FY 2012 Annual Report Integrated Pest Management

Integrated Pest Management Collaborative Research Support Program FY 2012 Annual Report October 1, 2011–September 30, 2012

April 2013

Report Coordinators R. Muniappan Larry Vaughan Amer Fayad Melissa Smith

USAID Cooperative Agreement No: EPP-A-00-0400016-00

IPM CRSP FY 2012 Annual Report personnel

IPM CRSP Management Entity IPM CRSP Technical Committee Michael Bertelsen, Administrative Principal George Norton, Virginia Tech (Chair) Investigator Jeffrey Alwang, Virginia Tech R. Muniappan, Director Michael Bertelsen, Virginia Tech Larry Vaughan, Associate Director John Bowman, AOR, USAID Amer Fayad, Assistant Director Kitty Cardwell, USDA, CSREES Maria Elisa Christie, Women in Development Maria Elisa Christie, Virginia Tech Director Mark Erbaugh, The Ohio State University Miriam Rich, Communications Director Amer Fayad, Virginia Tech Zara Shortt, Financial Coordinator Michael Hammig, Clemson University Melissa Smith, Writer/Editor Karim Maredia, Michigan State University Mark Ohland, Web Design Specialist Wondi Mersie, Virginia State University IPM CRSP Program Advisory Board Sally Miller, The Ohio State University (PAB) S. Mohankumar, TNAU, India Bruce A. McPheron, Chair, The Ohio State R. Muniappan, Virginia Tech University Doug Pfeiffer, Virginia Tech Joseph Culin Jr., Clemson University Edwin Rajotte, Pennsylvania State University Alan L. Grant, Virginia Tech R. Srinivasan, AVRDC Larry Olsen, Michigan State University Sue Tolin, Virginia Tech Larry Thompson, Pennsylvania State Stanley Woods, IFPRI University Larry Vaughan, Virginia Tech John Bowman, AOR, USAID Michael Bertelsen, Virginia Tech R. Muniappan, Virginia Tech Larry Vaughan, Virginia Tech Amer Fayad, Virginia Tech

Table of Contents

Management Entity Message Highlights and Achievements in 2011–2012 �� 1 Regional Programs Latin America and the Caribbean �� 5 East Africa �� 17 West Africa ��35 South Asia ��43 Southeast Asia �� 71 Central Asia ��83 Global Programs Parthenium ��89 International Plant Diagnostic Network (IPDN) ��93 International Plant Virus Disease Network (IPVDN) �� 97 Impact Assessment ��109 Gender Equity, Knowledge, and Capacity Building ��113 Associate Awards Indonesia ��124 African Food Security Initiative ��130 Training and Publications Short- and Long-Term Training ��133 Publications ��151

Appendices: Collaborating Institutions and Acronyms ��163

Message from the Management Entity IPM CRSP FY 2012 Annual Report

ne dollar spent on integrated pest man- high value vegetable crops by developing and Oagement (IPM) is one dollar spent on food integrating technologies for problems faced production, health, nutrition, the environment, by farmers from the time of planting seeds to biodiversity and, in general, on food security the harvesting of a crop. These approaches and poverty reduction on a global scale. In are multidisciplinary and include measures to December 2012, the President’s Council of Ad- address virus, bacterial, and fungal diseases, visors on Science and Technology emphasized insect and mite pests, and weeds, all with the the need for support for IPM from public funds, aim of finding alternatives to using pesticides. as private enterprises often overlook programs The techniques also address invasive species that are broad and encompass several areas such as Parthenium in East Africa and the (Science, Dec. 2012). Also, it recommended that papaya mealybug in Asia as well as emerging management of invasive insects and plants be issues such as the zebra chip disease of po- given top priority in agricultural research. tato in Central America, the South American tomato leaf miner in Senegal, and the cassava mealybug in Southeast Asia. The IPM CRSP participates in six regions of the “hot, flat, and crowded” developing world, encompassing nearly one-third of the world Technologies developed by the program have population. IPM technologies are developed been validated and disseminated regionally, through collaborative research between U.S. and now globally, through presentations at re- and host country scientists and disseminated gional and international meetings, workshops, through demonstrations, field days, farmer and conferences. In 2011–2012, our scientists field schools, mass media, and other avenues. have participated in prominent international conferences including the 7th International IPM Symposium in Memphis, the 12th Inter- The participatory approach adopted by the national IPM Mesoamerican Conference in IPM CRSP has allowed the program to identify Honduras, and the Entomological Society of crops and pest problems based on the needs of America’s annual meeting in Knoxville. Addi- the host countries. In the current phase, the tionally, the IPM CRSP also organized regional program prepares IPM packages for selected and international workshops on Trichoderma,

Current IPM CRSP countries

1 Pseudomonas, and plant virus diseases. Fur- A regional planning meeting for the Latin ther, the program works closely with interna- America and the Caribbean (LAC) project was tional organizations such as the International conducted in Guatemala in May 2012. At that Organization for Biological Control and the time, the LAC project conducted a symposium International Association for Plant Protection for the national, regional, and international Sciences. Human and institutional capacity projects operating in Guatemala supported building activities were addressed by providing by USAID, USDA/FAS, and others. A train- long- and short-term training and organizing ing workshop on bacterial canker disease was regional and international training programs. also conducted in collaboration with USDA/ FAS. IPM packages have been developed for potato, naranjilla, tree tomato, and blackberry Virginia Public Radio covered the IPM CRSP in Ecuador; potato, eggplant, tomato, and Ecuador project. Local radio stations in India, sweet potato in Honduras; and tomato, potato, Indonesia, Ecuador, Nepal, and Bangladesh and pepper in Guatemala. The IPM CRSP has participated in popularizing IPM tactics in been working closely with the ACCESO project their respective countries. Recently, IPM (administered by FINTRAC) and has conduct- CRSP communicators have been using social ed workshops on gender and management of media such as Twitter and Facebook to get the zebra chip disease of potato. At the request of word out about the good work that the pro- USAID Washington, we no longer work in the gram is doing. Dominican Republic as of this reporting year.

Analyses of a dozen technologies implemented A planning meeting for the East Africa project through the IPM CRSP in different parts of was conducted in Tanzania. IPM packages are the tropical world have resulted in a benefit of being developed for tomato, pepper, onion, and twenty-five dollars for each dollar spent. When coffee in Uganda; tomato and passion fruit in all the technologies developed, transferred, Kenya; and tomato, onion, and coffee in Tan- and implemented are taken into account, zania. The use of Trichoderma for the control the ratio is closer to $200 in benefits for each of soil fungal diseases has been introduced dollar spent. It is estimated that the classical in Kenya. Grafting on resistant rootstock for biological control tactics introduced into India resistance to bacterial wilt of tomato has been to control the papaya mealybug alone resulted adopted in Uganda and Kenya. in a benefit of over $100 million a year.

In January 2012, a regional planning meeting for the West Africa project was conducted in Executive Summary Senegal. IPM packages for tomato, potato, and The IPM CRSP has six regional and five cross- cabbage in Senegal and tomato and cabbage in cutting projects. It has enhanced regionaliza- Ghana are being developed. The host-free pe- tion by rotating annual planning meetings riod and grafting technologies for the Tomato among participating countries and increasing yellow leaf curl virus and bacterial wilt, respec- regional collaboration in research, training, tively, have been introduced to Senegal. The and communication. recent spread of an invasive pest, the South

2 American tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta, to additional activities. Recently introduced in- Senegal has been reported, and follow-up ac- vasive species, namely, the cassava mealybug tions are being taken. and Asian cycad aulacaspis scale in Indonesia, are being addressed. A regional planning meeting for the South Asia project was held in Nepal in February 2012. USAID/Washington requested we drop Uzbeki- IPM packages have been developed for tomato, stan and Kyrgyzstan from the Central Asia okra, eggplant, onion, cabbage, cauliflower, project. This means our only project in the watermelon, pumpkin, bitter gourd, and snake region is in Tajikistan, where IPM packages gourd in India; tomato, eggplant, cucumber, for wheat and potato were developed. In these okra, country bean, cabbage, cauliflower, bitter packages, the use of nectar plants is one of gourd, pointed gourd, and pumpkin in Bangla- the major components in addition to the use of desh; and tomato, cauliflower, cabbage, cu- resistant varieties and biological control. cumber, eggplant, tea, and coffee in Nepal. In July 2011, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Cross-cutting projects are active in all regions conducted a Trichoderma workshop for other where the IPM CRSP is working, addressing participating IPM CRSP countries and hosted local and regional problems. IPM CRSP staff a symposium on plant virus diseases. Use of are organizing regional and international biopesticides, pheromones, grafting, and other meetings, workshops, and symposia to study technologies has been widely disseminated these issues. The USAID biosecurity office has through famer meetings and mass media. recently approved an Environmental Assess- Classical biological control of papaya mealybug ment for the release of the natural enemy in India has saved the papaya, mulberry, and Zygogramma bicolorata for control of the in- cassava industries. Technologies developed by vasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus, which public institutions — grafting and the produc- is spreading in East Africa. The impact of the tion and sale of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, introduction of components of IPM on gender is NPV, and pheromones — have been trans- also being addressed. ferred to private industries and NGOs. USAID Missions in Bangladesh and Nepal have been processing associate awards for the IPM CRSP. In short, the IPM CRSP continues to address the major challenges of the 21st century: food security, gender constraints, health issues, The Southeast Asia project conducted its an- and biodiversity concerns. The development of nual planning meeting in Cambodia in October crop-specific packages has allowed for easier 2012. IPM packages are being developed for to- acquisition of new technologies, and a regional mato, pepper, onion, cauliflower, and potato in approach has ensured a beneficial sharing of Indonesia and for eggplant, tomato, and onion new ideas. Through all of its technologies and in the Philippines. Cambodia is a recent entry in every region where it has a presence, the into the IPM CRSP. The use of Trichoderma in IPM CRSP is working with local scientists and vegetable production is actively pursued in this farmers to create a better world. country. The USAID Mission is processing an addendum to the existing associate award for

3 science for agricultural growth in Latin America and the Caribbeaprojectn regional program: guatemalacountry | ecuador | country | honduras| country

Principal Investigator: JeffreyPrincipal Alwang, Investigator: Virginia Tech Co-principal Investigators: George W. Norton, Virginia Tech | Stephen Weller, PurdueCollaborators: University | Sue Tolin, Virginia Tech | Paul Backman, Penn State University | Sarah Hamilton, University of Denver | Ricky E. Foster, Purdue University | Judith K. Brown, The University of Arizona

Host country collaborators: Ecuador — Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIIAP): Victor Barrera, Ing., Jose Ochoa, Ing., Patricio Gallegos | Honduras — Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agropecuaria (FHIA): Hernan Espinoza, J. Mauricio Rivera C., and F. Javier Diaz; Escuela Panamericana de Agricultura (Zamorano): Alfredo Rueda, Yordana Valenzuela (Gender Coordinator) | Guatemala — Universidad del Valle de Guatemala: Margarita Palmieri; AGROEXPERTOS Marco Arévalo

5 Latin America and theprogram Caribbean program summary

esearch on IPM packages is at different have been identified. Virus diseases affect- Rstages across the LAC region. While the ing solanaceous crops are begomoviruses, Ecuador and Honduras sites are well along, potyviruses, tospoviruses, torradoviruses, and having identified key pests and diseases and tobamoviruses). Virus vectors encountered are promising solutions, work in Guatemala is less whiteflies B.( tabaci and T. vaporariorum), well advanced. In the former two countries, we cycadellids, thrips, and aphids. Ralstonia so- are moving toward refinement of IPM pack- lanacearum, C. michiganensis michiganensis, ages and are at various stages depending on and Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum are the crop. In Guatemala this was the first year important bacterial diseases. Fungal diseases of trials on farmer fields. These trials, and sev- caused by Fusarium and Phythopthora and eral accompanying greenhouse experiments, nematodes Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne are are oriented toward validating components of serious problems. The effectiveness of Bacillus an IPM package for tomatoes and peppers. subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum is being tested in poly-houses. Ecuador: Several varietal trials for diseases in naranjilla have been established. Means HONDURAS: Systematic monitoring of potato have been identified for managing Fusarium zebra chip and its psyllid vector were con- oxysporum, root-knot nematode (Melloidogyne ducted. An IPM strategy for control including incognita), late blight (Phytophthora infes- insecticides, a crop-free period, and entomo- tans), anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum), pathogens is being investigated. Research bacterial canker (Clavibacter michiganen- on the management of eggplant, pepper, and sis), and naranjilla fruit borer (Neulocinodes tomato diseases and insect pests is undergo- elegantalis). Minor adjustments to the IPM ing. Effects of soil solarization, biofumigantion, package are needed. Tree tomato and black- and mulching were tested in an eggplant field berry research is also ongoing. The main pest infected with Ralstonia solanacearum. Graft- problems for tree tomato are anthracnose ing for control of bacterial wilt of tomato was late blight and various leaf insects, and for done using several eggplant rootstocks variet- blackberry, botrytis (Botrytis cinérea), mildew ies presumably resistant to bacterial wilt. Use (Peronosphora sp.), and scarab larvae affecting of biofumigants is being investigated for the roots. IPM packages for potato pests, devel- control of nematodes in bitter melon. A survey oped and tested in earlier phases of the CRSP of plant viruses was conducted in sweet potato in the northern province of Carchi, are being fields, and a guide for management of sweet adapted to new environmental conditions in potato diseases in Honduras will include virus Guaranda, Ecuador. Key potato pests include: management. late blight (Phytophthora infestans), white worm (Premnotypes vorax), Central American tuber moth (Tecia solanivora), and a nematode (Globodera pallida).

Guatemala: Important diseases in the three regions (Sololá, Salamá, and Zacapa)

6 air and some moisture to enter the There were basically three options for Guatemala macrotunnel. The cloth is placed over crop management: a set of steel beams enough to cover 1. Grower’s practices where the local three rows. The length of the tunnels technology is applied. Tomato, pepper, and is variable, generally between 20 to 50 potato meters. 2. Biological control where the basis of pest and disease management Demonstration plot distribution: was based on the application of Experiment-station and farmer mainly non-chemical options; use field research activities in A total of 8 macrotunnels for each crop of botanical extracts from native Guatemala (48 rows) were used for all treatments: local plants with repellent or biocidal properties; use of plants Weller, Backman, Gugino, Palmieri • 2 macrotunnels (6 rows) for grower practices, (living barriers) for potential biological control agents´ shelter; and Trials for tomato, pepper and potato • 3 macrotunnels (9 rows) for bio- use of NPV (Nucleopolyhedrosis in Sololá and tomato and pepper in logical strategies, and virus) Salamá were implemented. In the two regions, three different programs • 3 macrotunnels (9 rows) for IPM 3. An IPM system (rational use of to manage crops were used, and all strategies. pesticides) in which a combina- except potato were grown in mac- tion of chemical, biological, and rotunnels. A trial on the efficacy of Treatments were separated from each cultural practices were applied; Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus other by the use of sorghum barriers sprayings based on field data (pest subtilis in a greenhouse was conducted as was the total perimeter of the dem- periodical assessments); use of at Universidad del Valle de Guatemala onstration plots. trap crops (strips of sorghum); use at Sololá. of botanical extracts from native All the crops were planted as seedlings local plants with repellent or Salamá, Baja Verapaz. under macro tunnels and kept for 60 biocidal properties; use of plants to 65 days. After that, the cover was (living barriers) for potential bio- Demonstration plots for peppers eliminated and plants stayed under logical control agent shelter; use and tomatoes were established on a field conditions. of plastic/organic soil covers. farmer’s field in the Salamá valley, department of Baja Verapaz, an impor- The results from the collection Demonstration plot distribution — for tant tomato and pepper growing area before crop planting were negative tomato and pepper production, a total in Guatemala. Three treatments for for viruses, bacteria, and fungi. The of 12 macrotunnels were established crop management were: soil test showed that potassium was on this field (total of 36 rows): somewhat high and hence fertilized 1. Grower’s practices where the local with a formula of 20:20:0 plus calcium • 4 macrotunnels (12 rows) for technology is applied. sulphate, micronutrients (Zn and Mn), grower practices. 2. Use of botanical extracts from and sulfur. • 4 macrotunnels (12 rows) for bio- native plants with repellent or logical option biocidal properties; use of plants The most affected crop was tomato, • 4 macrotunnels (12 rows) for IPM (living barriers) for potential bio- especially under the chemical option, option logical control agents´ shelter; and followed by the IPM option. Pepper use of nucleopolyhedrosis virus has the same amount of infection in The potato crop was in an open field (NPV), entomopathogenic fungi, all treatments. According to crop, and not covered, and 10 rows of and nematodes. treatment, and specific pathogen, biological-chemical tomato and bio- potatoes were used for each of the dif- 3. An IPM system (rational use of logical tomato seem to have the higher ferent options previously mentioned. pesticides) in which a combina- infections. The most prevalent viruses Treatments were separated from each tion of chemical, biological, and are the Potyviruses, TMV, TSWV, and other by the use of sorghum barriers, cultural practices was applied Begomoviruses. and the total perimeter of the demon- along with the use of botanical stration plots was also planted with extracts from native local plants San Andrés Semetabaj, Sololá. Sorghum. with repellent or biocidal properties and the use of plants (living On the basis of previous pest and dis- Planting distances: barriers) for sheltering biological ease diagnostic surveys for the western • Tomato: 0.60 m between plants control agents. highland zone of IPM CRSP project and 1.40 m. between rows. work in Guatemala and the results of Macrotunnel: a survey done prior to the preparation • Pepper: 0.40 m between plants of the fields, demonstration plots of and 1.40 m between rows. A macrotunnel is a cropping tech- tomato, peppers, and potatoes were • Potato: 0.25 m between plants and nology for protected agriculture, and established on a farmer’s field. These 0.75 m between rows. it is very popular for the production plots were located in San Andrés of tomatoes and peppers mostly in Semetabaj, department of Sololá, Total number of plantlets used: the eastern region of Guatemala. The which is an important potato growing • Tomato: 1000 main objective of this technology is to region in Guatemala. The collabo- protect the crop from virus transmit- rating farmer, an influential leader in • Pepper: 2000 ting insects (whiteflies, aphids, and the area with experience in vegetable • Potato: 2 qq (Potato seed 90 kgs) thrips) during early stages of the crop. crop production, and his family also Plant rows are temporally covered provided field help for the work at the Tomatoes and peppers were planted with a polypropylene cloth that demonstration plots. protects against insects but allows as seedlings under macrotunnels and

7 stayed under the cover the entire yield. Plants with disease symptoms houses resistance to F. oxysporum of P. season. Potatoes were planted directly were collected and sent to the labora- infestans from the F3 and F4 crosses, exposed to environmental conditions. tory for analysis. and we are now evaluating in farmer fields the F5 crosses, including in the The results from the collection of soil evaluation resistance to M. incognita. and samples from previous planting Ecuador In Chillanes (Guaranda—where our showed that the soil presented a main IPM research site is) as in Tan- fair acidity and that potassium and dapi (where several of the naranjilla phosphorus were high. The soil also Naranjilla trials have occurred), the C2-67 line needed micronutrients (Zn and Mn) has been most promising, maintaining as foliar applications and sulfur. A Refinement and validation of resistance principally to F. oxysporum. fertilizer (20:20:0) and calcium sulfate naranjilla pest management (CaSO4.2H2O), or agricultural chalk, techniques Resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp were used to help lower potassium quitoense and P.infestans found in the levels. J. Ochoa, P. Gallegos, Patricia evaluated crosses is independent and Poveda, C. Asaquibay, W. Vásquez, is mainly controlled by major genes, Before planting, 5% of Potyvirus was A. Martínez, Barrera, Escudero, but evidence exists of quantitative found in weeds and isolated solana- Backman, Gugino resistance, most likely controlled by ceous plants found close to and in the minor genes. Up to now, we have intro- field. We also detected isolated plants Validation trials for grafted naranjilla duced in the crosses resistance of M. with PCX, PVS, and zebra chip. The (resistant to Fusarium and thus less incognita, and we continue to investi- analyses for nematodes, fungi, and susceptible to other problems) are gate promising rootstock for resistance bacteria were negative. being conducted. to all three pathogens. In the current year, we tested S. vestissimun, S. The most affected crop was potato in Naranjilla (Solanum quitoense) is hyporodium, S. felinum and S. hirtum. the biological treatment; tomato was highly susceptible to two important In addition to resistance against the also attacked in the biological treat- soilborne diseases: vascular wilt, key pathogens, these species may pro- ment plot. The grower’s treatment caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vide resistance to drought and other had very low infection in tomato and quitoense, and root-knot nematode agronomic constraints. The research is pepper, and only potato had some (Meloidogyne incognita). Genetic moving beyond disease resistance into infection. Finally, the biological treat- resistance is the best management other dimensions that may be impor- ment from Sololá plots was the most alternative for both. Following studies tant to producers and consumers. affected; in tomato, Potyviruses were of resistance among the Lasiocarpa important, and in potato, PVS and section, we have identified good levels Potyviruses were important. Pepper of resistance in several species, but the Validation of technology did not show any viral infection. best resistance is found in the accession ECU-6442 of Solanum hirtum. package for naranjilla In the past cycles of this research, we INIAP and the IPM CRSP have identified good levels of productivity Experiment with Trichoderma developed several alternatives for in naranjilla grafted into this acces- hartzianum and Bacillus IPM in naranjilla. These technologies sion; yields up to 24 t/ha have been are aimed at controlling naranjilla subtilis under a greenhouse achieved. This grafted product has vascular wilt (Fusarium oxysporum), been accepted by producers and is in Sololá at Universidad del anthracnose (Colletotricum gloespo- being cultivated in Tandapi-Pichincha, Valle de Guatemala of the roides), late blight (Phythopthora infes- Nanegalito-Pichincha, Chillanes- tans), and fruit borer (Neoleucinodes highlands Bolívar, and on the Colombian border elegantalis). Following several years of in Maldonado-Carchi. An experiment was conducted in a research, it was necessary to integrate greenhouse to find out the effects of the most successful technologies into The IPM CRSP is continuing to vali- Trichoderma hartzianum and Bacillus an IPM package to be recommended date the grafted plant in the fields of subtilis on tomato and pepper plants. to farmers. The general objective of Néstor Pilaguano, who is assisting the this research is to validate components program by training other farmers. He There were four beds on each side in farmer fields in Río Negro and is also producing and selling grafted (A and B) of the greenhouse. The Tandapi. plants, an activity that adds value to Nathalie pepper variety was planted the local economy. in side A of the greenhouse, and the We installed experimental plots Silverado tomato variety was planted with 200 common naranjillas grafted In addition to the two above-men- in side B, with distances of 0.30 m onto resistant rootstock (S. hirtum). tioned diseases, late blight, caused between plants in single rows. Before Grafting was expected to control by Phytophthora infestans, is an planting, the soil was moistened and fusarium and root knot nematode. important naranjilla disease. The best holes were made for the transplant. Control of late blight requires judicious long-term solution to all these prob- The seedlings were treated with T. use of tested low-toxicity fungicides. lems is through genetic improvement; hartzianum or B. subtilis, and the Analysis variables include agronomic naranjilla producers are isolated and control, with water. information on plant growth and yield, difficult to reach with short-term mes- phytosanitary conditions such as sages about control practices. We are Fertigation was with 20-18-20, 0-40-40 incidence of fusarium, latency period evaluating resistance to these three and 0-0-50, and foliar fertilization was for fusarium, incidence of anthracnose, diseases with segregants of interspe- with Bayfolan Forte (micronutrients) percent of undamaged fruits, fruit cies crosses of S. quitoense (naranjilla) and Calbosol (Calcium and Boron). lesions, and number of fruits affected with Solanum hyporodium, Solanum Management of new growths and by the borer. We are also evaluating vestissimun, and Solanum felinum. In height is done to help the increase of control costs. These experiments have prior cycles, we evaluated in green- 8 been established and are being used Leaf diseases are being combated results using S. auriculatum compared for training purposes, but results are with plant sanitation, tactical pruning to N. glauca are due to better growth not yet available. of diseased shoots, and removal of of S. auriculatum in humid zones (N. diseased plant material. We are also glauca comes from drier zones). An testing copper-based products and the additional advantage of the grafted Validation of an IPM package application of agrygent 05g/L. plants is that flowering is more uni- for narnajilla in Bola de Oro, form, producing a crop at the same time. This uniform timing helps better Bolívar Tree tomato schedule control techniques. Yields from the S. auriculatum graft are As noted above, the primary phy- Development of IPM acceptable given climatic conditions in tosanitary challenges to naranjilla components for tree tomato Bola de Oro. production in the region are naranjilla IPM package, Bola de Oro- vascular wilt, root-knot nematode, In addition, we have identified resis- bacterial canker, and white blight. For Bolívar tance to C. acutatum and P. infestans Fusarium and root-knot nematode, Ochoa, Gallegos, Manangón, in Cyphomandra uniloba. We have the only options are genetic resistance; Asaquibay, Vásquez, Martínez, segregants that are resistant to C. for the other diseases, sanitation and acutatum and P. infestans in crosses copper fungicides are most likely to be Barrera, Luis Escudero, Cruz, Backman, Gugino between Solanum betaceum (tree effective package components. tomato) and Cyphomandra uniloba. In The most important constraints to the past cycle, we inoculated F3 plants As noted in this and prior reports, we of the cross S. betaceum x C. uniloba have validated the resistance of the tree tomato cultivation in Bola de Oro are root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne x S. betaceum with C. acutatum and Lasiocarpa section to F. oxysporum, P. infestans in the greenhouse. Fol- finding sources of resistance in all incognita), late blight (Phytophthora infestans), and anthracnose (Colletot- lowing these inoculations, we identi- evaluated species. We have also identified plants (lines) that are resistant fied and validated grafted common richum sp.). For the first disease, the only option is genetic resistance, while to C. acutatum and P. infestans, to C. naranjilla using Solanum hirtum acutatum alone, and to P. infestans as the best rootstock. With grafted for the latter two it is the rational use of fungicides. In this study, we alone. This cycle, we evaluated these varieties, we obtain yields as high as crosses in farmer fields in Bola de Oro 24 t/ha. S. hirtum is also resistant to are evaluating the production of tree tomato grafted onto resistant root- and Tandapi. In the future, we hope M. incognita and is apparently more to characterize the resistance to these tolerant to drought, a condition that stock (Nicotiana glauca and Solanum auriculatum) comparing to a control. two pathogens and develop resistant is relatively common in Bola de Oro. populations. Grafted naranjilla is being rapidly These two species are resistant to diffused throughout the country by M. incognita and N. glauca and are PILBIX. We are evaluating its appro- drought-tolerant. Blackberry priateness in Bola de Oro. Currently we have observed vigorous plant In Bola de Oro, we established two parcels of tree tomato: one grafted into Development of IPM growth and high rates of fruit-bearing components for blackberry in the grafted variety. We will measure Solanum auriculatum and the other annual yield and conduct an analysis grafted into Nicotiana glauca. The two IPM package of resistance to other diseases. species are resistant to M. incognita and N. glauca and are drought-tol- Ochoa, Gallegos, erant. Fifty plants of each graft and Asaquibay,Vásquez, Martínez, We are continuing to investigate Barrera, Escudero, Backman, genetic resistance as a long-term 15 un-grafted plants were planted to solution, in the hopes that we reduce investigate resistance to root-knot Gugino expenditures for grafted varieties. nematode and for their appropriate- With the intent of analyzing the Scara- Grafted varieties also require posts, ness in the conditions found in Bola beids problem in blackberry production which raise the cost and put pressure de Oro. Planting density was 2000 per in Bola de Oro, we continued monitoring on the environment—it is hoped that hectare. the pest for almost an entire year. We a resistant variety will be available were never able to detect levels claimed soon. We are now evaluating agro- At the start of the rainy season, the by farmers, and tentatively conclude nomic and yield properties of 50 F4 severity of late blight infestation that this pest is not a problem for black- families. The development of the reached 5%, and at that point we berry producers. We also determined families Sq(D)xSh,3-3, Sq(D)xSv,16-16 began control measures. The ungrafted that the best trap for adult Scarabeids is y ShxSq(B),2-67 is good, and the fruit plants (controls) were completely a yellow-painted, homemade trap baited size and flavor is similar to common lost to disease at two months after with pineapple or orange. These natural naranjilla; offspring of these families planting. Plant growth, number of attractants were better than the syn- represent good candidates for genetic fruits, and fruit weight were greatest thetic attractant that showed promise improvement. in S. auriculatum (tab. 1). The better in prior years in a similar zone; they are also significantly cheaper (fig. 1). Table 1. Number of fruits per plant and the weight of fruits: grafted tree tomato, two rootstocks, Bola de Oro-Bolívar, 2011-2012 The synthetic lure in unpainted traps captured larger numbers of Astillus com- Number of fruits per plant* Fruit weight(g)* pared to the other insects; the highest Solanum Nicotianan Solanum Nicotianan populations of Astillus were found in auriculatum glauca auriculatum glauca May 2011-Jan 2012. Adult Scarabeids began to appear between February and 67.8 27.3 181.9 145.1 April 2012. *Mean of 20 replications 9 Figure 1. Homemade traps with various at- Mildew has been found irregularly in B. cinerea was isolated from all the tractants to evaluate adult Scarabeids. Bola low valleys near Quito, with symptoms necrotic lesions, except in the necrosis de Oro-Bolívar including deformed fruits and white of the flower buttons, which was stains on the stems. In Chillanes, caused by P. rubi. In order to identify during the Jan-June rainy season, we conditions associated with infec- have seen widespread fruit deformi- tion with B. cinerea we studied four ties and low response of diseases to conditions related to vulnerability: a) standard fungicides for control of vigorous plants w/o stress symptoms; Botrytis. We suspect the disease is not b) stressed plants with emerging Botrytis. In addition, anthracnose has disease symptoms; c) inoculation in emerged as an important limitation pruning cuts; and d) injuries provoked to blackberry. We initially thought by damaged stems. With these plants, observed symptoms indicated Verticil- we inoculated at 21oC and 85% HR; lium sp. but now believe they may be we then evaluated development of the anthracnose. disease.

