the same design by Government Architect James Barnet and retains significant archaeological remnants of the original structure;  1817-1819, Hyde Park Barracks, Queens Square;  1817, St Mathews Anglican Church, Windsor, designed by Greenway;  1817 foundation stone laid for stables designed by Greenway for the proposed new Government House. Although the stables were completed in 1821, the construction of the house itself was halted by Bigge. The stables were eventually re-purposed as the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, which now forms part of the University of Sydney;  1818-1821, Female Factory and precinct, Parramatta, designed by Greenway, now part of the Cumberland Hospital site;  1819-22, St James’s Church, Queens Square, designed by Greenway;  1819-1820, Macquarie Schoolhouse, Wilberforce;  1821, Windsor Courthouse.

Elements of comparison

HPB is a key element in the Macquarie Street historic precinct: Of all Macquarie’s civic building projects, the extensive combination of major elements on Macquarie Street was always the grandest and probably remains the most intact: largely linked by Macquarie Street itself, the precinct features Hyde Park and the nearby Governor’s Domain (now incorporating the Royal Botanic Gardens), HPB, St James’ Church,

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the Rum Hospital (now Parliament House and The Mint) and the Government House Stables (now the Conservatorium).

A range of Macquarie buildings were also constructed in Parramatta and of these the majority were built for convicts, both as barracks including Macquarie Barracks (demolished) and Female Factory and Barracks (partially demolished) and for the care of the colony’s main work force, the Convict Hospital and Female Orphan School. In comparing the range of civic building commissioned by Macquarie in Sydney and Parramatta, Hyde Park Barracks and its “sister building” St James’s Church opposite constitute one of the most prominent and comprehensive achievements of Macquarie’s governorship by virtue of their architectural and design quality. The Hyde Park Barracks was convict headquarters and still today remains an emblem of Macquarie’s civic and humane ambitions.

4.5.4 HPB Comparison with other Francis Greenway Designs Greenway provided three major designs for convict establishments in NSW: the Hyde Park Barracks in Sydney for male convicts, the Parramatta Female Factory for female convicts, and the Liverpool Hospital.28 He also carried out repairs and additions at Windsor (1819), Parramatta (1817) and Sydney (1816) gaols, however his three major works are of particular interest and reveal his varied design approach to the problem of providing “an elegant and classical pile of building" for a barrack, a factory and a hospital.29 For discussion on the Parramatta Female Factory and Liverpool Hospital, refer to below.

Other buildings that Greenway was responsible for that are comparable to Hyde Park Barracks are those also designed as compounds or walled enclosures such as Macquarie Lighthouse, the Government Stables, Fort Macquarie and Dawes Battery.

Elements of comparison

Given the function of each of these buildings, the compound design is not considered unusual however it is worth examining Greenway’s approach to the same. A device for additional security in the case of HPB is to keep people in (though not particularly successful) and in the case of the Macquarie Lighthouse, Fort Macquarie and Dawes Battery, it is to keep them out. It was also a way of adding grandeur and order to the design. The walls were not high enough for serious segregation but by defining and levelling a piece of ground and placing architectural features to the corners and mid-points each place was symbolically set aside for its purpose and given authority.

28 Kerr, J., 1984. Design for Convicts, p39 29 Op. cit.

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Greenway Buildings

Greenway’s Macquarie Lighthouse, at Watsons’ bay overlooking the South Head of Sydney Harbour. The original, poor quality stonework soon developed structural problems, and it was replaced in 1879-1883 with a replica designed by the Government Architect James Barnet. Greenways’ design for the tower took the form of a tapering column flanked on either side by pavilions with saucer-shaped domes, a motif which was also used in the

corner pavilions of the courtyard at HPB.30 Figure 4.10: Detail from c.1825 painting by Augustus Earle entitled “South Head and lighthouse, Port Jackson, N.S. Wales…” (Source: National Library of Australia, PIC Solander Box A32 #T59 NK12/21)

In 1818 Greenway designed Fort Macquarie on Bennelong Point beside Sydney Cove. This was a square-planned fort with circular bastions at each corner and a castellated square tower. The following year Greenway continued the castellated Gothic theme in his upgrading of the Dawes Point Battery on the opposite side of Sydney Cove. Based on archaeological evidence the new guardhouse building took the form of a central "tower" with two projecting walls, each terminating in a small room and producing a decorative guardhouse high above the battery. The two buildings

flanked the maritime entrance to Sydney Cove and each Figure 4.11: Dawes Battery and Fort Macquarie, gave the impression of a small castle in a stage set. Watercolour dated c. 1840–1850 Artist unknown. (Source: SLNSW, PX*D 123, f. 6b)

On 16th December 1817 Governor Macquarie laid a foundation stones for the new Stables for Government House. The design for the stables was done in collaboration with Macquarie’s wife Elizabeth and Figure 4.12: Elevation of the Governor's Stable, consisted of sixteen octagonal, corbelled and 1820 now the Conservatorium of Music on battlemented towers, forming lodges, saddle and Macquarie Street (Source: SLNSW V1 / Pub / harness rooms and servants’ rooms punctuated the Gov S /) battlemented screen wall of the quadrangular stable block.3132

30 Broadbent & Hughes, 1997 Francis Greenway, p. 53. 31 State Heritage Register listing for the “Conservatorium of Music,” quoting http://www.music,usyd.edu.au/friends/visit.shtml at http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5060991 32 Broadbent & Hughes, 1997 Francis Greenway, p. 60.

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4.5.5 HPB Compared with Convict Barracks (Sydney based)

The main need at all new settlements was for secure accommodation for the different types of inhabitants. When Admiral Arthur Phillip in 1787 expressed his intentions for the initial settlement in NSW, two problems he foresaw were the need for some degree of classification and separation between the guards and the guarded, and the imbalance between the sexes within the population.

An account of what is probably the earliest prison, or huts for confinement, is given by Charles White: The huts [at Sydney] in which the prisoners were confined at night were rough log buildings, each containing one room, with half a dozen recesses in each side, which recesses answered the purposed of cells, and in each of which a prisoner was secured at night.33

It was also reported that most of the male convicts were given extra time off to house themselves as best they could and huts quickly materialised around the shores of Sydney Cove. These were often built of cabbage palm trees with roofs thatched with grass; some were covered clay.

