AINEMBABAZI FRANK 16/U/2999/PS 216008501 a Special Project

CONTRIBUTION OF KITAGATA HOT SPRING TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN SHEEMA DISTRICT

AINEMBABAZI FRANK 16/U/2999/PS 216008501

A Special Project Report Submitted to the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a Bachelors in Tourism of Makerere University

JULY 2019

DEDICATION “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world”

Nelson Mandela

I am also highly indebted to my respondents from Kitagata hot spring for voluntarily giving me useful information for this study.

I dedicate this piece of work to my beloved parents for the great work you have done towards my education.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to acknowledge with sincere gratitude my supervisor Dr. M. S. Mbogga for his great and parental guidance he has given me for the period I have been writing this special project report. He gave a great deal of his time to read and comment on the draft and the final work. The result of all this valuable feedback of information was that I made many corrections, alterations which I trust improved on my final work. You sacrificed time and offered positive criticisms for which I am very grateful. May the almighty God reward you richly.

I thank God for giving me courage, wisdom, time and energy to complete this research report.

Special gratitude to my brothers and sisters and who encouraged me to go beyond myself, brothers I treasure you.

I would also like to thank my friends and those who directly and indirectly rendered me their assistance. Great thank goes to my respondents who provided me with data that has enabled me to present this report. I also acknowledge my fellow course mates for their corporation and helpful efforts rendered to each other during discussion periods and throughout the entire course.

Lastly, I want to acknowledge my family for all their unconditioned love and support during the past three years. I cannot think of many that would come along so blindly and sacrifice so much without knowing what the journey would entail. May the Lord God reward you all.

TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION...... Error! Bookmark not defined. APPROVAL ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. DEDICATION...... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iv TABLE OF CONTENT ...... v LIST OF TABLES ...... vii LIST OF FIGURES ...... viii ACRONYMS ...... ix ABSTRACT ...... x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ...... 2 1.3 Objectives of the Study ...... 3 1.4 Research Questions ...... 3 This study addressed the following research question: ...... 3 1.5 Significance of the study ...... 3 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 5 2.1 Tourism in Uganda ...... 5 2.2 Local community participation in tourism ...... 5 2.3 The role tourism in community development ...... 7 2.4 History of geo thermal hot springs ...... 9 2.5 The Ugandans tourism resources ...... 11 CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS ...... 12 3.1 Study Area ...... 12 3.1.2 Relief and drainage of Kitagata community ...... 12 3.1.3 Population of Kitagata community ...... 12 3.1.3 Socio-Economic activities in Kitagata community ...... 12 3.2 Methods ...... 13 3.2.1 Data Collection ...... 13 3.2.2 Data Analysis and Presentation ...... 13 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS ...... 14 4.1 Contributions of Kitagata hot spring to the community ...... 14 4.1.1 The Importance of the hot springs to the Communities ...... 14

4.2.1 Other potentials that can be developed around Kitagata hot spring to increases benefits to the community and its people ...... 17 4.3 Challenges facing the local community of Kitagata community ...... 19 4.3.1 The Challenges faced by Communities around Kitagata hot springs ...... 20 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ...... 23 5.1 Discussion of results for objective one ...... 23 5.1.1 The Contributions of Kitagata hot spring to the community ...... 23 5.2 Value-addition of Kitagata hot spring in Increasing Benefits to the Community ...... 24 5.3 Challenges facing the local community of Kitagata community ...... 24 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 26 6.1 Conclusions ...... 26 6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 26 REFERENCES ...... 28 APPENDIX I: RESEARCH QUESTIONAIRE ...... 31 APPENDIX II: FLEID PHOTOS ...... 35

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: The Importance of the hot springs to the Communities ...... 14 Table 2: The Type of Business that have been Developed around Kitagata Hot spring ...... 15 Table 3: Some of the Common Commodities sold by these Businesses ...... 16 Table 4: Other potentials that can be developed around Kitagata hot spring to increases benefits to the community and its people ...... 17 Table 5: Some of the Activities carried out in the Hot spring by the Community ...... 18 Table 6: Challenges faced by communities around Kitagata hot springs ...... 20 Table 7: The Challenges faced by the Districts in the Development of KHS ...... 21

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The kings hot spring at kitagata hot spring ...... 35 Figure 2 :The kigatata daily market ...... 35 Figure 3 :people fetching hot water for drinking at the boiling point of the spring ...... 36 Figure 4 :The local people swimming in Kitagata hot spring ...... 36 Figure 5 :Some of the commodities sold in Kitagata dairy market around Kitagata hot spring ... 36

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ACRONYMS SPSS Statistical Package for Social Scientists

UNEP Uganda National Expanded Program on Immunization

UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization

UTA Uganda Tourism Association

UTB Uganda Tourism Board

ABSTRACT This study examined the contribution of Kitagata hot springs to community development in Sheema District, the study found out that Kitagata hot spring had a spiral benefit towards the communities around the hot spring. This was supported by 29% of respondents out of the total responses on all importance when multiple responses were used. It was also found out that agricultural tourism developed around the community was ranked high among all development made around the hot spring. Out of the 31 respondents who ranked agricultural tourism high, 54.8% were from Sheema district while only 3.2% from Mbarara district which means that people from Sheema benefited a lot from the agricultural tourism around Kitagata hot spring. It was found out that insecurity was the major challenge faced by the local communities around Kitagata hot spring. 47.9% who said insecurity, majority of the respondents who answered this were from Sheema district. Insecurity further affects females compared to males and this is shown by the findings which indicate that 64.7% of the respondents that answered this question were females. It was concluded that Kitagata hot spring has a spiral benefit which contributes to the community living around the hot spring. It was also concluded that the hot spring adds value through other potentials which are developed around Kitagata hot spring that increase benefits to the community and its people. This is mainly felt by most people from Sheema district have seen the value added to their communities through the development of agricultural tourism. It further concluded that insecurity proved to be the greatest challenge faced by the community living around Kitagata hot spring.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Geothermal resources such as hot springs have for a long time played a significant role in human societies worldwide (Cooper, 2010). Hot springs have also gained importance as tourist destinations in many countries (Tabbachi, 2008). For example, Pamukkale at Denizli in Turkey, Khir Ganga at Himachal Pradesh in India, Sochuan in China, Tuscany in Italy, Kyushu in Japan, Champagne pool in New Zealand, Blue Lagoon in Iceland, Niseko in Japan (Erfurt & Cooper, 2009). For the many years there have been increasingly rapid developments within the communities around different hot springs. For example, the Ischia hotel in Italy, Arlington hotel in the Central Avenue in United States of America, Green Brier Hotel at white Sulphur spring in America that were established as a result of hot spring tourism in the area (Tabbachi, 2008). Similarly, Hotel Gellert in Budapest, development of spas in Reykjavik in Iceland, establishment of a geothermal power plant near Lake Myvatn (Erfurt & Cooper, 2009).