The objective of this study is to clarify The vigorous plants failed to present the symptoms and etiology of these symptoms, but stressed plants pre- The pineapple lure captured the important diseases in order to eventu- sented necrosis of buds, sprouts, and largest proportion of adult moths com- ally develop an effective management spores. The most prominent symptoms pared to other insects, with the highest strategy. were presented in case (c), when we population in August 2011. Adult inoculated at pruning cuts and at dam- Scarabeids appeared in the highest We took samples of diseased material aged stems. B. cinérea mainly infects numbers in January, March, and April and conducted analysis at INIAP labo- senescent tissues. This information 2012, but in other months, the capture ratories in Santa Catalina. We con- is important because it confirms that was very low. ducted pathogenicity tests for Botrytis plant and field sanitation are impor- and those isolated with symptoms of tant means of combating the disease. The unpainted traps with orange lures anthracnose. We found that mildew were most efficient in the capture of (Peronospora rubi) causes deformation In isolation of the dieback symptoms, adult Astillus. Highest populations of of fruits at all stages of development Colletotrichum sp., Pestalotiosis sp., this pest were recorded in September- and that the symptoms in the field are Phmopsis sp., and Botryris cinerea October 2011. We captured Scarabeids completely consistent with this dis- were the pathogens we encountered. in May, June, August, September, and ease. Mildew is also causing necrosis Colletotrichum sp. was most consis- December 2011 and in January and in the floral buttons over what is tently associated with these disease February 2012. obviously the sporulation point of the symptoms when we tested for patho- disease. In the past, we had attributed genicity. When we inoculated healthy Attraction to trap colors this symptom to Botrytis, which was plants with Colletotrichum sp. we also present in the area. observed consistent patterns of wilting The highest quantities of Scarabeids caused by the necrosis of the sheaths were found in yellow painted traps. Powdery mildew was associated with of the lower leaves. Upon pruning the The natural lures’ efficacy was similar, the deformation of leaves with sub- inoculated plants, the plants were and both were better than the syn- stantial white powdering on the front able to recuperate their vigor. This is thetic lure. Moth and other captures and back of the leaf. This problem similar to results claimed by farmers: differ significantly across traps (the of Oidium sp. was observed only in plant sanitation is an important painted traps are clearly superior). Ambato, not in Chillanes. means of combating this disease. Costs depend on the type of bait—the synthetic bait costs $4.72 per trap compared to $2.17 and $1.18 with pineapple and orange, respectively. Figure 2. Homemade traps with various attractants to evaluate adult Scarabeids. Bola de Oro- Because insect populations were so low Bolívar (much lower than described by local farmers), no control was needed.

Diagnosis of foliar diseases of blackberry in Ambato and Chillanes

The local literature attributes all symptoms of leaf disease in blackberry exclusively to botrytis (Botrytis cinerea). Nevertheless, other diseases, such as mildew, powdery mildew, and anthracnose, can be associated with the same symptoms. We need better information on diseases affecting blackberry to develop an effective control regime.

10 Figure 3. Blackberries Ecuador, and this crop is important as Plants are planted at 3x2 m, incorpo- an income-generator and an agricul- rating compost (2 kg/plant) and fer- tural export for the region. The most tilization 11-52-00 (100 gr/plant) and important diseases affecting black- adding entomopathagens (Beauveria berry are Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea) sp) at 10 g per plant to control beetles. and mildew (Peronospora sp.). In the At 30 days, we incorporated nitrogen current year, we have two specific (urea at 10 g/plant) with added foliar objectives: 1) determine a strategy for application of iron and zinc. clean, organic disease control suitable for the Bola de Oro conditions; and 2) The activities in the field included conduct an economic analysis of this alternative pruning, regular fertiliza- clean control strategy. The trial was tion, removal of diseased plants and conducted on the field of Sr. Vinicio plant parts, and training plants to Paguay in Bola de Oro. grow on supports. We also used hand weeding. We are mid-experiment, but In the trial, we had three treatments: have collected data on percentage of T1: clean management; T2: organic plants growing (95%), plant height management; and T3: conventional (1-2 m), and presence of pests (none management with farmer practices. to date) and diseases. The planation The components of the strategy for was established in January 2011; at 7 clean management included: 1) nutri- months, the first flowers appeared, and tion, 2) cultivation, and 3) “clean” production started at 10 months. We management. estimate yields of 7 kg/plant/year and hope that this grows to 10 kg/plant/ Management of leaf diseases in black- Nutrition: We are using 75% of the year. berry should be based on identification recommended application of chemical of the disease and timely application of fertilizers with a 50% organic supple- The highest incidence of Peronóspora fungicides. When the agronomic man- ment (360-60-300 kg/ha de N-P-K), in buds was found in the organic treat- agement of the blackberry is adequate, also applying foliar sprays of micronu- ment. Similarly, Botrytis incidence Botrytis is only seen when the fruits trients (B, Fe, Zn, Ca). in fruits was highest in the organic begin to mature; at this time, it is treatment. During the harvest, which necessary to begin controls. After the Cultural management: Up to 3 months has been continuing for the past six first harvest, management should be following the establishment of plants, months, we found that treatment T1 based on sanitation; it is important we remove old shoots and leave the produces higher yields than the con- to prune strategically, removing the new ones. Starting in the 4th month, ventional practice, but, due to disease branches that have recently produced we use strategic pruning for best pressure, yields of the organic treat- fruit. It is also important to remove possible fruit-bearing. We clean the ment were lowest. the recently pruned material from cut material from the fields to avoid We reach the following preliminary the fields. Finally, we recommend an disease spread and maintain a regime conclusions: 1) clean management application of copper-based fungicides of manual weed control. Plants are is associated with lower incidence to disinfect the wounds produced supported and trained individually of Botrytis; 2) under conditions of during the pruning. With this form using three wires. high humidity it is important to take of management, the routine applica- Disease management: We use fun- adequate control methods; 3) plant tion of botrycides should be reduced gicides (Iprodione, Procloraz, and nutrition, pruning and field sanitation significantly. Difenoconazol) and biological controls are important steps to control Botrytis (Bacillus spp. and Trichoderma spp.) and Peronóspera in blackberry; and 4) together with copper sulfate and highest yields (and likely lower costs) Development of technological potassium phosphate. We alternate are found under the clean manage- components for IPM in chemical and biological controls to ment regime. blackberry (Rubus glaucus), reduce toxicity and costs. Insects are controlled with organic and synthetic Bola de Oro, Bolívar insecticides, according to the level of Potato infestation. Bolivar province produces the second Integrated pest management largest quantity of blackberry in for control of white worm (Premnotrypes vorax) in Table 2. Disease incidence and fruit yields, blackberry, Bola de Oro-Bolívar, 2011-2012. potato

Peronóspera (%) Botrytis (%) In the upper watershed in Ecuador (the sub-watershed Illangama), Treatment Healthy Diseased Healthy Diseased Yield kg/ the cultivation system is primarily buds buds fruits fruits plant/year potato-pasture. An important problem T1: “Clean” 85 15 83 17 15 for potato producers in the region management is the white worm, Premnotrypes T2: Organic 65 35 60 40 8 vorax. An alternative for manage- management ment includes the use of vegetative and plastic barriers to impede move- T3: Conventional 83 17 80 20 11 ment of the insects from field to field. management Biological control is another alterna-

11 one month prior to potato planting. We monitoring of the insect in farmer applied Acefato (2 g/l.) to these bait fields, using 19 insect traps deployed plants every 20 days. In the initial at strategic sites along roads intercon- evaluation, we found five adults per necting the potato cropping area of plant after transplant and 0.5 adults La Esperanza, the most important on average at 40 days following trans- potato producing region of Honduras. plant. In the interior of the parcel, we The data gathered this year so far had foliar applications of Acefato at 40, indicate that disease incidence and 60, and 80 days. At harvest, we found insect populations were present at 30% of tubers with damage, compared extremely low levels, most likely a to 50% on the controls. The relatively result of unfavorable environmental high level of damage might be attrib- conditions for the complex to occur and utable to the need for more frequent also apparently of the growers practice spraying. of rapidly adopting application of the recommended insecticides. Use of Beauveria bassiana for control of potato white worm Validation of the most promising management strategies In Illangama, El Corazón locality, we established a trial to examine the use These consist of alternated use of of Beauveria bassiana for the control insecticidal chemicals of different potato white worm. We established modes of action and improved spraying two parcels of 150 m2 each. Treatment technology, crop-free periods, and the T1 included applying a 2 g/site dose use of entomopathogens and natural of Beauveria, at 40, 60 and 80 days enemies. after planting, to the soil, in traps, at Figures 4 and 5. Tubers evaluated at harvest planting, with hilling, and foliar appli- Early in the year a field plot was set following exposure to Beauveria, Illangama, cation. The concentration was 1x109 up to evaluate persistence of insecti- 2012 spores. Treatment T2 was the control. cides recommended for the psyllid control. Considering the very low natural tive, depending on conditions in the In both treatments, we evaluated the psyllid population, a colony was estab- soil. This project year, we worked following variables: population in five lished under a cage to obtain nymphs with farmers in Illangama on IPM places per parcel in cubes of 30 x 30 x for the persistence trial. However, as alternatives. 30 cm at the start of and at harvest, adult population in traps, and per- temperature increased, the psyllids We installed parcels, each with an centage of tubers with damage. failed to reproduce and the colony died; area of 225 m2; the first two were we have not been able to recover it. As intended to demonstrate the use of Results show that the initial popula- a result the trial had to be cancelled. plastic barriers to inhibit pest move- tion was a mean of 1.5 larvae per The low population observed in the ment and the application of biological sample. In T2 (control), we found a field and the inability to develop a controls compared to a control using mean of 2 larvae per sample and 0.5 colony under a protected environment the farmer practice. In the other two pupae at harvest; in T1 (biological may be an indication that the climatic parcels, we used bait plants laced with control parcel), we found a mean of conditions of Honduras are suboptimal Acefato (a low-toxicity pesticide) com- 0.25 larvae and 0.5 pupae. In terms of for psyllid development and problems pared to the control. damage, we found that in the biocon- reported previously may be due to very trol parcel, 26.6% of the tubers were poor management of potato fields. Result: The recommendation is to use infected, compared to 54.9% in the con- plastic barriers, traps, and bait plants trol. Because the biocontrol cuts losses An exploratory test was also conducted with Acefato. The 50-cm wide plastic in half, there is a clear and measurable at La Esperanza to evaluate foliar barrier, 40 cm above the soil and 10 impact of B. bassiana in Premnotrypes coverage of spray obtained with com- cm below, was installed 15 days prior vorax. mercial versions of a lever-operated to planting on the planting contours; it knapsack and a mistblower knapsack was left in place until harvest. Insec- at two different volumes (400 and 650 ticides were applied to plants three l/ha) in the rainy season at 50 days times over 60 days at 20-day intervals. Honduras after planting. Cards of water-sensi- We also planted bait plants, applying tive paper (CIBA-GEIGY, Switzerland) Acefato (2 g/l) to them at the same rate Potato were placed at strategic sites within as in the traps (three times over 20 the plant canopy, and, immediately days). Wood stakes were placed every Management of the complex after spray application of plain water, three meters for support. On harvest, they were collected for assessment. we collected four samples, with 100 Zebra-chip disease-psyllid of The cards were very sensitive to tubers selected at random; these we potato and like diseases of absorbing atmospheric humidity due examined for presence of larvae and other solanaceous crops to their hygroscopic properties, which damage to the tuber. In the IPM treat- introduced a confounding effect in ment, 8% of tubers showed damage, H.R. Espinoza, J. C. Melgar, R. Foster their assessment. However, it was while the control had levels of 50%. and S. Weller, J. Brown clear that much better foliage coverage resulted from a) use of the highest Bait plants and the use of Acefato Studies on the population dynamics volume with either knapsack and b) of the vector B. cockerelli have been use of the mistblower in comparison We transplanted potato plants with continued in one of the two origi- to the lever knapsack. The trial is to 40 cm spacing around the field border nally chosen potato growing areas. be replicated under more favorable The activity consists in a systematic 12 weather conditions. This is also an Between 2011 and 2012 a total of 39 have been transferred to growers activity conducted with logistic and symptomatic samples were collected and extension officers in the training financial collaboration of the ACCESO from tomato (24), peppers (9), and events and a grower’s bulletin is in the project implemented by FINTRAC in potato (6), and they were subjected making by the scientist responsible for Southwestern-Western Honduras. to an ELISA test kit obtained from the activity. ADGEN Phytodiagnostics (Scotland) to No activities were carried out in test for two specific bacteria:Pseu - testing of entomopathogens for psyllid domonas syringae pv. tomato and Integrated management of control Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesica- bacterial wilt in solanaceous toria, the causal agents of bacterial Tomato, pepper, and speck and bacterial spot, respectively. crops Aseptically-obtained leaf samples were J. C. Melgar, F. J. Díaz, J. Mauricio eggplant seeded in Nutrient Agar media and, Rivera, R. Foster, S. Weller, J. Brown in most cases, bacteria grew out of Management of bacterial leaf the implants. When the isolates were Publication of a growers guide for and fruit spots of tomatoes subjected to the test, Pseudomonas recognition and management of syringae pv.tomato was detected bacterial wilt and peppers on four tomato and two bell pepper J. C. Melgar, J. Mauricio Rivera, S. samples (17% of tomato samples An illustrated guide was finished and Weller and 20% of bell pepper samples) and published in June 2012. Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesica- A great confusion exists between toria was detected on three Tabasco Field evaluation of grafting as a extension workers and growers as to pepper samples. None of the samples means to control the disease the cause and recommended prac- yielded the fungus Septoria lycoper- tices for management of presumably sici or other fungi when leaf samples In late April 2012, rootstock plantlets fungus-caused spots in peppers and were implanted in Petri dishes with of seven presumably bacterial wilt- tomatoes, and some in potatoes. In artificial media appropriate for fungi. resistant eggplant varieties (sources: 5 general, the practice recommended Nothing grew out from the potato from AVRDC, Taiwan; 1 from Roger’s was to apply fungicides for control implants. These results suggest that Syngenta, USA; and 1 from Rijk of Septoria leaf spot (cause: Septoria the fungal pathogens are not a major Zwaan, Netherlands) were grafted lycopersici), though at FHIA it was problem but that bacteria are causing with scions of one locally grown tomato suspected that in many of the samples damage in tomato and pepper. More- cultivar (cv. Namib, Roger’s Syngenta, the symptoms were those of a bacterial over, it also indicates that there might USA) and of the locally grown cultivar disease, thus requiring very different be other bacterial pathogen strains of Indian eggplant. On May 18, the management. not detectable by the kits used that grafted plants were transplanted to a might also be involved in provoking bacterial wilt-infested field, and the the symptoms. The results obtained treatments were distributed in the layout of a RCBD replicated trial for Table 3. Effect of soil solarization, biofumigation, and mulching with black plastic on fruit yield either crop. of Indian eggplant grown in field infested with Ralstonia solanacearum, CEDEH-FHIA, Comay- agua, Honduras, 20121 In both crops the non-grafted variety used as scion was incorporated as Treatment Yield (mt.ha-1) untreated control. Harvesting of the tomato plots was finished in late w/o Mulch Mulched Variation (%) August, and eggplant harvest will Solarization 39.4 46.1 +17 occur in early October. This activity was the research topic of Edward Solarization + biofumigation 28.8 45.1 +56 Mejía, an intern undergraduate Untreated control 36.5 39.9 +9 student from UNAG (Catacamas, 1Comparisons are made to the mulchless version of the corresponding treatment. Olancho), developing at FHIA his graduation requirement of professional practice; he is now in the process of Table 4. Mortality at 102 days after transplanting (DAT) and total fruit yield of tomato cv. Namib analyzing the data. grafted on rootstocks presumably resistant to Ralstonia solanacearum, CEDEH-FHIA, Comay- agua, Honduras, 2012 Analyzed results so far show that the Treatment/ Rootstock Source Mortality at Yield (mt. utilization of the AVRDC rootstock rootstock species 102 DAT (%) ha-1) varieties resulted in the lowest plant mortality (1.5-4.5%) and the highest 1) 500022 Eggplant AVRDC 1.5 a 22.15 a yields (21.5-25.4 mt.ha-1). Even the 2) 500019 Eggplant AVRDC 3.0 a 25.41 a non-grafted variety did much better 3) 500003 Eggplant AVRDC 4.0 a 21.54 a in plant mortality and yield than rootstocks obtained from two com- 4) 500021 Eggplant AVRDC 4.5 a 24.24 a mercial sources. In general the yields 5) Control ----- Rogers/ 31.5 ab 20.64 a were lower than normal, which may (non-grafted Syngenta be attributable to the fact that testing cv. Namib) was carried out during the rainy season, a time usually less favorable 6) Emperador Tomato Rijk Zwann 43.0 b 19.48 a for tomatoes because of high tempera- 7) 1098 Eggplant Seminis 46.1 b 12.29 a tures and high rainfall. This is also an activity conducted with logistic and 8) 61-071 Tomato Rijk Zwann 63.6 b 12.73 a

13 financial collaboration of the ACCESO in bitter melon roots are not consistent Management of thrips and project implemented by FINTRAC in with yield results, suggesting that Southwestern-Western Honduras. other factors, maybe nutrition related, mites in eggplants and other could be responsible for the signifi- horticultural crops cant differences in yield recorded. In H. R. Espinoza, F. J. Díaz, R. Foster Bitter melon addition, 1 kg of each of three distinct blends of the mustard was imported This activity is aimed to manage thrips Management of the root-knot this year from the same source in the and mites by means of enhancing nematode Meloidogyne spp. United States to be evaluated. natural biological control via habitat on key crops diversification within an eggplant Seed production plot of the best crop with sunflower interplanted as F. J. Díaz, D. Perla and J. Mauricio performing cowpea lines a refuge/substrate for the beneficial Rivera, R. Foster Orius sp and using low impact insec- A small seed multiplication plot of the ticides. In this year’s trial application Evaluation of bred biofumigant two best nematode-resistant cowpea thresholds were strictly enforced in mustards for the control of root- varieties identified locally was estab- both conditions of pest management knot nematode lished at FHIA’s vegetable station in (diversified and conventional non- Comayagua. Though the cowpea cul- diversified environment), resulting in A replicated trial was established in a tivars have proved to be consistently both conditions in no need of pesticide farmer’s field at Comayagua in August effective, dissemination to growers application for arthropod manage- 2011 to evaluate control of the root- has not been achieved due to limita- ment during the vegetative period of knot nematode. It tested the effective- tions of FHIA per se to do technology the crop and only two applications ness of rotations of the already-tested transfer. It is expected that this could for broad mite control in the 6-week nematode resistant cowpeas and solar- be changed in the coming year with harvesting period. Just as in previous ization with the biofumigant Caliente the collaboration of the USAID-funded years’ trials, the yield of exportable Brand mustard (High Performance ACCESO project implemented by FIN- fruit in the diversified plots was higher Seeds, Moses Lake, WA, USA) in com- TRAC since June 2011. than that of plots with conventional parison to using commercial chemical management, due to a significant nematicide (oxamyl) and an untreated reduction in broad mite fruit damage. control. Sweet potato As in the previous trials, the trial had The rotation crop was soil-incorporated Integrated management of to be terminated very early because with mustard at flowering, and in viruses of sweetpotato of severe bacterial wilt attack. This mid-November 2011, a follow-up com- problem is already being addressed, mercial crop of the oriental vegetable F. J. Díaz, José C. Melgar, J. Mauricio investigating the use of eggplant lines bitter melon (Momordica charantia) Rivera, R. Foster, J. K. Brown resistant to the bacteria obtained from was planted. Harvest of bitter melon AVRDC and other sources. ended in late April, though the data Collection and analyses of plant has not been fully analyzed. Prelimi- specimens to identify the preva- Various horticultural nary analyses of yield data show that, lent viruses consistent with previous research, crops use of the nematode resistant Cowpea A total of 37 samples were collected CB-46 as a rotation crop along with from eight sites in five provinces of Transfer of technologies from the mustard promoted higher yields the country, and they were locally other countries for evaluation than any other treatment (41.3 and analyzed using a NCM-ELISA test kit 41.1 mt.ha-1). Use of the mustard with developed by the International Potato and incorporation into solarization did not improve yields. Center (CIP-Perú) and provided by Dr. country-specific packages Assessments of nematode quantities Luis Salazar. This kit is designed for detecting ten viruses known to attack Alwang, Norton, Backman, Gugino sweet potato worldwide. The activity Weller, Foster, Brown Table 5. Yield of commercial-grade bitter was implemented as the graduation melon, produced in rootknot nematode-infest- Several opportunities have been ed soil and subjected to several treatments requirement of the undergraduate intern student Leonel Moncada from identified for moving technologies from Soil treatment Yield the local university UNAG (Catac- one region/country to another. Most (mt.ha-1) amas, Olancho). Two distinct viruses of the technology sharing takes place were clearly identified: theSweet during annual meetings of the LAC CB-46 (cowpea) as 41.3 a group, but others (such as grafting for rotation potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and, less frequently, Sweet potato chlo- control of Fusarium wilt in naran- Caliente mustard as 41.1 a rotic stunt virus (SPCSV). However, jilla) are brought in from other CRSP rotation only 23 of the samples tested posi- regions. This year, the entire regional project expects to benefit from training Caliente mustard as 38.9 ab tive to virus presence, indicating that received by M. Rivera (FHIA, Hon- rotation + solarization other entities different to those tested for might be present locally. These duras) on the use of Trichoderma spp. Big Buff (cowpea) as 35.7 ab results, together with results obtained and other bio-controls. rotation the previous year, complete the FHIA-C (cowpea) as 32.6 ab analytical phase of this activity; with rotation this information, it will be possible to finally publish a guide to integrated Commercial nematicide 32.1 ab management of sweet potato viruses in (oxamyl) at planting Honduras. Untreated control 27.7 b

14 Bio-rational controls for pests collection in Carchi to measure the Participatory experiments with impact 6 years after our IPM potato IPM Alwang, Backman, Barrera, Weller, program ended) and Guatemala (base- Rivera line data are currently being collected). We installed two 900 m2 parcels for In both countries, the impact activities experiments and demonstration The global IPM CRSP and the LAC will be combined with analysis suit- purposes. In the first, we used plastic regional project have identified and able for gender global theme outputs. barriers and biological controls. On tested a number of bio-rational con- The IPDN and IPVDN global themes average, we captured 23 adults in trols (e.g., controls for fungal diseases have active research and training monitoring traps. Biological controls using Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus programs in the LAC region. were applied using compost with spp.). We would use these isolates, entomopathogenic nematodes. In the known as bioactive isolates, and deter- current year, due to lack of rainfall, we mine their potential for pest control in Potato had only very limited ability to control fruits and vegetables. In many regions the pests. In the second parcel, we of the world, such control technolo- Adaptation and development tested the use of the insecticide acefato gies have led to indigenous industries of an IPM package for white at 2 g/L every 20 days. Results are for production of the bio-rational worm in potato promising, but will have to wait until (especially South Asia). Opportunities the end of the season for complete will be explored for development of Ochoa, Gallegos, Manangón, evaluation. small-scale industries, beginning with Asaquibay, Barrera, Escudero, Cruz, Rhizobium production in Ecuador. Backman, Gugino Other opportunities will be explored as Bio-rational controls for pests they arise. Previous research in year In Andean communities, the potato 3 identified several Bacillus spp. that is the principle food safety crop, and Alwang, Backman, Barrera, Weller, showed excellent potential for biolog- the most important pest in Bolivar Rueda ical control of diseases. See below for province is Premnotrypes vorax. A report on activity. promising method of control, identi- Two Penn State graduate students fied during experiments in Carchi, (Testen and Kessler) accompanied P. is the use of vegetative barriers and A. Backman to Ecuador in May 2011 plastic barrier to prevent entry of the for training by our INIAP counter- Coordination pest. We have also identified biological parts on issues related to production controls. To adapt the Carchi control systems and pests of key crops in the with global program to conditions in Bolivar, we Andean region. They visited several did the following: (i) a rapid assess- sites producing Andean fruits and themes ment of alternatives; (ii) a training others producing key crops such as program for local farmers; and (iii) faba and quinoa. Several pathogens Project scientists interact participatory parcels to investigate were collected that will allow for the IPM alternatives. establishment of greenhouse and with global theme scientists growth chamber studies. Isolates and to ensure that global themes Baseline assessment plant samples have also been supplied are contributing to regional from collections of Jose Ochoa. Ochoa project objectives We conducted a quick survey of visited Penn State for training in bio- farmers in the area (tab. 6). logical control research techniques and Alwang, Norton, Tolin, Christie, to coordinate efforts between PSU and Miller, Brown Respondents also claimed that the INIAP. A major effort was made by pest entered their property through Testen and Kessler to develop culture In the first two years of the project, their neighbor. The levels of damage collections of pathogens and benefi- significant accomplishments have are relatively high, especially consid- cial organisms of faba, quinoa, and been achieved in coordinating with the ering the large number of applications common bean. global themes. All four had representa- and relatively high dose rates. This • 194 cultures of bacilli from Che- tion at the annual meeting (June 2012 provides evidence that the pest is a nopodium album; P solubilization in Guatemala). The impact assessment problem in this area and farmers have tested and 16S sequenced global theme is currently conducting strong need for alternative controls, a baseline survey in Guatemala, with especially since the main control, Car- • 335 cultures of bacilli from C. impact assessment data collection and bofuran, is a listed chemical. quinoa from Ecuador; P solubiliza- analysis continuing in Ecuador (data tion tested and 16S sequenced • 2 lines of Peronospora variabilis, Table 6. Control practices for white worm used by farmer in Illangama, Ecuador, 2011 domestic; one from Rock Springs, one from Landisville, PA Activities % of Number Product Dose % sample of times damage • 86 random fungi isolated from C. used to crop album roots and stems last year Traps 33 3 Carbofuran 2 cc/l 25 • 5 probable Ascochyta spp. from Rock Springs, PA Leaf 17 3 Carbofuran 1.5 cc/l 40 application • 6 probable Cercospora spp. from Rock Springs, PA Leaf 33 1 Carbofuran+ 1.5 cc/l 50 application Preliminary studies utilizing repli- Cipermetrina 2.0 cc/l cated field trials of common bean, No control 17 60 quinoa, or faba have been established,

15 and results are presently being tabu- Table 13. Yield of commercial grade fruit of tomato cultivars grown within protection structures lated on the effects of plant growth and in open field conditions, CEDEH-FHIA, Comayagua, Honduras, 2011-20121 promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) on Cultivar Fruit yield and variation1 Phaseolus bean, faba bean, and quinoa for both colonization and levels of Open field Macro-tunnel Mega-tunnel (Anti- disease as well as levels of Rhizobium (AGRIBON floating virus net) nodulation and AM mycorrhizae. cover) mt.ha-1 mt.ha-1 Variation mt.ha-1 Varia- Naranjilla (%) tion (%) Namib 69.4 48.7 -30 85.5 +23 Validation of IPM package for VT60788 62.4 80.3 + 29 87.2 +41 naranjilla Tisey 60.9 - --- 73.8 +21 Barrera, Cruz, Ochoa, Gallegos, Shanty 60.7 68.2 +12 67.9 +12 Martínez and Vásquez, Robert Andrade, Alwang, Norton Andrew Charger 56.4 51.4 -9 55.6 -1 Sowell, Gerald Shively 1Open field: 12 harvests; Macro-tunnel: 10 harvest; Mega-tunnel: 18 harvests.