The history of convict housing remained one of constant repair and reconstruction of temporary and semi- permanent structures in the main until Macquarie's time. The exception being the convict barracks built by Governor Brisbane at the Castle Hill Government Farm (see below).

Elements of comparison

Before Macquarie’s arrival in December 1809 the Acting Governor Lt Col. Foveaux had commenced a new brick barrack for soldiers (Wynyard Barracks). It was a barrack range of a type in common use by the British Army and was to become the basic plan on which most army and convict barracks and hospitals would be built in the Australian colonies. It was also similar to the plan arrangement of contemporary NSW goals (Sydney, Windsor and Parramatta gaols) that is, it had a central hall, flanking wards and terminal cells, or rooms for supervisors or guards. The plan could be and was extended, contracted, re- proportioned, overlapped and multiplied to suit the site or the accommodation required.34

Macquarie utilised this same floor plan (with suitable adjustments) for his additions to Foveaux’s military barracks and the Rum Hospital (although without rooms for supervisory staff). It also formed the base plan for the Military Hospital at Sydney (1814-1815) by Lt Watt and the convict hospital at Parramatta.

Three convict barracks, the Carters' Barracks at Sydney, and the convict barracks at Parramatta and Windsor, were built to a similar plan and elevation. Bigge reported that the new barracks at Sydney and Parramatta were constructed under the direction of Major Druitt, the Chief Engineer from plans or working drawings furnished by the overseer of bricklayers, Francis Lawless.

During the 1820s and early 1830s, the construction of convict barracks along the lines of Hyde Park Barracks were limited by the colonial administration to new settlements: Hobart Prisoner Barracks (1824), Moreton Bay (1827-1830), Kingston, Norfolk Island (1828-1831), Maria Island (1830). Of these, only the convict barracks at Darlington, Maria Island and Hyde Park Barracks remains. Convict barracks related to assignment to agricultural or pastoral properties were also built during this time and some remain in

33 Kerr, J. S., 1984; Design for Convicts, National Trust of Australia (NSW) and the Australian Society for Historical Archaeology, Sydney, p. 5 34 Ibid. p. 47

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private ownership. However, they were not of the scale or subject to the same control as those operated by colonial administrators. Hyde Park Barracks however established the precedent for this type of convict administration and remains the most substantive and intact example.

Convict Barracks

Governor King began the Castle Hill Government Farm (the third government farm to be established in the colony) on 8 July 1801, referring to it as "Castle Hill" on 1 March 1802. In 1803, Governor King reported that he was constructing a stone barrack at Castle Hill of two storeys and 100 feet by 24 feet. It is the first known convict barracks to be built in Australia. Following the Vinegar Hill uprising of 1804 the barracks was converted into a barn or granary.

There are no historic buildings on this site. However, the site contains a number of known and potential archaeological sites. Most significant of these is the site of the former Figure 4.13: Archaeology and interpretation barracks and associated kitchen, excavated in 2006, which of the former convict barracks/lunatic survive today as sandstone wall footings. asylum at Castle Hill (Source: Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/47932052@N 03/21180704365)

Governor Macquarie included a new factory and barracks for female convicts in his “List of essentially necessary Public Buildings” of January 1817, the Female Factory at Parramatta. In 1818 he instructed Greenway to “make out a Ground Plan and Elevation of a Factory & Barrack sufficient to lodge 300 Female Convicts, on an area of Ground of 4 acres, enclosed by a Stone Wall 9 feet High”.35 Broadbent and Hughes (1997) 36 suggest that the Female Factory had little of the architectural finesse of the male convict barracks (HPB), although the two have many features in common. These include a transverse dormitory which had typical three-bayed Figure 4.14: Female Factory Parramatta, pedimented projections facing the yards, each yard flanked 1818-1821, partially demolished 1883. (Source: by pairs of pedimented pavilions. Between the pavilions were Australian National Archives, photo of the low, single storey ranges enclosing the yards. Parramatta Female factory c. 1872)

35 Broadbent and Hughes, 1992 The Age of Macquarie, p. 66. 36 Ibid. p. 66

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The Carters’ Barracks, constructed c. 1819 at the southern end of Sydney, where Central Railway Station is now located, was designed to house convict gangs working on the brick fields as carters and brickmakers. It was built to the design of the overseer of bricklayers, Francis Lawless and accommodated the government carters, with attached stabling for their horses, bullocks and carts and associated lumberyard workshops. There was also a barrack for convict boys, a convict vegetable garden and a treadmill. It is described in Macquarie’s 1822 list of Figure 4.15: Carters Barracks, Sydney c1819- achievements as two sites, one for men and one for boys: 1835, demolished c.1901. (Source: Collection “28. Another Barrack (commonly called the Carters' “Drawings in Sydney” Artist unknown, c1840- Barracks) for 200 Male Convicts at the "Brick Fields", and 1850 Mitchell Library PX*D 123) also Stables for the whole of the Government Working Horses and Bullocks, with a garden for the use of the convicts. 29…Another Barrack for 100 convict boys with Mess Rooms and Kitchens, etc., contiguous to the other aforementioned Barrack at the Brick Fields, but separated by a High Party- wall with Workshops for the employment of the Boys inhabiting the latter Barracks, the whole range of these Buildings being enclosed with a Strong Brick Wall of 12 feet high.”37

Originally erected as a male convict barracks under Macquarie’s administration in 1820, the Windsor Convict Barracks was extended in 1823 and converted into a convict hospital to a design by Lt. John Watts. After convict transportation ceased it was reopened by the Hawkesbury Benevolent Society in 1846 as a hospital and asylum for the poor and destitute. In 1911 the building was refurbished by architect George Matcham Pitt in the Arts and Crafts style. The new building masked the brickwork of the original Figure 4.16: C.1908 postcard of the original Georgian building and completely altered its appearance Windsor Hospital, situated in Macquarie and functioning.38 It survives as the former Hawkesbury Street in Windsor, formerly the convict Hospital building in Macquarie Street Windsor and part of barracks. (Source: courtesy of Kurrajong- the St John of God Hawkesbury District Health Service. Comleroy Historical Society Image Archive)

37 http://users.tpg.com.au/shammell/carters.htm Note 5, HRA, Series I, Vol. X, p.684 et seq. 38 Discover the Hawkesbury - Windsor Heritage Walk - McQuade Park ...