In addition to being valuable tourist destinations, hot springs are also important in promoting/ improving livelihoods of the local communities around them, (Roselyne, 2014). For example, Lake Bogaria, Chemurekeu, Lake Magadi, Lake Turkana hot springs in Kenya. Different developments have taken place basing on the last years, looking at an example of Lake Bogoria hot spring where resorts and hotels have been put in place, that is Bogoria hotel and Lake Bogoria resort in Bogoria community, Kibarnet town in Bogoria District. The flower drying machine at Eburu community, generation of geothermal electricity from Lake Bogoria hot springs, the sugar plate at Nyanza using the electricity from the hot springs. In addition, also other developments have taken place. For example, green house at Oserian Development Company in Naivasha, hot swimming pools at Bogoria hotel (Lagat, 2011).

Similarly, the Ken Gen power station has been established at Naivasha, and also the traditional systems at Eburu community where the local community taps steam and condenses it for domestic use, (Tabbachi, 2008). Other hotels in Kenya that have been established as a result of hot springs include AfyaBora hotel meaning “good heath”, Tulia meaning “relax” and Maishameaning “life” being established between 1997 and 2008 (Roselyne, 2014). Over 143

1 million clients in 2009 visited Kenya’s hot springs and over 330,000 local people were employed in hot spring related facilities like hot swimming pools, hotels, resorts and in guiding services in 2010 (copper,2010). However, there has been a growing challenge in promoting hot spring tourism; Competition with other businesses offering beach massage, poor hygiene in the same facilities / hot spring sites, marketing challenges that are not fully dominating as compared to other tourism resources in the country (Lagat, 2010). The most age group of people visiting most of Kenya’s hot springs is between 35 and 55 years, most of them being the couples and families (Roselyne, 2014).

Uganda has hot spring in Kasese and Sheema among other districts looking at an example of, Kibinge hot springs in Base Camp Zone of Kyanjoki Ward in Central Division of Kasese District that developed in association with volcanic activities through the geothermal activities beneath the earth’s surface(Bryan,2011), as a result the rain water collects into the created depressions, as the hot rocks keep boiling the water due to high temperatures from the underground rocks, hence forming a hot spring. These hot springs also contribute to community development through, employment, infrastructure, foreign exchange currency (Tabbachi.2008).

This study investigated the potential / contribution of Kitagata hot spring to development of local communities in Sheema District. For example, due to the presence of the Kitagata hot springs in Sheema District, the communication networks have been eased like road lines which ease business transactions and the general development of the area. With the multitude of tourists from all over the world, new ideas keep flowing in to the area, businesses are supported and boosted, roads are constructed and basic social services extended to the locals. For instance, the Kitagata hospital is being reequipped to sustain the growing numbers of the locals.

1.2 Problem Statement

Kitagata hot spring has in the past years been mainly used by the local community for traditional practices. However, Kitagata hot spring is primarily known for bathing purposes and water drinking by the local communities around it. And this does not portray its full tourism potential and its contributions to community development, and hence is not yet fully exploited by these communities for them to benefit more from its uniqueness and other potentials around it. Despite its location near the main road that is the Ishaka- Ntugamo road, the natural resource still

2 receives a few visitors / tourists coming for health tourism. Kitagata hot spring receives over 9000 tourists every month, most of them being the local people, as compared to Sempaya hot spring that receives approximately between 10000 and 12000tourists. Therefore, the intention of this research was to establish how Kitagata hot spring can be more beneficial to the local communities around it.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The overall objective of this study was to assess the contributions of Kitagata hot springs to community development of the communities around Kitagata hot springs in Sheema District. The study was guided by the following specific objectives; i. To assess the contributions of Kitagata hot springs to community development. ii. To identify ways in which the hot spring can be added more value to benefit more in community development. iii. To identify challenges facing the local communities around the Kitagata hot springs.

1.4 Research Questions

This study addressed the following research questions:

i. What are the contributions of Kitagata hot springs to community development? ii. What are other potentials that can be developed to benefit the community? iii. What are the likely challenges faced by communities around Kitagata hot springs?

1.5 Significance of the study

First and foremost the study will be important in providing baseline information on how visitors to Kitagata hot springs contribute to community development for proper planning and decision making in the area. It will help bring out the challenges experienced at the site by the community and possible remedies that can be applied to the similar sites in the country and beyond to promote proper community tourism development. Information about the contributions of hot springs to community development basing on customs, culture and traditions attached to them regarding to the use of the hot spring may be important in stimulating local community participating in tourism which may enhance their benefits from tourism.

The research findings will also benefit the local government in a way that they are informed of the values of hot springs there by facilitating the improvement and construction of other tourism facilities in the area that can facilitate community tourism development.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Tourism in Uganda

Uganda received 1.1 million international tourists in 2014 and is ranked top in as far as tourism industry growth in Africa is concerned, (UTB report,2014) Uganda’s tourism sector grew by 25% while that of South Africa and Tanzania realized growth rates of 21% and 13.4% respectively making it the top tourist destination in Africa. Uganda was awarded number one in the world (Tabbachi, 2008). Africa continued to enjoy sustained growth, attracting 6% more international tourist arrivals in 2015, corresponding to an increase of 3 million tourists. The region reached a total of 56 million tourists (5% of the world tourist arrivals) last year after surpassing the 50 million mark in 2014. In accordance to the tourism review of 2016, Uganda’s tourism sector grew 25% compared to that of South Africa and Tanzania that grew 21% and 13.4% respectively. Tourism has become one of the largest and fastest growing industries and is a social phenomenon of major importance (cooper, 2010). Trends in increases in leisure and recreation activities, and greatly enhanced mobility and access to different types of transportation services have enabled more tourism in people’s lives. With tourism’s expansion has come a realization that it can bring various benefits to the local communities, kingdoms, cultural sites, government where it is developed, (Kiggundu, 2018).

2.2 Local community participation in tourism

There are many tourism development studies that advocate increased community involvement and participatory planning, seeking to widen inclusion in tourism decision-making, (Roselyne,2014). Tabbachi, (2008) argues that structural inequalities within communities are influent local decision-making and that are trying to redress low and exclusive levels of involvement in tourism decision-making requires more radical intervention.

The issue of community participation is complex and culturally specific norms and societal values need to be taken into account (Kiggundu, 2018). Only by gaining the perspectives of actors based within specific geographical case study areas can these issues be explored. It has been identified in a number of tourism studies with hot springs inclusive that the existence of power elites and connections to the most powerful can affect the ability of local people to influence tourism decision-making. Observations of the relevance of wider structural inequalities

5 in their observation that 'having the least control can translate into having the least involvement, (Didaskalou ,2004).

In relation to tourism development, local community tends to fall significantly short of empowerment. Indeed, often the purpose of tourism consultations is actually to persuade residents of the benefits of tourism rather than to empower them to make their own decisions (Roseyne, 2014). Cooper (2010) identified the concept of social representations as a means to understand how different community groups think about tourism development with their areas, and they suggested that the results of such analysis can then be taken into account in the tourism planning process. But the frameworks proposed by researchers to understand the differing views about tourism within the community tend to be focused more on the process rather than on the outcome of community empowerment (Honey, 2008).