A new naranjilla variety, produced as a part of the prior phase of the IPM Table 14. Yield of commercial grade fruit of bell pepper cultivars grown within protection structures and in open field conditions, CEDEH-FHIA, Comayagua, Honduras, 2011-20121 CRSP, was released in August 2009 by INIAP in Ecuador. This variety, Cultivar Fruit yield and variation1 a graft of a common naranjilla on a Open field Macro-tunnel Mega-tunnel (Anti- fusarium-resistant rootstock, is being (AGRIBON floating virus net) commercialized by two private firms. cover) Anecdotal evidence shows widespread adoption, but evidence also exists mt.ha-1 mt.ha-1 Variation mt.ha-1 Varia- of disease problems associated with (%) tion (%) the variety. Analysis of the spread Alliance 54.1 - - 105.7 +95.4 and impact of the variety is needed to validate its use in other regions of Revelation 55.7 77.0 +38.1 97.6 +75.1 Ecuador. Andrew Sowell visited the Anaconda 57.8 85.9 +48.8 96.8 +67.5 naranjilla producing areas of Ecuador Atraccion 63.8 70.1 +9.9 89.8 +40.7 to collect data to include in his economic model of naranjilla profitability. Aristotle 51.4 75.1 +45.9 87.6 +70.3 He included in this model naranjilla 1Open field: 9 harvests; Macro-tunnel: 13 harvest; Mega-tunnel: 13 harvests IPM package components, including the grafted variety, low-toxicity pesticides, and other elements. He defended using mega-tunnels. Nevertheless, the IPDN and IPVDN: Creation of his M.S. thesis at Purdue University study shows no difference on profits a technique to identify “wom- in Spring 2011. Sowell traveled to by investing in greenhouse structures, Ecuador to finalize his research with part of it due to the weather conditions en’s crops” with an applica- Victor Barrera in October-December during the experiment. tion to Honduras. 2011, and he has produced a report to Alwang INIAP. Global themes USAID is interested in understanding Tomatoes and peppers Impact assessment ex-ante the potential impacts of CRSP research on women. This information Norton, Alwang, Barrera, Cruz can help prioritize research. While it Validation of IPM packages for is possible to apply a comprehensive tomatoes and peppers We conducted a baseline survey of survey to gain this information, most approximately 300 households in Alwang, Norton, Rivera, Valenzuela countries where the CRSP works avail Guatemala. Data are currently being of alternative household data sources entered into the computer and cleaned. that might contain sufficient informa- At FHIA’s station in Comayagua an area We completed cleaning and analysis of of 0.5 ha was established to validate and tion to address the gender issue. We the baseline data collected in year 1 in have completed a framework to sum- demonstrate production, costing, and Guaranda, Ecuador. A draft report has profitability of tomatoes and peppers marize these impacts and identify key been produced. Analysis on gendered parameters. Output: draft research (5 cultivars of each one) grown in three dimensions of this survey is ongoing. distinct environmental conditions: open paper, submitted for review in Feb- field, macro-tunnels (AGRIBON floating ruary 2012. net, 2.0 x 50.0 m protected structure), and mega-tunnels (Antivirus mesh, 7.5 Gender x 50 m protected structure). Information The gender network has been estab- was gathered and a cost-benefit analysis lished, and a gender/participatory is currently in process. In general, yield methods training was held (April 2010 increases occur with the use of some in Ecuador). Since then, we have sup- kind of protection, and these effects ported workshops in the Dominican are more evident for peppers than for Republic and a gender-based analysis tomatoes and are greater whenever of the Ecuador baseline survey.

16 Eastpro Africaject regional program:country uganda | | country tanzania | |country kenya

Principal InvestigatorPrincipal: Mark Investigator: Erbaugh,

Ohio StateCollaborators: University

Host Country Partners: Uganda — S. Kyamanywa, Jeninah Karungi | Kenya — Monicah Waiganjo | Tanzania — Amon Maerera

17 programEast Africa program summary

n Uganda, the registration and release of the Itomato variety MT56, which is resistant to bacterial wilt, has been undertaken. Grafting scions of desired varieties of tomato on bacterial wilt resistant MT56 rootstock has become popular with farmers in bacterial wilt infected areas. Field trials are being conducted for management of boll worm, leafminer, mites and diseases of tomato. Tomato mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus and Tomato spotted wilt virus were found on tomato. Experiments are being conducted to evaluate the resistance of KP4, a local passion fruit cultivar, to collar rot disease. Coffee root mealybug and white stem borer are problems in Arabica coffee. Pheromone traps are being tested for coffee twig borer control.

In Kenya, grafting technology has been introduced to overcome bacterial wilt disease of tomato in the open fields as well as in high tunnels. Soil solarization was also found to reduce incidence of bacterial wilt. Passion fruit virus disease detection technology has been validated. Population dynamics of thrips in onion fields has been studied.

In Tanzania, impact of management practices on postharvest physiology and shelf line of tomato was studied. Trials are being conducted for management of white coffee stem borer, Antestia bug, coffee berry borer, and coffee berry disease. Trials are being conducted for management of Thrips tabaci, a major pest of onions.

18 Integrated pest management release MT56 on the Ugandan market UGANDA of Ralstonia solanacearum on have been initiated. Tomato tomato in Uganda Jeninah Karungi, Geoffrey Tusiime, Develop and promote IPM package transfer to Patrick Rubaihayo, Robinah techniques for management tomato farming communities Ssonko, Didas Asiimwe, Samauel of boll worm, spider mites, Kyamanywa, Sally Miller, and J.M. leaf mining flies, and key Jeninah Karungi, Zachary Muwanga, Erbaugh G. Biiso, Samuel Kyamanywa, Sally diseases on tomato Miller, and Mark Erbaugh MT56, a tomato variety introduced to Michael Otim; Samuel Kyamanywa, Uganda from the Ohio Agricultural Zachary Muwanga (MSc student), The purpose of this activity was to Research and Development (OARDC) Innocent Tumwesigye, Matt disseminate the tomato IPM package Breeding Program, had been observed Kleinhenz, & Joeseph Kovach developed during previous years to to be moderately resistant to Ralstonia the Kirimagondo farmers’ field school solanacearum in the country. Current The purpose of this activity was to (KFFS) group in Kamila Sub County, research has aimed at confirming the use mulches and well-timed pesti- Luwero district using a modified resistance of the variety and exploring cide applications to reduce pesticide farmer field schools (FFS) approach. the efficacy of other cultural practices applications from 12–24 per season The IPM package being disseminated as a robust integrated management to 2–3 and to manage insect pests/ consisted of nursery management strategy for this priority tomato diseases. The experiment used a practices (soil sterilization), a variety disease. In one study, eight tomato completely randomized block design with resistance to bacterial wilt varieties — CLN3022D, CLN3022F, (CRBD) with seven treatments repli- (MT 56), and mulching, ridging, and CLN3024A, CLN2418 (from AVRDC); cated four times. The treatments were: staking, aimed at reducing pesticide Tengeru- 97, Moneymaker, Mar- (T1) spraying once every week with a (fungicide/insecticide) usage and globe and Roma (commercial vari- mixture of Dimethoate and Agrolaxyl easing field activities. The Kamila Sub eties in Uganda); and MT56 — were chemicals to control both insect pests County extension agent was the facili- inoculated with R. solanacearum at and disease; (T2) spraying the mixture tator of the FFS and was responsible a population of 1×108cfu ml-1 in a once at vegetative growth and once for the fortnightly training of farmers. complete randomized design with five during flowering; (T3) spraying the KFFS has a membership of 25 farmers replications to record disease devel- mixture twice during flowering and (12 men, 13 women). The trainings opment on potted plants. R. sola- twice during fruiting; (T4) weekly imparted skills/techniques for inte- nacearum symptoms were apparent application of Agrolaxyl fungicide grated pest management following the 10 days after inoculation (DAI) and sprays only; (T5) weekly applica- crop’s growth cycle. developed differently across genotypes. tion of Dimethoate insecticide only; MT56, CLN3024A, CLN24118A, and (T6) untreated / mulched; and (T7) CLN3022D had the lowest disease untreated / unmulched. Registration and release of incidence. tomato variety MT 56 to the Preliminary results on fruit yield and Another study assessed the potential cost-effectiveness of the different spray Ugandan farming community of grafting as a strategy for managing schedules indicate that mulching alone Patrick Rubaihayo, Sam R. solanacearum on tomato. Five caused a yield gain of 534kg/ha (1 and Kyamanywa, Jeninah Karungi, Didas treatments were studied in a random- 2). The most profitable spray schedule ized complete block design: i) Onyx, Asiimwe(RIP), Jackie Bonabana- was two sprays of the mixture of a fun- a bacterial wilt susceptible com- gicide and insecticide, once in vegeta- Wabbi, Matt Kleinhenz, Sally Miller, mercial variety grafted on Solanum and Mark Erbaugh tive and flowering stages, respectively complycanthum (Kitengotengo), ii) (tabs. 1 and 2). Onyx grafted on Solanum indicum The purpose of this activity was to (Katunkuma), iii) Onyx grafted onto complete the registration of MT56 Solanum sp. (Katengotengo), iv) in Uganda. All the documents and Onyx, ungrafted as a check, and v) Distribution and verifications needed by the Ugandan un-grafted MT 56 as a second check. characterization of major National Varietal Release Committee Results indicated that grafting on have been submitted, including the viruses infecting tomato in different root stocks varyingly reduced Uganda validation of performance in different the incidence of R. solanacearum seasons and different agroecological on tomatoes as well as fruit yield. Mildred Ochwo-Ssemakula, Peter zones and the compilation of genetic Another trial assessed the effect of background and variety description. Sseruwagi, Warren Arinaitwe, Feng integrating MT56 with previously Qu, Sally Miller These results have been reported in tested cultural practices of mulching previous annual reports. Currently we with straw and staking with wooden Virus disease surveys were conducted are waiting on communication from sticks vs. the untreated tomato plants the committee. to assess the incidence and severity of in a randomized complete block design viral diseases in tomato fields in eight with three replications. Results indi- major growing districts of Kasese, cated that mulched/staked plants had Mbarara, Mpigi, Luwero, Ntungamo, lower R. solanacearum incidences than Rukungiri, Kamuli, and Mbale for untreated plants. The tactics used in two consecutive seasons. In addition, the different trials that provided con- infected leaf samples were collected sistently good results have now been for further serological identification. A transferred to farmers where they total of 71 tomato fields were scored for have been widely adopted. Plans to 19 virus disease incidence and symptom The purpose of this activity was to Sseruwagi, Jeninah Karungi, Samuel severity. A collection of 127 leaf establish the influence of plastic Kyamanywa, Sally Miller, Mark samples were tested using ELISA for mulch and soil amendments on the Erbaugh Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Tobacco occurrence of tomato viral diseases mosaic virus (TMV), Cucumber mosaic and their insect vectors. Over two The purpose of this activity was to virus (CMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus consecutive seasons and on-station at evaluate the resistance of KP4, local (TSWV), and potyviruses, and all were MUARIK, the effect of five treatments yellow, purple, and sweet calabash confirmed present in most surveyed on the occurrence of insect vectors, passion fruit cultivars/lines for fields using ELISA. On average, in natural enemies, viral infections, and resistance to collar rot disease. Soil the first season ToMV had the highest tomato yield were evaluated. The samples were obtained from fields of incidence (33%) and TSWV, the lowest treatments were: i) plastic mulch, ii) passion fruit plants showing collar rot incidence (2%), while in the second cattle manure, iii) straw mulch, iv) disease symptoms in the main passion season, CMV had the highest incidence coffee husks, and v) untreated control. fruit producing districts of Uganda, (60%), and TSWV, the lowest incidence Preliminary results indicate that the Mbale, Mubende, Lira, Tororo, Naka- (8%). incidence and severity of tomato virus songola, and Mukono districts. The diseases, some of the insect vectors, pathogen was isolated and cultured on and natural enemies varied signifi- PDA medium in microbiology Labora- Effect of plastic mulch cantly (P<0.05) across seasons and tory at Makerere University. Pure and soil amendments on among the treatments. Using molec- cultures of Fusarium solani were then ular analysis (PCR), Tomato yellow incorporated into millet grains carrier occurrence of tomato viral leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was detected medium for use in host resistance diseases and their vectors in in all leaf samples tested. evaluation. A screen house trial to Uganda screen the above mentioned passion Passion fruit fruit germplasm against the isolated Jeninah Karungi, Samuel F. solani is currently running at Kyamanywa, Mildred Ochwo- MUARIK. Eight seedlings of each cul- Ssemakula, Peter Sseruwagi, Matt Efficacy of grafting, cultural tivar were inoculated with a specified Kleinhenz, Joseph Kovach, Mark practices, and biological dosage of the F. solani isolate. Controls Erbaugh, Chris Muwanika (MSc. control in the management of were passion fruit seedlings of each Student) key diseases of passion fruit variety grown in sterilised soil. Mildred Ochwo-Ssemakula, Peter Preliminary observations indicate that symptom expression, including Table 1. Mean weight of marketable tomatoes between treatments and at subsequent harvests diebacks, leaf yellowing, and intervein necrosis, are varying according to spe- Mean marketable weight (kg/ha) for different treatment and time cific cultivars (figs. 1 and 2). Harvesting Treatment 1 2 3 4 5 Mean T1 713 1152 672 1712 2462 1343 T2 190 1122 465 2350 2072 1240 Figure 1. Dieback symptoms on the passion fruit plant T3 770 1505 668 1825 1540 1261 T4 968 558 580 1250 1775 1026 T5 522 798 462 2122 1597 1100 T6 732 708 600 1512 1487 1008 T7 465 432 352 460 657 474

Table 2. Mean yields of marketable tomatoes and marginal returns for the different pesticide spray schedules Harvesting Treatment Yield Yield gain Gross Cost of Net returns Kg/ha over control returns sprays (UgX/ha) Kg/ha (UgX/ha) (UgX/ha) Figure 2. Leaf defoliation symptoms on a T1 1343 869 1,738,000 1,252,571 485,429 passion fruit plant T2 1240 766 1,532,000 313,143 1,218,857 T3 1261 787 1,574,000 776,286 797,714 T4 1026 552 1,104,000 1,200,000 -960,000 T5 1100 626 1,252,000 52,571 1,199,429 T6 1008 534 1,068,000 _ _ T7 474 _ 948,000 _ _ L.S.D 529.9 _ _ _ _ *Market price of tomatoes was 2000/per kilogram; in calculating net returns, other input costs were kept constant apart from costs associated with pesticide (chemical) usage. 20 Integration of cultural identification keys. A list of probable and low altitude. Management options alternative hosts was generated but against the pests were developed and practices for management of will be confirmed only after laboratory evaluated including stem smoothing insect vectors and associated analysis. In all, 40 aphid samples were and wrapping. These were found to viral diseases of passion fruit collected, from which 4 aphid species consistently reduce the incidence of B. have been confirmed (tab. 3). sierricola (by 37.4% and 31.2%, respec- Michael Otim, Mildred Ochwo- tively). Enhancement of soil fertility Ssemakula, Peter Sseruwagi, through application of a commercial Geoffrey Tusiime, Robinah Atukunda Coffee fertilizer (CAN), animal manure, or (MSc student), Sally Miller, and Joe intercropping with beans was found to Kovach Establishing action thresholds reduce P. irenues damage (by 62.2%, for insect pests of Arabica 48.1%, and 22.2%, respectively). These To understand the production environ- coffee in the Mt. Elgon Zone management options were validated ment of smallholder passion fruit pro- on-farm during the 2009-2010 period, duction systems and farmers’ percep- Samuel Kyamanywa, Jeninah after which efforts were focused on tions of viral diseases of passion fruit Karungi, Charles Ssemwogerere disseminating the technologies to in Uganda, a survey was conducted (MSc student), Patrick Kucel, Joseph coffee farming communities. A farmers in Buyikwe and Mubende districts Kovach field school (FFS) approach was used (viral disease hot spots) in Central to disseminate these management Uganda. Interviews were conducted in Action thresholds are diagnostic tools practices in Sironko district, Buwasa 60 households of passion fruit farmers. that assist in determining when to Sub County. The FFS has a member- The overall ratio of male to female apply corrective interventions and ship of 63 farmers (40 males and 23 respondents was 9:1 with more males are part of overall IPM package. The females). Regular sessions of the FFS (90%) than females (10%). A majority field work ot establish action thresh- have been implemented, and farmers of the respondents had formal educa- olds and economic injury levels of are in agreement that the technologies tion, with 43%, 25%, and 8% having key insect pests and to validate these are effective and have reduced losses attained primary, secondary and post- on-farm has just been completed, and in the short term. However, they noted secondary levels respectively. 23.3% data has been entered. Results show that stem wrapping was not very had no formal education. Farming was that all treatments had a significant practical because termites destroy the the main occupation of the respon- (P<0.05) effect on the mean pest inci- banana fiber wraps as soon as they dents (86%), with the rest engaged dence for stem borers, canopy scales are applied, necessitating frequent in other businesses, and only 1.7% and mealybugs, leaf miners, skeleton- re-wrapping. Plans for up-scaling the were employed formerly. Farms were izers, and caterpillar damage. How- technology to more sub counties are characterized by small holdings, with ever, treatments were not significant underway. the majority (60%) ranging from 0 to 5 (P>0.05) for mean pest incidence for acres. Only 14.4% had farm holdings Antestia bugs, root mealybugs, lace greater than 15.1 acres. Biotic factors bugs, and coffee berry borer. As with Effect of pruning, stumping, including diseases and pests were the the first season data, pesticide treat- biggest constraints faced by farmers, ments had little effect on mealybugs, and burning in managing the with viral infections in particular scales, and the coffee berry borer. coffee twig borer (CTB) and ranked the highest. Antestia bugs and the white stem coffee wilt disease borer responded to pesticide treat- The purpose of this task was to ment. Foliar sprays were found to be Samuel Kyamanywa; Patrick Kucel, identify alternative hosts for passion more efficient in reducing pest popula- George Kagezi, Joseph Kovach fruit aphid vectors and associated tions than soil applications. potyviruses. Aphids that vector pas- Community-based phyto-sanitary sion fruit viruses have a wide host BCTB management trials were imple- range including weeds and other crops IPM of the white stem borer mented through Twekembe Coffee growing within the vicinity of passion Farmers Field School (Ntenjeru sub- fruit plants. During the survey, aphids and root mealybugs on county, Mukono district) and Kezimbira and plant species showing virus-like Arabica coffee in the Mt Elgon Coffee Farmers’ Field School (Nakaseke symptoms found in the vicinity of region in Uganda T.C., Nakaseke district) to implement passion fruit in farmers’ fields were phytosanitary interventions for BCTB collected to assess their potential as Samuel Kyamanywa, Patrick Kucel, control that included desuckering, vectors or alternate hosts respectively. George Kagezi; K. Nafuna, Charles pruning and burning of infested coffee PCR and RT-PCR laboratory analysis Ssemwogerere, Mark Erbaugh, and plant parts, and elimination of alter- of the aphid insects and plant species Joseph. Kovach nate host plants. The CTB scores and is on-going at NARL- Kawanda. The other plant parameters on phytos- sampled aphid species were identi- Major pests of arabica coffee in the Mt. anitary farms were compared with fied using a digital microscope and Elgon region are Planococccus irenues the non-phytosanitary ones in order to and Bixadus sierricola at both high establish the efficacies of the approach.

Table 3: Aphid species identified and the host plants on which they were found

Common name Scientific name Host plant (Where the aphid was found) Green peach aphid Myzus persicae Capscicum annum (Green pepper) Cotton/ Melon aphid Aphis gossypii Bidens pilosa (Black jack) Sowthistle aphid Hyperomyzus lactucae Sonchus oleraceus (Sowthistle) Bean aphid Aphis fabae Phaseolus vulgaris (Bean)

21 Figure 3. Modified CTB trap made up of a perforated mineral water bottle and a McCarthney vial dispenser inside Hot pepper Training of extension workers on diagnosis of pests of key horticultural crops Mildred Ochwo-Ssemakula, Jeninah Karungi, Samuel Kyamanywa, Herbert Talwana, S.B. Mukasa, Warren Arinaitwe, M. Nantale; P. Kucel, NARO; R. Karyeija, A. Mugalula, J. Okee, MAAIF; J. Kovach, S. Miller, M. Erbaugh, OSU

The Government of Uganda is scaling out plant clinics to its decentralized districts under the Development Strategy and Investment Plan (DSIP) in order to facilitate its Crop Protec- tion function. The Makerere Univer- sity Plant Diagnostics Laboratory, established with funding from AFSI under the umbrella of IPM CRSP, was identified as a reference laboratory for the Plant Health Systems in Uganda. The laboratory will provide technical A participatory alternate host search mealybugs. From an initial member- backstopping by diagnosing samples conducted within the FFS has so far ship of 21 coffee farmers mainly from referred from the National Phytosani- reported 30 plant species, belonging the villages in Sironko district, the tary Facility in Namalere, Uganda. to 17 families, as potential plant hosts school has now expanded to 64 mem- These plant clinics are to be managed for the CTB. These will be confirmed bers. The outscaling of the technolo- by district staff at the sub-counties, through in-vitro tests. gies was to be achieved through the FFS approach to technology genera- who include extension agents and agri- In another study, ethanol and methyl- tion and dissemination. A FFS field cultural officers. Makerere University ated spirits were used in improvised day was conducted on the farm of Mr. was invited to collaborate by providing traps on-station to trap CTB as a con- Patrick Namoma on 12 May 2012. The technical backstopping that falls under trol measure. These trials focused on attendance was 42 members (28 males its training and outreach mandates. the development of protocols based on and 14 females). The main activities of Through the Regional IPM CRSP and trap modifications, selection of attrac- the field day were to listen to farmers its global theme on plant diagnostics tants, and trap placement methods. A discuss and describe IPM technologies (IPDN), training was provided to plant modified trap has been adopted using they had viewed and to train farmers doctors in nine districts that included: a combination of ethanol and methanol on gender issues in coffee production Buyikwe, Kayunga and Mukono in (fig. 3). McChartney vials have been and record keeping. Both male and Central Uganda; Hoima, Kibaale, adopted as dispensers of the attrac- female farmers were able to remember Masindi, Kasese and Bundibugyo tants in the modified traps. Prelimi- and demonstrate aspects of the dis- in Western Uganda and Mbale in nary trappings using the ethanol and seminated technologies including Eastern Uganda. Three training ses- methanol combinations consisted of stem smoothening, stem wrapping, sions were organized using workshops CTB, CBB, and an assortment of cole- de-suckering, and pruning and explain with practical field excursions to opteran and lepidopteran insects. New the reason each was done. reinforce learning. Workshop themes attractants such as ETOH, ETOH- were selected to target the technical PHERO, and Eugenol are currently After the FFS session, the team visited strengths of IPM CRSP and Makerere being evaluated before a final shortlist the coffee plantations of two mem- in line with the needs identified by the of attractants is generated for field bers of the FFS, Mr. Charles Masolo districts. mass CTB trapping evaluation trials. and Mr. Woganala Peter, to assess adoption of technologies disseminated through the FFS. Both farmers were The effect of conventional vs. found to have tremendously improved in their coffee management compared IPM management system on to their neighbors who are non-mem- priority pests bers of the FFS. Samuel Kyamanywa, Patrick Kucel, George Kagezi, Joe Kovach, Mark Erbaugh

The Kimbowa United Coffee Farmers’ group was initiated in 2011 to upscale and outscale new IPM technologies developed by IPM CRSP research for the control of stem borers and root

22 tomato farmers from October 2011- (0), slight (1), mild (2), moderate (3), KENYA March 2012. Grafted and ungrafted high (4), and severe (5) for whiteflies seedlings were transplanted after one and aphids. Insect counts on thrips month of sowing using the recom- (adults and larvae) were recorded from Tomato mended 30 x 60 cm spacing for tomato five plants per plot. Bacterial wilt production, in a two factor randomized incidence was assessed by examining On farm grafting trials at complete block replicated four times all the plants in each plot for the Kirinyaga to compare the in each of the two systems (open field, presence or absence of the disease. effects of grafting and high- high tunnel). Similar fertilizer applica- The number of infected plants per plot tion, pruning, weeding, irrigation, and was recorded, and the percent disease tunnel tomato production on other agronomic practices were carried incidence was calculated in each treat- pest incidence out by the farmer group in both the ment in the two production systems Monicah Waiganjo, C. Kambo, Sylvia high tunnel and open field. The high (high tunnel and open field). Tomato tunnel used in this on farm trial had weight was taken by harvesting from Kuria, C. Njeru, J. Mbaka, Daniel a width and length of 8 m and 15 m all plants per plot and yield calculated Gikaara, Ruth Amata, Mark Erbaugh, respectively, an exclusion-double door, for each treatment on hectare basis. Sally Miller, Samuel Kyamanywa, and a foot bath to ensure disinfection Matt Kleinhenz, Joseph Kovach, C. into the high tunnel, while the sides The major pests observed in the Gathambiri, S. Wepukhulu were made of 50 mesh insect proof net- tomato crop in both seasons were ting. Arthropod pest population was whiteflies, Bemisia( tabaci), thrips, A third season on-farm high tunnel recorded fortnightly from five ran- (Frankliniella occidentalis and F. and open field tomato grafting trial domly selected tomato plants per plot. Schultzei), and aphids, (Aphis gossypii) was carried out in Mwea, Kirinyaga Insect populations were estimated by (tab. 4). Significantly higher infesta- County in collaboration with Bayer 0-5 score representing no infestation tion by all the pests occurred in the open field than in the high tunnel. In Table 4. Effects of high tunnel and grafting on tomato arthropod pests incidence the open field, the tomato crops were moderately to highly infested with Production Tomato Whiteflies Thrips Aphids whiteflies (3.46 -4.02) and slightly system plants infested with aphids (1.11-1.36), while the mean thrips numbers ranged from Open field Onyx 4.02±0.19a 8.03±3.09a 1.11±0.01a 5-8/plant. There was no significant Grafted Onyx 3.57±0.19a 6.05±3.08a 1.24±0.01a difference in pest populations between Anna F1 3.46±0.19a 5.18±5.08a 1.36±0.01a the grafted and ungrafted tomato in both systems (tab. 4). High tunnel Onyx 0.11±0.01b 1.14±0.03ab 0.0b Grafted Onyx 0.0b 1.01±0.03ab 0.0b Among the ungrafted tomato, bacterial wilt severely infected both determinate Anna F1 0.0b 0.0b 0.0b and indeterminate tomatoes grown in P <0.001 0.012 <0.001 the two production systems (tab. 5). However, grafting the bacterial wilt C.V 23.5 44.7 15.8 susceptible variety Onyx on resistant Within a column, means marked with the same small letter are not significantly different by Mt56 resulted in significantly less Student Newman’s Keuls (SNK) test @ p=0.05. disease incidence among the tomato in both high tunnel (15%) and open field (25%). Near total crop loss (90% and Table 5. The effect of grafting on percent tomato wilt incidence± s.e. 88.7%) occurred in the ungrafted Onyx Production Onyx Grafted AnnaF1 P- value in open field and high tunnel, respec- system Onyx tively. The indeterminate variety Anna F1 was less susceptible to wilt com- Open field 90.05 ±5.31aA 25.45 ±0.06aB 74.35±2.6aA 0.0013 pared to ungrafted Onyx, but the dif- High tunnel 88.7±0.05aA 15.00±0.00aB 56.02±0.08aAB <0.0001 ference was not significant at p=0.05. The grafted tomato (Onyx) recorded P-value 0.256 0.134 <0.001 significantly least percent bacterial % C.V 29.8 43.6 25.2 wilt incidence (25.45% and 15.00%) in Within a column, means marked with the same small letter are not significantly different while the open field and high tunnel respec- means marked with the same capital letter within a row are not significantly different by SNK @ tively. No significant difference in the p=0.05 disease incidence occurred between the open field and high tunnel production Table 6. Effects of high tunnel tomato production and grafting on tomato yield (ton/ha) systems. Production Onyx Grafted AnnaF1 P- value system Onyx Open field 1.39±0.55aC 10.67±1.05aB 19.21±0.68bA <0.0001 High tunnel 2.15±3.06aC 15.4±2.9aB 26.82±2.51aA <0.0001 P-value 0.0651 0.027 0.0024 % C.V 45.2 34.8 28.6 Within a column, means marked with the same small letter are not significantly different, while means marked with the same capital letter within a row are not significantly different by SNK @ p=0.05 23 There were significant differences in Evaluation of soil solarization water-guard (sodium hypochloride) yields between the tomato varieties treated water to minimize chances of and the production systems (tab. 6). in management of bacterial bacterial wilt infection from irriga- Yield assessment of the marketable wilt in high tunnel tomato tion water. Data was collected on the tomato showed that var. Ann F1 hybrid production number of plants showing symptoms which is an open pollinated, indetermi- of bacterial wilt between transplanting nate variety had significantly higher Monicah Waiganjo, C. Kambo, Sylvia and first harvest (p<0.0001) yield in both open field and Kuria, C. Njeru, J. Mbaka, Daniel high tunnel systems than the determi- Gikaara, Ruth Amata, Mark Erbaugh, Strip solarization for three weeks nate grafted and un-grafted Onyx. Sally Miller, Samuel Kyamanywa, did not appear to offer any control of bacterial wilt, as the crop was wiped • The use of high tunnel with insect Matt Kleinhenz, Joseph Kovach, C. out even before reaching maturity. proof netting and double doors Gathambiri, S. Wepukhulu Complete coverage solarization for reduced pest entry and consequent Three soil treatments for the man- eight weeks had the lowest bacterial crop infestation. It greatly reduced the agement of bacterial wilt in high wilt infection compared to both strip use of pesticides compared to the open tunnel-grown tomatoes were tested. coverage for three weeks and infected field, resulting in higher food safety. These included (1) complete coverage soil replacement treatments (figure • High tunnels have a key role for solarization for 8 weeks; (2) strip solar- 4). After 6 weeks plots, completely small farms in reducing the need ization for 3 weeks (normal practice by covered with plastic had 21.4% wilt for pesticides. majority of farmers); and (3) excava- incidence, while uncovered plots had 51.8% wilt incidence. The practice of • Grafting had significant increase tion of infected soil and replacement replacing infected soil with seemingly on yields in both production sys- with imported forest soil. Tomato seed- uninfected forest soil did not reduce tems. However, grafting had no lings (var. Tylka Hybrid) were trans- bacterial wilt significantly. This is significant effect on the arthropod planted into all the beds. The crop probably because it is difficult to effec- pest incidence. was watered by drip irrigation, using tively replace all the infected soil and prevent contamination. Table 7. Effects of soil solarization on the yield and tomato productivity at Kangai-Tisa, Kirinyaga, Kenya • It is therefore recommended that high tunnel tomato farmers in Treatments No. No of Yield Av. price/ Gross Kangai and surrounding areas plants plants (kg) kg (USD) Income (which are hotspots of bacterial surviving (USD) wilt) should practice complete 8 weeks 40 32 250 0.5 125 coverage solarization for at least complete cover 8 weeks. solarization • Although bacterial wilt infection 3 weeks strip 40 0 0 0.5 0 was not completely eliminated solarization in our trial by complete coverage solarization for 8 weeks, the Soil 40 4 5 0.5 2.5 results are very promising. With replacement more adaptation of the solarization method, it is possible to Figure 4.Healthy tomato plants in solarized soil and dead plants in non-solarized soil reduce the bacterial wilt infection to negligible levels.