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The Convict Barracks Parramatta was constructed in 1820, the design of the building was attributed to Francis Lawless by Morton Herman. Herman described it in his book The Early Australian Architects and their Work: “The barracks were large, having a main block on Macquarie Street and two very curiously fenestrated blocks, each 208 feet long, flanking the courtyard which sloped down to the north towards the river. All three blocks showed the small break forward at the centre of the building, with the triangle of the roof gable above expressed as the centre point of the façade.”39 Figure 4.17: 1880 photograph of the Convict Barracks Parramatta (1820-1843, demolished 1935). (Source: Local Studies Photograph Collection LSOP 114)

4.5.6 HPB Compared with Immigration Depots and Asylums

Immigration Depots Few free settlers were attracted to the penal colony of New South Wales during the first thirty years of its existence, despite the free passages, land grants and other incentives offered at various times during this period. As settlement spread and the proportion of emancipists and native-born increased during the 1820s, however, immigrants began arriving in greater numbers. With increasing prosperity came a growing demand for skilled labour, and the Government responded to this need (and to the problem of the great numerical inequality between the sexes) by introducing a number of assisted immigration schemes from 1832 onwards.40

The first of the assisted migration schemes began in Figure 4.18: Extract from undated map of the Parish of 1832 and from 1832 to 1835, 3074 people received St James showing the location of the “Emigration assistance at a cost to the colony of £31,028-6- Barracks” located behind the first Government House (circled) (Source: LPI NSW) 9. They were selected and ships chartered for them by Emigration Commissioners in the United Kingdom.

39 Herman 1954 The Early Australian Architects. 40 "Concise Guide to State Archives of New South Wales" http://www.roosen.com.au/RoosenComAuWeb/Genealogy/Background/Bounty_System.html

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In Sydney, emigration was administered by the Colonial Treasurer, Collector of Internal Revenue (and, for a short time) the Superintendent of Emigrants and the Immigration Board.

From 1837 newly-arrived immigrants appear to have been housed in a temporary timber building in Bent Street behind the First Government House. Initially the building was erected annually from 1835 for use as a ballroom for the monarch's birthday ball; in 1837 when the building was needed to accommodate surviving immigrants from the "fever ship" Lady McNaghten, Governor Bourke cancelled the ball, much to the annoyance of the colony's elite and the building was put into use as an immigration barracks.41

In 1841 Governor Gipps granted Caroline Chisholm the use of the immigration barracks to establish the Sydney Immigrants' Home. She assumed responsibility for young women's moral welfare and escorted groups to various country centres where she had found jobs for them. Chisholm also established an employment registry to assist newly arrived immigrant families. She succeeded - where the government had failed – in enticing immigrants to the outlying districts and as the demand for their services grew she set up temporary depots at Liverpool, Campbelltown, Parramatta, Maitland and Port Macquarie from where they were distributed.

Asylums According to Joy Hughes (2004), Hyde Park Asylum for Infirm and Destitute Women was the government's first direct initiative in social welfare for the aged with the provision of residential care for women. It was the genesis of a system of destitute asylums (later state hospitals) that lasted for more than a century. For its duration (1862-1886), Hyde Park Asylum was the only one of its type in the colony and it was the result of the decision of one man, Charles Cowper, the Colonial Secretary, rather than the government's.42

Elements of comparison

As discussed by Joy Hughes in her thesis Hyde Park Asylum for Infirm and Destitute Women, 1862-1886 (2004) the succeeding period of use of the Hyde Park Barracks as an immigration depot and asylum can be assessed to be of state significance in its own right. Throughout the 1840s following the cessation of convict transportation, government buildings associated with the convict and military establishment continued to pass from British to colonial control, while funds from the Imperial treasury which had supported them were reduced accordingly. As such new uses needed to be found to accommodate the existing institutional buildings and the use of HPB as a depot and asylum is therefore consistent with the policy of the time.

The reuse of former convict and military barracks and other government buildings no longer required following the end of the convict era led to the establishment of a range of social welfare institutions, both government and charity run. These included Australia’s first official lunatic asylum for men established by Governor Macquarie at the former Castle Hill convict barracks (constructed in 1803) in 1811. This was a government run facility and continued in this use until 1826.

Other examples include facilities run by charitable organisations. The House of the Good Shepherd, a Catholic institution run by Sisters of the Good Samaritan, and the Sydney Female Refuge for Protestants, were both residential institutions where the women were taught laundry work (which earned an income for

41 http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/objectsthroughtime/order-ending-transportation-to-nsw/ 42 Hughes, J., 2004; Hyde Park Asylum for Infirm and Destitute Women: 1862-1886, unpublished report, p.53-54

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the charities) and also needlework, with the ultimate aim of placing them in suitable positions as domestic servants. Both institutions had been granted accommodation in the former convict Carters' Barracks, adjacent to the Benevolent Asylum at the southern end of the town.

The Asylum at Hyde Park Barracks should also be considered an example of nineteenth century state responsibility for social welfare. This is represented in other State heritage listings such as the Cumberland Hospital at Parramatta (encompassing a former Lunatic Asylum and Psychiatric Hospital), Lidcombe Hospital Precinct (a former Asylum for the Aged and Destitute Men), Liverpool TAFE College (formerly Liverpool Hospital, Benevolent Asylum, Government Asylum and State Hospital and Asylum), Silverwater Prison Complex (former State Hospital and Asylum for Women the Priory at Gladesville (former Gladesville Asylum), Caroline Chisholm Cottage at East Maitland (former Asylum) and Newcastle Government House and Domain which contains a Lunatic Asylum.