Local community grassroots and empowerment is widely regarded as a fundamental of sustainability in tourism resource management (Isingoma, 2006). As people become more empowered in decision-making processes, and as they become more involved in the entrepreneurial side of development, then their level of stewardship may increase: that is, stewardship of the environment, local culture, and the destination community in general (Erfurt, 2009). This places the responsibility for upholding the principles of sustainability squarely in the hands of destination residents and other local stakeholders. The values, ideologies, and discourses of community development inevitably relate to ideas about local benefits, and these need to be reflected in planning for sustainable tourism (fennel, 2013).

Local communities are regarded as important asset in tourism development as it is within their premises that these activities take place, (Poudel, 2014). Local communities are also regarded as legitimate and moral stakeholders in tourism development, (cooper, 2010). Tabbachi (2008) divides stakeholders into two categories: the first are the stakeholders who affect decisions and the second category are those stakeholders who are affected by decisions.

The degree of involvement of local communities in various decision making and policy issues is determined by the extent to which they affect or are affected by these decisions and policies, (Tabbachi ,2008). In the same token, cooper (2011) noted that local tourism development requires people who are affected by tourism to be involved in both the planning process and the

6 implementation of policies and action plans. This ensures that development meet the perceived needs of the local community (Poudel, 2014).

2.3 The role tourism in community development

Tourism is increasingly seen as a key community tool, with the recognition of its economic contribution in bolstering stagnating economies and its ability to unify local community residents (UNWTO, 2013). At community levels, tourism offered opportunities for direct, indirect, and induced employment and income, spurring regional and local economic development (Agresti, 2009). According to Erfurt & cooper (2009) tourism development is an ongoing process. It is no economic panacea, and is best suited as a supplement to a local community for achieving development (cooper, 2010)

Tabbachi (2008) suggest that tourism plays a role in facilitating community development through business mentoring and educational opportunities that contribute to local communities in increasing skill and knowledge in local communities and local residents as well as improving the community’s economic level, (Honey,2008). The process of tourism development is important as an important tool in community development. Hence many local communities have turned to tourism development to provide economic, social, cultural and overall development of the community, (Lagat, 2010).

Altman, (2010) suggested that tourism is increasingly being viewed as an important component community development. However, while there is appreciation of tourism as a development tool, there is little understanding of tourism development in the literature. In recent years as local communities have realized the developmental promise of tourism, there has been also a growth in research on tourism and its contribution to community development (Fennel, 2013).

Tourism has many potential benefits for rural areas (Fennel, 2013). Tourism can be an important source of job for non-metro communities especially for those that are economically under developed. Because jobs in the tourism industry often do not require advanced training, local residents with few skills can readily work as food servers, retail clerks and hospitality workers. According to (Newsome et al., 2013), tourism not only also offer business opportunities to local residents but it can serve as a vehicle for marketing a place to potential residents and firms, as

7 today’s tourists may return later to retire or start a business locally. Tabbachi (2008), emphasized that tourism can also enhance local quality of life for example tourism conserve as an important source of tax revenues to local jurisdictions some rural areas may be more willing to levy higher taxes on tourists because they are transitory and hence may be perceived by local authorities as being more captive to user fees and forms of taxation. These can lead to higher quality public services and lower local tax rates, (cooper, 2010).

Benefits deriving from tourism development must be balanced against potential negative effects (Burford et al., 2013). Jobs in the travel and tour industry are frequently low paying and seasonal and often offer limited benefits. In some cases, particularly where tourism strategies are in effected, local particularly where tourism strategies are in effected, local residents may have to pay for tourism marketing and infrastructure through higher taxes (Honey, 2008) Tourism can also increase demand for land in rural areas which may inflate real estate prices, potentially putting the cost of housing beyond the reach of the average local residents (Budruk 2014). This is the case for some amenity-rich tourism destinations particularly in the west experiencing growth in recent years stemming from recreation-based activities (Wasswa, 2013)

According to (Cooper, 2010), to achieve sustainable tourism development local communities need to participate in decision- making process. Local communities can take part in identifying and promoting tourist resources and attractions that form the basis of community tourism development. To achieve long lasting outcome, communities need to be active participants rather than passive observers. Fennel (2013) noted that more direct local involvement in decision- making, for example, may enable residents to request a specific portion of tax benefits from tourism to be allocated to community development and the protection of the tourism resource base.

This is consistent with cooper (2010) who maintains that the main purpose of community participation is to involve people in the design and the decision-making processes. It is further argued that community participation in decision making increases people’s trust and confidence with the tourism industry. It also provides the local community with a voice in design and decision-making in order to improve plans, service delivery, and finally, promotes a sense of community by bringing together people who share common goals (Krugar, 2005).

The role of local communities in tourism development in the context of policy and decision- making depends on the type and level of participatory approach within a tourist destination. According to Krugar, (20005) there are different levels of participation ranging from simple sharing of information to a full transfer of power and responsibilities. The power of the local communities to influence decision making as well as policy making will therefore dependent level of participatory approach being in operation in a particular destination. For example, in most developing countries, the decision and policy making process is typically top-down (Kiggundu, 2018).

2.4 History of geo thermal hot springs

Hot spring, also called thermal spring, is spring with water at temperatures substantially higher than the air temperature of the surrounding region (Poudel, 2014). Most hot springs discharge groundwater that is heated by shallow intrusions of magma (molten rock) in volcanic areas. Some thermal springs, however, are not related to volcanic activity. In such cases, the water is heated by convective circulation: groundwater percolating downward reaches depths of a kilo meter or more where the temperature of rocks is high because of the normal temperature gradient of the earth’s crust about 30°C (54°F) per kilometer in the first 10 km (six miles) (The Royal Institute, 2001). There are few more enjoyable experiences on a chilly winter night in the mountains of western part of Thailand than a dip in a natural hot spring.

The history of geothermal spas and hot springs use has worldwide origins which date back to the earliest civilizations, (Lagat ,2010). Individual regions and people developed and used their geothermal bathing facilities in a range of ways suitable to their individual needs (Altman, 2010). Countries like japan, new Zealand, France, Spain Portugal, Greece, Tunisia, Italy, Germany and Iceland have a significant and long standing reputation for health and wellness treatments such as balneology and hydrotherapy (thermalism) based on the use of geothermal water sourced from hot springs, (Bryan, 2011). In every country that has been investigated natural hot springs have historically been attributed with therapeutically benefits due to their individual mineral compositions.

According to Woodroffe(2015), most countries show similarities in the traditional and contemporary use of hot springs although the first human contact with geothermal resources

9 cannot absolutely be documented due to lack reliable written records but it is assumed back to the earliest human settlement. The maximum historical time frame backed up by acceptable records reaches back to approximately 3000BC. Even this proves to be challenging because of conflicting dates and the absence of consistent and dependable data.