On-farm grafting trials at Kangai Tisa using new commercial tomato scions and wilt tolerant rootstock (Mt56, cherry tomato, Solanum incanum, and TKA- 193-31) Monicah Waiganjo, C. Kambo, Sylvia Kuria, C. Njeru, J. Mbaka, Daniel Gikaara, Ruth Amata, Mark Erbaugh, Sally Miller, Samuel Kyamanywa, Matt Kleinhenz, Joseph Kovach, C. Gathambiri, S. Wepukhulu

The trial is a participatory research activity with Kangai Tisa farmers group. The seedlings were transplanted on August 9, 2012, in a split- plot design with two main plots and ten sub-plots. The main plots included high tunnels whose beds had complete coverage solarization for 8 weeks and 24 high tunnel where no soil solariza- the bacterial culture. Trichoderma beans, and Nicotiana benthamiana tion took place. The treatments in the harzianum strain T22 had the most exhibited symptoms clearly while C. sub-plots included two indeterminate overgrowth (3.94) followed by T. quinoa did not. commercial tomato varieties (Anna asperellum strain T-203 (3.20), while F1 and Tylka F1) un-grafted, and the the least overgrowth was recorded on To determine the molecular character- same varieties grafted on different Rootgard (0.76), which had only slight ization of viruses from different agro rootstocks (Solanum incanum, Cherry overgrowth compared with the control ecological zones, the total RNA was tomato, Mt56, TKA 193-31). The sub- (0.0). Ralstonia solanacearum was extracted from 845 symptomatic and plot treatments were replicated five affected by overgrowth and lysis. This asymptomatic plants using Qiagen kit times in both main tunnels. mechanism is involved in the biological and used as a template for RT-PCR to control property of Trichoderma. generate 1st strand complementary Data collection on plant growth (height DNA. The deduced amino acid (aa) in cm) and wilt incidence commenced sequences of the polyprotein gene of after one month (September 12, 2012) Passion fruit KPFV were compared to sequences of and recorded no wilt incidence during other potyvirus isolates available in the first month in all the tomato Validation of virus detection the GeneBank. Pairwise comparisons plants. However, wilt incidence has so procedures and establishment among the sequences indicated aa far been recorded mostly on ungrafted of clean virus free passion identity levels of 83% to100%. A frag- tomato variety Tylka F1. No bacterial ment of 567 bp of 3’RACE was identi- wilt incidence had been recorded from fruit mother block seedling fied. After several rounds of cloning, any grafted plant as of September 30, nursery at KARI Thika we have close to 9900 nucleotides. 2012. Miriam Otipa, Ruth Amata, M. The highest aa identity levels were observed with Bean common mosaic Waiganjo, Juster Gitonga, Simon virus, Wisteria vein mosaic virus, and In-vitro evaluation of Wepukhulu, Sally Miller, Mark Watermelon mosaic virus. The phy- Erbaugh Trichoderma strains for their logenetic tree based on the complete CP aa sequences clearly indicates a potential in suppressing R. Virus isolates were mechanically close relationship between KPFV and solanacearum inoculated on indicator plants of isolates from Brazil, South Africa, Nicotiana benthaamiana and Chenopo- Sylvia K, G. Tusiime, Waiganjo M, M. Nigeria, and Morocco. New strains dium quinoa, Phaseolus vulgaris and MO8-9, MO2-7, and MO2-7M are more Wepukhulu, S; Erbaugh, S. Miller, S. lima beans raised from certified seeds closely related to each other than they Kyamanywa. at Ohio State University and KAR- are related with A23596, which is near Kabete. Plants were maintained in full length This experiment was carried out at the greenhouse and evaluated weekly KARI-Thika, Kenya. Trichoderma har- for local and systemic infection for To determine molecular variability of zianum T22 (Trianum®) was provided up to 30 days after inoculation. Total passion fruit viruses in diseased pas- by Koppert Biological Systems, Tricho- RNA was extracted using the CTAB sion fruit from different agroecological derma asperellum and Rootgard were method, and RT-PCR was performed zones two primer pairs were designed purchased from Real IPM (K) Limited using specific primers to determine and used to determine the presence and Juanco Biologicals LTD respec- the presence of the Kenya passion fruit of KPFV in diseased plants from dif- tively. The inoculums were extracted virus (KPFV) on indicator plants. A ferent areas using the RevertAid First from wilted tomato plants that were repeat experiment was initiated in the Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit. cDNA collected from Kaburuge village, greenhouse at KEPHIS-Muguga with products were amplified using KPFV- Muranga County. The bacterial solu- Nicotiana species, Chenopodium spe- MOR1 and MOF1. Amplified products tion was standardized based on the cies, common beans, lima beans, two were purified using DNA Clean and McFarland turbidity standard to about varieties of cowpeas, and passion fruit Concentration Kit and the fragments 9x108 bacterial cells/ml. Data was (yellow and purple). These plants were digested with (MluI and EcoRV) collected on the size of Trichoderma inoculated with virus isolates from dif- enzymes to classify the strains of the fungal overgrowth over the bacterial ferent agro ecological zones (AEZ) for virus from each region. culture. biological characterization. Results: In the tested samples 73.9% The Trichoderma fungi overgrew Common beans (P.vulgaries), lima were found to be positive to strain 19,

Table 8. Mean number of thrips and damage score ± SE (onion) Treatment Damage Number of thrips Need-based pesticide application after scouting (spray Confidor during second 0.056 ± 0.022c 2.713d ± 0.171 month after transplanting, 2nd Month and Decis 3rd Month A.T.P. Farmer practice (Spray with Decis at 4 weeks A.T.P. and fortnightly thereafter. 0.200 ± 0.040c 3.925c ± 0.337 Needbased pesticide application after scouting and use of biopesticides (Biopower/ 0.206 ± 0.052c 4.544c ± 0.401 Metarhizium at 4 weeks A.T.P., alternating with Achook and Decis. Need-based pesticide application starting as in 1 but starting from 2nd month 0.481 ± 0.062b 6.663b ± 0.489 and 3rd month. Control ( No insecticide application) 1.263 ± 0.066a 14.100a ± 0.467 Cv 18.21150 30.36327 p-value <.0001 <.0001

25 Figure 5. Onion thrips population during the crop development in different treatments at KARI- The mean damage scores were signifi- Thika. cantly different, p< 0.0001. Treatment 5 differed from treatment 4, and both differed significantly from 1, 2 and 3. Treatments 1, 2, and 3 did not differ significantly. Treatment 1 had the lowest damage score 0.056 while treatment 5 had the highest damage mean score of 1.263 (fig. 6).

The yield from treatment 1 did differ significantly (p=0.0265) from treatments 2, 3 and 4 but was significantly different from treatment 5. Treatment 1 had the highest mean weight of 8.750, while the lowest mean weight was from treatment 5 of 2.75. TANZANIA Tomato Figure 6. Mean thrips and damage in onion at an on-station field trial at KARI-Thika Impact of management practices on post-harvest physiology and shelf life of tomato Amon Maerere, Hossea Mtui, Mark Bennett, Sally Miller, Matt Kleinhenz

The purpose of this activity was to assess the effect of different pest management practices (farmer practice, IPM, and pesticide spray based on manufacturer’s recommendations) and mulching on tomato shelf-life. IPM was one of the treatments whereby mulching was done and pest control performed after scouting. Fungicides were used for control of early blight (Alternaria solani) and late blight (Phytopthora infestans), which are the major diseases affecting tomato in the region. 47.8% to strain 28, and 21% had mixed diseases in onion caused by Alternaria infections. Two primer pairs that were porri and Peronospora destructor. An on-station field experiment was developed are being used to screen Onion var. Red creole, the preferred conducted. For the mulched plots, dry and clean passion fruit plants in the variety by most consumers but suscep- grasses (Panicum spp.) were applied as KARI-Thika nursery to establish clean tible to onion thrips, was used in the mulch three days after transplanting. planting materials. on-station trial. Each plot size was 3 m The grasses were obtained before x 3 m. The trial design was in random- flowering, sundried, and chopped to ized complete blocks consisting of five approximately 25 cm long. The mulch Onion treatments replicated four times (see was then laid down by hand at a thick- tab. 8). The mean number of thrips ness of 10 cm, making sure the soil Development of action was significantly different, p< 0.0001, was completely covered. thresholds for onion infesting but the mean number of thrips due to thrips treatments 2 and 3 were not different Three fungicide application regimes from each other. Treatment 1 had the were tested: i) weekly sprays (farmers’ Waiganjo M; Amata, R; Wepukhulu, lowest mean number of thrips, and practice), ii) sprayed when weather S; Sylvia K; Gitonga, J; M. Erbaugh, treatment 5 had the highest mean conditions were favorable for disease S. Miller, D. Taylor, Maerere, J. number of thrips (tab. 8). development and/or insect pests at Kovach threshold levels were observed after Thrips population trend during the scouting (IPM), and iii) sprays as per On-station and on-farm trials were crop development showed that the the manufacturers’ recommenda- conducted to test cost-effective IPM 8th week had the peak population for tion (MR). Unsprayed plots (F0) were options for management of Thrips treatment 2, 3, 4 (fig. 5). included as a control. The fungicide, ® tabaci, Frankliniella occidentalis, and Ridomil GOLD (Metalaxyl-M), which is commonly used for tomato produc- 26 Figure 7. Effect of mulch on tomato yield. yield per harvest (p=0.020), and total and percentage marketable yield (p= 0.039 and p=0.015 respectively). How- ever, Tangeru 97 had a higher average fruit weight compared to that of Tanya VF (tab. 8). Coffee On-station field trial to study effect of existing shade and open-grown coffee on key pests J.M. Teri, F. L. Magina, A. P. Maerere, K. P Sibuga, D. Mamiro, M. W. Mwatawala

The purpose of this activity was to conduct monitoring of insect pests (white coffee stem borer, coffee berry Table 8. Tomato yield and yield components for the two varieties averaged over fungicide regimes and mulch borer, and antestia bugs), diseases (coffee berry disease, leaf rust), and Variety Yield components weeds (star grass, couch grass, and Marketable Average Marketable Yield % wandering jew) to assess the effects of fruit fruit wt yield (t/ha) Marketable shade on infestation levels. number (g) harvest-1 yield plant-1 (t/ha) Pest and disease monitoring was carried out on a monthly basis and car- a a b b b Tanya VF 8.77 78.1 7.08 27.50 83 ried out as follows: Tengeru 97 2.96b 115.0b 3.71a 13.92a 69a i) White coffee stem borer (Mono- MEAN 5.87 96.54 5.40 20.71 76 chumus leuconatus Pascoe) LSD 1.36 13.74 2.09 11.88 7.56 The number of WCSB was estimated p-value 0.003 0.007 0.020 0.039 0.015 by examining the lower trunk, up to Means followed by the same superscript are not statistically significant different (p≤ 0.05); 0.6 m above the collar level for any t/ha = Tons per hectare; LSD = Least significant difference signs of stem girdling or boring by white coffee stem borer. The number tion in Morogoro, was used. The fungi- plots (p=0.007, p=0.019, p=0.002 of holes per tree was recorded for cide was sprayed fourteen, seven, and respectively). each sampled tree. In each hole with four times for the Farmers’ Practice emission of frass we assumed one (FP), MR, and IPM respectively. The (ii): Effect of different spray larva. Adult beetles observed on trees broad spectrum insecticide Selecron® regimes sampled were also counted. (Profenofos) was used to control insect pests. Marketable tomato fruit yield and ii) Antestia bug (Antestiopsis spp.) yield components were statistically Two varieties were used for compar- higher when any of fungicide regimes Population density was estimated by ison: Tengeru 97 (semi-indeterminate) was applied compared to the control. examining the trees for the presence and Tanya VF (determinate). Fruits Plants sprayed using any of the three of the pest without disturbing the tree were harvested in the morning and spray regimes (FP, IPM, MR) produced canopy. The total number of adults sorting was done. Fruits damaged by more fruits (p<0.001) and higher and nymphs per bush was recorded. pests were recorded and discarded. fruit weight (p<0.001) compared to Hypothen- Marketable yield was calculated based the control. There were no statistical iii) Coffee berry borer ( emus hampei on fruit quality standards acceptable differences (p=0.05) between the FP, Ferrari) to the local tomato vendors. IPM, and MR spray regimes on yield, yield components, or the percentage of The population density was determined by randomly selecting a (i) Effect of mulching the produce having market value (fig. 7). These results suggest that reduced primary branch-bearing coffee berries The results in figure 7 reveal that sprays (IPM) can be used to reduce in the middle third of the bearing the use of mulch resulted in plants pesticide use without compromising head and two medial berry clusters that produced more fruits (p=0.020) tomato yields. were examined for the presence of the than non-mulched plants. Although pest. This was recorded in a modified the average fruit weight was similar (iii): Variety differences on yield standard sheet. (p=0.05), the average marketable Colletotri- yield per harvest, marketable yield Tengeru 97 was less productive than iv) Coffee berry disease ( chum kahawae per hectare, and the percentage of Tanya VF. The latter had a consis- ) and coffee leaf rust Hemileia vastatrix marketable produce was higher with tently higher number of marketable ( ) mulched compared to the non-mulched fruits per plant (p=0.003), marketable

27 International Centre of Insect Physi- ology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi in Kenya for identification. Fruit flies that emerged from the same berries were also collected and preserved in 75% ethanol and sent to Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Moro- goro, for identification.

CBB traps were installed on Ara- bica coffee farms in Lushoto and Mbozi districts starting from May 2011 to June 2012, while in Robusta coffee they were installed at Maruku (Kagera) October 2011 to September 2012. They consisted of six treatments made of local brews commonly used in each ecological zone. A split plot Figure 8.Mean incidence of CBD and CLR per year experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 Observation of the entire tree canopy was slightly higher in unshaded plots replications was used. The main factor was made and severity of infestation followed by sparse shade, and it was consisted of colored lure containers by CLR and CBD recorded on a scale lowest under dense shade. This trend (bottles painted white, red, and blue), of 0 to 4 as follows: 0 = No infesta- was similar to that of the antestia bug, and sub-factors were types of trapping tion; 1 = Mild infestation (less than which overall was the most prevalent lures (5 types) and water as control. 25% infestation); 2 = Severe infesta- pest. CBB population level was highest The study was conducted during the tion (25%–50% infestation); 3 = very under sparse shade followed by dense whole year and covered the flowering, severe infestation (50%–75% infesta- shade. fruit setting, and harvesting stage of tion); 4 = Acute infestation (75%–100% coffee. infestation) The wandering jew and couch grass established well in both shaded and A total of 42 parasitoids emerged 21 to v) Weeds unshaded coffee fields.Commelina 25 days after incubation of coffee ber- spp. was the most dominant and more ries collected from the fields. Among Quadrants measuring 2 m x 2 m prevalent in unshaded plots. Star them, two bethylid wasps considered (figure 3) replicated 3 times were grass was least prevalent under both to be potential parasitoids of CBB established in May 2011 in unshaded conditions. for Arabica and Robusta coffee in the and coffee plots shaded by banana study area were identified. These intercrops at TaCRI Lyamungu. Weed are Cephalonomia stephanoderis and densities of the most prevalent weeds, Coffee berry borer Prorops nasuta (figs. 9a and b, respec- namely star grass (Cynodon dactylon), tively). Rearing of the parasitoids for couch grass (Digitaria spp.), and management using traps and parasitoids mass multiplication has been initiated wandering jew (Commelina spp.) were in collaboration with International assessed every week. J. M. Teri, F. L Magina, A.P Maerere, Centre for Insect Physiology and K. P Sibuga, D. Mamiro, M. W. Ecology (ICIPE). Incidences of CBD and CLR were Mwatawala, J. Kovach affected by the level of shading. CLR Moreover, three fruit fly species is more prevalent in shaded than in This activity had two objectives: (i) to emerged from the same berries unshaded coffee plots. CBD incidence conduct on-station rearing of para- between 5 and 7 days after incuba- was not observed because the dis- sitoids for Arabica coffee and their tion, and they were identified as ease is not a major problem at the release in the field and (ii) to conduct Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis rosa, and experimental site, which is at medium evaluation of the efficacy of locally- Trirhithrum coffeae (figs. 9 c, d, and altitude. CLR is prevalent in the area made traps in trapping coffee berry e respectively). The flies are known throughout the year. However, infesta- borer in Arabica and Robusta coffee. pests of other fruit crops. Conse- tion is higher from June to September, quently, assessment of their economic when it is cooler than the rest of the The study was conducted on station importance in coffee production in the year (fig. 8). in an insectary at TaCRI, Lyamungu. area has been recommended. Coffee berries were collected from the The level of shading affected the popu- coffee fields on the station. Parasitoid Juices alone followed by their 1:1 mix- lation level of WCSB, antestia bugs, emergence was assessed, and para- tures with methylated spirit attracted and CBB. The population of WCSB sitoids were collected and sent to the more pests (CBB) in all locations.

Figure 9: Parasitoids (a) Cephalonomia stephanoderis and b) Prorops nasuta. Fruit flies (c) Ceratitis rosa, (d) Ceratitis capitata, and (e) Trirhithrum coffeae

28 Table 9. Mean onion yield as an effect of weeding and Red Creole varieties as an effect of increased weeding times Weeding regimes Mean SS MS df F-value Yield (g) The effects of weeding on sizes of Weeding times individual onion bulbs harvested are No weeding 661.5 8588123.4 4294061.7 2 14.3* shown in table 10. The diameter of Weeding once 1536.8 7210905.8 300454.4 24 harvested onion bulbs was found to be Weeding twice 2024.7 smaller with no weeding applied and found to be larger when weeding was Variety done twice Mangola Red 1569.3 405088.5 202544.2 2 0.32ns Red Creole 1272.8 153939.4 641414.2 24 Red Bombay 1380.9 Evaluate onion insect pests KEY: ns= Not significant; *= statistically significant at p< 0.05 and disease management Table 10. Mean diameter of onion bulb harvested as an effect of weeding options Amon Maerere, Kallunde Sibuga, Diameter of large size bulb M.W Mwatawala, C.P Msuya- Mean SS MS df F-value Bengesi, E.R Mgembe, Delphina diameter Mamiro, K.K.,Mwajombe, Dunstan (CM) Mtui, M. Erbaugh Weeding times No weeding 3.5 3.83 1,92 2 7.34* Field and on-farm trials were con- Weeding once 4.27 6.26 0.26 24 ducted to evaluate different insect Weeding twice 4.4 pests and disease management options (mulching, trap and repellant Variety plants, resistant varieties, and time of Mangola Red 3.9 0.33 0.17 2 0.412ns planting). Major insect pest and dis- Red Creole 4.1 9.8 0.41 24 ease incidences, type of damage, and Red Bombay 4.2 onion yields will be assessed. Effective- KEY: ns= Not significant; *= statistically significant at p< 0.05 ness of each pests and disease management options will be compared.

Lures in red color (RC) performed found to be statistically significant at Assessing the types of insect pests and better in trapping pests than blue (BC) p< 0.05. disease incidences is on-going. Upon and white (WC) colored containers. completion of data analysis, observed Weed loads were found to be higher insect and disease problems and their under Red Bombay variety for all the importance will be identified and Onion measured weeds, but sedge weed loads ranked. were found to be lower in Red Creole Weed management plots, while lower broad-leaved weeds Preliminary results indicate that Amon Maerere, Kallunde Sibuga, were lower in Mangola Red plots. The thrips (Thrips tabaci) are the major M.W Mwatawala, C.P Msuya- weed loads based on dry weights of insect problems observed on station Bengesi, E.R Mgembe, Delphina grass weeds were significantly dif- and in the project target villages. In ferent between onion varieties at p< terms of diseases, purple blotch (Alter- Mamiro, K.K.,Mwajombe, Dunstan 0.05. Comparison of the amount of Mtui, M. Erbaugh naria pori) was found to be the most weeds between two weed harvesting serious. The onion grub (Phyllophaga periods in all three types of weeds The overall purpose of this activity is spp.), not observed on station at SUA, showed that weed loads tended to to valuate cultural weed management was identified as a soilborne pest in e decline with increased numbers of options (mulching, stale seedbed tech- villages in Kilosa and Kilolo districts. weeding. nique, post-emergent herbicide, and This confirms farmers’ reports during baseline studies. weeding frequency) on-station for one Different weed regimes were also season before transfer on-farm. Three examined to compare their effects onions varieties and three weeding on the performance of onions vari- regimes were used. The experiment eties in terms of yield and onion bulb Varietal evaluation and consisted of a complete randomized size. Results (tab. 9) show that mean fertilizers application block design (CRBD) with three repli- onion yield increased with increase in cations. Plots had the dimension of 3 m Amon Maerere, Kallunde Sibuga, number of weeding times. The yield M.W Mwatawala, C.P Msuya- x 3 m. Data on weed load, onion yield, was more than twice by weeding once onion bulb number, and onion bulb and tripled when weeding was done Bengesi, E.R Mgembe, Delphina diameters were collected and analyzed. twice. Mamiro, K.K.,Mwajombe, Dunstan Mtui, M. Erbaugh The results (tab. 9) show that sedge The effect of weeding times on overall and grass weed load declined when mean yield of onion was found to be The purpose of this activity was to weeding was done twice, compared statistically significant at p< 0.05. evaluate the performance of a wide to weeding only once. However, the However, there were no statistical range of onion germplasm under local results indicate that broad leaf weeds differences on onion yield between conditions with targeted villages load increased with increased weeding. varieties, but a significant increase in in respect to adaptability, fertilizer Overall, differences in weed load yields was observed for Red Bombay response, and the direct/indirect effects between weeding regimes were not on plant health and tolerance to pests.

29 Table 11: Onion farmer groups for Msosa, Malolo B, and Chabi villages Village name Msosa Malolo B Chabi Mateteni Farmers’ group name Tupendane Upendo Tetema Juhudi Female members 11 11 5 9 Male members 5 14 20 11 Total members 16 25 25 20 Onion varieties Mang’ola Red Mang’ola Red Mang’ola Red Mang’ola Red Khaki (ex Texas Grano) Red Bombay Khaki (ex Texas Grano) Red Bombay Red Bombay Red Creole Red Bombay Red Creole Red Creole Red Creole

Farmer groups were formed at Msosa, Passion fruit baseline survey Malolo B, and Chabi villages. At CoordinatioN Mateteni, the tomato growers’ group in Central Uganda (Juhudi Group) was retained for IPM with Global J. Bonabana-Wabbi, P. Sseruwagi, onion production as well (tab. 11). M. Ochwo-Ssemakula, D.B Taylor, M. Visits were conducted in major onion Themes Mangheni, M. Otim, G. Norton, M. growing areas in the country to explore Erbaugh, S. Kyamanywa, and Robina the range of onion varieties grown. Atukunda Seeds of available varieties were Impact Assessment bought from agro-dealers and used to A preliminary analysis of a survey of establish trials at the four sites. Adoption of IPM technologies 55 passion fruit farmers from Buikwe, in hot pepper farm enterprises Mubende, and Mpigi districts indicates The varieties were evaluated for yield in southwestern Uganda that passion fruit was mainly grown as performance and to pest and disease a cash crop alongside other crops like resistance. The trials at each site were J. Bonabana-Wabbi, J. Kirinya, D.B. banana, coffee, beans, maize, sweet conducted under the management of Taylor potato, cassava, eggplant, and cabbage the contact farmers and supervision in plots of less than 1 acre. Farmers Hot pepper is an important fresh of research associates who conducted had an average of 5.3 years of farming export crop in Uganda. Europe is bi-monthly visits. experience. The most common vari- Uganda’s largest trading partner for eties were Kawanda Hybrid, yellow, The trials were largely farmer man- hot pepper. However use of pesticides and the local purple variety. A typical aged, involving land preparation, and fungicides to avoid the risk of respondent was male, with less than a nursery establishment, nursery yield loss due to pests often leads to secondary level education. Eighty-one management, seedling transplanting, Ugandan hot pepper farmers’ failure to percent of the farmers used grafted and crop management. The four most comply with international food safety material obtained from either their common onion varieties found in the standards. The objective of the study own garden (60%), nurseries (12.7%), Eastern, Northern, and Southern was to determine farmers’ use of alter- from fellow farmers (14.5%), or from highland zones were Red Bombay, Red native pest management technologies the market (5.4%). Creole, Mangola red, and Texas Grano, as intermediate steps in meeting the also known as Khaki. Similarly, only GlobalGAP and EurepGAP standards seeds of these varieties could be found on pesticide-free fresh produce export in shops. Thus the current onion germ- of hot pepper. A censored Tobit model Willingness to pay to avoid plasm available in the country is very was fit to understand the adoption consumption of pesticide narrow. At Malolo B and Mateteni, intensity of three IPM technologies residues in Uganda: An variety Texas Grano was not included on hot pepper: ridging, irrigation and in the trials because farmers rejected minimal pesticide use. All three IPM experimental auction it basis of known low performance and technologies were found to be widely approach pungency. adopted in the study area, with adop- J. Bonabana-Wabbi, D.B. Taylor tion enhanced by education, access to All plants were stolen at Malolo B credit, knowledge about alternative Experimental auctions were used to village and re-establishment of the pest management strategies, access determine factors affecting Ugandan nursery was not attempted as it was to training, and exposure to informa- rural and urban populations’ willing- already late in the season. Overall, tion sessions by hot pepper farmers. ness to pay (WTP) to avoid consuming variety Red Bombay performed better Increased access to these services will pesticide residues. Information or type in terms of plant growth, bulb size be critical for enhanced adoption of of proxy good did not affect WTP, while and total yield. Plant growth of Red practices that may improve farmer’s education had no effect in the urban Creole was generally poor, leading to ability to comply with international population and a negative effect in the poor crop stand, smaller bulbs, and standards for export commodities. rural population. Male respondents comparatively low yield. had a higher willingness to pay than female respondents in both samples. Free riding behavior was observed in both populations.