Government Asylums

In 1811 under instruction by Governor Macquarie the barrack building at the Castle Hill Government Farm was converted into an asylum with a garden fenced at the rear of a granary for the exercise of inmates, with the building to accommodate 30 persons. The Castle Hill Lunatic Asylum became the first official institution in Australia that was specifically organised to care for those suffering from mental illnesses and operated until 1826.

Figure 4.19: Drawing of demolition of the old lunatic asylum at Castle Hill (Source: Illustrated Sydney News, 16 July 1866, Castle Hill Heritage Park CMP, GML, 2007, Appendix B, p. xxx)

Originally completed in 1812 as Governor Macquarie's Light Horse Barrack, its design followed the plan of the British Army cavalry barracks that were built during the Napoleonic wars. It therefore had stables on the ground floor and the lower ranks were housed in rooms flanking a spinal passage on the floor above.43 In 1827 the barracks became the Female School of Industry, established by committee led by Eliza Darling, the then Governor’s wife. It admitted girls aged between four and nine years of age. Girls were “trained” in domestic service until they were old enough to be sent out to work, usually at the age of 12 to 14. The School relocated in 1877 and the building Figure 4.20: Female School of Industry, was demolished shortly thereafter.44 Macquarie Street, attributed to Charles Pickering, 1870 (Source: SLNS, SPF / 258)

43 Broadbent, J. & Hughes, J., 1992; ob. cit. p. 83 44 https://www.findandconnect.gov.au/guide/nsw/NE01247

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On 12 October 1821, the Benevolent Asylum ”for the aged, infirm, blind and destitute” was opened by Governor Macquarie. It was located at a discreet distance from the settlement on the corner of Pitt and Devonshire streets, adjacent to the tollgate marking the limits of the town. The Benevolent Asylum was designed by Francis Lawless and was built of brick. By the end of the year, 48 men and nine women were living there. Additional wings were added to the building and, by 1840, 1,058 persons were in residence and many more received external medical care and relief.

It was not a convict establishment and was administered by Figure 4. 21: Benevolent Asylum, corner of the Benevolent Society of NSW, but as few inmates of the Pitt and Devonshire Streets, Railway Square, Asylum were of free origin, it was financed and built by the (Source: State Records NSW) government on government land. The Benevolent Asylum closed in 1901 as the land was resumed by the government for Central Station.45

Following the end of convict transportation the Female Factory and Barracks became the Parramatta Lunatic Asylum (c.1848 to c.1901), followed by a Psychiatric Hospital (c.1901 to 1992) and today forms part of the Cumberland District Hospital Group (1960 to date). 46

Figure 4. 22: Former Female Factory and Barracks operating as the Parramatta Hospital for the Insane, 1875-1895, (Source: Parramatta City Council, LSP00171)

45 http://www.benevolent.org.au/200--year--celebration/last--200 46 State Heritage Register listing for the Cumberland District Hospital Group, http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?id=5051959

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The House of the Good Shepherd on Pitt Street provided accommodation for females over the age of fourteen years. It opened in 1848, in the building of Carters' Barracks, and was initially staffed by the Irish Sisters of Charity. In 1857 a new order was established to run the institution called the Sisters of the Good Shepherd. Their name was changed in 1866 to the Sisters of the Good Samaritan and they ran the Home until its closure. The Home received women and girls from the courts, and via voluntary placement. In 1901 the site was reclaimed by the Government for Central Railway Station and residents

were transferred to St Magdalen's Retreat at Tempe. 47 Figure 4. 23: House of the Good Shepherd, Pitt Street, Sydney (Source: SLNW, Government Printing Office 1 – 05829)

The history of later use of Macquarie Barracks Parramatta runs parallel with that of Hyde Park Barracks, first being converted to a Military Hospital in 1843, followed by The Erysipelas Hospital (1851), an asylum for infirm and destitute men (1884), the State Hospital for the Blind and Men of Defective Sight and Senility (c1913).48

Figure 4. 24: Macquarie Barracks, also known as the Convict Barracks and later the Macquarie Street Asylum in Parramatta, circa 1900 (Source: local Studies Collection LSOP 168)

Liverpool Hospital (1822-1830) was initiated at the request of the Commissioner of Inquiry in 1820 for the urgent need of a new hospital at Liverpool. The hospital was designed for Governor Brisbane after Greenway’s terms of employment had been withdrawn. It is one of his last designs as Civil Architect and with its troubled start it is difficult to know how much of the finished work was to Greenway’s original design. The building served as a hospital until 1851 when it became a Figure 4. 25: Liverpool Hospital in 1876 benevolent asylum for aged, infirm and destitute men, (Source: The Liverpool Historical Society, continuing as an m old men’s home until 1958. Since the late Liverpool City Library and Liverpool Health 1950s it has served as the Liverpool Technical College Service) (TAFE).49

47 https://www.findandconnect.gov.au/ref/nsw/biogs/NE00150b.htm 48 http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.au/blog/2015/01/21/parramatta-stories-macquarie-barracks-commemorative-stone-1820 49 Broadbent & Hughes, 1997 Francis Greenway, pp. 80-81.

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INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

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5 Statement of Cultural Significance

5.1 Introduction

The Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter (the Burra Charter) (see Appendix 1) defines “cultural significance” as meaning the aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations (Article 1.2).

The charter further specifies that cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects. Places may have a range of values for different individuals or groups (Article 1.2).

In Australia, all commonwealth and state heritage acts use assessment and listing criteria based on these values, although some use different words to express them and differing emphasis is sometimes placed on one value over another. Similarly, the World heritage selection criteria, although not based on the Burra Charter values, does nevertheless relate (in part) to the above five values (although with a greater emphasis on the relative degree of cultural significance meeting a standard that can be defined as being of “Outstanding Universal Value”).

For the purposes of the following statement of significance, no one set of statutory) heritage assessment criteria have been employed. Rather the five heritage values that define cultural significance under the Burra Charter (that is aesthetic, historic, scientific, social and spiritual) are utilised as the basis for the assessment of significance.

