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 ḤASAN B. ʿALI AL-QOMMI DAVID PINGREE , ABU NAṢR, astrologer of the late 10th century.

 ḤASAN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB WILFERD MADELUNG eldest surviving grandson of the Prophet Moḥammad through his daughter Fāṭema, and second Imam of the Šiʿa after his father ʿAli.

 ḤASAN B. MOHAMMAD NIŠĀBURI CROSS-REFERENCE See NIŠĀBURI, ḤASAN B. MOḤAMMAD.

 ḤASAN B. MUSĀ NOWBAḴTI CROSS-REFERENCE See NOWBAḴTI, ḤASAN B. MUSĀ.

 ḤASAN B. NUḤ B. YUSOF ISMAIL K. POONAWALA a Mostaʿli Ṭayyebi Ismaʿili savant and the author of Ketāb al-azhār, a chrestomathy of Ismaʿili literature (d. 1533).

 ḤASAN B.TIMURTAŠ B. ČUBĀN KUČAK CROSS-REFERENCE See CHOBANIDS.

 ḤASAN BAṢRI CHRISTOPHER MELCHERT , ABU SAʿID B. ABI’L-ḤASAN YASĀR, an important early Muslim preacher, theologian, jurist, Koran-reciter, and ascetic (642-728).

 ḤASAN BEG RUMLU SH. QUINN (b. 1530-31), author of Aḥsan al-tawāriḵ and a cavalryman (qurči) of the Rumlu Turkman tribe of qezelbāš during the reign of Shah Ṭahmāsb Ṣafawi.

 ḤASAN BOZORG B. ḤOSAYN CROSS-REFERENCE See JALAYERIDS.

 ḤASAN GĀNGU M. SHOKOOHY , ʿALĀ ʿ-AL-DIN ḤASAN BAHMANŠĀH (r. 1347-57), a Khorasani adventurer at the court of Delhi.

 ḤASAN QĀJĀR SĀRI AṢLĀN CROSS-REFERENCE See SĀRI ASÂLĀN.

 ḤASAN ṢABBĀḤ FARHAD DAFTARY prominent Ismaʿili dāʿi and founder of the medieval Nezāri Ismaʿili state (b. 1050s, d. 1124).

 ḤASAN ŠIRĀZI HAMID ALGAR , MIRZĀ MOḤAMMAD, often referred to as Mirzā-ye Širāzi, leading Shiʿite cleric chiefly renowned for the role he played in the celebrated Tobacco Boycott of 1892 (1814-1895).

 ḤASAN-ʿALI BEG BESṬĀMI ERNEST TUCKER one of Nāder Shah’s closest associates, who held the title moʿayyer al-mamālek or “chief assayer” and played an important advisory role throughout Nāder’s reign.

 ḤASAN-ʿALI MIRZĀ ŠOJĀʿ-AL-ṢALṬANA CROSS-REFERENCE See ŠOJĀʿ-AL-ṢALṬANA, ḤASAN-ʿALI MIRZĀ.

 ḤASAN-E ḠAZNAVI JULIE SCOTT MEISAMI , SAYYED EMĀM AŠRAF ḤASAN B. MOḤAMMAD ḤOSAYNI, poet chiefly associated with the court of the Ghaznavid ruler Bahrāmšāh (d. ca. 1161).

 ḤASANI, ABU’L-ʿABBĀS AḤMAD B. EBRĀHIM WILFERD MADELUNG Zaydi scholar from Āmol in Ṭabarestān, who flourished in the first half of the 3rd/9th century and taught three Caspian Zaydi imams.

 ḤASANLU TEPPE ROBERT H. DYSON, JR archeological site in West Province in northwest Persia, a short distance southwest of (former Reżāʾiya). OVERVIEW of the entry: i. The site. ii. The golden bowl.

 ḤASANLU TEPPE I. THE SITE ROBERT H. DYSON, JR The Qadar River rises to the west in the Zagros on the Assyrian frontier near the ancient Urartian city of Musasir. Its eastern end drains into marshes north of the modern town of Mahābād, which lies northwest of the ancient country of Mannai. This Article Has Images/Tables.

 ḤASANLU TEPPE II. THE GOLDEN BOWL ROBERT H. DYSON, JR The “gold bowl of Ḥasanlu” was found in the debris of Burned Building I West on the Citadel Mound at Ḥasanlu in 1958. It had fallen into room 9 in the southeastern corner of the building. This Article Has Images/Tables.

 ḤASANVAND PIERRE OBERLING a Lor tribe of the Piškuh region in Lorestān. In the 1870s it numbered some 2,500 families distributed among 16tiras.

 ḤĀŠEM, RAḤIM HABIB BORJIAN (1908,-1993), Tajik essayist, literary critic, and translator, who is considered to have been one of the founders of modern Tajik literature. This Article Has Images/Tables.

 HĀŠEMIDS CROSS-REFERENCE See ĀL-E HĀŠEM.

 HASHISH CROSS-REFERENCE See BANG.