Tracking back the use of hot springs to pre prehistory is largely dominated by speculation and guest work. In many countries indirect proof of the use of geothermal resources by ancient people is suggested by the location of the sites in areas with geothermal manifestation. It can be therefore argued within reason that native peoples used natural hot springs and their geothermal by products (Erfurt, 2011).

However, anything beyond written records and reliable oral transmission is only supported by logical preference of human to settle near natural hot springs for their various benefits. Wasswa (2013), noticed that lack of concrete evidence in some cases it can safely be assumed that wherever people come across natural warm water they would have made use of it either for cooking, bathing or for healing. Extensive research of hydro geological data from Pakistan for example has led to the conclusion that the presence of clusters of thermal springs in the Indus valley should be taken into serious consideration when analyzing the history of the Indus valley civilizations such as MohenjoDaro and Harappa (Cooper, 2010). By applying a more global view it therefore becomes obvious that the origins of the hot spring use do not lead straight to Europe and Romans at all as is commonly believed.

The role of natural and mineral springs in tourism has been studied in academic tourism research, despite the fact that particularly health resorts spa tourism is of growing significance in word tourism industry today, (cooper, 2010). Other tourism sectors such as geo tourism have incorporated the use of geothermal springs and visits to associated attractions which are rapidly becoming an important contextual base for the development (Downing and Newsome, 2006). Countries such as USA, Iceland, and Japan have along outstanding for spectacular geothermal activity combined with health resort and spa facilities based on natural hot and mineral springs (Tabbachi,2008). Other areas currently investigating the development of health, wellness and recreational tourism including hot springs are Philippines, Malaysia, Brazil and Peru.

Hot spring tourism therefore caters for the demand by visitors who rely on the beneficial mineral content of natural hot springs for the purpose of improving their health, but also for tourists with an interest in the visual effects of geothermal phenomena such as extreme hot springs (e.g. geysers and sinter terraces) (Erfurt, 2011). Hot spring tourism is an important subsector of nature-based tourism, but also includes links to the historical and the cultural heritage related use of natural hot and mineral springs, (Didaskalou, 2004). Natural hot springs with or without spa and resort facilities are often located in close proximity to volcanic activity, and hot spring tourists frequently take the opportunity to explore the unique geological heritage in the vicinity of their destination. The increase of hot spring tourist numbers is partly caused by the growing ease of access to remote destinations and the affordability for budget travelers, and is partly due to a growing interest in the natural environment (Cooper, 2010). The main elements of hot spring tourism are spa tourism, recreational activities, (Erfurt, 2011).

2.5 The Ugandans tourism resources

Uganda is one of the country with many different tourism resources in Africa, these include both natural and artificial resources, however, these resources are not fully developed to boost the country’s economy, (Isngoma,2006). Wasswa (2013) explains how tourism is fickle industry often dependent on the whims of travelers and political and economic circumstances in foreign lands. A case in point reflects the seasonality of tourism industry thus the need to focus on developing more resources that attract both foreign and domestic tourists, (krugar,2005). Hot spring tourism in Uganda as one of the tourism resource has been under estimated and not fully developed compared to developed countries like Japan(Cooper,2010). Tourism is a homogenous in such a way that it is composed of many components such as transport, attractions and accommodation. therefore, the hot spring as a tourism resource should be developed to function as transport, attraction and accommodation sites bearing in mind that accommodation, this explain the need to diversify the tourism sector inorder to boost the development of communities were these resources are located, (Isingoma,2006).

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Study Area

The study was conducted in Kitagata hot springs located in Western Uganda, Bushenyi-Sheema District, approximately 16 kilometers from Ishaka town and 0.8 kilometers from Kitagata trading, center and about 350 kilometers west of Kampala town the capital city of Uganda. Kitagata hot springs are famously known for their curative waters. The coordinates of Kitagata Hot Springs are 0°40'42.0"S, 30°09'38.0"E (Latitude: 0.678346; Longitude: 30.160556). The hot springs are surrounded by swamps and two rivers pass through the hot springs that is river Ngaromwenda and river Birira that help in maintaining the temperatures of the water at a favorable temperature for people to bathe in the springs, and located in Rwabanjari valley.

3.1.2 Relief and drainage of Kitagata community Kitagata Sub-County stands at an altitude between 2244 feet and 3660 feet (about 910mm- 250mm) above the sea level. It consists of mountains, hills, valleys for example, Rwabanjali Valley that are interrupted by a series of valleys which are of low-lying terrain encircled by the downward-like landscape. The water sources of the streams, rivers, water swamps and a few springs. The main famous river being Ngaromwenda near Kitagata hot springs, the kind of drainage that supports both agricultural activities in the area and also human activities.

3.1.3 Population of Kitagata community Bushenyi district has a population of approximately 883,000 and with a population growth of 4.4% of this population. Kitagata Sub-County has a population of approximately 99,567, men accounting about 66,088 and women 89,567 basing on the 2014 population census, with the main ethnic groups being the Banyankole, Bahororo, Banyarwanda and Bafumbira but having an insignificant population of the total population of the area (Uganda Housing and Population Census, 2014).

3.1.3 Socio-Economic activities in Kitagata community According to Isingoma (2006) carried out research and discovered that apart from small accommodation facilities, Kitagata people also engage in the growing of matooke, coffee and sugarcane. Also, Mugasha (2014), identifies the growth of food and cash crops, livestock industry as well as established economic activities in the area. The main food crops being

12 bananas, beans, finger millet, sweet potatoes, maize, cassava, cash crops like coffee, pineapples and passion fruits and also stone querying on the slopes of some hills as part of the community earning sources. However, trade in hotel business is also growing at moderate rate due to the increasing numbers of tourists visiting Kitagata hot springs.

3.2 Methods

3.2.1 Data Collection Questionnaires were taken to the field by the researcher in relation to the study objectives which were administered to solicit information, they were administered to 60 respondents surrounding Kitagata hot springs and they were read and interpreted by the researcher in the felid, as the researcher would also fill in the answers basing on the respondents’ views, then they were taken for analysis. The questionnaires helped to capture socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and their knowledge on the contribution of Kitagata hot springs to community development. The researcher used a simple random sampling technique to sample for the respondents and this was because of its ease of use and accuracy of representation. Under this technique, 60 respondents surrounding Kitagata hot springs were selected to represent the whole study because it removed bias from the selection procedure and it showed results in representative the sample.

3.2.2 Data Analysis and Presentation After collecting data from the field, it was arranged and put in order, adding tables, figures and other statistical requirements were necessitated in trying to answer the objectives. Data was edited, coded for completeness and processed using computer software called the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) that was used to analyze quantitative data. This was chosen because it was able to compute all the statistical quantities that were required for the interpretation of the data that was collected from the field by the researcher. Quantitative method was instrumental for analyzing background variables. Through the quantitative method, the study findings were analyzed and presented in percentages and graphs.