An Inclusive Approach The World Heritage status of Hyde Park Barracks is defined by its demonstration of the convict system and its implementation in Australia and the impact of that forced migration on the development of the country. By inference all phases of occupation that come after the closure of the place for convict accommodation are considered secondary and of lesser value.

The convict beginnings of modern Australia cast a long shadow. It can be shown that until well into the twentieth century this period of history was considered an embarrassment and “stain” on the country. If the first half of the nineteenth century was defined by the convict system it could be said that the following century was characterised by the repudiation of the system, only to be followed by a period of great interest and even pride in our convict past that continues today.

The history of the physical development of Hyde Park Barracks expresses better than any other site these changing attitudes to our convict past; in its original design, subsequent unsympathetic treatment and latter-day restoration.

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5.2 Statement of Cultural Significance

Considering the history (Section 2), physical evidence (Section 3) and assessment of significance (Section 4), the following is considered an appropriate Statement of Cultural Significance for the place (utilising the Burra Charter criteria):

Aesthetic/Creative/Technical Significance Hyde Park Barracks, built between 1817 and 1819, is of exceptional aesthetic National Criteria E significance as a fine colonial Georgian public building complex. The high quality State Criteria B architectural design and composition of the main barracks building set in its walled enclosure, its simple but well-proportioned forms and elegant detailing make it an exemplar of its era. Hyde Park Barracks is a major accomplishment of colonial building in Australia. Hyde Park Barracks is acknowledged as one of the finest designs by convict National Criteria E architect Francis Greenway. Hyde Park Barracks exemplifies Greenway’s genius National Criteria F for combining English classicism with remarkably skilled vernacular workmanship, State/Local Criteria C creating a uniquely Australian architecture for the first time.1 With the partial reinstatement of its courtyards and perimeter walls, Hyde Park State/Local Criteria C Barracks once again offers visitors a sense of enclosure. With its handsomely proportioned façade reflected in St James’ Church opposite, the two Greenway buildings offer a landmark example of urban design in one of Australia’s most historic precincts. Hyde Park Barracks was an ambitious set-piece in Governor Macquarie’s planning scheme for Sydney and remains a major statement of urban civility and decorum. Since the 1970s when the State Government decided Hyde Park Barracks should be National Criteria F saved and adaptively re-used as a museum, it has been a place where influential National Criteria C techniques in building conservation, historic archaeology and interpretation have State/Local Criteria C been developed. State/Local Criteria E

Historic significance (thematic) Hyde Park Barracks is of exceptional historical significance for its evidence of the World Criteria IV: early 19th century era of convict transportation—both as an aspect of the world Outstanding Example of a Type history of forced migration and as part of the founding of the modern Australian nation on Aboriginal land. The place is mentioned in just about every historical National Criteria A account of the founding of modern Australia. Aboriginal dispossession is a strong State/Local Criteria A theme which sits alongside, and cuts across most aspects of the historical State/Local Criteria G significance of the place. Hyde Park Barracks illustrates both major strands of the penal philosophies World Criteria IV: associated with transportation—punishment and reform. The buildings, internal Outstanding Example of a Type spaces, perimeter walls, the enclosed courtyard as well as the artefacts and National Criteria A

1 Cox & Lucas, Australian Colonial Architecture, 1978, p.138.

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underground archaeology that remain from the convict period are tangible State/Local Criteria A evidence of the management and living conditions of those 50,000 or so male convicts who passed through the place between 1819 and 1848. It is furthermore significant as a demonstration of the capacity of convicts to design National Criteria D and construct a gracious Georgian building almost entirely from raw materials State/Local Criteria A: found locally. The place is also representative of Governor Macquarie’s public State/Local Criteria G works program and the early development of the colony through the use of forced labour which was used to build the complex, the surrounding public spaces and roadways and adjacent buildings. The opening of Hyde Park Barracks may be seen to mark an historical shift in National Criteria D Sydney, from being an open penal colony to becoming a civil society where State/Local Criteria A convicts were segregated from the rest of the inhabitants. Hyde Park Barracks also State/Local Criteria G contributed to the development of the city by enabling convicts to work longer hours for the government, thus increasing their productivity while reducing crime and unruly behaviour. From the mid-1820s, Hyde Park Barracks was becoming the administrative hub for World Criteria IV: convict labour in New South Wales, first as a muster site from which thousands of Outstanding Example of a Type convicts were assigned to private individuals or to government work gangs. As a key site in the British system for the transportation of convicts, it is significant within National Criteria A the history of Aboriginal dispossession, since these convicts were at the vanguard of National Criteria D colonial settlements and often implicated in frontier violence and the taking of land. State/Local Criteria A Hyde Park Barracks has high historical significance for its subsequent history of State Criteria A occupation from 1848 to the present as a building complex accommodating government offices and bureaucratic and administrative functions, including women’s welfare services and NSW legal institutions. Hyde Park Barracks’ shift in gender orientation in 1848, from a place administering State Criteria A to tens of thousands of male convicts to accommodating tens of thousands of State Criteria F female immigrants and asylum inmates, is historically rare and possibly unique in Australia. Hyde Park Barracks is historically significant as a temporary home to some 40,000 National Criteria A immigrant women between 1848 and 1887, including 2253 orphaned girls fleeing State Criteria A famine-racked Ireland, thus providing material evidence of another major diaspora of populations around the globe. Between 1862 and 1886 Hyde Park Barracks also hosted an asylum for invalid and State Criteria A destitute women, which housed up to 300 frail women at a time, many of whom lived there for years, almost self-sufficiently and at little public cost. This women’s asylum is of significance as the State Government’s “first direct intervention into social welfare for the colony’s aged and infirm”.2 Hyde Park Barracks has high historic significance for accommodating many State Criteria A important NSW legal institutions throughout its history. A magistrate’s bench for State/Local Criteria F began meeting there to conduct trials of reoffending convicts as the Court of