30 Table 12: Coffee land and trees per acre sub-county were selected from lists provided by the District Agricultural Variable Participants Non- Sample T Office. Non-participants were those participants who had not participated in any PAR Coffee tree count 983 (827) 558 (558) 770 (733) 7.23** activities conducted by the IPM CRSP team. The final sample consisted of Acres in coffee 1.81 (1.23) 1.33 (0.87) 1.57 (1.09) 1.75* 42 participants and non-participants Coffee trees per acre 560 (281) 422 (237) 491 (268) 5.01** per sub-county for a total sample size Values in parentheses are standard deviations; of 84. *t-test significant at p<.05; ** t-test significant at p<.01 Gross margin analysis (GMA) was used to assess the impacts of PAR Table 13: Quantity produced, yields, and gross income activities on production and profitability. Gross margins are calculated Variable Participants Non- Sample T by establishing the output and total participants revenue and then subtracting total Quantity produced ( kg) 1360 404 882 1.67* variable cost for both farmer partici- Yield (production/coffee 751 kg/ac 304 kg/ac 562 kg/ac 4.24** pants and participants. acres) The tables provide a comparison of Gross income (UGsh) 4,325,546 1,851,888 3,088,717 6.11** Arabica coffee production, variable *t-test significant at p<.05; costs, and gross margins between ** t-test significant at p<.01 those who participated in coffee PAR activities and those who did not. Table Table 14: Gross margins 12 presents the findings on number of trees, acres in coffee, and trees per Participants Non-participants acre owned by each of the group cat- Subtotal labor costs 1,793,357 902,622 egories. Participant farmers had more coffee trees, more acres in coffee, and Subtotal transport/process costs 307,165 249,296 more trees per acre than non-partici- Subtotal input costs 373,948 157,315 pating farmers. Total variable costs 2,474,470 ($990) 1,309,232 ($524) Table 13 indicates that participating Total coffee income 4,325,546 1,851,888 farmers produced more coffee (1360 Gross margins 1,851,077 ($740) 542,656 ($217) kgs) than non-participating farmers (404 kgs) and had higher yields per acre (751 vs. 304 kgs/ac); this resulted Table 15: Practice differences as a result of participation in ICM PAR program in their having higher annual coffee Variable Participants Non- Sample incomes of $3751 vs. $1114. Par- participants ticipating farmers also had higher variable labor, transportation, and Yield (kg/acre) 751 kg/ac 304 kg/ac 562 kg/ac processing and input costs than non- participating farmers. Improved coffee varieties 100% 29% Coffee trees per acre 560 (281) 422 (237) 491 (268) Gross margin analysis indicates that participants in the PAR program had Values in parentheses are standard deviations. higher per acre yields (751kgs/acre) than non-participants (305 kg/acre); Assessing impacts of producers in Manafwa district, and that participants incurred higher participatory agricultural Uganda, since 2007. In keeping with total variable costs ($990) per acre this approach, scientists and local than non participants ($524) (tab. 14). research on yields and extension providers worked with These variable costs included labor, profitability of Arabica coffee small groups of farmers, engaging post handling/harvest, and input costs. farmers in Manafwa District, them in each step of the research Participants’ gross margins were $740 and technology development process per acre, and those for non-partici- Uganda from problem identification to on- pants were $217 per acre, indicating Rosemary E. Isoto, J. Mark Erbaugh, farm testing of improved manage- substantially higher gross margins for S. David Kraybill ment practices. Demonstration trials participants in the PAR program. and training took place on-farm and The main purpose of this study was included field days during which Production practices: The PAR to assess the impact of IPM CRSP groups viewed and discussed various training program covered topics on participatory agricultural research tactics and improved technologies and both IPM and ICM to improve coffee (PAR) on the yields and profitability practices. production. To attribute increased of Arabica coffee farmers in Manafwa income and benefits to the program, district. A multi-staged sampling procedure the two groups were compared on their was used to select farmers from two use of specific programmatic recom- The IPM CRSP, in collaboration sub-counties in Manafwa district for mendations (tab. 15). Participants with the Ugandan Coffee Research interviewing. A systematic random had higher per acre yields than non- Centre (COREC), has been using a sample of 21 farmers per sub-county participants. One reason for this may participatory agricultural research was selected from lists of PAR par- be attributed to participants growing (PAR) approach with Arabica coffee ticipants, and 21 non-participants per more trees per acre, or higher tree 31 densities, than non-participants. The review of literature, key informant the three countries with specialties in rule-of-thumb standard for coffee trees interviews, and an individual surveys. diagnostics were brought together in per acre is 600/acre, and participants Thirteen key informants were inter- a residential workshop and assigned were closer to this standard than were viewed including six farmer leaders, tasks to develop specific SOPs and fact non-participants. Many small scale four extension workers, and three sheets. The drafts were discussed and growers use wide spacing between research scientists involved in the refined. trees so they can produce other food IPM CRSP activities. The survey had crops, such as beans and bananas. a total sample of 150, with equal num- So far, three SOPs have been devel- Another reason participants may have bers of males and females. oped on tomato, passion fruit, and hot had higher yields was that they were pepper viruses by different teams in a more likely to be using improved coffee Stem smoothening was perceived to be workshop held at Kenya Agricultural varieties that are higher yielding and effective against the pest, though labor Research Institute (KARI), Kabete. intensive. Another constraint is that it more disease tolerant. All participants • Standard Operating Procedure involves bending for a long time, which were found to be growing at least for Plant Diagnostic Laboratories is uncomfortable for the elderly and one of the improved coffee varieties, - Tomato yellow leaf curl virus women. For stem wrapping, termites including 31 (74%) growing SL-14, 10 (TYLCV) by P. Sseruwagi, D. destroy the banana wrappings making (24%) growing KP-423, and one (2%) Mamiro, J. Nduguru, I. Raman- it not cost-effective in terms of the growing SL-l28 (2%). To the contrary thani, S. Tolin, F. Qu. only 12 (29%) non-participants were labor. using the improved variety SL-14, • Standard Operating Procedure while the remaining 30 (71.43%) non- Other identified key barriers to for Plant Diagnostic Laboratories participants were using local unim- women’s participation included heavy - Passion fruit woodiness virus proved varieties like Bugisu local. workload, long distance to IPM demo (PWV) by M. Otipa, P. Sseruwagi, sites, and cultural restriction on J. Nduguru, M. Kasina, S. Tolin, mobility and participation in leader- F. Qu. Gender Knowledge ship. Women also have less access and • Standard Operating Procedure control over coffee benefits compared for Plant Diagnostic Laboratories to men, which acts as a disincentive Development of the women - Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) to women’s engagement in IPM. It is participation checklist by I. Ramanthani, J. Karungi, W. recommended that the project: orga- Arinaitwe, Z. Kinyua Margaret Najjingo Mangheni, nize demo sites at parish level so as to Richard Miiro reduce the distance farmers have to Two of the SOPs (TYLCV and PWV) travel; and conduct more gender sensi- were tested in a workshop at Sokoine A checklist was developed in con- tization for men and women as well as sultation with the US based GGT University of Agriculture, Morogoro, specific gender and leadership training Tanzania, held April 30–May 5, 2012. Coordinator that will be used to target for women farmers as part of the IPM women and monitor their participa- farmer field school curriculum. In addition in each project site. It was shared tion, the project should broaden the with the research scientists at the communication channels beyond group Developing diagnostic and RP annual planning meeting held in training to include women-friendly management fact sheets and Kampala, Uganda. The purpose of the channels, such as placement of posters posters on prioritized diseases presentation was to (a) get feedback/ in places frequented by women. comments from scientists on the of tomato, passion fruit, and checklist (b) sensitize scientists about onion in East Africa barriers to women’s participation in Plant Viruses Kinyua, Z.M., R.L. Amata, M.J. Otipa, project activities, and the importance P. Sseruwaji, M. Ochwo-Ssemakula, of systematic monitoring and targeting Developing diagnostic G. Tusiime, D. Mamiro, J. Karungi, of women. The checklist presents a standard operating cost effective and efficient means of S. Miller, M. Erbaugh, F. Beed, D.W. collecting gender disaggregated data procedures (SOPs) and fact Miano, G.M. Kariuki, M. Mangheni from all projects in the three countries. sheets on prioritized diseases Information from each project site of tomato and passion fruit in In order to enhance the capacity of will be collected by the country GGT farmers and extension staff to easily coordinators while the GGT regional East Africa recognize and diagnose/identify key coordinator will compile the data for Sseruwagi, P., Kinyua, Z., R. pests and diseases in the production the three countries. Amata, M., Otipa, M. Waiganjo, S. of tomatoes, passion fruit, and onions Kyamanywa, M. Ochwo-Ssemakula, in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, quick guide reference materials were G. Tusiime, A. Maerere, S. Miller, M. Socio-economic survey of envisaged as a critical requirement. Erbaugh The reference materials were in the coffee growers in Eastern form of fact sheets and posters that The task included testing and dis- Uganda would also provide information on the semination of standard procedures choice and application of preventative Margaret Najjingo Mangheni, for diagnosis of major viral diseases and management strategies against affecting tomatoes and passion fruit Richard Miiro priority pests and diseases. Teams in the region. SOPs were developed of scientists within the three target A study of gender-based constraints using information collated on the countries were formed to develop fact and opportunities for IPM of the coffee diagnostic techniques/tools available sheets as a starting point. This activity stem borer in Sironko and Manafwa for major virus diseases of tomato and drew representatives from partners districts, Eastern Uganda, was con- passion fruit, along with the identi- involved in the IPDN, IPVD, and East ducted. Data was collected through fied knowledge gaps. Scientists from Africa regional projects. The task

32 involved the use of literature searches, on-farm observations, information collation, consolidation of information, and pictorials. Coordination of this activity mainly relied on email and telephone communications among the team members.

Nine fact sheets have been developed for use in training of farmers and agricultural extension staff. The fact sheets, which are in the final drafting stage, are on the following areas: passion fruit viruses; Tomato spotted wilt virus; Tomato mosaic virus; Tomato yellow leaf curl virus; tomato bacterial wilt; tomato root knot nematodes; pepper viruses; onion thrips; and passion fruit collar rot. The fact sheets consist of pictorial illustrations (symptoms mainly) and brief descriptions to aid in identification/diagnosis and management of the respective pests and diseases.

The final draft fact sheets are to be pre-tested and refined through focus group discussions with farmers and agricultural extension staff before final printing. Literature searches (grey & published) and visits/interviews with a selection of farmer groups and extension agents in East Africa will further assist in final refinement of the fact sheets. The information in the finalized fact sheets will subsequently be synthesized into posters that will provide a variation of knowledge- sharing products.

west africa regional consortium for IPM proexcellenceject regionalcountry program: | country senegal | |country ghana

Principal Investigator: Doug PrincipalPfeiffer, VirginiaInvestigator: Tech Co-investigators: Robert Gilbertson, UniversityCollaborators: of California, Davis | George Mbata, Fort Valley State University | Sally Miller, Ohio State University | Carlyle Brewster, Virginia Tech Institutional Collaboration: DPV- Senegal | ISRA- Senegal | CRI-Ghana

35 programWest Africa program summary

he West Africa Regional Consortium for TIPM Excellence project developed packages for: 1) tomato in Ghana and Senegal, 2) potato in Ghana and Senegal and, 3) cabbage in Gha- na and Senegal. During this year, several visits by US-based scientists to the participating host countries were made to develop research protocols, perform and coordinate research activities. Research and development of the tomato, cabbage and potato IPM packages has continued progress including experiments with new disease resistant varieties, grafting and host-free period production practices.

36 Tomato and eggplant of tomato, cotton, eggplant, bitter egg- Senegal plant (Solanum aethiopicum), and a weed Ambrosa maritima were selected Bacterial wilt for this study according to observed Tomato whitefly preference. Samples were A study was carried out to evaluate placed individually in 25-ml glass vials Tomato survey selected tomato and eggplant root- and held for 3- 7 days under laboratory stocks for grafting and resistance to natural conditions until parasitoids A tomato survey was carried out in the bacterial wilt. The experiment emerged. Emerging parasitoids were Senegal in 15 localities in the zone was conducted in Dagana. A random- collected and identified to genus with of the Niayes, a coastal strip 30 km ized complete block design with four the taxonomic keys for Eretmocerus, wide stretching from Dakar to St. replications and 10 plants per treat- Encarsia, and others. Louis through the regions of Thiès and ment was laid out. Tomato (Roma ref- Louga. The investigation included erence 1, and L06176) and for eggplant Gorom Dagana, the largest area of industrial (V6, Black beauty, Local reference 2, tomato production. VI046103, VI047276, and VI 034845) The composition of the natural were used. All the tomato plants in enemies attacking B. tabaci white fly Dakar region - Malika and Keur the field trial died. Observations on in Gorom cropping system in Senegal Massar: This region contains small- eggplant varieties are continuing. showed that Eretmocerus population is holder farmers (holding from 300 m² much more important than Encarsia to 1 ha). The surveyed growers had Adaptability of grafting technique sp. In this cropping system, farmers 15 and 30 years tomato production in local condition. apply pesticides weekly and it may experience. Common varieties are: be contributing to the low level of the Xina, Mongal, Xerewi, and Mboro. All After short training in grafting at the natural enemy population. About 83% these varieties are sold by input sup- North Carolina State University given of Bemisia tabaci larvae were not pliers in Dakar suburbs (Thiaroye and to two members of ISRA, field experi- parasitized. Rufisque) or the informal market. The ments were conducted at Dagana dominant pest in these tomato growing with grafted tomato plants. It was Mboro areas is the tomato fruitworm, Helicov- found that a humidifying chamber is erpa armigera. The main disease is important for better establishment of In the Mboro cropping system composi- Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). grating. tion of natural enemies was same as Gorom. Eretmocerus population was Rufisque region - Kayar and Mbidiam- Various vegetable crops 14%, and Encarsia 7%. This situation lebou producers possess farms of the left 77% of B. tabaci white fly popula- same small size as Dakar, but also big tion uncontrolled. producers with farms that can vary Whitefly surveys from 3 to 10 ha. Growers use hybrid Carlyle Brewster, Kémo Badji Kolda varieties (Mongal, Yaki, Asila) and one local variety (Mboro). Surveys were conducted to identify This cropping system includes cotton natural enemies of the whitefly in near the vegetable cultivation area. Thiès region – Survey activity focused the three vegetable cropping systems Bemisia tabaci population builds up in Niayes area in Fass Boye, Mboro, (Gorom, Mboro and Kolda). It was on cotton when vegetable crops are not Notto, Barcendiouloff, where tomato is found that Erytmocerus sp. population in season. The population migrates one of the main crops. The important attacking whitefly larval population from cotton to the vegetable crops and pests are tomato fruitworm, mites, was more important than the Encarsia vice versa. The percentage of para- whitefly and tomato viral disease. sp. Erytmocerus sp. was observed in sitism was slightly higher than the an overall composition was 10, 14 and two northern cropping systems, 16.5% Louga region – Famers in Lompoul 16.5% while Encarsia sp. population Erytmocerus and 8% Encarsia. on Sea, Potou in Louga and Kébémer was observed to be 5, 7 and 8% respec- areas of the maritime fringe are tively in Gorom, Mboro and Kolda. both fishermen and farmers. Com- monly encountered diseases and Survey of whitefly parasitoids. pests include: Helicoverpa, leafminer flies (Liriomyza trifolii), mites, and Three geographically distinct cropping nematodes. regions (Gorom, Mboro and Kolda) in Senegal set up for sampling whitefly St Louis region - Dagana is the largest larval population since previous years area of industrial tomato production. were used for this study. A study area The pests commonly encountered of approximately 100 km2 (10 km ×10 are: Helicoverpa, whitefly, leafminer, km) which have thirty sampling loca- the mite (Aculops lycopersici). The tions in each study area for sampling reported diseases are TYLCV and immature whitefly on crops (and bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia weeds) over time were performed. solanacearum. The presence of the newly introduced South American Each site was visited every second tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, was month starting from 9 February 2012. not reported in this area, but its pres- Sampling for whitefly instars popula- ence in the region of Dakar and Thies tion consisted of collecting a single leaf (Fass Boy and Daroukhoudoss) is a from an infested plant giving 5-leaf serious concern. samples per host plant; this was replicated 10 times per site). Host plants

37 Following the termination of the trapping experiment, potato tubers abandoned on the farm plots were picked up and placed in insect rearing cages in DPV entomology laboratory. Pota- toes weighing about 1 kg were placed in one cage and 5 cages were set. The laboratory temperature ranged from 25.0 and 28.7°C, while the relative humidity ranged between 63 and 73%. The cages were monitored for emergence of the moths every two weeks for two months. The moths were counted and recorded.

Trapping of potato tubermoth in Figure 1. Levels of parasitization of Bemisia on various host plants. potato stores Relationship between crop, mate location of the experimental area Potato storage facilities in Senegal are was N: 14°52’ 10.4” and W: 17°08’09”.7 small brick warehouses of dimensions whitefly and parasitoids and the distance from Dakar is 87.8 30ft W x 90ft L x 15ftH. The warehouses had a steel door and 6 windows In this study host plants used were: km. The experimental plots measured 3.86 hectares. The surveys involved of dimensions 1.5H x3ftL, which were Eggplant, bitter eggplant, pepper covered screen mesh for aeration. and tomato. Parasitoid activity on B. trapping male tubermoths with plastic delta traps baited with PTW lures for- These warehouses are owned by coop- tabaci over time suggested that cotton eratives and famers within the group had more activity followed by bitter mulated by ISCA Technologies. Each trap had an internal disposable per- stored their potatoes for a short period eggplant, the weed Amrosa maritime, of time to allow prices to appreciate. eggplant and tomato (fig. 1). manent glue liner that provided large active surface for the trap. Dimensions Tubermoths were monitored for the of the traps were 28 x 20 x 15 cm. period warehouses had potatoes, which Potato Though the traps came in different was between the last week of May and colors, those used in the current study the first week of July, 2012. ISCA Potato tuber moth monitoring were white in color. Technologies delta traps with the PTM lures were used to monitor incidence of in Theis, Naiyes and Notto Trapping potato tubermoth in moths in these facilities. Sally Miller, Bob Gilbertson, George experimental plots Mbata, Emile Coly, Kemo Badji Both trapping data and emergence Seeds potatoes were planted in numbers were analyzed using analysis Cultivation and storage of potatoes in experimental plots in mid-November of variance to determine variations Senegal has been severely hampered 2011, and harvesting of the potatoes in the incidence of moths caught over by the tubermoth. This situation was took place in May 2012. The potato time and numbers of moths emerging exacerbated after 2007 efforts by ISRA seeds used were imported from Hol- from potato tubers abandoned in the to produce, multiply and acclimatize land. Traps were deployed by the experimental plots. Prior to analysis, third generation potato seeds were third week of January when the vines all data in percentages were arcsine of hindered by the potato tubermoth. of the potatoes were about 12 cm square root transformed. The present study focused on under- above ground surface. The traps were standing the on-farm dynamics of the suspended about 1 m above the ground Tubermoths trapped in cultivated tubermoth population, postharvest surface using wooden stakes. Sixteen potato plots were very low during 2011 incidence of tubermoth in stores, and traps were deployed per hectare, and farming season and had means below residual on-farm populations of the this trap density was lower than those 5 males per trap. However, during tubermoth in farms following har- found to be successful in massive 2012 farming season, the tubermoths vesting of potato tubers. trapping of males of potato tubermoth. were more abundant and the highest The traps were inspected every week number of moths were trapped in Feb- Traps baited with synthetic (PTM) and number of moths caught were ruary and the lowest incidence in July. lures were used in monitoring moth recorded. The sticky liners of the The population of the moth peaked populations in 2011 and 2012. The traps were replaced every two weeks, four times: February, April, May and commercial formulation is dispensed while the septa impregnated with the June. The last peak of the population on a rubber septum in 1mg doses of pheromone were discarded every eight occurred in June, two months after the active product. The PTM lures weeks. Trapping of male moths lasted potatoes had been harvested. Statis- used in this study were obtained from 26 weeks. The duration of trapping tical analysis using ANOVA showed a ISCA Technologies, Riverside, CA in the plots included a post harvest significant difference among the mean 92517. The PTM lures from ISCA period of 12 weeks. The post harvest numbers of trapped moths. Moths con- Technologies had high isomeric purity period was included in order to deter- tinued to be trapped in the potato plots pheromone and were loaded in con- mine if the density of moth will thin after potatoes were harvested but the trolled release rubber septa dispenser. down following harvest of potatoes. population tapered after harvest.

Surveys were carried out to determine Evaluation of potato tubers in Trapping of moths in potato stores the incidence and abundance of potato experimental plots left after tubermoth in select potato plots in harvest The number of moths trapped in stores Theis and Naiyes areas. The approxi- containing newly harvested potatoes was highest during the first week

38 following which the number dropped obtained from the US and a local con- in subsequent weeks. The mean Ghana trol variety, Power Rano resulted in weekly numbers of moths trapped in a total of five treatments; these were the stores varied between 1.0 and 7.8 transplanted on ridges and replicated per trap but these numbers were not Tomato three times resulting in fifteen plots of significantly different. 10m x 3 m each at two locations. Seed- Dynamics of whitefly lings were transplanted at a spacing Moths that emerged from tubers populations and of the of 100 and 50 cm between and within abandoned in farms biotypes rows at both locations. Tubers that were abandoned in farms Carlyle Brewster, Michael Osei Results from Agogo revealed that after harvest were collected and placed the number of days to first flowering, in cages in the laboratory where emer- Sampling of whitefly populations number of days to 50% flowering, gence of the moths was observed. The in tomato cropping systems was number of days to 100% flowering, mean weekly moths emerging from based on the three regions identified number of fruit borers per plot, each of 4 cages ranged between 17.1 for implementation of tomato IPM number of lodged plants per plot as and 80.5. program. Samples of adult whiteflies well as the fruit weight did not show were collected from infested tomato significant differences among the plants from tomato growing areas of four varieties. However, significant Cabbage Brong Ahafo (Tuobodom and Tanoso), differences were observed for plant Ashanti (Agogo and Akumadan) and height, number of s per plant, number Develop and implement an Upper East (Tono, Vea and Pwalugu) of plants infested with aphids, dropped IPM package for cabbage in regions. Adult whiteflies were placed fruits and the number of fruits with Senegal into plastic tubes containing 95% eth- borer holes across the varities. The anol and stored at - 20oC for molecular greatest plant height was recorded Doug Pfeiffer, Dieynaba Sall studies. from ‘Peto fake’ and ‘Power rano’ whilst ‘Shasta’ recorded the least. Cabbage survey in Niayes area Many fruits were also recorded on ‘Peto fake’ with least being on ‘Shasta’. The survey was done in North Niayes, Tomato IPM package ‘OPV2’, however recorded the highest in the Louga region (Potou) and Saint Bob Gilbertson, Michael Osei aphid population with the lowest on Louis region (Rao), Niayes Centre ‘Peto fake’. Generally, all the param- (Thies : Mboro. Fassboye, Diambalo, The study is to introduce alternative eters studied recorded a decrease over Jender, Notto Gouye Diama and pest management technologies other farmers practice with the exception of Lompoul) and in South Niayes Dakar: than use of conventional pesticides to fruit weight which showed a reverse Gorom, djenderkayarmalika, Keur- farmers through farmer-researcher trend. More fruits were recorded from massar). The participatory approach participatory approach. By this the farmers’ fields compared with was used on Niayes growers union approach it is expected that the IPM those from the researchers’. Thus association (AUMN) members and technologies generated together with the lesser number of fruits from the completed by observations at farms. the farmers would reduce the use of researchers’ fields were compensated The sites devoted to cabbage are of noxious conventional pesticides in the by weight of individual fruit. the traditional family type. Cabbage management of vegetable (tomato) sowing period is between September pests, thus making vegetables safer to produce and eat. In this activity, At Akumadan the number of days and February. The transplantation to first flowering, number of days to is done 25 to 35 days later, when the data from last year’s tomato IPM trials across the seven locations in the three 50% flowering, number of days to healthy and strong young plants have 100%, flowering for number of fruit 5 - 6 leaves. regions were analyzed and discussed. Data were collected on percent plant borers per plot and number of lodged plants per plot did not show significant In terms of varietal preferences, about establishment, days to flowering, mean differences among the four varieties. 78% of the respondents use ‘Tropica plant height at flowering, fruit set However, significant differences Cross’ and about 16% like ‘Santa’ in and fruit abortion/drop, level of insect were observed for plant height, fruit the rainy season because those vari- injury, especially fruit borers per plot weight, number of fruit per plant, eties are adapted to wet and warm and yield assessment were subjected number of plants infested with aphids, conditions and are more tolerant to to analyses of variance (SAS Institute, dropped fruits, the number of fruits cabbage pests and diseases, contrary 2005-2008). with borer holes and fruit weight to the other varieties. The package was also extended to across the varieties. For plant height, Many constraints are indicated by many other farmers as a way of tech- the highest was recorded from ‘Peto farmers in cabbage production: pest nology transfer to tomato farmers at fake’ and ‘Power rano’ while ‘Shasta’ and diseases, marketing, access to Tanoso in the Brong Ahafo region of and ‘OPV2’ recorded the least. Fruits the financing, availability of effective Ghana. The trials were conducted in with the heaviest weight were taken pesticides, human resources, training two locations at Tanoso. The nursery from ‘OPV1’ followed by ‘Peto fake’ and the access to land especially for for the trials was established on 20 and ‘Power rano’ with the least from women. In the hope of solving these July 2012 and seedlings were trans- ‘Shasta’. Least fruits per plant basis problems, the producers are ready to planted three weeks thereafter. The were also recorded on ‘Shasta’. ‘Power adopt proposed IPM packages which nursery bed was heat-sterilized by rano’, however recorded the lowest complement FAO IPM projects (GIPD). burning dried wood shavings on it as aphid population followed by ‘OPV1’ against farmers’ practice (no steriliza- while the rest of the varieties having tion). Seeding was done the following significantly high population. day. Four tomato varieties; Shasta, Heinz, OP-B155, OP-B149 were

39 At Tanoso no significant differ- such as number of days to 50% flow- Motile stages of the nematodes were ences were observed among the four ering, number of days to 100% flow- also extracted from 5 cm3 of tomato varieties for parameters such as the ering, plant height as well as the fruit root samples (five samples/treatment) number of days to first flowering, weight. ‘Shasta’ took relatively fewer using the same method from the same number of days to 50% flowering, days to attain 50% flowering whilst root system used for gall indexing. number of days to 100% flowering, ‘OP B155’ was highest with 47 days. The root samples came from the very fruit weight and number of lodged Plant height was highest in ‘Shasta’, tomato plants whose rhizosphere-soil plants per plot. However, significant ‘OP B155’ and the Local variety being was sampled. After 24 h of extrac- differences were observed across the relatively shorter. Again ‘OP B155’ tion, nematodes were relaxed in warm varieties for plant height, number of recorded the heaviest in terms of fruit water (60ºC) for 3 min and fixed with fruit per plant, number of fruit borers weight whilst the least was the Local 40: 1: 89 (formalin: glacial acetic acid: per plot, number of plants infested variety. The following parameters distilled water) solution. Second, third with aphids, dropped fruits and the i.e. number of days to first flowering, and fourth stage nematodes were number of fruits with borer holes. number of fruits per plot, number of mounted on aluminium double-cover- For plant height, the highest was fruit borers per plot, number of lodged glass slides and specimens were identi- recorded from ‘Peto fake’ and ‘Power plants per plot and number of fruits fied using morphological characteris- rano’ whilst the three other varieties, dropped, however, did not show any tics such as the spear, head skeleton, ‘Shasta’, ‘OPV1’ and ‘OPV2’ recorded significant differences among the five lumen of the oesophagus, excretory the least. Least number of fruits was varieties. pore and spicules. Nematode count also recorded on ‘OPV2’. ‘OPV2’, and index based data were normal- however recorded the highest aphids ized using logarithmic (Log10 (x+1) and population followed by ‘Power rano’ Tomato varietal screening for square root √(x + 0.5) transformation whilst the least was on Shasta’. resistance to nematodes. respectively prior to analysis of variance using GenStat 8.1. (Lawes Agri- At Tuobodom all the parameters The trials were conducted at four cultural Trust, VSN International). measured showed significant differ- locations at Tanoso in the Brong Ahafo Means were compared using Fisher’s ences among the four varieties with region during 2012 minor season. protected Least Significant Difference the exception of plant height, number Tomato is intensively cultivated in (LSD) test at (p < 0.05). of fruit borers per plot, number of this area. The nursery for the trials lodged plants per plot and number of was established on 20 July 2012 and Four plant parasitic nematodes fruits dropped. For parameters such as tomato seedlings were transplanted have been identified from initial soil the number of days to first flowering three weeks thereafter. The nursery samples. They were: Meloidogyne and number of days to 50% flowering bed was heat sterilized by burning spp., Pratylenchus brachyurus, Heli- ‘Shasta’ recorded the highest whilst dried wood shavings on it. Four tomato cotylenchus multicintus and Tylencho- ‘OPV2’ was the least. It took ‘Shasta’ cultivars; Shasta, Heinz, OP-B155, rhynchus spp. about 57 days to attain 100% flowering OP-B149 obtained from the US and while ‘OPV2’ took 49 days to attain a local check, Power Rano making a 100% flowering. ‘OPV2’ produced the total of five treatments were trans- Serological detection of number of fruits with the least being planted on ridges and replicated three Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) produced from ‘Shasta’. However, times resulting in fifteen plots of 10 and Cucumber mosaic virus number of plants infested with aphids x 3 m each. Seedlings were trans- was highest with ‘Peto fake’. The planted at a spacing of 100 and 50 cm (CMV) on tomato highest fruit weight was recorded from between and within rows at Loc 1 and Four tomato growing locations in ‘Power rano’ whilst the least was from Loc 2 and 100 and 25 cm at Loc. 3 and Ashanti (forest ecological zone) and ‘Shasta’ and ‘OPV2’. Loc. 4 respectively. Basal fertilizer Brong-Ahafo (forest-transition) regions (NPK-15:15:15) and the insecticide At Vea there were significant differ- were surveyed for the presence of TMV acetamiprid (Golan) were applied at ences among the four varieties for the and CMV. The locations were Agogo the rates of 5 bags/ha and 30ml/16 l parameters measured such as number and Akumadan (Ashanti region) and of water respectively at 2 weeks after of days to first flowering, number of Tuobodom and Tanoso (Brong-Ahafo transplanting. days to 50% flowering, number of days region). Also in the Upper East region, to 100% flowering, plant height as well Soil samples, 200cm3/plot were ran- three locations were assessed for the as the fruit weight. ‘Shasta’ and the domly taken from each plot before presence of the tobamovirus and cucu- Local variety were the first to flower transplanting of tomato seedlings. momovirus. These were Vea, Tono and while ‘OP B155’ was the last. Plant Three plants per plot were chosen Pwalugu. height was highest in ‘Shasta’ with randomly for sampling. The three soil In Ashanti and Brong-Ahafo regions, ‘OP B149’, ‘OP B155’ and the Local samples collected from each plot were four farms in Tuobodom, and three variety being relatively shorter. ‘OP mixed homogenously to constitute a farms each in Tanoso, Agogo and B155’ had the heaviest fruit while the composite sample. Each soil sample Akumadan were assessed for the lightest were on the Local variety. The was poured into a black polythene bag, presence of the viruses. In the Upper following parameters: number of fruits sealed and labeled. Samples were kept East region, three farms were assessed per plot, number of fruit borers per in iced chest to prevent excessive heat at Vea, six farms at Tono and one at plot, number of lodged plants per plot during transit. In the laboratory, nem- Pwalugu. In the Upper East region and number of fruits dropped however, atodes were extracted from the soil some farms in certain locations espe- did not show any significant differ- samples using the modified Baermann cially Pwalugu were heavily flooded ences among the five varieties. funnel technique. Five tomato plants making disease assessment virtually per plot were sampled at harvest and Similarly at Tono there were sig- impossible. the root system rated for gall index nificant differences among the four according to the Zeck’s 0-10 scale. varieties for the parameters measured