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS

4.1 Contributions of Kitagata hot spring to the community

Objective one of this study was to assess the contributions of Kitagata hot springs to community development. The contribution of Kitagata hot spring to the community were measured by its importance to the community, the type of businesses developed around the hot spring, the common commodities sold by the businesses around the hot spring and the diseases healed by the magic waters of the hot spring. The details description of the contribution of Kitagata hot spring to the communities around is as elaborated below.

4.1.1 The Importance of the hot springs to the Communities

Table 1: The Importance of the hot springs to the Communities

Importances Percentage

Healing place 52.0

Source of employment 16.3

Provide safe water 2.0

Provide market 24.5

Research and education 1.0

Spiritual benefits 4.1 total 100

From the findings 24.5% of the respondents noted that Kitagata hot spring has created market for agricultural products,2.0% noted that Kitagata hot spring is a source of safe drinking water,16.3% of the respondents noted that the hot spring had created employment opportunity to the local community,1.0% the local people noted that the hot spring is also used as a research and an educational site for both universities and secondary schools from different districts and

14 neighbouring countries and majority which was 52% noted that Kitagata hot spring is healing centre of different diseases . This indicates that most of the local people use the hot spring as a healing place.

It was further revealed by the results. Out of the respondents from all districts who said that it was used as a healing place, majority of the them 58.3% were from Sheema district, least 5.6% were from Mbarara, none were from Kabale. Out of 20 sub-counties, majority 60% were from Kitagatta while least 15% were from Kashenyi. Out of the all respondents of different gender, 61.1% were female while 38.9% were male. Out these respondents from different age categories, majority 60% were of 32-45years while least were 18-25yrs and 26-34yrs with an equal representation of 20% and 20% respectively. Out of total respondents of different occupation that answered this, majority 70% were farmers while least of the respondents, 12% were students. 4.1.2 The Type of Business that have been Developed around Kitagata Hot spring Table 2: The Type of Business that have been Developed around Kitagata Hot spring

Category Hotel / Retail shops Transport Agricultural lodges business

Sheema 27% 23% 15% 40%

Mitoma 33% 37% 25% 30% Mbarara 25% 15% 10% 10%

Bushenyi 15% 15% 40% 15% Districts Kabale 0 0 0 5% Total 29 30 31 22

Kashaka 44% 18% 34% 33% - Kitagata 26% 52% 56% 57%

Sub Kashenyi 20% 15% 10% 0 county Rusherere 10% 5% 0 10% Total 23 24 19 7

Male 41% 27% 37% 47%

nd er Ge Female 59% 73% 63% 53% Total 29 30 31 22

18 – 25yrs 32% 15% 24% 8% 26 – 34yrs 48% 25% 46% 42% Age 35 – 42yrs 20% 60% 60% 50% Total 22 22 26 14 Student 12% 14% 24% 15%

Trader 48% 26% 46% 30% pation Occu Farmer 40% 60% 40% 45% Total 27 29 30 22

From table 2, it was found out that the most common type of business developed around Kitagatta hot spring was retail shops. Out of 30 respondents from different district who said retail shops, majority 37% were from Mitoma district least of the respondents 23% were from Mbarara and Bushenyi as none were from Kabale district. Out of 24 respondents from different sub-counties, majority of the respondents 52% were from Kitagata while least of the respondents 5% were from Rusherere sub-county. Out of 30 respondents of different gender, majority 73% were female while 27% were male. Out of 22 respondents of different age category, majority 60% were 35-42yrs while least 15% were of 18-25yrs. Out of 29 respondents of different occupations, majority of them 60% were farmers while least of the respondents 14% were students. 4.1.3 Some of the Common Commodities sold by these Businesses Table 3: Some of the Common Commodities sold by these Businesses

Category Food Beverages Clothes House Transport Crafts crops materials

Sheema 35% 38% 100% 100% 50% 100%

Mitoma 20% 32% 0 0 50% 0 Mbarara 14% 8% 0 0 0 0

Bushenyi 16% 12% 0 0 0 0 Districts Kabale 10% 0 0 0 0 0 Total 56 13 8 2 4 1

Kashaka 20% 20% 50% 50% 0 0

Kitagata 44% 40% 50% 50% 50% 50%

Kashenyi 16% 15% 0 0 0 0 county - Rusherere 10% 15% 0 0 0 0

Kashembeya 6% 0 0 0 0 0 Sub Nyabwino 4% 0 0 0 50% 50% Total 36 10 8 2 2 2

Male 33% 71% 0 50% 0 100%

nd er Ge Female 67% 29% 100% 50% 100% 0 Total 56 13 8 2 4 1

18 – 25yrs 25% 33% 0 0 30% 0 26 – 34yrs 40% 27% 50% 0 0 0 Age 35 – 42yrs 35% 40% 50% 100% 70% 100% Total 41 9 2 1 4 1 Student 21% 30% 10% 0 20% 0

Trader 39% 35% 50% 100% 20% 100% pation Occu Farmer 40% 35% 40% 0 60% 0 Total 54 12 8 2 4 1

It was revealed by the results in Table 3 that the most common commodities sold by the business around Kitagatta is food crops. Out of the 56 respondents from the district who said food crops, majority of them 35% were from Sheema while least of them 10% were from Kabale. Out of 36 respondents who said food crops, majority of them 44% were from Kitagatta while least of them 4% were from Nyabwino sub-county. Out of 56 respondents of different gender who said food crops, majority of them 67% were female while least of them 33% were male. Out of 41 respondents who said food crops, majority of them 40% of them were between 26-34yrs while least of them 25% were between 18-25yrs. Out of 54 respondents who said food crops, majority 40% were farmers while least 21% were students.

4.2 Value-addition of Kitagata hot spring in Increasing Benefits to the Community

Value addition of Kitagata hot spring was measured by the activities carried out in the hot spring by the community, how have these activities benefited the local community/ visitors, other potentials that can be developed around Kitagata hot spring to increases benefits to the community and its people.

4.2.1 Other potentials that can be developed around Kitagata hot spring to increases benefits to the community and its people

Table 4: Other potentials that can be developed around Kitagata hot spring to increases benefits to the community and its people

Responses Percentage Accommodation 20.4 Transport 23.3 community tourism 21.4 agricultural tourism 30.1 trade 2.9 geothermal energy 1.0 cultural tourism 1.0 total 100

From table 3, it was revealed by the results that the major potential developed around Kitagatta hot spring was agriculture tourism with 30.1%, and other respondents said transport which followed agriculture with 23.3%, community tourism with 21.4%, accommodation with 20.4%, trade with 2.9% and 1% shared by culture tourism and geothermal energy according to the respondents. Out of the 57 respondents of different districts who supported agriculture, majority 55% were from Sheema, while least of the respondents 20% were from Bushenyi. Out of the 19 respondents from different sub-counties who supported agriculture as a major potential, majority were from Kitagatta (44%) and Masheruka (44%) while least of the respondents 4% were from Nyabwino. Out of the 21 respondents of different gender who said agriculture, majority 35% were females while a few 15% were males. 4.2.1 Some of the Activities carried out in the Hot spring by the Community Table 5: Some of the Activities carried out in the Hot spring by the Community