2 Hughes 2004, “Hyde Park Asylum,” p. 3.

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General Sessions in 1830; the Metropolitan Court commenced there in 1858 and is still in operation elsewhere today as the District Court. Between 1886 and 1979 Hyde Park Barracks was a hub of judicial administration in NSW and home to numerous more legal entities such as the Equity Court, the NSW Industrial Court / Commission, Bankruptcy Court, the Coroner, Probate, the Land Appeal Court, the Master of Lunacy and many associated offices. Even after 1979 there was a continued legal presence on the site with the Parole Board, and later the Offenders Review Board being located there until 2001. It is historically significant as the location of a number of landmark legal cases that were heard in the perimeter buildings, including the basic living wage case in 1927, the dispute over the Archibald Prize- winning portrait by William Dobell in 1944 and the successful equal-pay case for New South Wales women in 1973. Hyde Park Barracks has moderate historical significance for accommodating a State Criteria A range of government and semi-government offices and organisations between State/Local Criteria E 1848 and 1979, such as the Government Printer, the Volunteer Rifle Corps and the State/Local Criteria F Vaccine Institution. The Colonial Architect’s office and its successors were located for many years just outside the eastern perimeter wall. The archaeological profile retained within the buildings and the courtyard grounds, and beyond, is often the best remaining evidence of these tenants. The debates around proposals to demolish the barracks between the 1920s and State Criteria A 1970s have been described as “the most notable preservation cause celebre of the interwar years in Sydney.”3 Since 1984 Hyde Park Barracks has been run as a public museum known for its innovative approaches to presenting Australian history. It has historical significance for its pioneering practices in heritage conservation, interpretation, archaeological practice and museum curatorship. The professional conservation works undertaken in central Sydney from 1980 to 1982—at Hyde Park Barracks and The Mint, at Parliament House and Sydney Hospital, and at the site of the first Government House—are a landmark in the history of Australian heritage for the conservation of what is possibly Australia’s most historic precinct. It can also be seen as an early culmination of Australians’ growing awareness of their history and appreciation for its expression in the environment. The historical archaeological work at Hyde Park Barracks in 1980 and 1981 is highly State Criteria A significant for the centrality of its role in this major program of early public State/Local Criteria E conservation works. It was the first time that heritage evaluation criteria were applied to archaeology4 and that members of the public were invited to participate as volunteers. It contributed to a public realisation that “heritage” could be more than buildings and that archaeology is another form of historical evidence that may embody cultural values. Aboriginal people certainly would have traversed or used this place as part of their State/Local Criteria A cultural landscape before colonisation. Hyde Park Barracks remains significant as an appropriated piece of Aboriginal land and as representative of the expansion of the Sydney colony at the expense of Aboriginal people. Hyde Park Barracks can be

3 Freestone, 1999 “Early historic preservation in Australia.’ 4 Thorp, 2016 “Historic period archaeology”

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seen as a place which illustrates the historical process of dispossession, and also continues to exist as a symbol of that dispossession to Aboriginal people. The values that Aboriginal people may ascribe to the site, symbolic or otherwise, also remain a poorly investigated aspect of the site’s history and significance. If the first half of the nineteenth century in New South Wales was defined by the State/Local Criteria G convict system, the next century may be seen as driven, in part, by the repudiation of that system. The adaptation of Hyde Park Barracks for use by numerous government institutions, including building alterations and regular proposals for its demolition, may be seen as part of a widespread cultural practice of repressing the convict phase of Australian history—and thus as a significant, continuing aspect of that history. It was not until a national shift occurred in the 1970s towards valuing Australian history and heritage that the State Government finally decided to keep, conserve, reconstruct and display Hyde Park Barracks. The history of its post- convict uses, alterations, demolition proposals and interpretative difficulties in engaging with Aboriginal history, may thus be seen to be an integral part of Hyde Park Barracks’ convict history and representative of Australians’ changing responses to their past.

Historic significance (associations) The Hyde Park Barracks complex is of exceptional significance for its associations with the life and works of many people of importance in New South Wales’ history. Hyde Park Barracks is strongly associated with the Governor of New South Wales National Criteria H between 1810 and 1821, Lachlan Macquarie, who commissioned the building in 1817. State/Local Criteria B It is an iconic element of his extensive works program, undertaken with convict labour and minimal resources. Hyde Park Barracks attests to his determination to develop infrastructure for the civil society he envisioned for New South Wales. It is also strongly associated with its convict architect Francis Greenway, as one of National Criteria H his best works. Although never at the cutting edge of architectural fashion, State/Local Criteria B Greenway is now considered one of the greatest names in Australian architecture. Hyde Park Barracks is also associated with later New South Wales governors and State/Local Criteria B politicians who were responsible for its public functioning and use, as well as the bureaucrats who administered these changes, and with the numerous people who lived or worked here, or had their legal matters settled here. These include subsequent governors of NSW during the convict period (Brisbane, Darling, Bourke, Gipps and FitzRoy), bureaucrats such as Charles Cowper, immigration depot administrators Eliza Capps and Lucy Applewhaite-Hicks, and judges, lawyers, industrial advocates, litigants, witnesses and others involved in the legal processes such as the artist William Dobell. In more recent years Hyde Park Barracks has significant associations with the Labor State/Local Criteria B Premier Neville Wran whose government decided in 1979 that the site should be conserved and adaptively reused as a museum, and with the pioneering heritage practitioners and museum curators who undertook its conservation.

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Social significance Hyde Park Barracks has high social significance for the descendants of convicts, National Criteria G female immigrants and asylum dwellers who inhabited the place during the first 70 State/Local Criteria D odd years of its history. This significance and heightened interest in personal links with the place is expressed in the “Irish Famine Memorial” and the current resources available on site allowing visitors to connect with their convict ancestry. Hyde Park Barracks contains fabric, including archaeology and artefacts, likely to State/Local Criteria D be important to members of the general community as a place for understanding Australia’s convict era or for imagining a great grandmother’s institutional confinement, to members of the heritage community for its association with the development of the conservation movement in Sydney and to members of the legal community and other occupants of the building for its associations with the past administration of justice, bureaucracy and the diverse array of other semi- government institutions historically located at the place. As a major historical site and museum in the central business district of Sydney the Hyde Park Barracks complex is a focal point of tourist and cultural activity in Sydney. Audience studies and user-surveys undertaken by the museum may offer further insights into this aspect of its social significance. The social significance of Hyde Park Barracks is also demonstrated by the many State/Local Criteria D depictions of it made throughout its history by artists and other interested parties such as Joseph Lycett, Louis Freycinet, Augustus Earle, Joseph Fowles, W.S. Jevons, Harold Cazneaux, Lionel Lindsay, William Hardy Wilson, Grace Cossington Smith, Adrian Feint and Morton Herman. Its social significance is also demonstrated by its numerous heritage listings, both community and statutory, culminating in its inclusion as one of 11 places in the World Heritage serial listing of Australian Convict Sites.