40 Infected leaf samples were collected preparation (26%) while the least pop- from plants showing obvious symp- Cabbage ular was digging up soil and exposing toms and placed in ice chest containing to the sun (0.9%). Drilling was the ice cubes. Three to five samples were Survey with cabbage farmers most popular method of seed sowing collected for each location. These were and their results across the at the nursery (approximately75%) sent to the laboratory for serological selected areas while the least employed method was diagnosis using Agdia immunostrip (a dibbling (approximately (4%). Signifi- lateral flow immunoassay technique). Doug Pfeiffer, Michael Osei cant post emergence operations were; raising of sheds over seedlings to pro- Sample extraction bags containing The study aimed at determining tect seedlings from direct sun energy SEB1 buffer were cut open with scis- farmers’ production practices and (42%), hand weeding (40%), covering sors along the top of the labels. These problems to cabbage production to of seedlings with net to prevent insect were bags for both TMV and CMV assist in introducing integrated pest injury (approximately 4%), thinning detection. A section of the diseased management (IPM) strategies/pack- out of seedling to prevent etiolation leaf sample was inserted between ages to some selected communities (0.9%) and applying pesticides to pro- the mesh linings near the bottom of with the hope of minimizing the unsafe tect seedlings from pest injury (12%). the sample extraction bag. Sap from use of agro-chemicals in the production Farmers transplanted seedlings at dif- the sample was extracted by rubbing of cabbage in Ghana. ferent stages of growth. Approximately gently between the mesh linings with 48% transplant at 3 weeks of age, 44% a blunt object. The sap extracted A questionnaire was designed to elicit at 4 weeks with the longest time of had a light brown to green color. The information from cabbage farmers 6 weeks being practiced by approxi- Immunostrip from Agdia Inc. was then in Ashanti and Brong Ahafo regions mately 4% of farmers. inserted into the channel portion of the of Ghana. This was pretested at buffer filled bag and allowed to remain Kwadaso, a suburb of Kumasi. Visits Three land preparation methods in the sample extract for about 30 were made to the capitals of two and various planting distances were minutes. Samples which tested posi- administrative regions of the country. employed by respondents. The three tive had purple lines similar to that of Three communities from each region: methods were: planting on the flat, on the control lines and those that tested Ashanti; Asiwa in the Bosome Freho raised beds and ridges. Most farmers, negative did not have the test lines district, Gyinyase near KNUST and 69 representing (approximately 62%) appearing. Tanoso both in the Kumasi Metropolis, planted on raised beds whilst 20 Brong Ahafo region; Berekum, Dorma farmers (18%) planted on ridges. Of Field incidence and severity of CMV Ahenkro and Sunyani municipalities the 15 different planting distances and TMV were difficult to quantify were randomly sampled and question- used by farmers, (75 x 45 cm) was the using visual symptoms as symptoms naire was administered to twenty most popular as 30 farmers repre- caused by Tomato yellow leaf curl cabbage farmers from each location. senting (approximately 30%) practiced virus, TMV and CMV did overlap in Basically, the questionnaire dealt with that. most cases. However, in locations the biodata of respondents, cabbage where the two viruses were identified, production system in those areas, vari- The majority of farmers, 104 (approxi- incidence was estimated to range from eties grown, sources of seeds used to mately 96%) use fertilizer in cabbage 0.0 - 53% and this is shown in Table establish fields, disease and arthropod production. Inorganic fertilizer, 8. Severity scores were based on a pest problems, pesticides and other particularly NPK is used by about 53% 5-point scale of 1-5 where 1 repre- practices used to control disease or of the farmers. Most of the farmers, sented apparently no symptoms, 2 - arthropod pests and the yields that (approximately 53%) apply fertilizer slight infection, 3 – moderate infection are typical of the area. This informa- three times before harvesting of crop. and 4 – severe infection and 5- very tion would be used to assess the best severe infection. time to implement IPM packages. Various weed species were encountered on cabbage farms but the most CMV was detected at all the loca- A total of 10 communities were covered prominent were: spear grass, Chro- tions (except Pwalugu) surveyed in from three districts in the Ashanti molaena odorata, elephant grass, the three regions of Ghana which lie region, while 23 communities were Centrosema pubenscens and Asase in the forest, forest-transition and covered from three districts in the ne aboo (local name). Three methods Guinea savannah zone while TMV Brong Ahafo region. It was observed of weed control were employed; hand was detected at Tuobodom (forest- that more communities in the Brong picking, use of garden tools such as transition), Vea and Tono (Guinea Ahafo region were involved in cab- hoes or hand fork, and application savannah). Mixed infections were bage production compared with their of herbicides. As many as 68% used detected at Tuobodom, Vea and Tono. Ashanti region counterparts. It was garden tools whilst as few as 3% used Incidence and severity of CMV were observed that two varieties of cabbage, herbicides. high for two farms assessed at both ‘KK Cross’ and ‘Oxylus’ were culti- Agogo and Tuobodom and one farm vated by farmers with 99% of them Caterpillars, aphids, whiteflies and each at Vea and Tono while incidence obtaining their supplies from credible grasshoppers are predominant pests. of TMV was high at one farm each sources - Agro input dealers. Pesticide application is the most pop- at Tuobodom and Tono. The immu- ular insect control method. Depending noserological detection of CMV and Most of the respondents (98%) raised on the pest pressure majority of the TMV in all the locations surveyed at seedlings for transplanting in the field. farmers apply pesticides more than the Ashanti and Brong-Ahafo region Major nursery operations included four times before harvesting of crop. regions give an indication of a poten- method of soil sterilization, method of tial widespread occurrence of the two sowing seed on the nursery bed, post Nematode infestation resulted in viruses in important tomato growing emergence practices and length of stunting of growth, yellowing of areas in the two regions. time seedlings spend on nursery beds. foliage, galling of the root system, and The most popular sterilization method reduction in yield. Approximately 66% was burning slashed weeds before bed of the farmers knew about nematodes 41 and 58% control nematodes with chem- cm between and within rows. Plant icals, 18% do not control them and 3% height, six plants per treatment was use neem extracts. taken at two (2) weeks after transplanting. Sampling for nematodes was done as explained earlier in the tomato Cabbage IPM trial nematode control trial. Plant height at 2 weeks after transplanting (WAT), An IPM trial on cabbage produc- plant density/treatment, leaf width at tion under rain-fed condition was 4 WAT and nematode density from ini- conducted from June 2012 at Asiwa tial soil samples have been taken but in Bosome Freho district, Ashanti yet to be analyzed. However, four spe- regions. The design was a Randomized cies; Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus Complete Block consisting of three brachyurus, Helicotylenchus multi- treatments replicated three times. The cintus and Rotylenchus reniformis treatments were planting on the flat, were encountered planting on raised beds and planting on ridges. Healthy cabbage seedlings were transplanted from the nursery to the main experimental fields/plots on 25 July 2012. The cabbage variety used for the trial was ‘Oxylus’. Every pest management intervention was preceded by regular monitoring of pest population increase that war- ranted chemical intervention. This idea of pest monitoring was imparted to the farmers as against the calendar spraying they are used to.

Data collection started two weeks after transplanting and it is on-going. Data being collected include insect pest population, plant damage and yield. Yield assessment will be done based on the heads per bed which would be weighed at harvest.

Evaluation of land preparation methods on nematode density and yield of cabbage

Two field trials were conducted at Asiwa deciduous forest agro-ecological zone and Dormaa Central districts of the Ashanti and Brong Ahafo regions of Ghana respectively. The variety ‘Oxylus’ which is commonly cultivated at both locations was used in the study.

At Asiwa, the nursery was established on 26 June and seedlings transplanted on 25 July 2012. The nursery bed was heat sterilized by burning dried wood shavings on it and seeding was done the following day. Nursery bed sterilization was done to control nematodes, soil arthropods and weeds. The bed was covered with gauze material after nursing the seed to prevent insect damage.

Three treatments of land preparation methods were used. These were transplanting of cabbage on the flat, ridges and raised beds and were replicated three times resulting in nine (9) plots of 6 x 6 m each. Seedlings were transplanted at 60cm and 60

42 souproth asiaject regional program: countrybangladesh | country | nepal | country | india

Principal Investigators: Ed Rajotte, PennPrincipal State Investigator: University | George Norton, Virginia Tech | Doug Pfeiffer, VirginiaCollaborators: Tech (India) Site/Country Coordinators: Bangladesh: Md. Yousuf Mian | Nepal: Luke A. Colavito and Bishnu K. Gyawali, IDE-Nepal | India: R. Samiyappan, E.I. Jonathan, S. Mohankumar, G. Karthikeyan, C. Durairaj, S. Ramakrishnan, G. Gajendran D. Dinakaran, S. Thiruvudainambi, G. Chandrasekar, P. Karuppuchami, N. Selvaraj, and L. Pugalendhi (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University); Nutan Kaushik (The Energy Resources Institute); Malvika Chaudhury (Biocontrol Research Labs)

43 programSouth Asia program summary

he main thrust of the South Asia Region torical research/demonstration sites to other Thas been to develop and test full-season vegetable growing regions in the country. IPM packages for each crop. These packages are supported by problem specification activi- In Nepal, the primary sites include Nepal ties such as grower and pest surveys; compo- include Lalitpur District in the Kathmandu nent, discipline-based research; and evaluation Valley in the Central Region and the Kaski activities that measure economic and social District in the Western Region, encompassing impacts. While each country develops a work the city of Pokhara and environs. The Nepal plan based on local needs, every effort is made IPM CRSP project developed IPM packages for to coordinate activities among the countries. cucurbit and tomato, and cauliflower and tea, This is accomplished by holding annual region- which are in the final stage of development. al planning meetings in one of the collaborating countries on a rotational basis and ensur- ing that representatives from each country are In India, the IPM CRSP project involves three present at the annual meeting. partner institutions. Our main partner is Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) in southern India’s Coimbatore; most of the In addition, scientists from each country have research and IPM package development is the opportunity to travel to other countries for done there, but we also partner with an NGO, special training, workshops, and other func- The Energy Resource Institute (TERI), based tions. As a result several technologies devel- in Delhi. TERI manages research and demon- oped in one or the other of these countries stration projects in three northern India sites: have been transferred and adapted to another Uttar Pradesh, Andra Pradesh and Karnataka. country. These technologies include graft- A third partner is the company, BioControl ing, fruit fly pheromone mass trapping, and Research Laboratories (BCRL) based in Ban- Trichoderma and Pseudomonas soil amend- galore. BCRL manufactures biopesticides, ments. Opportunities for expansion of IPM pheromones, soil amendments, parasitoids, CRSP activities in the region are possible since and other inputs required by IPM packages. Bangladesh and Nepal have been named Feed BCRL also provides education and technical the Future countries. It is most likely that assistance to farmers to ensure that the BCRL mission-based Associate Awards will allow us products are used properly. to expand our programs in Nepal and Bangla- desh in the coming year.

In Bangladesh the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) is the main implementing research partner. Outreach partners include several major non-governmental organizations that support thousands of village- level trainers. It is likely that a new Associate Award in the coming year will expand the technology transfer activities beyond our his-

44 Table 1. Effect of different treatments on the management of pod borer complex at Satmail, Bangladesh Sadar, Jessore Treatments % flower % pod % Yield % yield Coutry bean infestation infestation reduction (t/ha) increase of pod over Demonstration of infestation non IPM over non plots management packages for IPM plots pests of country bean IPM plot 0.5±0.1 a 3.5±0.6 a 65.68 24.5±0.7 b 34.6 S. N. Alam, N. K. Dutta, M. F. Non IPM 3.0±0.4 b 10.2±0.9 b - 18.2±0.4 a - Khatun, M. A. Hossain, M, I, Islam, (farmers’ M. Y. Mian, E. Rajotte practice) plot Earlier in the project, the pod borer, Means of 10 observations and 3 replications; Means followed by the same letter in a column Maruca vitrata, was considered as the did not differ significantly by paired t-test (p<0.01) major pest of country bean in Ban- gladesh. But recently Helocovarpa Table 2. Effect of different treatments on the management of pod borer complex at Balabo, armigera infesting pods and aphids on Narsingdi during 2011-12 cropping season shoots, flowers, and fruits have become Treatments % flower % pod % Yield % yield equally important pests. infestation infestation reduction (t/ha) increase of pod over In Jessore and Narsingdi farmers’ infestation non IPM fields, the plot size of 0.2 ha per treat- over non plots ment with three replications in RCB IPM plots design with two treatments was laid out: 1) IPM plot, comprising hand IPM plot 1.8±0.3 a 2.6±0.4 a 82.8 27.9±0.5 b 43.8 picking of infested flowers and fruits at Non IPM 4.2±0.7 b 14.2±1.3 b - 19.4±0.3 a - alternate days, weekly release of egg (farmers’ parasitoid, Tricogramma evanescens practice) plot (@ 1 gm parasitized eggs/ha/week) and larval parasitoid Bracon hebetor (800- Means of 11 observations and 3 replications; means followed by the same letter in a column did not differ significantly by paired t-test (p<0.01) 1000 adult /ha/week), and spraying soap water (5 gm/liter of water) during Table 3. Effect of different treatments on the management of fruit fly and borer pest of bitter initial aphid infestation along with gourd and their corresponding yield at Jessore, Narsingdi, and Chittagong region two spraying of biopesticide Spinosad (Tracer 45 SC @ 0.4 ml/liter of water) Treatments Fruit % reduction Yield (t/ha) % Yield and 2) Non-IPM treatment of farmers’ infestation% of fruit increase practice, spraying Voliam Flexi 300 SC infestation or Proclaim 5 SG at 3 days interval. Chowgacha, Jessore A distance of 200 m was maintained between the IPM and non-IPM plots. IPM field 3.2±0.6 a 63.2 37.4±0.5 b 28.1 The number of healthy and infested flowers were counted and recorded Non-IPM field 8.7±0.9 b - 27.3±0.4 a - from randomly selected 50 rachis/ inflorescences to determine the insect Sherpur Upazilla, Bogra infestation. IPM field 1.7±0.2 a 85.2 23.2±0.7 b 26.4 At both the locations, infestations of pod borer in country bean were Non-IPM field 11.9±0.8 b 17.3±0.5 a significantly less than that of farmers’ practice. At Jessore 65.7% less pod Sadar Upazilla, Bogra infestation in the IPM plots resulted in 34.6% higher yield (tab. 1). While at Narsingdi, 82.8% less pod infesta- IPM field 1.7±0.4 a 75.1 26.2±0.6 b 29.9 tion in the IPM plots resulted in 43.8% higher yield (tab. 2). Moreover, in Non-IPM field 6.7±0.9 a 18.5±0.3 a the non-IPM plots, plant growth was stunted and the plants died around Means of 15-20 observations and 3 replications; means followed by the same letter in a col- one and half month before IPM plots umn did not differ significantly by paired t-test (p<0.01 due to phytotoxicity caused by overuse of pesticides. M. Z. H. Prodhan, M. I. Islam, M. Y. serious damage to plants. Mian, Edwin G. Rajotte A demonstration trial was undertaken Bitter gourd Bitter gourd is infested by fruit fly, two in farmers’ fields in the Jessore region species of cutworms (Spodoptera litura (Chowgacha upazilla) and in the Bogra Demonstration of IPM and S. execua), and pumpkin cater- region (Sherpur and Sadar upazilla) packages for bitter gourd pillar (Diaphania indica). In addition, during November 2011 to March 2012. soilborne fungal diseses also cause At all the locations, the plot size was S. N. Alam, N. K. Dutta, S. Nahar, around 0.25 ha per treatment. There 45 Table 4. Effect of Tricho-compost on fungal, viral, and nematode disease infestation of tomato

Treatment Pathogens Infected Alternaria Leaf curl Spotted Gall index % infection infected fruit leaf spot virus wilt virus (0-10 scale) reduced fruits weight (%) (0-5 scale) infected infection weight* plants (no.) (0-5 scale) (t/ha) T1 5.233 a 8.07 2.833 b 5.000 2.00 b 3.5 b 20 T2 3.783 b 5.27 2.000 c 3.667 2.33 b 2.3 c 32 T3 3.533 b 4.87 2.167 c 4.000 1.83 b 2.0 c 35 T4 6.300 a 11.15 3.667 a 5.333 3.17 a 5.5 a P value 0.0079 0.0011 NS 0.0249 - LSD 1.367 0.5508 - 0.799 - CV (%) 14.51 10.36 39.89 17.13 - T1=1/2 dose of Chemical Fertilizer + Tricho-compost 100g/plant, T2=1/2 dose of Chemical Fertilizer + Tricho-compost 150g/plant, T3=1/2 dose of Chemical Fertilizer + Tricho-compost 200g/plant and T4=Full dose of Chemical Fertilizer; *Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Fusarium and others were three dispersed replications set BARI Tomato 14) in the 2011 winter reduced by 35%, 32%, and 20% in T3, in an RCB design with two treat- season with four treatments: (i) half- T2 and T1, respectively. ments: 1) IPM treatment comprised recommended dose of chemical fertil- of sanitation, mass trapping of fruit izer + Tricho-compost at 100 g /plant; Fruit yield of tomato was increased flies with sex pheromone, and weekly (ii) half dose of chemical fertilizer + by Tricho-compost (tab. 5). Total and release of egg parasitoid, Tricogramma Tricho-compost 150 g /plant; (iii) half marketable yield was maximum in evanescens (@ 1 g parasitised eggs/ha/ dose of chemical fertilizer + Tricho- T3 followed by T2 and T1 treatments week) and larval parasitoid Bracon compost 200 g /plant; and (iv) a full (p=0.001). Yield obtained from T3 and hebetor (800-1000 adults/ha/week) and dose of chemical fertilizer. Treatments T2 were higher statistically compared 2) Non IPM treatment, comprised of were laid out in a completely random- to T1 treatment. farmers’ practice of spraying Voliam ized block design with three replica- Flexi 300 SC or Proclaim 5 SG at 3 tions in a field at the research station. day intervals. A distance of 200m was IPM package for summer maintained between the IPM and The weight of diseased fruits was tomato non-IPM plots. Five samples were significantly lower in T3 and T2 treat- taken at random in 2 m x 2 m area ment compared to T1 and the control M.A. Goffar, S. Ahmad, N. K. Dutta, from each treatment. Numbers and T4 (tab. 4). Percent fruit infection M.A. Rahman, Sally Miller and Ed weight of healthy and infested fruit due to pathogens was minimum in Rajotte were recorded during each harvest. T3 (4.87%) followed by T2 (5.27%), T1 The fruit infestations by fruit fly (8.07%), and control (11.15%) treat- BARI has developed three heat-tol- and borers were calculated from the ments. Alternaria leaf spot was signifi- erant hybrid tomato varieties so far. recorded data. cantly less in T2 and T3 treatments But their production is constrained compared to T1 and control plots. The by bacterial wilt (Ralstonia sola- At all the locations, fruit infestation maximum incidence of Alternaria nacearum), viruses, and nematode by fruit fly and borer in IPM plots leaf spot was recorded in the control infections. The present demonstration were significantly less than that of treatment. All Tricho-compost-incor- trial was undertaken to observe the farmers’ practice. At Jessore 63.2% porated treatments reduced root-knot effect of an IPM package on summer less fruit infestation in the IPM treat- nematode infestation (gall indexed) tomato production in a farmer’s field. ment resulted in 28.1% higher yield; at compared to control. The minimum Sherpur, Bogra, 85.2% less fruit infes- nematode infection was recorded in T3 This study was conducted at farmers’ tation in the IPM treatment resulted followed by T2. Nematode infection fields in villages of Mathpara and in 26.4% higher yield; and at Sadar Upazilla, Bogra, 75.1% less fruit infes- Table 5. Effect of Tricho-compost on fruit yield of tomato tation in the IPM treatment resulted in 29.9% higher yield (tab. 3). Treatment Total yield Marketable Yield increased (t/ha) yield (t/ha) over control (%) Tomato T1 70.07 b 64.83 b 14.74 T2 75.62 a 71.83 a 27.13 Effect of Tricho-compost on T3 76.13 a 72.60 a 28.50 tomato yield T4 62.13 c 56.50 c - Nahar, M. S., M A Rahman, M Afroz, P value 0.001 0.001 - M.Y Mian and S A Miller LSD 4.429 3.640 - Tricho-compost was found to be effec- CV (%) 3.12 2.74 - tive to control soilborne diseases and increase vegetable crop yields. T1=1/2 dose of Chemical Fertilizer + Tricho-compost 100g/plant, T2=1/2 dose of Chemical Fertilizer + Tricho-compost 150g/plant, T3=1/2 dose of Chemical Fertilizer + Tricho-compost An experiment was conducted at 200g/plant and T4=Full dose of Chemical Fertilizer; Tricho-compost at 2.5 t/ha and 3.5 t/ha BARI-Gazipur on tomato (variety reduced disease incidence and increased yield of tomato 46 Kanto Nagar, in Dhunat upazila of 10 day intervals. The crop was pro- treatment T1, 197.39 kg of tomato were Bogra district during the summer tected from rain by a transparent poly- harvested from one tunnel or one dec- season of 2012. Three farmers were tunnel (10 mm polyethylene sheet). imal of land when plants were grown selected for this study. The experiment under the IPM production system, was laid out in an RCB design with Under farmer’s practice (T3), cow dung while the lowest yield of tomato was and other recommended fertilizers three replications. Each farmer was obtained from treatment T2 (112.65kg) considered as one replication having were used. Thirty day-old seedlings of (tab. 6). This variation was mostly three decimals of land (three tun- BARI hybrid tomato-4 were trans- attributed due to the difference in nels). There were three treatments: i) planted in the raised bed at 60 x 40 cm survivability of plants among the distance between plants and between T1-IPM package with grafted tomato treatments. The maximum number of and within rows. Maladan, Admire, seedlings; ii) T2-IPM package with tomato plants survived in treatment T1 non-grafted tomato seedlings; and iii) Diathan-M 45 and Bavistin were (182). This difference was attributed to sprayed by the farmers four times T3- Farmer’s practice. One decimal the effect of grafting tomato seedlings at 10 day intervals. The crop was (one tunnel) of land was allotted for with wild species. In T1, the highest each treatment. protected from rain by a transparent percent of virus infestation (12% at 90 poly-tunnel. Ten plants were randomly DAS) and the lowest percent of wilt

T1 consisted of BARI hybrid tomato-4 selected from each treatment for data infestation (6%) were recorded, and no (grafted on Solanum sisymbriifo- collection. Data were recorded on: nematode infestation were observed lium), using Tricho-compost, spraying number of days to 50% flowering; days (tab. 7). The lowest virus infestation of neem seed extract (Azadirachta to harvest; number of fruits per plant; (8% at 90 DAS) was recorded in T3. The indica), and using yellow sticky traps individual fruit weight; fruit yield magnitude of the highest wilt infesta- and pheromone trap. T2 consists of per plant; and fruit yield per tunnel/ tion (20% at 90 DAS) was observed non-grafted BARI hybrid tomato-4 and decimal of land. Incidence of virus, in T2. This result indicated that the all of the above. T3 (farmer’s practice) wilting, and nematodes were recorded IPM system, including the grafting consisted of non-grafted BARI hybrid at 45, 60, 75, and 90 days after sowing technology, tricho-compost, and neem tomato-4 and spraying of Maladan, (DAS). oil spraying, is essential for tomato Admire, Diathan-M 45, and Bavistin. production during summer in the wilt In treatments 1 and 2, tricho-compost Significant differences were observed prone areas of Bangladesh. was used at the rate of 3 kg/tunnel among the treatments, and the IPM along with cow dung and other recom- package had a remarkable influence on mended fertilizers. Seedlings (30 days summer tomato production. The max- old) were transplanted on June 8, imum number of fruit per plant (33.11)

2012 in raised beds, maintaining a 60 was recorded from the treatment T1: cm x 40 cm distance between plants plant grown under IPM production and between and within rows. Two system with grafted tomato seedlings. hundred plants were accommodated The corresponding fruit yield per plant in each tunnel. Yellow sticky and was also the highest in T1 (1.25 kg) pheromone traps were placed in every than T2 (1.06 kg) and T3 (1.11kg). A tunnel to control white fly Bemisia( wide variation in yield per unit area tabaci) and cutworm (S. litura). Neem was recorded between the IPM and oil solution was sprayed four times at non-IPM production systems. From

Table 6: Influence of production system (IPM and non-IPM system) on summer tomato production Treatments Days to 50% Days Number of Individual Fruit yield/ Yield (kg/ Plant flowering to first fruits/plant fruit plant (kg) tunnel) survived/ harvest weight (g) tunnel T1 45.00b 88.00b 33.11a 43.46b 1.25a 197.39a 182.00a (IPM-graft.) T2 (IPM-non 53.67a 94.00a 24.48c 48.29a 1.06b 112.65c 149.33c graft.) T3 (Farmer's 53.66a 93.66a 26.41b 47.68a 1.11b 120.64b 158.00b practice) LSD (0.05) 1.19 3.66 1.7 3.15 0.10 6.55 4.77 CV (%) 1.04 1.76 2.53 2.94 3.71 2.02 1.29

Table 7: Incidence of virus, wilting, and nematode disease on summer tomato grown under IPM and non-IPM production system Treatments *Virus infestation (%) *Bacterial wilt infestation (%) *Nematode Infestation (%) 45 60 75 90 45 60 75 90 45 60 75 90 DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS T1 (IPM-graft.) 2.0 3.0 4.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T2 (IPM-non graft.) 1.0 2.0 4.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 11.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 T3 (Farmer's Practice) 2.0 3.0 2.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 9.15 19.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 * Cited mean value