Category Bathing Water Prayers Recreation Trading drinking activities

Sheema 50% 38% 35% 100% 100%

Mitoma 20% 10% 15% 0 0 Mbarara 15% 13% 15% 0 0

Bushenyi 10% 27% 25% 0 0 Districts Kabale 5% 12% 0 0 0 Total 28 59 11 1 2 Kashaka 26% 26% 0 0 0

Kitagata 32% 34% 60% 100% 100%

Kashenyi 12% 4% 25% 0 0

Rusherere 10% 6% 15% 0 0 county - Kashembeya 5% 5% 0 0 0

Nyabwino 0 5% 0 0 0 Sub Ishaka 5% 2% 0 0 0 Masheruka 10 8% 0 0 0 Total 25 43 9 1 2

Male 43% 37% 45% 100% 0

nd er Ge Female 57% 63% 55% 0 100% Total 28 61 11 1 2

18 – 25yrs 12% 26% 22% 0 0 26 – 34yrs 28% 34% 38% 0 0 Age 35 – 42yrs 60% 40% 40% 0 100% Total 23 42 7 0 2 Student 10% 35% 15% 0 0

Trader 24% 15% 20% 0 50% pation Occu Farmer 66% 50% 65% 0 50% Total 27 57 11 0 2

It was revealed by the results in Table 4 that the most important activity carried out in the hot spring by the community was fetching water for drinking. Out of 59 respondents who said water for drinking, majority of them 38% were from Sheema while least were from Mitoma district. Out of 43 who said water for drinking, 34% were from Kitagata sub-county while least 2% were from Ishaka. Out of 61 respondents from people of different ages, 40% were 35-42yrs while least of them 22% were 18-25yrs. Out of 57 respondents of different occupation status, 50% were farmers while 15% were traders and 35% were students.

Furthermore, it was revealed by the results of the study that the most important benefit obtained from Kitagatta hot spring by the local people was health benefit. Out of the 57 respondents from all districts who said health benefit, majority 37% were from Sheema while least of the respondents were from Kabale district. Out of the 42 respondents from sub-counties who said health benefit, majority 25% were from Kitagatta, least of the respondents were from Kashembeya and Nyabwino with an equal representation of 5% and 5% respectively. Out of 57 respondents of different gender who said health benefit, majority 72% were females while least 28% were males. Out of 40 respondents of different age who said health benefit, majority 55% were between 26-34yrs while least 15% were 18-25yrs. Out of 56 respondents of different occupation who said health benefit, majority 74% were farmers while least 16% were traders.

4.3 Challenges facing the local community of Kitagata community

The challenges facing the local community Kitagata community were recorded as the challenges faced by communities around Kitagata hot springs, the challenges faced by the Districts in the development of KHS, the negative impacts of tourism on the community. Results of the challenges facing the local community are as elaborated below.

4.3.1 The Challenges faced by Communities around Kitagata hot springs Table 6: Challenges faced by communities around Kitagata hot springs Challenges Percentage Insecurity 47.9 Congestion 33.8 Flooding 8.5 Price changes 4.2 Littering around the spring 1.4 Wild animals 4.2 total 100

Results show that 47.9% of the respondents noted that communities around Kitagata hot springs are faced with challenge of insecurity specially at night, 33.8% of the respondents noted that the community also faces a problem of congestion of the area especially in high seasons when there are many tourists coming to the area, 8.5% also noted that the community is also faced with the problem of flooding especially in high seasons of rainy and this reduces on the water temperatures of the hot spring, 4.2% noted price increase of some commodities where most of the traders fix high prices on the commodities and this makes it difficult for the local people to buy such commondities,1.4% of the respondents noted that also the community face a problem of littering especially when there are students visiting the hot spring and 4.2% of the respondents also noted the challenge of wild animal like snakes , monkeys that are dangerous to them, as shown in the table above. And this shows that insecurity and congestion are the major challenges facing the community.

It was further found out of that, respondents from different districts who said insecurity, majority 55% were from Sheema, least were from Bushenyi and Kabale with an equal representation of 5% and 5% respectively. Out of 25 respondents from different sub-counties who said insecurity, majority 35% were from Kitagatta while least were from Nyabwino (5%) and Masheruka (5%). Out 34 respondents of different gender who said insecurity, majority 78% were female while least 22% were male. Out of 25 respondents of different age category who said insecurity, majority 60% were 35-42yrs while least 10% were 18-25yrs. Out of the 33 respondents of different occupation who said insecurity, majority 65% were traders while least 15% were students.

4.3.2 The Challenges faced by the Districts in the Development of KHS Table 7: The Challenges faced by the Districts in the Development of KHS

Category Poor Conflicting Land Lack of insecurity Inadequate attitude interests conflicts skilled funding labor

Sheema 35% 38% 100% 100% 50% 100% Mitoma 20% 32% 0 0 50% 0 Mbarara 14% 8% 0 0 0 0

Districts Bushenyi 16% 12% 0 0 0 0 Total 24 6 4 1 2 4

Kashaka 20% 20% 50% 50% 0 0

Kitagata 44% 40% 50% 50% 50% 50%

Kashenyi 16% 15% 0 0 0 0 county - Rusherere 10% 15% 0 0 0 0

Ishaka 6% 0 0 0 0 0 Sub Masheruka 4% 0 0 0 50% 50% Total 17 5 3 1 2 1

Male 33% 71% 0 50% 0 100%

nd er Ge Female 67% 29% 100% 50% 100% 0 Total 24 6 4 1 2 4 18 – 25yrs 25% 33% 0 0 30% 0

26 – 34yrs 40% 27% 50% 0 0 0 35 – 42yrs 35% 40% 50% 100% 70% 100% Age 43 – 50yrs 25% 33% 0 0 30% 0 51 – 58yrs 40% 27% 50% 0 0 0 Total 24 6 4 1 2 4

Student 21% 30% 10% 0 20% 0 Trader 39% 35% 50% 100% 20% 100% Farmer 40% 35% 40% 0 60% 0 A worker at the 21% 30% 10% 0 20% 0

Occupation hot spring Total 24 6 4 1 2 4

The results also revealed out challenges the district faces in developing the hot spring and greatest challenge facing districts in the development of Kitagatta hotspring is poor attitude. Out of the 24 respondents from the districts who said poor attitude, majority 35% were from Sheema while least 14% were from Mbarara district. Out of the 17 respondents from different sub- counties who said poor attitude, majority 44% were from Kitagatta while least 4% were from Masheruka. Out of 24 respondents of different gender who said poor attitude, majority 67% were female while 33 were males. Out of respondents of different age who said poor attitude, majority were 26-34yrs and 51-58yrs with an equal representation of 40%. Out of 24

21 respondents of different occupations, who said poor attitude, majority 40% were farmers while least were students and workers at the spring with a representation of 21% and 21% respectively. It was also revealed by the results of the study that the most common negative impact of tourism was noise pollution. Out of 12 respondents from different districts who said noise pollution, majority 35% were from Sheema while least 10% were from Kabale. Out of the 7 respondents from different sub-counties who said noise pollution, majority 44% were from Kitagatta while least 4% were from Masheruka. Out of 24 respondents of different gender who said noise pollution, majority 67% were females while least 33% were males. Out of 12 respondents of different age who said noise pollution, majority 40% were 26-34yrs while least 6% were 59years and above. Out of 12 respondents of different occupation who said noise pollution, majority 40% were farmers while least were students 21% and workers.