Scientific (including archaeological and research potential) significance The Hyde Park Barracks complex has exceptional significance for its archaeological National Criteria C and research potential. Already more than 120,000 artefacts have been excavated State/Local Criteria E from the site,5 of which up to 20 per cent is thought to be associated with the State/Local Criteria F convict era. There is great scope both for further study of the already excavated artefacts and for future excavations of relics likely to be rare and informative, for example, capable of revealing how individuals coped inside the penal system. The first substantial study of the “underfloor” collection concluded that it is a “globally significant testimony to the lives of [male] convicts, and women both immigrant and destitute . . . the largest, most comprehensive and best preserved archaeological assemblage derived from any 19th century institution in the world.”6 The assemblage is particularly significant due to the unusual degree of preservation of the organic materials, such as paper and textiles, which rarely survive in such

5 Starr 2015, “An archaeology of improvisation;” see also Wendy Thorp 2016 “Historical period archaeology” for an informative description and explanation of the archaeological work done on site to date. 6 Davies et al., 2013, An archaeology of institutional confinement, p. xiii.

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quantities in an archaeological context7. While this “underfloor” assemblage has been analysed to some extent, the “underground” assemblage has not. It retains its potential to offer historical insights into all phases of the history of the place. While the remaining original buildings at Hyde Park Barracks buildings have National Criteria C exceptional cultural significance, the archaeological evidence of demolished State/Local Criteria E convict-era buildings is also exceptionally significant. These building foundations, State/Local Criteria F especially on the southern and eastern boundaries, may preserve more original details than the extant buildings which have been subject to alterations over the years. Together the evidence preserved in the ground and above it offers the most complete scope for understanding the barracks complex. Hyde Park Barracks also has research potential as a focus for continuing debate National Criteria C about conservation methodologies, interpretation techniques, comparative social State/Local Criteria E studies and multi-disciplinary approaches to historical interpretation. State/Local Criteria F

7 Davis et al., 2013 An archaeology of institutional confinement p. 15, Crook 2008 p 27.

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5.3 Summary Statement of Significance

Hyde Park Barracks is of exceptional historical significance for its evidence of the early 19th century era of convict transportation—both as an aspect of the world history of forced migration and as part of the founding of the modern Australian nation on Aboriginal land. With more than 50,000 convicts passing through its gates, Hyde Park Barrracks was for many years the administrative hub of the penal system in NSW. The place is mentioned in just about every historical account of the founding of modern Australia.

Aboriginal dispossession is a strong theme which sits alongside, and cuts across most aspects of the historical significance of the place. Although there are no known Aboriginal relics associated with the place, it is important for the history of contact relations throughout New South Wales as the site from which thousands of male convicts (and later female servants) were assigned to outlying settlements.

Completed in 1819, Hyde Park Barracks is one of the finest designs by celebrated convict architect Francis Greenway, combining English classicism with the available vernacular building traditions to create a uniquely Australian architecture. The three-storey brick barracks building set in its walled quadrangle was an ambitious set-piece and a major statement of urban civility and decorum. Its handsomely proportioned façade is reflected in Greenway’s St James’ Church opposite. The two buildings combine with the public square as a landmark example of urban design in one of Australia’s most historic precincts.

The place was subsequently home to an estimated 40,000 immigrant women including orphaned girls from the Irish Famine. It is thus an important site in the history of Australian immigration and part of the history of a second diaspora of populations around the globe. Between 1862 and 1886 Hyde Park Barracks also hosted an asylum for invalid and destitute women, one of the Government’s earliest direct interventions into social welfare for the infirm.

For more than a century it was also home to many legal institutions, a focal point of judicial administration in NSW and the location of a number of landmark legal cases.

Since the 1980s Hyde Park Barracks has been an innovative site of building conservation, interpretation and archaeology that remains influential today. As a preservation cause celebre of the mid-20th century, the place is a landmark in the history of Australian heritage, illustrating a national paradigm shift towards valuing Australian history, including its convict past.

Hyde Park Barracks is strongly associated with Governor Macquarie, its convict architect Francis Greenway and later Governors, politicians and bureaucrats, as well as the many people who lived or worked, or had their legal matters settled here.

Hyde Park Barracks has significance for the descendants of convicts, female immigrants and Asylum dwellers who inhabited the place during the first phases of its history and to the legal community and other occupants. Wider community appreciation of its architectural, urban design, archaeological and historical meanings is evidenced by its numerous heritage listings and World Heritage status. The values that Aboriginal people ascribe to the site remain an under-investigated aspect of the place’s history.

The Hyde Park Barracks site has exceptional archaeological and research potential. It has already yielded more than 120,000 archaeological artefacts and the “underfloor” collection is considered to be an internationally significant archive of 19th century institutional life.

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5.4 Grades of Significance of the Principal Components of the Place

Relative degrees of cultural significance may lead to different conservation actions at the place (Burra Charter, Article 5.2). As such, the components of the place can be ranked in accordance with their relative significance as a tool to planning.

The publication Heritage Assessments 8 identifies the following grades of significance which are typically used:

Grade Justification Exceptional Rare or outstanding element directly contributing to an item’s significance. High High degree of original fabric. Demonstrates a key element of the item’s significance (including restored and/or reconstructed elements). Alterations do not detract from significance. Moderate Later features important to the appreciation of the place; Recent features critical to the appreciation of the place Altered or modified elements (including restored and/or reconstructed elements). Elements with little heritage value, but which contributes to the overall significance of the item. Little Alterations detract from significance. Difficult to interpret. Intrusive Damaging to the item’s heritage significance.