47 by eggplant shoot and bruit borer Irrigation, weeding, and other cultural Eggplant (ESFB), mites, Jassid, thrips, and wilt. operations were done as needed. Data Through the IPM CRSP program, an were recorded on infection and infesta- Effect of Tricho-compost on IPM package was developed to produce tion of BW and ESFB and yield per ha eggplant yield good quality and pollution-free egg- and analyzed statistically. Nahar, M. S., M A Rahman, M Afroz, plant. For the last couple of years, this package was tested in farmers’ fields Yield and infestations were presented M. Rahman, M. G. Kibria, M.Y Mian, and was found to be suitable and prof- in table 8. It was revealed that the and S. A Miller itable to produce eggplant. Therefore, grafted plots were more susceptible an attempt was made to disseminate to wilt as compared to non-grafted Eggplant is the second most important and popularize the developed package plots. An extensive study was made and popular vegetable in Bangladesh. in the Mymensing region. in the pathology laboratory of HRC, In Bangladesh, eggplant farmers often BARI, and it was found that the root fail to obtain the expected yield due This study was conducted in farmers’ stock became susceptible to BW. It was to heavy damage caused by various fields in Jordhighi, Tangail and Ful- concluded that sissymbriflium should insect-pests and diseases. Tricho- baria Mymensingh, February to July be checked rigorously in the lab, and a compost is highly effective to control 2012, to disseminate IPM packages new root stock has to be used instead soilborne disease of vegetable crops. among the farmers. The four treat- of sissymbriflium. However, infesta- This experiment was conducted at ments with five replications (each tion of ESFB has been successfully BARI, Gazipur on eggplant (variety farmer was treated as one replication) minimized by using pheromones. The BARI brinjal 8) in the summer season were: T1 local eggplant variety and fruit yield was significantly higher of 2011, using four treatments that are farmer’s practice; T2 soil amended compared to the farmer’s practice. The characterized by the type of fertilizer with Tricho-compost and use of local yield differences were not much higher applied: (i) half dose of recommended cultivar; T3 use of Tricho-compost, with the farmer’s practice due to adja- chemical fertilizer + Tricho-compost wilt resistant variety (BARI Begun 8), cent setting of pheromone traps. 1.5 t /ha; (ii) half dose of chemical pheromone, braconoids; and T4 use of fertilizer + Tricho-compost 2.5 t/ha; Tricho-compost, grafted seedlings (S. (iii) half dose of chemical fertilizer + sissymbriflium as stock and farmers Pointed gourd Tricho-compost 3.5 t/ha; and (iv) full variety as scion), pheromone, and dose of chemical fertilizer (N P K- 120 40 bracanoid release. Seedlings were pro- Effect of Tricho-compost on S Zn B ). Treatments were laid out 60 20 2 1 duced at BARI, Gazipur and planted root-knot disease of pointed in a completely randomized block on April 8–12, 2012. For each treat- gourd design with three replications at the ment, 350 grafted resistant variety research station. Tricho-compost was and local variety seedlings were Nahar, M. S., M A Rahman, M.Y. applied in the seed bed. In the main planted. Tricho-compost was used @ Mian, and S A Miller field, Tricho-compost was applied in 12kg/dec. in each plot. The recom- the pits before planting as well as mended amount of fertilizer, cow dung Pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica) top dressing at vegetative stage. Two at the rate of 10 t/ha, Urea 150 kg/ is one of the popular vegetables in thirds of Tricho-compost was applied ha, and TSP 175kg/ha, and MP 150 kg Bangladesh. Root-knot nematode, before transplanting and one third was applied. Half of the cow dung, all Meloidogyne sp., causes root damage after establishment. of the TSP, and half of the MP were and facilitates entry of Fusarium spp. applied during land preparation. The A trial was conducted to evaluate the Application of Tricho-compost remaining half of the cow dung was effect of tricho-compost on the inci- increased yield and reduced fruit applied during pit preparation. The dence of root-knot nematode and the borer, disease, and nematode infesta- rest of MP and the entire urea were fungal disease. Seedlings of pointed tion of eggplant. Pathogens Phomopsis, applied in three equal installments gourd raised in polyethylene bags were Alternaria, Colletotrichum, and at 15, 30, and 45 days after trans- transplanted in the field. Four treat- Fusarium were identified from infected planting. Plants were spaced at 1 x 1 ments consisting of T1= Tricho-com- fruits. Percentage of pathogen and m. Mites were controlled by applying post @1. 5 t/ha; T2= Tricho-compost @ borer infected fruits were less in T 3 Vertimec two times at 7 day intervals. 2. 5 t/ha; T3=Tricho-compost @ 3. 0 t/ followed by T2 and T1 (p=0.0001). Egg- plant shoot and fruit borer infestation significantly reduced due to applica- Table 8. Infestation and quality yield of eggplant fruit at Tangail and Fulbaria Mymensingh, tion of Tricho-compost (p=0.001). Borer 2012 infestation was less in T and T treat- 3 2 Treatment % Wilt Amount infested Quality Quality ment than T and control treatment. 1 fruit /harvest fruit /plot fruit /plot The minimum nematode gall index (kg/plot) (kg) (t/ha) was recorded in T and T treatments. 3 2 T1 22.3b 8.7a 146.5b 15.3a Both T2 and T3 treatment reduced 33% nematode infestation over control. T2 16.1c 6.8a 186.2a 18.6a Yield increase over control was the T3 7.1d 2.3b 189.6a 18.8a high in T3 (55.19%) treatment followed by T2 (49.92%) and T1 (37.30%). T4 73.3a 1.7b 78.8c 6.1b Level of significant * * * * IPM package for eggplant CV% 5.2 3.3 12.6 9.5 M. Nazmi Uddin and M Khaled T1 Local eggplant variety & farmer’s practice Sultan T2 Soil amended with Tricho-compost and use of local cultivar T3 Use of Tricho-compost, wilt resistant variety (BARI Begun 8), pheromone, and braconoids The production of eggplant is hindered T4 Use of Tricho-compost, grafted seedlings (S. sissymbriflium as stock and farmers variety as scion), pheromone, and braconoid release 48 Table 9. Effect of Tricho-compost on yield of pointed gourd ment. The present study was carried out to identify an effective package for Treatment Average Fruit number Average Fruit raising a healthy cabbage crop using fruit increased fruit weight tricho-compost with a reduced dosage number/ over control weight increased of chemical fertilizers. plot (%) (kg)/plot (%) T1=Tricho- 199 11.17 11.30 15.12 Seedlings of cabbage variety “Summer compost 1. 5 t/ha Warrior” were grown on Tricho- compost treated plots in farmers’ T2=Tricho- 217 21.23 13.45 25.12 fields at Darail, Gabtoli, Bogra, in compost 2.5 t/ha August 2011, which continued into T3=Tricho- 203 13.41 12.70 18.14 2012. Three treatments were applied:

compost 3.0 t/ T1=Tricho-compost @1.0 t/ha; T2= 1.5 t/ha; T = 2.0 t/ha; and T = farmer’s T4=Without 179 10.75 3 4 practice, using cowdung @ 5 t/ha + Tricho-compost TSP @ 100kg/ha in the selected site. The experiment was set up in the ha; and T4= control were laid out in a days after germination was recorded. second week of August 2011 for rising randomized complete block design. The nematode infestation index and seedling. Data on growth character- yield were recorded at the end of the istics of seedlings were taken from 50 Both the fruit number and weight experiment. seedlings at 30 days of plant growth. increased in Tricho-compost treated Seedling mortality, plant height, root plots (tab. 9). An increase in fruit Results showed that the incidence of length, and fresh and dry weight were weight (25.12%) over control was OYVMV started from 30 days of plant recorded. recorded in T2. The reduction in growth in most of the treatments, number of root-knot nematodes in with 1%–3% disease incidence. The In the main field, two farmers, each the rhizosphere was recorded in T3 infection of OYVMV increased with having about one bigha (1/3 of an acre) (63.6%) followed by T2 (54.6%) and T1 increasing plant age, and at 75 days of plot, were selected. In these plots, four (36.4%) treatments. plant age about 86.5% to 96.5% plants treatments were applied. The treat-

in the field were infected by OYVMV. ments were: T1= Tricho-compost @ 3.0 The five treatments applied in this t/ha + ¾ N P K S Zn B Mo T Okra 180 70 120 20 4 2 1; 2= experiment were not able to prevent Tricho-compost @ 2.5 t/ha +¾ N180P70K-

the infection of OYVMV. All the treat- 120S20Zn4B2Mo1; T3= Tricho-compost @

Management of okra yellow ments significantly reduced nema- 2.0 t/ha + ¾ N180P70K120S20Zn4B2Mo1; vein mosaic virus and tode infestation over the control. The and T4 = Farmers practice, using the nematode infestation was significantly full recommended dose of N P K- nematodes of okra 180 70 reduced in salicylic acid treated plots. 120S20Zn4B2Mo1. In the field, pheromone Rahman, M. A., M. Afroz, A. Muqit, M The highest yield was obtained from traps for management of Spodoptera Saifullah, A. Sarker, M. M. Rahman marigold extract + neem seed kernel were set up after 15 days of trans- extract treated plot. planting. The head damage by insect Infection by Okra yellow vein mosaic infestation, mortality for fusarium virus (OYVMV) is considered one of None of the treatments used in this wilt, total bio-mass, and marketable the main causes of yield reduction experiment were effective in control- yield were recorded. in okra in addition to anthracnose ling OYVMV. Breeding for resistance disease and root knot nematodes. to OYVMV may the best option Mortality of seedlings occurred due to Jassids and white flies are common available. the incidence of damping off disease insect pests and white fly is a vector of caused mainly by Pythium sp. Mor- OYVMV. The objective of this trial was tality of the seedings was reduced in to identify technologies for manage- Cabbage Tricho-compost-treated plots by 9.7- ment of OYVMV, nematode, and insect 13.9% depending on dose of application pests of okra. IPM package for cabbage (tab. 10). The highest reduction was

production recorded in T3 (13.9%). Application of The experiment was laid out in a Rahman, M. A., M. S. Nahar, N. K Tricho-compost increased the height randomized complete block design of shoot and the dry and fresh weight with 4 replications during April 2012 Datta, M.G. Kibria, M. Afroz, and M. of cabbage seedlings compared to with BARI dherose-1 and completed Y. Mian farmers’ practice. The shoot height in August 2012. Tricho-compost @ 3 increased 20.4%–31.8% and dry weight t/ha was used in all treatments as a Soilborne pathogens Pythium, Sclero- 24.5%–38.5% over farmer’s practice. basal dose except in the control treat- tium, Phytophthora, Meloidogyne spp. ment. There were six treatments: (i) cause foot and root rot disease to the In the main field, plant mortality due Application of salicylic acid (0.5%); seedlings of cabbage in the seed bed as to Fusarium wilt was the lowest (2.4%) (ii) marigold as barrier crop; (iii) well as in the main fields. On the other in Tricho-compost treated plot T , hand, larvae of diamondback moth 1 spraying of marigold extract (0.1%) + where 3.0 t/h compost with ¾ N180P70K- spraying of neem seed kernel extract (Plutulla xylostella) and Spodopthera S Zn B Mo was applied followed by litura cause serious damage in the 120 20 4 2 1 (10%); (iv) spraying of neem kernel T2, T3, and T4. Similarly, head damage extract (10%); (v) yellow trap; and (vi) field. Application of Tricho-compost by Spodoptera was lower in T , T and to reduce the incidence of diseases in 1 2, untreated control. The sprays in the T3 compared to farmer’s practice (T4). treatments were given four times at hand picking of insect larvae twice a 15 day intervals, starting from 35 days week and use of pheromone traps to Marketable yield and total yield of after germination. Data on OYVMV monitor Spodoptera are also useful cabbage were found to be higher in development at 30, 45, 60, and 75 techniques in IPM package develop- Tricho-compost + fertilizer treated 49 Table 10. Seedling mortality of cabbage under different treatments at farmers’ field in Bogra domonas fluorescens: 47.0g, Metarhi- zium anisopliae: 47.0g, Paecilomyces Treatment Total no. of Dead Mortality Reduction spp.: 47.0g, Bacillus subtilis: 9.3g seedlings seedlings (%) of mortality 2 2 (m ) (m ) over T4 (%) Treatment 4: Farmers’ practice T1=Tricho- 386.2 72.5 18.8 9.70 compost @1.0 t/ha Urea: 86g, DAP: 195g, Potash: 150g, Compost (FYM): 5.5kg. Full dose T2=Tricho- 394.5 62.2 15.8 12.7 of Potash and phosphorous along compost @1.5 t/ha with half dose of urea were applied T3=Tricho- 401.3 58.6 14.6 13.9 during transplantation. Remaining compost @ 2.0 t/ha half dose of urea was applies as three split doses (30, 45 and 60 days after T4= Farmers’ 345.2 98.6 28.5 - transplantation). practice (cowdung @ 5 t/ha + TSP @ Treatment 5: Control 100 kg/ha) The combined effect of biofertilizers plots compared to farmer’s practice. they trained 4000 farmers and 320 and biopesticides on bitter gourd (var. Pali) increased yield by 58.2 kg when The highest yield was found in T1 (75.8 dealers/retailers on Tricho-compost t/h). The increased yield over farmers’ use. compared with farmer’s practice. practice were 19.8, 11.8, and 7.3 tons/ The economic return was $17.3 more per treatment when compared with ha in T1, T2, and T3 respectively. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) was highest Economic Analysis farmers’ practice. in treatment T1 (tab. 8). Application of Tricho-compost sucssfully reduced A survey of 300 vegetable growers The combined effect of biofertilizers seedling and plant mortality in the was conducted to assess the impacts and biopesticides in increasing the nursery bed and field and increased of pheromone traps on IPM adoption yield of bitter gourd (var. Chaman) yield of cabbage. Hence, use of Tricho- in gourds and to assess the factors was significant when compared with biopesticides and control treatments. compost with ¾ N180P70K120S20Zn4B2Mo1 affecting IPM adoption. These anal- along with Spodoptera pheromone yses are being completed as part of a trap could be used for healthy cabbage Ph.D. dissertation at Virginia Tech. production. Table 11: Performance of Biofertilizers and biopesticide in bitter gourd var. Pali in Rupan- dehi District NGO cooperation Nepal Treatments Mean Yield in Dissemination of IPM (Kg) technology by NGO Bitter melon Biofertilizers 124.2 b Biopesticides 116.8 b The Mennonite Central Committee Evaluation of IPM for bitter Biofertilizers + 167.1a (MCC), a partner with the IPM melon biopesticides CRSP, is working with a group of 230 farmers in a village called Kamarpara To evaluate an IPM package for bitter Farmer’s practice 108.9 c in Chupinagar union, Bogra district. melon, an experiment was laid out in Control 38.9 d Among the farmers, 33 are producing a randomized block design with four Tricho-compost, 10 are producing Average yield in kg from 10 plants, 4 replica- replications and five treatments, with tions and 19 harvests vermicompost, and 35 are using sex each treatment containing 10 plants. pheromone traps in eggplant, cucurbits, cabbage, and cauliflower crops. Treatment 1: Biofertilizers only The plant pathology division of HRC, Table 12: Performance of biofertilizers and BARI supplied the Trichoderma solu- Compost (FYM): 5.0kg, Nitro fix: 16.0g, biopesticides on bitter gourd var. Chaman in tion for preparing the Tricho-compost. P-sol-B: 28.0g, K-sol-B: 42.0g, Agri- Rupandehi District In total, farmers produced about 18 VAM: 22.0g tons of Tricho-compost from July 2011 Treatments Mean Yield in to September 2012, and most of them Treatment 2: Biopesticide only (Kg) also used it in their vegetable fields. Biofertilizers 103.8 ab They were very happy to see the effect Compost (FYM): 5.0kg, Trichoderma Biopesticides 95.2 b of Tricho-compost in their fields for viride: 23.3g, Trichoderma harzianum: preventing wilt disease and higher 23.3g, Pseudomonas fluorescens: 47.0g, Biofertilizers + 125.0 a yield production. Metarhizium anisopliae: 47.0g, Paeci- biopesticides lomyces spp.: 47.0g, Bacillus subtilis: Farmer’s practice 102.6 ab GKSS Agro Enterprise produced 510.5 9.3g tons, of which they sold about 434.2 Control 21.4 c Treatment 3: Biofertilizers + tons, of Tricho-compost over July 2011 Average yield in kg from 10 plants, 4 replica- to August 2012. They are also mar- Biopesticides tions and 19 harvests keting Tricho-liquid under the brand name “Tricho power.” Last year, they Compost (FYM): 5.0kg, Nitro fix: 16.0g, produced 10,485 L of “Tricho power,” P-sol-B: 28g, K-sol-B: 42.0g, Agri-VAM: of which 9536 L were sold. In addition, 22.0g, Trichoderma viride: 23.3g, Trichoderma harzianum: 23.3g, Pseu-

50 practice. The economic return from Table 14: IPM package on cucumber var. Bitter gourd the IPM package was $11.50 more per Bhaktapur Local in Kaski District treatment than the farmers’ practice. Evaluation of IPM package Treatments Mean yield in kg on bitter gourd in Rupandehi Cucumber IPM package 332.8 a district Farmer's 213.7 b Evaluation of cucumber IPM practice Field experiments were laid out in Average yield in kg from 15 plants, 6 replica- a RBD with six replications and two package tions, and 29 harvests; significant at 1% level treatments, each treatment containing (T-test) 15 plants. Treatments were same as in bitter gourd. Treatment 1 : Biofertilizers and Table 15: IPM package on Cucumber var. Biopesticides The yield of cucumber var. Bhaktapur Bhaktapur Local in Lalitpur District Local increased by 119.1 kg due to the • Compost (FYM): 7.5kg, Kohinoor IPM package when compared with Treatments Mean Yield in kg 750g and Oxyrich 75g as a basal the farmer’s practice. The economic IPM package 254.1 a dose for 15 plants of bitter gourd return from the IPM package was Farmer's 195.9 b (var. Chaman). $56.70 per farmer more from cucumber practice • Biodan granules 10-15 days after var. Bhaktapur Local than from the seedling transplant: 30g. farmer’s practice (tab. 14). Average yield in kg from 40 plants, 10 farmers’ participation as replications, and 12 • Second and third dose of Biofertil- The yield of cucumber var. Bhaktapur harvests; significant at 1% level (T-test) izers Kohinoor and Oxyrich (750g Local increased by 58.2 kg due to the and 75g) at flowering and fruit IPM package as compared to Farmers’ traps with pheromones were installed setting stage or 45 and 60 days practice. The economic return from the at the time of seedling transplant. after basal dose application. IPM package was $31.2 more farmers’ • Spraying Bio-hume 6%SL @ 2.5ml practice (tab. 15). An experiment was conducted in the per liter of water after transplant. Kaski District in a RBD with four replications and five treatments, each • Spraying Boom or Agro-Boom @ Tomato treatment containing four var. Srijana 2ml per liter of water before flow- tomato plants. ering stage. Tomato IPM package • Spraying bio-fit @ 1g per lit of development Treatment 1: Biofertilizers only water to the point of drenching after scouting report justified for Tomato trials were conducted in two Compost (FYM): 2.7kg, Nitro fix: 4.4g, diseases. geographical regions: P-sol-B: 4.0g, K-sol-B: 10.8g, Agri- VAM: 4.0 g • Spraying borer gourd @ 0.5-2ml/lit 1. Open fields in Terai (Rupandehi District) of water to the point of drenching, Treatment 2: Biopesticide only for red pumpkin beetles and if 2. Plastic tunnels in Mid-Hills economic threshold level (ETL) (Pokhara and Lalitpur Districts) Compost (FYM): 2.7kg, Trichoderma recorded for fruit fly =1 by using viride:2.0g, Trichoderma harzianum: pheromones and traps along with Seedlings were prepared on raised 2.0g, Pseudomonas fluorescens: .0g,4 food lures. seedbeds amended with compost and Metarhizium anisopliae: 4.0g, Paecilo- Trichoderma. Three week-old seed- myces spp.: 4.0g, Bacillus subtilis: 5.2g Treatment 2 : Farmers’ practice lings were planted on raised beds • Application of Urea: 130g, DAP: laid with drip irrigation lines. Before Treatment 3: Biofertilizers + 193g, Potash: 225g, Compost planting, the field was amended with Biopesticides (FYM): 7.5kg for 15 cucurbit biofertilizers and biopesticides along plants. Full dose of Potash and with compost. Plots were irrigated Compost (FYM): 2.7kg, Nitro fix: 4.4g, phosphorous along with half once a day and pruned as needed. P-sol-B: 4.0g, K-sol-B: 10.8g, Agri- dose of urea were applied during Plants were staked a month after VAM: 4.0g, Trichoderma viride: 2.0g, transplantation. Remaining half transplantation. Foliar spray of biopes- Trichoderma harzianum: 2.0g, Pseu- dose of urea applied in three split ticides was carried out after the first domonas fluorescens: 4.0g, Metarhi- doses (30, 45 and 60 days after appearance of pest damage symptoms. zium anisopliae: 4.0g, Paecilomyces transplantation). Fruits were harvested at half ripe spp.:4.0g, Bacillus subtilis: 5.2g. stage on alternate days. The weight of Yield of bitter gourd (var. Chaman) harvested fruits was taken from each Treatment 4: Farmers’ practice: increased by 38.6 kg due to the IPM plot. Urea: 34.4g, DAP: 78g, Potash: 60g, package as compared to farmer’s Compost (FYM): 2.68g. Full dose of Potash and phosphorous along with Table 13: IPM package on bitter gourd var. Evaluation of new half dose of urea were applied during Chaman in Rupandehi District components of tomato IPM transplantation. The remaining half Treatments Mean Yield in Package dose of urea was applied as three kg split doses (30, 45 and 60 days after Different components, such as biofer- transplantation). IPM package 191.8 a tilizers, biopesticides, and farmer’s Farmer's 153.2 b practices were evaluated in farmers’ practice fields in three districts of Nepal. Insect

51 Table 16: Performance of Biofertilizers and Mn Sol –B, Corynebacterium ryza biopesticides on Tomato var. Srijana in Kaski 500g/ropani 250g/ropani District VAM – Vesicular Arbuscular Mycor- Meterhizium anisopliae for soilborne Treatments Mean Yield in ryza insects pests (Kg) 500g/ropani 250g/ropani Biofertilizers 13.98 c Biopesticides 15.3 b Meterhizium anisopliae for soilborne Trichoderma viride for soilborne dis- insects pests eases Biofertilizers + 20.38a 500g/ropani 250g/ropani biopesticides Farmer’s practice 13.23 cd Trichoderma viride for soilborne dis- Paecilomyces lilacinus, or Bacillus eases firmusfor root knot nematode Control 7.87 e 500g/ropani 315g/ropani Yield in kg averaged over 4 plants, 4 replications, and 22 harvests; significant at 5% Paecilomyces lilacinus or Bacillus All biofertilizers and biopesticides are level. firmus for root knot nematode amended in 25kg FYM and applied at 625g/ropani root zone of each plant. Treatment 5: Control All biofertilizers, bioinsecticides, and 2nd top dressing (At fruit develop- In spite of hail stone damage, the yield biofungicides were amended in 50kg ment stage): of tomato significantly increased due to FYM and applied at the root zone of the combined effect of biofertilizer and each plant. Farm yard manure (FYM) biopesticides as compared to all other 500kg/ropani (500m2) treatments. During initial stage of crop, Biohume 6%SL, mix 5mL/L of water, was Amend all biofertilizers and applied. biopesticides in 25kg FYM and Tomato non-chemical IPM apply at root zone of each plant: Five pheromone traps/ropani were package in Mid-hills installed using Helicoverpa armigera Nitrofix – AZ,Azospirillum lure in a funnel trap. Based on the 250g/ropani Seeds from tomato variety Srijana are trap catch monitoring, Nuclear poly- washed with Somguard @ 20mL/L of hedrosis virus (NPV) of Helicoverpa P Sol – B, Bacillus megaterium water to remove pathogens from the armigera @ 0.5-1 mL/L or Bacillus 250g/ropani seed coat. Before planting, 1 kg of thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) @ 1-2 seeds is treated with 5mL of molasses g/L or Borer guard @ 0.5-1 mL/L of Zn Sol – B, Thiobacillus thio-oxidans slurry, 5 mL Biohume, and 1 g of water is applied (Borer guard consists 250g/ropani microbial consortium. Seedlings are of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, raised in poly bags containing solar- Verticillum lecanii, Beauvaria S Sol – B, Thiobacillus ferro-oxidans ized soil, neem seed powder, and bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae 250g/ropani biofertilizer- and biopesticide-amended and a microbes like Silrich consti- compost. K Sol – B, Frateuria aurantia tuting Aspergillus awomori, Tricho- 250g/ropani A spacing of 75 cm between rows and derma viride, Cellulomonas uda, and 45–60 cm within rows was adopted. Cellulomonas gelida.) Mn Sol –B, Corynebacterium Plants were stacked, mulched, and 500g/ropani 1st top dressing (One month after pruned. (Note: 1 ropani = around 500 field transplant or at flowering m2.) VAM – Vesicular Arbuscular Mycor- stage): ryza Fertilizers applied 250g/ropani Well decomposed farm yard manure Basal dose (FYM) Meterhizium anisoplae for soil borne 500kg/ropani insects pests Well decomposed farm yard manure 250g/ropani (FYM) Nitrofix – AZ,Azospirillum 1000kg/ropani 250g/ropani Trichoderma viride for soil borne dis- P Sol – B, Bacillus megaterium Nitrofix – AZ,Azospirillum Table 17: IPM on tomato var. Srijana in Lalit- 500g/ropani 250g/ropani pur District

P Sol – B, Bacillus megaterium K Sol – B, Frateuria aurantia Treatments Mean Yield in 500g/ropani 250g/ropani (Kg) Biofertilizers 141 b K Sol – B, Frateuria aurantia Zn Sol – B, Thiobacillus thio-oxidans Biopesticides 126 bc 500g/ropani 250g/ropani Biofertilizers + 180a S Sol – B, Thiobacillus ferro-oxidans Zn Sol – B, Thiobacillus thio-oxidans biopesticides 500g/ropani 250g/ropani Farmer’s practice 116 bc S Sol – B, Thiobacillus ferro-oxidans Mn Sol –B, Corynebacterium Control 98 c 500g/ropani 500g/ropani Average yield in kg from 25 plants, 4 replica- VAM – Vesicular arbuscular mycor- tions, and 29 harvests; significant at 5% level

52 eases Combined effect of biofertilizers and and drench nursery bed for planting 250g/ropani biopesticides on cauliflower var. Snow 800 m2 of seedling. Mystic increased in yield by 6.5 kg as Paecilomyces lilacinus or Bacillus compared to biofertilizers alone. The Top dressing (One month after firmusfor root knot nematode economic return from IPM package field transplant or at head formation 315g/ropani was recorded $1.90 more compared to stage) farmer’s practice. Biohume – Bioactive, Humic & Fulvic Well decomposed farm yard manure Substances (FYM) Cauliflower non-chemical IPM 500kg/ropani The combined effect of biofertilizers and biopesticides on Tomato var. package (Lalitpur District) Amend all biofertilizers, biopesticides, Srijana increased yield by 64 kg as and biofungicides in 25-50 kg of FYM compared to farmers’ practice. The Seeds are washed with Somguard @ and apply at root zone of each plant. economic return from the IPM package 20mL/L of water to remove patho- was $34.30 more than farmers’ gens from the seed coat. Seedlings Nitrofix – AZ,Azospirillum practice. are raised in nursery beds containing 1000g/ropani solarized soil, neem seed powder, and biofertilizer- and biopesticides- P Sol – B, Bacillus megaterium Cauliflower amended compost. 2000g/ropani

Evaluation of biofertilizers and A spacing of 60 cm in between rows K Sol – B, Frateuria aurantia biopesticides on cauliflower and 45 cm within rows was adopted. 20000g/ropani Fertilizers (bio) An experiment was conducted in Kaski VAM – Vesicular Arbuscular Mycor-

District in RBD with four replications ryza Basal dose and five treatments, each treatment 1000g/ropani containing 20 plants. Well decomposed farm yard manure Meterhizium anisopliaeagainst soil (FYM) Treatments: borne insects pests 1000kg/ropani 25g/ropani Treatment 1: Biofertilizers only Nitrofix – AZ,Azospirillum Trichoderma viride against soil borne Compost (FYM): 27.0kg, Nitro fix: 2000g/ropani diseases 36.0g, P-sol-B: 88.0g, K-sol-B: 88.0g, 25g/ropani P Sol – B, Bacillus megaterium Agri-VAM: 88.0g 5000g/ropani Trichoderma harzianum Treatment 2: Biopesticides only 25g/ropani K Sol – B, Frateuria aurantia Compost (FYM): 27.0kg, Trichoderma 6000g/ropani viride: 13.4g, Trichoderma harzianum: VAM – Vesicular Arbuscular Mycor- Table 18: Performance of biofertilizers and 13.4g, Pseudomonas fluorescens: 26.6g, ryza biopesticides on cauliflower var. Snow Mystic Metarhizium anisopliae: 26.6g, Paeci- 3000g/ropani in Kaski District lomyces spp.: 26.6g, Bacillus subtilis: Treatments Mean Yield in 54.0g Meterhizium anisopliae against soil- (Kg) borne insects pests Treatment 3: Biofertilizers and 50g/ropani Biofertilizers 14.8 b biopesticides Biopesticides 18.3ab Trichoderma viride against soilborne Compost (FYM): 27.0kg, Nitro fix: diseases Biofertilizers + 21.7a 36.0g, P-sol-B: 88.0g, K-sol-B: 88.0g, 50g/ropani biopesticides Agri-VAM: 88.0g Farmer’s practice 15.2 b Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma viride:13.4g, Tricho- 50g/ropani Control 8.9 c derma harzianum: 13.4g, Pseudo- monas fluorescens: 26.6g, Metarhizium Average yield in kg from 20 plants, 4 replica- Pseudomonas flurorescens tions, and 3 harvests; significant at 1% level anisopliae: 26.6g, Paecilomyces spp.: 50g/ropani 26.6g, Bacillus subtilis: 54.0g, Table 19: Performance of biofertilizers and Bacillus subtilis Treatment 4: Farmer’s practice biopesticides cauliflower var. Snow Mystic in 100g/ropani Lalitpur District

Urea: 172g, DAP: 390g, Potash: 300g, Paecilomyces lilacinus or Bacillus Treatments Mean Yield in Compost (FYM): 20kg. Full dose of firmusagainst root knot nematode (Kg) Potash and phosphorous along with 50g/ropani half dose of urea were applied during Biofertilizers 15.75 c transplantation. Remaining half Crop establishment: During initial Biopesticides 13.5 bc dose of urea was applies as three stage of crop or period of stress, apply split doses (30, 45, and 60 days after Biofertilizers + 25.0a Biohume 6%SL; mix 5 mL/L of water biopesticides transplantation). for root dip or nursery drenching applied by drip or spray. If needed, Farmer’s practice 16.75 b Treatment 5: Control mix 5 g of Oxyrich - N / liter of water Control 11.5 bc