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

5.1 Discussion of results for objective one

5.1.1 The Contributions of Kitagata hot spring to the community The major themes used for measuring the contribution of Kitagata hot spring to the community were; the importance of the hot springs to the communities, the type of business that have been developed around Kitagata hot spring and some of the common commodities sold by these businesses. Basing on the results obtained from the field, the major factor influencing the contribution of the hot spring to the community is its importance to the local communities. It was found out that the major importance of the hot spring to the communities around Kitagatta was being a source of income. Out of 36 respondents from all districts who said source of income, majority of the them 58.3% were from Sheema district, majority 60% were from Kitagatta, majority 61.1% were female, majority 60% were of 32-45years while majority of them were 70% were farmers. This implies that the hot spring has been most beneficial to people of Sheema, Kitagatta, female, mature and farmers.

Findings of this study are in agreement with Rodger (2013) who observed that the concept of social representations as a means to understand how different community groups benefit and think about tourism development with their areas. They suggested that the results of such analysis can then be taken into account in the tourism planning process.

In support of the above, Isingoma, (2006) also found out that local community grassroots and empowerment is widely regarded as a fundamental of sustainability in tourism resource management. As people become more empowered in decision-making processes, and as they become more involved in the entrepreneurial side of development, then their level of stewardship may increase: that is, stewardship of the environment, local culture, and the destination community in general (Erfurt, 2011).

According to Mr. Rugarikayo one of the local farmers told the researcher that they bring their agricultural products and sell them around the hot spring to the visitors and the local people that come to the visit Kitagata hot spring. This indicates that the hot spring as a result of many people

23 coming for other reasons like health, but it has also as a result created market for the local community, for the community to develop they should have some interest and working together.

5.2 Value-addition of Kitagata hot spring in Increasing Benefits to the Community

Value addition was measured in terms of some of the activities carried out in the hot spring by the community, how have these activities benefited the local community/ visitors and other potentials that can be developed around Kitagata hot spring to increases benefits to the community and its people. Basing on the findings of the study, it was found out that some of the activities carried out in the hot spring by the community were the most important value added to the communities around Kitagatta hot spring where water for drinking was the major value addition. Out of 59 respondents who said water for drinking, majority of them 38% were from Sheema, majority 34% were from Kitagata sub-county, majority 40% were 35-42yrs, majority 50% were farmers. This means that the value added by the hot spring to the communities around were mostly felt by people from Sheema district, Kitagata sub-county, mature 35-42yrs and farmers.

Findings of the current study were in agreement with Burford et al., (2013) who asserted that benefits deriving from tourism development must be balanced against potential negative effects. Tourism must have a positive impact than a negative impact to the community. While in some communities, tourism present negative impact whereby jobs in the travel and tour industry are frequently low paying and seasonal and often offer limited benefits.

5.3 Challenges facing the local community of Kitagata community

The challenges facing the local community around Kitagatta community were measured by the challenges faced by communities around Kitagata hot springs, the challenges faced by the districts in the development of KHS and the negative impacts of tourism. Basing on the findings obtained was found out that the challenges faced by the community make a larger indication on the whole picture of the challenges of the hot spring. It was found out by the results of the study that the major challenge faced by people around Kitagatta was insecurity. Out of the 34 respondents from different districts who said insecurity, majority 55% were from Sheema,

24 majority 35% were from Kitagatta, majority 78% were female, majority 60% were 35-42yrs and majority 65% were traders.

Findings of the study were in agreement with Budruk (2014) who also found out that tourism can have a negative impact on the host community. For example, tourism can also increase demand for land in rural areas which may inflate real estate prices, potentially putting the cost of housing beyond the reach of the average local residents (Budruk, 2014). This is the case for some amenity-rich tourism destinations particularly in the west experiencing growth in recent years stemming from recreation-based activities (Wassawa, 2013).

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusions

The presence of the Kitagata hot spring has increased on the market for the locally produced foods in the district and this has promoted market and employment opportunities to the local people in the community around the hot spring and those who come from various places to sell their commodities. Also the hot spring was used as a healing place for the local community, and also as a recreational place for the youth. Based on the findings, the results indicated Kitagata hot spring can be added more value to benefit more to community development by Construction of more accommodation facilities like lodges, hotels, Construction of more accessible routes connecting to the hot spring, promoting of hygiene of the hot spring by Construction of more toilets at the hot spring site among others, employment of skilled guides that are well equipped with the current information on hot spring.

From the findings, the study results indicated that there are various challenges faced by the local communities around the Kitagata hot springs, the most challenge facing local communities include insecurity especially at night, price changes of most used commodities, flooding of the hot spring in the rainy seasons, littering around the hot spring, wild animals that harm peoples’ lives. This indicates that the community was faced with a number of challenges that hinder the development of the community.

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Basing on the findings, there were about 9000 tourists visiting Kitagata hot spring which was a small number, therefore the local district and the ministry of tourism should allocate more funds for marketing this resource, in order to increase on the numbers of tourists visiting this place which would increase on the benefits of the hot spring to the community in terms of markets for their products.

Also the local district should allocate more funds for development projects around this area, and creating more benefits to the community like generation of geothermal power for the community.

Accessibility to Kitagata hot spring and its products should be considered crucial. This can be done by improving on the current muddy roads connecting to the hot spring, by providing better roads and signage at different strategic points to direct tourists visiting the hot spring.

In general, the establishment of a developed community is complemented by an enabling development frame work that consists of several key issues like infrastructure, accommodation, market, finance, education, awareness of the community about the resource.

Product quality at Kitagata hot spring should be also be enforced through the enforced codes of conduct that govern the maintenance of Kitagata hot spring as a resourceful and hygienic tourism product, this will include an organized waste disposal system like clean lavatories and rubbish bins around the hot spring.

REFERENCES

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Altman, N. (2010) Healing Springs: The Ultimate Guide to Taking the Waters – From Hidden Springs to the World’s Greatest Spas. Rochester. VT: Healing Arts Press.

Bryan, T.S. (2011): The Geysers of Yellowstone. Boulder, Colorado: Colorado Associated University Press.

Burford, G, Hoover E., & Harder M.K. (2013) Bringing the “missing pillar” into sustainable development goals: towards intersubjective values-based indicators, Sustainability, Volume 5, Issue 7, p. 3035-3059.

