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Acid Mine Drainage in New Zealand Figure 3

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Acid Mine Drainage in New Zealand Figure 3 BY DAVE TRUMM, CRL ENERGY Ltd., CHRIStcHURCH, NEW ZEALAND Acid Mine Drainage in New Zealand Figure 3. AMD at the abandoned BlackBall mine near Greymouth. Flow rates vary between 30 and 100 L/s. Introduction problem in New Zealand over the last few relatively low, however, in recent years Acid mine drainage (AMD) associ- decades, and efforts to curb the pollution with low levels of water in hydroelectric ated with coal mining has been a difficult have begun. This article provides a brief lakes, coal has been increasingly used to problem to solve in much of the world. background on the extent and impor- meet growing energy requirements. Per- Although research and application of re- tance of coal mining in New Zealand and mitting for a new coal-fired power plant mediation systems has been ongoing for a short review of research and remedia- has recently begun for the West Coast on over 40 years in the eastern USA (Ziem- tion efforts which have aimed to solve the the South Island. Although coal use is kiewicz et al. 2003; Sengupta 1994), oth- AMD problem downunder. prominent in New Zealand, the majority er places in the world have not been so of the high quality coking coal is exported lucky. This can be for various reasons, in- Extent of Coal Mining in to steel mills in Japan. cluding: little money available for research New Zealand In New Zealand, coal is mined using and remediation, minimal or no regula- New Zealand agriculture, cement, tim- two basic extraction methods: surface min- tions for AMD discharge to river systems, ber, and general industrial processing all ing (open cast) and underground mining or possibly no recognition that it is even rely on coal to power their plants. Coal use (hydromining and bord and pillar meth- a problem. AMD has become a serious for electricity generation has always been ods). Most of the historic mining was un- ISSUE 1 • 2007 • RECLAMATION MATTERS 23 derground, while most of the current min- ing today is by open cast techniques. Most of the economic coal resources of New Zealand are restricted to the north- ern and western regions of both the North Island and the South Island. The seven coal regions of the country are: North- land, Waikato, Taranaki, Nelson, West Coast, Canterbury, Otago, and Southland (Figure 1). Large lignite resources occur in Central Otago and Eastern Southland, whereas sub-bituminous coal is located in the Waikato Coal Region, the Taranaki Coal Region, and in Western Southland. Bituminous coals are located primarily in the West Coast Region. Quality values for typical bituminous coal are: 13,000 Btu/ lb, 58 percent carbon, 7 percent moisture, 0.8 percent to 4 percent ash, and 0.2 per- cent to 1.6 percent sulfur. For sub-bitumi- nous coal, typical values are: 9,300 Btu/lb, 38 percent carbon, 23 percent moisture, 2 percent to 11 percent ash, and 0.1 percent to 3 percent sulfur (Barry et al. 1994). The Waikato Region in the North Is- land and the West Coast Region in the South Island are the biggest suppliers of coal and the majority of the high-quality bituminous coal comes from the Buller Coalfield in the West Coast Region (Fig- ure 1). Within the Buller Coalfield, the Denniston and Stockton areas have been the most extensively mined using both underground and open cast methods. The Stockton Plateau contains the location of the biggest coal mine in New Zealand (Stockton No. 2). The mines on this pla- teau are currently operated by Solid En- ergy New Zealand Limited (SENZ). Ap- proximately 40 million tons of coal was mined in New Zealand in 2005, with 60 Figure 2. Typical West Coast topography. percent being exported and the rest going to domestic uses for heating (10 percent), manufacturing and other industrial do- mestic uses (30 percent). ferences in depositional environments and minerals, whereas the Brunner Coal was diagenetic processes between these two enriched with pyrite from overlying ma- Occurrence of AMD formations result in a generally greater oc- rine sediments. Therefore, the absence of As would be expected, the majority currence of AMD from the Brunner Coal carbonate rocks and enrichment with py- of AMD coincides with the major coal- Measures. The Paparoa Coal Measures rite results in a greater occurrence of AMD producing region in New Zealand, the were deposited in a fluvial to lacustrine from the Brunner Coal Measures. West Coast of the South Island. Within environment, where rapid accumulation AMD from open cast mines hosted in this region, however, lithologic variation of sediments preserved co-deposited car- the Brunner Coal Measures typically has a and mining techniques influence the oc- bonate rocks, whereas the Brunner Coal higher aluminum to iron