5.4.1 Grades of Significance for the Principal Components of Hyde Park Barracks The principal elements and features of Hyde Park Barracks have been grouped together and graded below in relation to their contribution to the place’s overall cultural significance.

Grading the Reconstructed Fabric of the Main Barracks Building Although it was greatly reworked and reconstructed in the 1970s, the exterior of the main barracks building is more than the sum of its parts and remains the architectural focus of the site.

The joinery and stonework may have been largely replaced, the brickwork repaired, the roofing replaced many times but in terms of its overall form, design and proportions, it is still Francis Greenway’s masterpiece and the building as a whole is of exceptional aesthetic significance.

However, the history of intervention (including the 1980s restoration and reconstruction work) to the main barracks building has resulted in the physical evidence being comprised of a complex and

8 Assessing Heritage Significance, 2000, p. 11.

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interlinked mix of original fabric with fabric dating from all historic phases up to date. Based on the date and the appropriateness of the fabric utilised in previous interventions, not all of the individual components of the building are considered to be of exceptional significance. For example, the original structure of the domed ventilation lantern and the surviving original shingles underneath the dome are ‘exceptional’ while the outer shingle covering of the dome and roof (dating from c2000) is of ‘moderate’ significance, as an accurate reconstruction in modern material. The replaced sandstone sills and string courses likewise are reconstructions assigned the ‘moderate’ level, while the reconstructed brick walling and tuck pointed arches contain a lot of original material and are therefore of ‘high’ significance.

Significance Diagrams Plans and elevations of the place have also been provided showing indicative grades of significance for the built elements and internal spaces. Refer to Figures 5.1 to 5.7 below.

Overall levels of significance for the built elements and internal spaces reflect their importance as a whole. The fabric survey, however, examines individual components of each building in detail and assigns appropriate levels of significance (‘exceptional’, ‘high’, ‘moderate’, ‘little’) to each, which may in some cases be different to the level of significance of the whole building. This detailed information (see Volume 3 of this report) should be referred to in the first instance in applying the conservation policies for the treatment of significant built fabric contained in Section 7: Conservation Policies.

Grading of Significance of Principal Elements and Features Generally, the grades of significance applied to the principal elements and features of Hyde Park Barracks relate to the historical phases of development, contribution to the overall cultural significance of the place and/or their rarity, as per the following:

Within the Study Area Within the Setting of the Place Exceptional  The name of the place: Hyde Park Barracks (in  Spatial and visual relationship between Hyde place since the early 1820s) Park Barracks, The Mint, Queen’s Square, Hyde  Surviving evidence of the bilateral symmetry Park and Macquarie Street expressed in the strong east-west axis and the  Spatial and visual relationship between the Main remnant north-south axis (see Figure 3.17). Barracks Building and St James’s Church  Spatial arrangement of the site as an enclosed  Archaeology of the original southern perimeter compound with the central, isolated Main buildings Barracks Building with other structures and  Archaeology of the convict era features and walls defining the north, south, east and west buildings located beyond the eastern perimeter perimeters of the compound (flogging yard, southern perimeter wall etc.)  Surviving components of the place generally (land not under management of Sydney Living related to Convictism (1817 to 1848) Museums)  Surviving original and early built fabric of the northern perimeter wall (c.1811, related to the original construction of the Rum Hospital/The

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Within the Study Area Within the Setting of the Place Mint)  Surviving evidence (below ground archaeology) of the former southern range and southwest pavilion  Surviving evidence of the Court of General (Petty) Sessions (1830-1848)  Overall form and detailing of the Main Barracks Building, the Gate Entries, Buildings A, B, C and ground floor level of Building F (although largely reconstructed)  Surviving original (1817-1819) built fabric and archaeology (above and below ground), including (though not limited to): o Remnant of original western perimeter wall o Western gate entries, o Eastern façade of Building H (remnant dome pavilion), o Buildings A, B & C o Stone plinth to the Main Barracks Building. o Original staircase within the Main Barracks Building o Original internal joinery, flooring, internal brick wall surfaces and ceilings  Tympanum, cartouche and clock  Examples of Greenway’s architectural vocabulary: o the gable turned into a classical pediment; o the temple front also used at St. James’s opposite; o the double stone string course employed as a capital to the brick pilasters; o Greenway’s intriguing and original use of shallow calotte domes.9

9 Low segmental dome, circular on plan, without a drum, so called from its resemblance to a clerical skull-cap. James Stevens Curl, A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, 2000.

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Within the Study Area Within the Setting of the Place High  Surviving northern semi-circular garden bed with landscaping in Forecourt area (dating from early 1870s)  Surviving elements related to the Immigration Depot and Asylum phases (generally 1848 to 1886)  Surviving elements related to the Legal and Government Administration phase (generally 1848 to 2001) Moderate  Reconstructed and restored fabric generally  Interpretation of the footprint of the south- based on authentic form and detailing and western pavilion. using appropriate material selection.  Mid to late 19th century cast iron entry gates within West perimeter wall  Irish Famine Memorial Little  Existing paving treatment to the Forecourt  Landscape treatment including trees, site  Existing treatment of the Courtyard (gravel) features, statue, signage and paving to the west and south of the site boundaries (fronting  Errors in reconstruction/restoration works Queen’s Square and Prince Albert Road) undertaken in 1970s to 1990s (e.g. sizes of panes to ground floor arched windows to Main Barracks Building) Intrusive  Circulation pathway through courtyard from  Alignment of Prince Alfred Road forecourt and Prince Alfred Road to the Land  Configuration of the southern perimeter wall Titles Office along the southern boundary  Registrar General’s Building located to the  Internal partitions in the ground and first floor southeast (although this building has heritage levels of the Main Barracks Building (later value in its own right) additions)  Land Titles Office located to the east (although  Later addition openings in east elevation of this building may have heritage value in its own Buildings A and B right).  Southern entry doors at ground level to Building  Large fig tree located directly to the east D obscuring views of the east elevation of Building H (remnant original corner dome pavilion) (although this tree may have heritage value in its own right).

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