Calderón, G.R. (1999): Andean Cultures and Geothermal Phenomena. In Cataldi, R., Hodgson, S.F., and Lund, J.W. (Eds) Stories from a Heated Earth Sacramento, California: Geothermal Resources Council, International Geothermal Association, 555-569

Cooper P. (2010) “The importance of natural geothermal resources in tourism. Journal of Community Practice, 12, 51-69

Didaskalou, E. A., P. Nastos, and A. Matzarakis(2004). "The development prospects of Greek health tourism and the role of the bioclimate regime of Greece." Advances in tourism climatology.Ber.Meteorol. Inst. Univ. Freiburg 12 (2004): 149–157.

Erfurt & Cooper (2009) “Health and Wellness tourism: spas and hot springs”, Channel view publications. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Volume 2, Issue 1-2, p. 102-111.

Fennel D. A. (2013) Ecotourism: An introduction, 2nd edition, Routledge GFC (1 2016). "Distance between Kitagata, Western Region, Uganda and Mbarara, Western Region, Uganda". Globefeed.com (GFC).Retrieved 1 June 2016.

Honey, M. (2008). Ecotourism and sustainable development: Who owns paradise? (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Isingoma, J (2006). "The Healing Kitagata Springs of Western Uganda". Kampala: Ugpulse.com (UGPC). Retrieved 2 June 2016.

Kiggundu J. (2018). Government must target 10m tourists to achieve real growth – UNDP. Daily Monitor Wednesday November 14 2018.

Krugar.O.(2005).”The roles of eco-tourism in conservation,biodiversity” Journal of Community Practice.

Lagat.J (2010). “Direct Utilization of Geothermal Resources in Kenye”. Geothermal Congress Kenya.

Mugasha, C ( 2014). "Sheema cries to government over Kitagata Hot Spring". New Vision. Kampala. Retrieved 30 October 2016.

Newsome D & Rodger K. (2013) Wildlife Tourism.In Holden A., Fennel D. (ed) The RoutledgeHandbook of Tourism and the Environment, p. 345-358. Newsome, D., S. A. Moore, & R. K. Dowling (2013).Natural Area Tourism: Ecology, Impacts and Management (Vol. 58). New York: Channel View Publications. Poudel, S., G. P. Nyaupane, & M. Budruk (2014). “Stakeholders’ Perspectives of Sustainable Tourism Development A New Approach to Measuring Outcomes.”Journal of TravelResearch.Oxford university press.3-29.

Roselyne N. Okech(2014). “Promoting the Spa Tourism Industry: Focus on Coastal Resort in Kenya”. Athens Journal of Tourism: 28February 2014.

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Wasswa, A (2013). "Patients flee Kitagata Hospital for magical hot springs". New Vision. Kampala. Retrieved 2 June 2016.

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APPENDIX I: RESEARCH QUESTIONAIRE CONTRIBUTIONS OF KITAGATA HOT SPRING TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT WITHIN SHEEMA DISTRICT

Dear respondent My name is Ainembabazi Frank a student of Tourism at Makerere University. I am currently carrying out a research for the purpose of writing a dissertation as a requirement for Bachelor’s for the Degree in Tourism of Makerere University. The study is aimed at finding out the benefits/contributions of Kitagata hot spring to community development within Sheema district. You are kindly requested to answer the following questions to the best of your knowledge. The research is purely for academic purposes and therefore your information will be treated with confidentiality.

Personal Information i) District…………………………… (ii)Sub county………………………………… iii)Nationality……………………………………………………………………………… iv) What is your sex, male/female? ………………………………………………………. v) What is your age, (a)18 – 25, (b) 26- 34, (c) 35- 42 (d) 43- 50, (e) 51- 58, (f) 59 and above ………………………………………………………………………………………………...... vi) What is your current Primary Occupation? ...... 1. Mention the importances of the hot springs to the communities.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Who manages the hot spring, the local community or the district?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. If the local community how does it ensure that the hot spring is protected well.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Is entrance to the hot spring free, yes/ no?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. If yes, how much do local people (Ugandan) to access the hot spring.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. And what of the foreigners, how much do they pay to access the hot spring.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

7. If there is an entrance fee and how much does one pay to access the hot spring.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

8. Mention the types of businesses that have been developed around Kitagata hot springs.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. What are some of the common commodities sold by these businesses mentioned in 2 above?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Mention the roles of the local people (you) in protecting and conserving hot springs.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

11. What are some of the measures that have be put in place by the locals/ Government in protecting Kitagata hot spring to benefit the future generations.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

12. What are some of the reasons why locals/ tourists bath and drink the waters of the springs? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13. Mention some of the diseases that can be healed by the magic waters of Kitagata hot spring. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14. What are some of the activities carried out in the hot springs by the community? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

15. Mention why those activities (mentioned above) are carried out in the hot springs. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16. How have these activities benefited the local community/ visitor that visit the hot spring?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17. What are the challenges faced by communities around Kitagata hot springs? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

18. What are some of the measures put in place to mitigate the mentioned challenges above?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

19. Mention other potentials that can be developed around Kitagata hot spring to increase benefits to the community and its people?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20. Mention how Kitagata hot spring was formed?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21. Mention ways in which Kitagata waters is helpful to the local people/community (you) in relation to your wellbeing and health? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22. Is there a market created by the tourists / visitors that visit Kitagata hot spring, yes/No.? ………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 23. If yes, what are some of the common foods sold to tourists/ visitors that visit Kitagata hot spring? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24. What are the expected numbers of people / tourists who visit Kitagata hot spring, basing on? (a)Every day………………………………… (b) Week………………………………………. (c) every month…………………………………... 25. What are some of the negative impacts these tourists / visitors cause to your community during their visit / stay. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26. Which are the most common tribes that visit the Kitagata hot spring? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27. Has the presence of Kitagata hot spring increased on the market for the locally produced foods, yes / No. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

28. If yes, how have this market benefited the local farmers in Sheema district. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29. Mention ways how Kitagata spring can be developed into tourist centers? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30. Mention how Sheema district has promoted Kitagata hot spring? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 31. Mention how Sheema district has benefited from Kitagata hot springs? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32. How has the central government and Ministry of Tourism helped in promoting Kitagata hot springs? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33. Mention the main challenges facing Sheema district in developing Kitagata hot springs? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 34. What has been done by Sheema district in solving those challenges facing development of Kitagata hot springs? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 35. What are the main factors that have hindered development of Kitagata hot springs in Sheema District? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36. What is your view on the development of Kitagata hot springs as a tourism resource in fostering community development? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Thank you for your participation and time!!!

APPENDIX II: FLEID PHOTOS Figure 1: The king’s hot spring at kitagata hot spring

Figure 2 :The kigatata daily market

Figure 3 :people fetching hot water for drinking at the boiling point of Kitagata hot spring spring

Figure 4 :The local people swimming in Kitagata hot spring

Figure 5 :Some of the commodities sold in Kitagata daily market around Kitagata hot spring