ratio than AMD currence and chemistry of AMD (Pope, Measures were deposited in an estuarine from underground mines (Pope, New- Newman and Craw 2006). environment, in which reworking of sedi- man and Craw 2006). The Al:Fe ratio Coal dominantly occurs on the West ments was unfavorable for the preservation is typically greater than two in open cast Coast within the Brunner Coal Measures of carbonate- bearing rocks (Pope, New- mines and less than four in underground (mostly to the north) and the Paparoa man and Craw 2006). Post deposition, the mines. It is hypothesized that the reaction Coal Measures (mostly to the south). Dif- Paparoa Coal was enriched with carbonate between H2SO4 (produced by pyrite 24 RECLAMATION MATTERS • ISSUE 1 • 2007 Figure 4. AMD at the abandoned Sullivan Mine north of Westport. Flow rate averages about 30 L/s and is considered a low-flow site. oxidation) and aluminum-bearing silicate AMD with very high flow rates, some- say, Kingsbury, and Pizey (2003), Hard- minerals in the coal measures – such as times coupled with rainfall events, in ing and Boothryd (2004), Hughes et al. clays and feldspars – proceed more rapidly locations with very limited space for re- (2004), Harding (2005), and Pope, New- and to a greater extent in open cast mines mediation (Figures 3, 4, 5, 6). The isola- man and Craw (2006). because coal measure sediments are more tion of mining sites, along with the low In contrast to assessment of AMD, very disturbed in mine pits compared to un- population on the West Coast, results little remediation has been accomplished derground mines. in an AMD legacy that is largely hidden in New Zealand. The majority of attempts from public view and does not impact on have consisted of small-scale pilot studies. Difference between AMD in New the clean-green image of New Zealand. It An early reference to AMD treatment is Zealand and Eastern USA is estimated, however, that approximately an active treatment system that was con- There are two major differences between 125 kilometers of streams are adversely af- structed at the Golden Cross Mine site the dominant AMD-producing region in fected by AMD (James 2003; Figure 7). to treat AMD with moderate pH levels the USA (Pennsylvania and West Virginia) (about 5) but high concentrations of iron and New Zealand, which affect the AMD: State of Assessment and Reme- and manganese (Goldstone and MacGil- topography and climate. The topography diation of AMD livray 2002). The treatment consisted of along the West Coast rises steeply from sea AMD in New Zealand has been stud- aeration followed by addition of calcium level to over 700 meters (2,300 feet), and is ied for many years. Most of these stud- oxide to raise the pH and promote re- mostly cloaked in thick, protected, native ies either focus on the geochemistry of moval of iron and manganese. A bioreac- rainforest (Figure 2). Mining sites are usu- AMD or the effects of the AMD on the tor was also constructed at the site, but re- ally situated in the higher reaches and are aquatic ecosystem, and the majority of sults to date show that the system was not often very remote. The dominant westerly the research is conducted by academics adequate for removal of manganese. Inter- winds off the Tasman Sea results in a high- from various universities in New Zealand. nal reports have been produced for SENZ rainfall climate with very low temperature A few non-governmental research orga- regarding installation and performance of seasonality. Rainfall on the Stockton Pla- nizations, such as CRL Energy Limited, an anoxic limestone drain (ALD) that was teau is, approximately, 7 meters (275 inch- also conduct AMD research. Some of the installed at the Bennydale Mine site, but es) per year. more significant publications on these no external publications on the success of This topography and climate results in subjects are Winterbourn (1998), Lind- this system are known. Periodic dosing ISSUE 1 • 2007 • RECLAMATION MATTERS 25 Why is there so Little AMD Reme- diation in New Zealand? There are several reasons. There is no remediation fund specifically for AMD. Therefore, any efforts toward remedia- tion are funded completely by the min- ing companies. Although New Zealand has a strong clean-green image overseas and has a strong green movement (the Green Party actually form part of the cur- rent government), regulations for AMD treatment and prevention are vague and Figure 7. Map of known streams impacted by AMD in the enforcement is lacking. West Coast Region. Environmental regulations are driven of low-flow, moderate pH AMD (pH 4) primarily by the Resource Management with calcium oxide has been reported at Act 1991 (RMA; New Zealand Govern- the Malvern Hills Coal Mine (Bell and ment, 1991) which does not specifically Seale, 2004). Small-scale trials of an ALD refer to AMD.
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