 ḤASIBI, KĀẒEM BAGHER AGHELI AND EIR (1906-1990), political figure and university professor. When the oil industry was nationalized in 1951, Ḥasibi, as Deputy Minister of Finance, became a member of the delegation charged with the eviction of the former oil company. He accompanied Dr. Moṣaddeq to the U.N. Security Council. This Article Has Images/Tables.

 HAŠT BEHEŠT (1) CROSS-REFERENCE See ISFAHAN x. MONUMENTS.

 HAŠT BEHEŠT (2) MICHELE BERNARDINI (lit: “the Eight Heavens, the Eight paradises”), a cosmological concept used on several occasions as the title of literary works, or as the name of a particular architectural form in Persian, Turkish, and Indian contexts.

 HAŠTPAR MARCEL BAZIN city in the western part of Gilān Province, center of the šahrestān (sub-provincial district) of Ṭāleš (or Tāleš).  HAŠTPĀY ANTONIO PANAINO name of a game from the Sasanian era which has not been precisely identified.

 HAŠTRUD Z. SADROLASHRAFI a sub-province (šahrestān) in the south of Azerbaijan, situated between lat 36°45’ and 37°24’ N, long 46°25’ and 47°24’ E, some 134 km from and 101 km from Miāna Sub-province.

 HAŠTRUDI, MOḤSEN A. SHADI TAHVILDAR-ZADEH AND FARIBORZ MAJIDI Once back in Tehran, Mohsen Hastrudi was appointed assistant professor at the Faculty of Science of the Dānešsarā-ye ʿāli and became full professor in 1941. He was also appointed the Director of Tehran’s Department of Education, President of the University of Tabriz (1951), and the Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Tehran (1957). This Article Has Images/Tables.

 ḤĀTAMI, ʿALI JAMSHEED AKRAMI (b. Tehran, 1944; d. Tehran, 1996), Iranian scriptwriter and film director. For all his interest in dealing with the characters and incidents shaping the political and social history of the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, Ḥātami’s films are not particularly concerned with faithful representation and historical accuracy. He preferred a more creative interpretation. This Article Has Images/Tables.

 HATAMTU CROSS-REFERENCE See .

 HĀTEF, SAYYED AḤMAD EṢFAHĀNI ḎABIḤ-ALLĀH ṢAFĀ AND EIR (d. 1783), an influential poet of the 18th century.

 HĀTEFI, ʿABD-ALLĀH MICHELE BERNARDINI (d. Ḵargerd, 1521) Persian poet and nephew of ʿAbd-al-Rahmān Jāmi.

 ḤĀTEM ṬĀʾI MAHMOUD OMIDSALAR the epitome of generosity and munificence in Arabic and Persian anecdotal traditions.

 ḤĀTEM-NĀMA PEGAH SHAHBAZ a popular prose romance by an unknown author, consisting of the imaginary adventures of Ḥātem Ṭāʾi, the pre-Islamic Arab noble, renowned for his boundless generosity and graceful hospitality.

 HATRA RÜDIGER SCHMITT (Ḥaṭrā; Ar. Ḥażr), a strongly fortified city in Upper (today northern ), situated at lat 35°40′ N, long 42°45′ E in the midst of the desert steppe of the northern Jazīra.

 HAUG, MARTIN ALMUT HINTZE (1827-1876) Oriental scholar and one of the founders of . His contributions to Old and Middle Iranian studies remained influential well into the twentieth century. This Article Has Images/Tables.

 HAUMAVARGĀ RÜDIGER SCHMITT a term distinguishing one of the three groups of Sakā tribes, Sakā haumavargā, in some of the lists of the peoples in the Achaemenid royal inscriptions.

 HAURVATĀT CROSS-REFERENCE See HORDĀD; AMƎŠA SPƎNTA.

 ḤĀWI, AL- LUTZ RICHTER-BERNBURG (i.e., al-Ketāb al-ḥāwi fi’l-ṭebb “Comprehensive book on medicine”), the title of a major Arabic work on medicine in twenty-five volumes by Abu Bakr Moḥammad.

 HAWK CROSS-REFERENCE See BĀZ.

 HAWRAMAN CROSS-REFERENCE See AVROMAN.

 ḤAWZA-YE ʿELMIYA CROSS-REFERENCE See IRAQ xi. SHIʿITE SEMINARIES IN IRAQ.

 HAXAMĀNIŠ CROSS-REFERENCE See ACHAEMENES.

 ḤAYĀT-DĀWUDI PIERRE OBERLING a sedentary Lor tribe dwelling in the dehestān of Ḥayāt-dāwūd, stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Māhur-e Mīlāti mountains, northwest of Bušehr.

 HAYĀṬELA CROSS-REFERENCE See .

 HAYʾATHĀ-YE MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI CROSS-REFERENCE See JAMʿIYATHĀ-YE MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI.

 ḤAYĀTI, ABDÜLHAY TAHSIN YAZICI or ʿAbd-al-Ḥayy, 15th century poet who wrote a series of Turkish poems modeled on Neẓāmi’s Ḵamsa.