53 Pseudomonas fluorescens replications, and 3 harvests. Signifi- Table 20: IPM package on cauliflower var. 25g/ropani cant at 1% level (T-test) Snow Mystic in Kaski District Treatments Mean Yield in Cauliflower var. Snow Mystic yielded Bacillus subtilis (Kg) 50g/ropani 5.29 kg more by adopting IPM package compared to farmer’s practice. Eco- IPM package 17.30 a Paecilomyces lilacinus or Bacillus nomic return from IPM package was Farmer's practice 12.01 b firmusagainst root knot nematode $ 1.60 more compared to farmer’s Average yield in kg from 10 plants, 4 replica- 25g/ropani practice. tions. and 7 harvests; significant at 5% level Eggplant Evaluation of IPM components Table 21: Performance of biofertilizers and on cauliflower in Rupandehi Evaluation of IPM components biopesticides on eggplant var. VNR-218 in and Kaski districts Rupandehi District on eggplant in Rupandehi Treatments Mean Yield in Combined effect of biofertilizers and District (Kg) biopesticides on cauliflower var. Snow Biofertilizers 16.9 a Mystic increased yield by 8.25 kg com- Field experiment was in RBD with pared to biofertilizers alone. Economic four replications and five treatments Biopesticides 17.9 a each treatment with 20 plants. return from IPM package was $4.5 Biofertilizers + 18.6 a more compared to farmer’s practice. Treatment 1: Biofertilizers only biopesticides Treatment 1: Biofertilizers and Farmer’s practice 14.1 ab biopesticides Compost (FYM): 10.0kg, Nitro fix: 10g, P-sol-B: 15g, K-sol-B: 15g, Agri-VAM: Control 8.4 c • Compost (FYM): 11kg, Kohinoor 15g Average yield in kg from 18 plants, 4 replica- 1000g and Oxyrich 100g as a tions, and 5 harvests; significant at 5% level basal dose for 20 cauliflower Treatment 2: Biopesticide only plants. Treatment 1: Biofertilizers and Compost (FYM): 10.0kg, Trichoderma • Biodan granules 10-15 days after biopesticides seedling transplant: 40g. viride: 5g, Trichoderma harzianum: 5g, Pseudomonas fluorescens: 10.0g, • Compost (FYM): 11 kg, Kohinoor • Second and third dose of biofer- Metarhizium anisopliae: 10.0g, Paeci- 1000 g, and Oxyrich 100 g as a tilizers Kohinoor and Oxyrich lomyces spp.: 10.0g, Bacillus subtilis: basal dose for 20 eggplants. (1000g and 100g) at flowering and 20g • Biodan granules 10-15 days after fruit setting stage or 45 and 60 seedling transplant: 40g. days after basal dose application. Treatment 3: Biofertilizers + • Second and third dose of biofer- • Spray Bio-hume 6%SL @ 2.5ml biopesticides tilizers Kohinoor and Oxyrich per liter of water after transplant Compost (FYM): 10.0kg, Nitro fix: (1000g and 100g) at flowering and during stress period. 10.0g, P-sol-B: 15g, K-sol-B: 15g, Agri- fruit setting stage or 45 and 60 • Spray Boom or Agro-Boom @ 2ml VAM: 15g, Trichoderma viride: 5.0g, days after basal dose application. per liter of water before flowering Trichoderma harzianum: 5.0g, Pseudo- • Spray Bio-hume 6%SL @ 2.5ml stage. monas fluorescens: 10.0g, Metarhizium per liter of water after transplant anisopliae: 10.0g, Paecilomyces spp.: • Spray bio-fit @ 1g per lit of water during stress period. to the point of drenching after 10.0g, Bacillus subtilis: 20g • Spray Boom or Agro-Boom @ 2ml scouting report justifies against Treatment 4: Farmers’ practice per liter of water before flowering diseases. stage. • Spray borer gourd @ 0.5-2mL/L of Urea: 172g, DAP: 390g, Potash: 300g, • Spray bio-fit @ 1g per lit of water water to the point of drenching, Compost (FYM): 11kg. Full dose of to the point of drenching after for Spodo and DBM moths, if potash and phosphorous along with scouting report justifies against economic threshold level (ETL) half dose of urea were applied during diseases. recorded for DBM =1 and for transplantation. Remaining half Spodoptera litura moths = 4-5 by dose of urea was applies as three • Spray borer gourd @ 0.5-2 mL/L using pheromones and traps. split doses (30, 45, and 60 days after of water to the point of drenching, transplantation). for eggplant shoot and fruit Treatment 2 : Farmer’s practice borer ESFB moths, if economic Treatment 5: Control • Apply urea: 172.0g, DAP: 390.0g, threshold level (ETL) recorded for ESFB =1 and for Leucinode potash: 300.0g, compost (FYM): Eggplant var. VNR-218 with biofertil- 11 kg for 20 cauliflower plants. orbanalis moths = 1 by using izers and biopesticides yielded 4.5 kg pheromones and traps. Full dose of potash and phos- more when compared with farmer’s phorous along with half dose of practice. Economic return from IPM Treatment 2 : Farmer’s practice urea were applied during trans- package was $ 1.34 more when com- • Apply urea: 172.0g, DAP: 390.0g, plantation. Remaining half dose pared with farmer’s practice. of urea applied in three split potash: 300.0g, compost (FYM): doses (30, 45, and 60 days after 11 kg for 20 eggplants. Full transplantation). dose of potash and phosphorous Evaluation of IPM package on along with half dose of urea Average yield in kg from 20 plants, 6 eggplant in Rupandehi District were applied during transplan-

54 Table 22: IPM package on eggplant var. VNR- Yield of Tea Clone Takdha-78 Table 23: Evaluation of IPM package on Tea 218 in Rupandehi District increased by 0.955 kg in IPM package in Fikkal, Illam District Treatments Mean Yield in over farmer’s practice. Economic Treatments Mean Yield in (Kg) return from IPM package was $ 0.46 (Kg) more compared to farmer’s practice. IPM package 40.7 a IPM package 6599.2 a Farmer's practice 33 b Coffee Farmer's practice 5644.2 b Average yield in kg from 34 plants, 6 replica- Average yield in g from 10 plants, 6 replications, and 5 harvests; significant at 1% level tions and 18 pickings; significant at 5% level (T-test) Coffee IPM package (T-test) development: Biofertilizer and tation. Remaining half dose biopesticide evaluation in the Table 24: Performance of biofertilizers and of urea applied in three split Palpa District biopesticides on Coffea arabica in Palpa doses (30, 45, and 60 days after District transplantation). An experiment was conducted to Treatments Mean Yield in evaluate biofertilizers and biopesti- (Kg) Eggplant var. VNR-218 yielded 7.7 kg cides on coffee in the Palpa District. more in IPM package than farmer’s The experiment was in Completely Biofertilizers 17.37 bcd practice. Economic return from IPM Randomized Block Design with four Biopesticides 21.85abc package was $2.30 more when com- blocks and five treatments, and each pared with farmer’s practice. treatment had 20 plants. Biofertilizers + 26.28a biopesticides Treatment 1 (T1): Biofertilizers Farmer’s practice 18.33 bcd Tea only Control 12.31 cd IPM package on tea in Illam Compost (FYM): 54kg, Nitro fix: 200g, Average yield in kg from 20 plants, 4 replica- P-sol-B: 375g, K-sol-B: 500g, Agri- tions, and 4 harvests; significant at 5% level The experiment was laid out in VAM: 500g, randomized block design with six replications and two treatments. Each Treatment 2 (T2): Biopesticides Table 25: Evaluation of IPM package on cof- treatment had 20 plants. only fee in Balbhadra Sharma District Treatments Mean Yield in Treatment 1: Biofertilizers and Compost (FYM): 54kg, Trichoderma (g) biopesticides viride: 269g, Trichoderma harzianum: • Compost (FYM): 11kg, Kohinoor 269g, Pseudomonas fluorescens: 269g, IPM package 10.45 a 1000g and Oxyrich 100g as a Metarhizium anisopliae: 538g, Paeci- Farmer's practice 5.77 b basal dose for 20 tea plants. lomyces spp.: 538g, Bacillus subtilis: 108g Average yield in g from 3 plants, 6 replica- • Biodan granules 10-15 days after tions, and 4 harvests; significant at 5% level (T-test) basal dose: 40g. Treatment 3: Biofertilizers + • Apply second and third dose Biopesticides of Biofertilizers Kohinoor and Evaluation of Coffee IPM Oxyrich (1000g and 100g) at Compost (FYM): 54kg, Nitro fix: 200g, Package in the Sharma 45 and 60 days after basal dose P-sol-B: 375g, K-sol-B: 500g, Agri- District application. VAM: 500g, Trichoderma viride: 269g, Trichoderma harzianum: 269g, Pseu- Field experiments, in randomized • Spray bio-fit @ 1 g/L of water domonas fluorescens: 269g, Metarhi- block design, were conducted, with six to the point of drenching after zium anisopliae: 538g, Paecilomyces replications and two treatments. Each scouting report justifies against spp.: 538g, Bacillus subtilis: 108g Fusarium wilt, blister blight, and treatment had 3 plants. black spot fungal diseases. Treatment 4: Farmers’ practice Treatment 1: Biofertilizers and • Spray borer gourd @ 0.5-2mL/L of biopesticides Urea: 172.0g, DAP: 390.0g, potash: water to the point of drenching for 300g, compost (FYM): 54kg. Full dose • Compost (FYM): 54kg, Kohinoor control of thrips, Helopeltis, and of potash and phosphorous along 1000g and Oxyrich 100g as a red spider mites. with half dose of urea were applied basal dose for 20 Coffee plants. during transplantation. Remaining Treatment 2: Farmer’s practice • Biodan granules 10-15 days after half dose of urea was applies as three basal dose: 40g. • Urea: 172.0g, DAP: 390.0 g, split doses (30, 45, and 60 days after potash: 300.0 g, compost (FYM): transplantation). • Apply second and third dose 11 kg. Full dose of Potash and of biofertilizers Kohinoor and phosphorous along with half Treatment 5: Control Oxyrich (1000g and 100g) at dose of urea were applied during 45, and 60 days after basal dose transplantation. Remaining half The combined effect of biofertilizers application. dose of urea applied in three split and biopesticides on Coffea arabica • Spray bio-fit @ 1g per lit of water doses (30, 45, and 60 days after increased the yield by 7.95 kg when to the point of drenching after transplantation). compared with farmer’s practice. The scouting report justifies against economic return was $3.31 more per fungal diseases. plot when compared with farmer’s practice. • Spray borer gourd @ 4-6 mL/L of water to the point of drenching 55 around the main trunk, for con- Table 26. Pest incidence, yield and economics in IPM and FP fields of okra trial in Annur, Tamil trol of Coffee White Stem Borer Nadu, 2011-12 (CWSB). Parameter IPM FP % reduction over farmers practice Treatment 2 : Farmer’s practice Aphid (% Plant damage ) 4.1 6.0 31.66 • Urea: 172.0g, DAP: 390.0g, Potash: 300.0g, Compost (FYM): Whitefly population (number per leaf) 9.6 18.5 48.10 11kg. Full dose of Potash and Leafhopper population (number per 4.8 9.5 49.47 phosphorous along with half leaf) dose of urea were applied during transplantation. Remaining half Serpentine leafminer damage (% leaf 7.6 10.5 27.04 dose of urea applied in three split damage) doses (30, 45, and 60 days after Fruit borer damage (%) 8.1 13.8 41.30 transplantation). Yellow vein Mosaic (% infected plants) 2.8 7.1 60.56 Yield of Coffea arabica in the IPM Powdery mildew (PDI) 6.0 9.4 36.17 package increased by 4.68 kg when Root rot (% infected plants) 6.0 9.2 34.78 compared with farmer’s practice. Economic return was recorded $ 1.95 M. incognita population (popula- 62.0 102.0 39.21 higher when compared with farmer’s tion/250 mL soil) practice. Nematode gall index 1.1 2.3 52.17 Natural enemies coccinellid beetles/ plant 4.3 2.8 +34.88 India spiders / plant 2.8 1.2 +57.14 syrphids / plant 1.9 0.8 +57.89 Okra leafminer parasitism % 14.8 7.0 +52.70 Number of chemical sprays 1 5 Okra IPM package trials Ecofriendly biopesticides sprays 3 1 (TNAU) Mean yield (t/ha) 17.00 13.12 +29.57 One IPM farmer participatory C:B ratio 1: 2.53 1: 1.23 research trial was conducted with the Observations were made in 50 plants @ 10 plants each in 5 places in both IPM and FP plots following IPM components: for most of the insect pests and diseases. The fruit damage is recorded during harvest.

T1: IPM Module powdery mildew, root rot, and YVMV • Yellow sticky traps for monitoring • Seed treatment with Trichoderma incidence was lesser in IPM plot as and mass trapping of whiteflies, viride (4g/kg) and Pseudomonas compared to farmers’ practice. The aphids, jassids @ 20 /ha leaf miner parasitism was high in IPM fluorescens(10g/kg) . • Biopesticides such as Neem plots. Nematode severity was found to formulation, Bollcure formulation, • Soil application of Pseudomonas be lower in IPM plots as compared to Beauveria bassiana formulation, fluorescens (2.5kg/ha). FP. The adoption of IPM technology and NPV of H. armigera • Soil application with neem cake @ in okra resulted in reduction of the 250 kg/ha number of chemical sprays to 1 from 5 • Need-based use of green label safe in non-IPM fields. The crop yield in the pesticides • Maize as border crop against IPM plot was 17.00 t/ha coupled with movement of whiteflies/Liriomyza higher C:B (1:2.53) as compared to Farmers practice of okra • Use of yellow sticky traps 13.12 t/ ha with a C:B ratio of 1:1.23 in cultivation: farmer’s practice. • Helicoverpa and Earias adult • Farmers are not aware about monitoring with pheromone traps resistance/ tolerant varieties • Trichogramma release after each Okra IPM Demonstrations • Seed treatment with biocontrol agents is not a regular prac- brood emergence of Helicoverpa (TERI) and Earias tice, some innovative farmers do the same with chemical seed • Application of neem oil formula- IPM package for okra protecting tions/Neem seed kernel extract • Use of high yielding/tolerant • No soil treatment, if situation • Need-based application of variety - Arka Anamika demanded they give only chemical insecticides/fungicide/acaricide • Seed treatment with Trichoderma treatment phorate , carbofuran or viride and Pseudomonas fluores- chlorpyriphos T2: Farmer’s practice cens @ 10 g /kg • No knowledge about nematode The results revealed that the mean • Soil treatment with Paecilomyces infestation population of sucking pests in the IPM for nematode management • Most of the farmers are not aware plot was low when compared with the • Soil treatment with Neem cake @ about pheromone trap and yellow farmer’s practice. Incidence of leaf 200 kg/ha sticky traps miner was observed lesser in IPM plot (7.6 %) as compared to farmer’s prac- • Pheromone traps for monitoring • Generally farmers use chemical tice (10.5%). With respect to diseases, and mass trapping of Earias pesticides, few of them use neem vitella @ 10/ha leaf decoction. 56 Figure 1. Earias boring okra fruit (TERI) (field 4), while in IPM the highest fruit damage was recorded at field 3 (17.6%) followed by field 1 (14%) and field 2 (12%).

In the North, IPM demonstration trials’ average okra yield was 6557 kg/ hectare, while in the South, the average IPM okra yield was 5104 kg/ hectare. About a 22% higher yield was obtained by farmers in the North, the probable reason being the poor soil on which the Southern farmers had laid down their trials. In the North, the average IPM okra farmer income was Rs. 109,775/ hectare, while in the South it was 21,818/ hectare. Income differences were attributed to the low prices obtained in the South versus in the North. Northern farmers sell their produce in a big vegetable market near District Ghaziabad and receive a better price, while all Southern farmers sell their produce in local markets.

In the North, the highest yield was Okra IPM trials were conducted at In okra fields in both the South and obtained in IPM field 3 (7323 kg), three locations in Western Uttar North, the green jassid population was followed by field 2 (7187 kg) and Pradesh, North India, and three loca- not manageable by any method. In Field 1 (5162 kg), and the lowest tions in Kolar and Chittoor, South IPM fields, the average jassid popula- yield was recorded in conventional India. IPM growers both in the South tion was 1.5 to 18 per leaf, while in farm Field 4 (3559 kg). Highest net and North received better yield and conventional farmer practice it was profits were earned by the IPM Field income compared with conventional at 40 adults/leaf. Earias, Helicoverpa, 3 (Rs. 126,236), followed by Field 2 farm practices. In the North, IPM and Spodoptera were the major yield (Rs. 113,812) and Field 1 (Rs. 89,278), farmers (Fields 3, 2, and 1) received reducers present during the trials. whereas in farmer practice (Field 4), 105%, 101%, and 45% higher yields the average net profit was Rs. 38,655. than conventional farmer practice (tab. In the North, the highest fruit damage 1), respectively. In the south, IPM was observed in farmer practice In the South India okra IPM trials, farms (Fields 1, 2, and 3) obtained (30.8%), while in IPM 15.5% fruits the highest yield was obtained by Mr. 38.5%, 19.6%, and 22.7% higher yields were recorded damaged in field 3, Sarvana (5557 kg), but due to price compared with conventional farm followed by field 2 (10.3%) and field 1 fluctuations, he could not fetch highest practice, respectively. (8.4%). In the south, 24% fruit damage net income. Mr. Kumar obtained 4816 was recorded from farmer practice

Table 27. Yield, fruit damage and income from okra IPM and farmer practice during kharif 2012, North India Farmer Name Field no. DOS Price Fruit Yield Monitory Net profit Rs/kg damage (%) (Kg)/ha return (Rs/ha) (Rs./ha) Ramkishan Field1 26.3.12 21.0 8.4 5162 110223 89278 Toshif Field2 20.3.12 19.2 10.3 7187 138616 113812 Khalid Field3 25.3.12 20.0 15.5 7323 146841 126236 Conventional farm Field 4 7.3.12 19.8 30.8 3559 70716 38655 CD at 5% 9.1 388.2 - - CV 26.0 35.2 - -

Table 28. Yield, fruit damage, and income from okra IPM during Rabi 2011, South India Farmer Name Field no. DOS Price Fruit Yield Monitory Net profit Rs/kg damage (%) (Kg)/ha return (Rs/ha) (Rs./ha) Mr.Sarvana Field 1 20.8.11 6.1 14.0 5557 33962 21612 Mr. Kumar Field 2 10.8.11 9.2 12.0 4816 44460 22847 Mr.Vishwanath Field 3 30.7.11 8.0 17.6 4940 39520 20995 Farmer practice Field 4 1.8.11 9.0 24.0 4025 37050 14820 CD at 5% - NS 1378.0 - - CV - 37.0 - -

57 Table 29. Pest incidence, yield and economics in IPM and FP fields of Brinjal trial in Karadima- • Soil application with Neemcake dai, Tamil Nadu, 2011–12 @250 kg/ha Parameter IPM FP % reduction over • Maize as border crop against farmers practice movement of whiteflies/Liriomyza Aphid (% Plant damage) 11.2 28.0 60.00 • Use of yellow sticky traps against Whitefly population (no./leaf) 3.6 8.7 58.62 White flies andLiriomyza Leaf miner damage (% leaf damage) 6.2 15.8 60.76 • Clipping of shoot borer infested terminals Leaf hopper population (no./leaf) 2.3 5.6 58.93 • Leucinodes adult monitoring with Fruit borer damage (%) 12.6 31.8 60.37 pheromone traps Epilachna beetle (% leaf damage) 2.4 5.9 59.32 • Trichogramma release after each Ash weevil Leaf damage % 8.2 12.7 35.43 brood emergence of Lucinodes Root rot (% infected plants) 6.2 9.7 36.08 • Application of Neem products M. incognita 132 225 59.38 (Azadirachtin based formulations/ population(Population/250 ml soil) NSKE) Nematode gall index 2.0 5.0 60.00 • Need based application of insecticides Natural enemies coccinellid beetles/ plant 3.0 1.0 +66.67 T2: Farmer’s practice spiders / plant 2.0 Stray - syrphids / plant 1.0 Stray - Observations were made in 50 plants leafminer parasitism % 18.0 4.0 +77.78 @ 10 plants each in 5 places in both IPM and FP plots for most of the insect Number of chemical sprays 3 11 pests and diseases. The fruit damage Ecofriendly biopesticides sprays 4 1 was recorded during harvest Mean yield (t/ha) 18.50 14.25 +29.80 The results revealed that the mean C:B ratio 1: 2.42 1: 1.12 population of sucking pests in the IPM plot was low compared with farmers’ Table 30. Distribution of pheromone traps and lures to farmers for eggplant fruit and shoot practice. A lower incidence of leaf borer miner was observed in the IPM plot (6.2 %) compared with the FP (15.8 No. of farmers benefited Area No. of traps No. of lures %). With respect to diseases, root rot covered Distributed Distributed incidence was lower in the IPM plot Leucinodes lure: 72 brinjal farmers 52.5 ha 755 2265 (6.2%) compared with the FP (9.7%). all over state of Tamil Nadu The leaf miner parasitism was high in Spodoptera and Helicoverpa 10 ha 125 500 IPM plots (18%). Nematode severity lures:15 tomato farmers of Coim- was found to be lower in IPM plots batore district compared with FP. The adoption of IPM technology in brinjal resulted in Plutella and Spodoptera lures: 40 12ha 100 300 a reduction of the number of chemical cabbage and cauliflower farmers sprays to 3 from 11 in non-IPM fields. of Nilgris district and Dindigul The crop yield in the IPM plot was district 18.50t/ha with higher C:B (1:2.42) Earias and Helicoverpa lures: 42 10 ha 50 200 compared with the farmer’s practice farmers of Okra in Coimbatore and yield of 14.25 t/ha with a C:B of 1:1.12. Trichy district

Table 31. Screening of selected eggplant entries against BFSB, Leucinodes orbonalis Pheromone technology in Entries Plant No. of Yield (kg) Fruit and shoot borer eggplant shoot and fruit borer population fruits infestation (%) (TNAU) HD 1 138 4899 85.25 18.8 Eggplant shoot and fruit borer is one HD 2 166 4357 79.40 23.5 of the major constraints to the production of quality fruit in Tamil Nadu. HD 3 103 3876 63.45 25.0 Use of pheromone technology is one CO 2 11 147 2.75 46.3 of the IPM components of eggplant pest management. Considering the importance of this pest, eggplant shoot kg of okra fruits and received the One IPM farmer participatory and fruit borer pheromone lures were highest income of Rs. 22,847 among all research trial was conducted with the supplied to the farmers of Tamil Nadu farmers in the trials. following IPM components for popularization and to minimize the use of insecticides. In the current year, T1: IPM Module Eggplant (Brinjal) pheromone lures were supplied to • Seed, nursery, and seedling dip the farmers of Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Brinjal IPM trials (TNAU) treatment with Pseudomonas @ Trichy, Madurai, Dindugal, Karur, 10 g/ kg of seed/L of water Erode, Ramanathapuram, Theni,

58 Table 32. Yield, fruit damage, and income from brinjal IPM and farmer practice during kharif 2012 in North Farmer Name Field no. DOS DOT Price Fruit Yield Monitory Net profit Rs/kg damage (%) (Kg)/ha return (Rs/ha) (Rs./ha) Mr. Niranjan Field 1 29.2.12 20.3.12 4.5 9.1 34638 158771 138458 Mr. Omkar Field 2 29.2.12 25.3.12 6.4 8.2 22995 147446 132226 Mr. Vinod Field 3 29.2.12 24.3.12 6.5 12.5 23514 153782 136655 Farmer practice Field 4 25.2.12 22.3.12 6.1 16.1 21439 131749 106002 CD at 5% NS NS - - CV - - - -

Pudukkotai, Tuticurin, and Virudhun- 31. Leucinodes with the help of phero- agar districts of Tamil Nadu. Through mone traps @ 10-20 traps/hectare our field trials, farmers were educated The same entries were also used as • Yellow sticky traps for monitoring to use the eco-friendly insecticides scions in grafting programme with and mass trapping of sucking based on the pheromone trap catches NBSt-2 as rootstock. The evaluation of pests on the need basis. Farmers are also the grafted eggplant against FSB is in advised to release the Trichogramma progress. • Neem, Bollcure formulation, and egg parasitoids based the trap catches. Beauveria formulation for pest management At the end of the trials, it was Eggplant (brinjal) IPM • Affected shoot clipping observed that many farmers have demonstrations (TERI) reduced about three to five sprays in • Need-based spray of eco-friendly the pheromone traps deployed fields, Brinjal IPM trials were conducted at insecticides/fungicides and it was observed that about 20% of three locations in North and one loca- Farmers practice of brinjal the cost of insecticides has been saved. tion in South. cultivation: Brinjal IPM practice: • Farmers are not aware about Germplasm collection and • Use of high-yielding and tolerant resistance/tolerant varieties screening against biotic stress / resistant varieties (improved • No seed treatment Navkiran) agents for brinjal fruit and • No soil treatment shoot borer (TNAU) • Seed treatment with T. viride + P. • Mostly farmers are not aware fluorescens The selected entries (HD 1, HD 2, about pest monitoring and mass and HD 3) were rigorously screened • Soil incorporation of Neem cake @ trapping by using pheromone and against fruit and shoot borer using CO 200 kg/hectare yellow sticky traps 2 as check. To obtain the homogeneity, • Seedling treatment with T. viride + • Farmers use chemical pesticides individual plant selection was made, P. fluorescens for plant protection, some of them and the promising entries were used • Monitoring and mass trapping of used neem leaf extract also for the breeding programme. See table Green jassids, Leucinodes, and red Figure 2. TNAU researchers with farmers and yellow sticky traps mite were the major yield limiting factors in brinjal. At IPM managed fields, jassids ranged from 2-5 per plant, fruit borer attacked 20%-60% of the plants/ fruits, and red mite ranged from 17.4 to 21.4 per plant. The average jassid population in farmer’s practice was 6-8/plant, fruit borer was found in up to 80% plants/fruit infected, and mite population was found to be 50-55/ leaf.

Fruit damage was highest in farmer’s practice, whereas in IPM, the highest fruit damage was recorded at field 3 (12.5%), followed by field 1 (9.1%) and field 2 (8.2%).

IPM farmers’ yields increased 12.9% and 6.7% over farmer’s practice.

Highest net profit was earned by the IPM field 1 (Rs. 138,458), followed by field 3 (Rs. 136,655) and field 2 (Rs. 132226), whereas the lowest net profit was earned in farmer practice (field 4) (Rs. 106,000).

59 Table 33. Pest incidence, yield, and economics in IPM and FP fields of onion trial in Narasinga- Impact of onion IPM puram, Trichy Dist, Tamil Nadu, 2011-12 popularization

Parameter IPM FP % reduction over In the Narasingapuram and Ran- farmers practice ganathapuram villages of Trichy Thrips Population (no./plant) 6.92 14.35 51.76 district, popularisation of onion IPM Leaf miner damage (%) 9.83 16.29 39.65 technology was taken up through demonstrations and distribution of Cut worm damage (%) 2.37 6.15 61.46 biopesticides, yellow sticky traps, and Basal rot (%) 3.12 6.46 51.70 pheromone traps. Since then, the onion IPM growers have realized higher bulb Purple blotch (PDI) 22.35 56.14 60.18 yields (12%–20%) coupled with higher Pink root (%) 3.26 11.15 70.76 economic returns compared with farmers who have adopted a chemical Number of chemical sprays 2 7 control method only. The number of Ecofriendly biopesticides sprays 4 1 chemical pesticide sprays in onion IPM fields was reduced to 3 to 4 during the Mean bulb yield (t/ha) 13.64 9.28 +46.98 cropping period compared with 6 to 7 C:B ratio 1:1.98 1:1.39 in farmers’ practice where the reliance was totally on chemical pesticides. In the south, brinjal demonstration Treatment 2: Farmer’s practice was in one farmer’s field with a yield of 12350 kg fruits per hectare and Rs. The results revealed that the mean Economic Analysis of the 18525 net profit. The farmer’s practice onion thrips population in the IPM Onion IPM program (TNAU) field in the same area had a yield of plot was 6.92/plant compared to 14.35/ 11400 kg of fruits per hectare and Rs. plant in the farmer’s practice plot. Economic analyses of the onion IPM 12,600 net profit. A lower incidence of leaf miner was package were partially completed. observed in the IPM plot (9.837%) A survey of 211 onion growers was compared with the farmer’s practice completed in 2011-12, and analysis of Onion (16.29%). Cutworm incidence was the data was begun in a PhD thesis at found to be minimum: 2.37% in the TNAU. That thesis will be completed Onion IPM research (TNAU) IPM plot and 6.15% in the farmer’s during the coming year. practice. With respect to diseases, One IPM farmer participatory basal rot incidence was lower in the The objectives of the analyses are to: research trial was conducted. IPM plot (3.12 %) compared with the 1. Assess the extent of adoption of farmer’s practice (6.46%). The severity IPM technologies, Treatment 1: IPM Module of purple blotch in the IPM plot was • Selection of healthy onion seed lower (22.35 PDI) than the farmer’s 2. Identify the determinants of adop- bulbs practice (56.14 PDI). Occurrence of tion of IPM technologies, pink root was found in 3.26% of the • Bulb treatment - Pseudomonas 3. Assess the economic benefits of IPM plot and 11.15% of the farmer’s fluorescens (5 g/kg) + Trichoderma adopting IPM technologies for practice. The adoption of IPM tech- viride (5 g/kg) producers and consumers, and nology in onion reduced the number • Soil application of P. fluorescens of chemical sprays from 7 in FP to 2 4. Identify differences in pesti- (1.25 kg/ha) + T. viride (1.25 kg/ in the IPM plots. The bulb yield in the cide use for IPM adopters and ha) + VAM (12.5 kg/ha) + Azo- IPM plot was 13.64 t/ha coupled with non-adopters phos (4 kg/ha) + Neem cake (250 a higher C:B (1:1.98) compared with kg/ha) 9.28 t/ ha with a C:B of 1:1.39 in the • Growing maize as border crop farmers’ practice. • Installation of yellow sticky traps 12/ha Table 34. Pest incidence, yield, and economics in IPM and Farmer’s Practice chili field trials in • Installation of pheromone traps T. Kallupatti, Trichy district, Tamil Nadu, 2011–12 (Spodoptera litura) 12/ha Parameter IPM FP % reduction over • Spraying of P. fluorescens (5 g/ farmers practice lit)+ Beauveria bassiana (10 g/lit) Mean thrips population (no./leaf) 2.92 4.24 31.13 on 30 DAP Fruit borer damage (%) 2.68 3.35 20.00 • Spraying of Azadirachtin 1 % (2 ml/lt) on 40 DAP Yellow mites (no./leaf) 4.60 6.23 26.16 • Need-based application of Pro- Damping off (%) 1.3 9.7 86.59 fenophos (2 ml/lit) or Dimethoate Cercospora leaf spot (PDI) 26.4 34.0 22.35 (2ml/lit) or Triazophos (2ml/lit) Fruit rot (%) 4.4 7.9 44.30 for thrips/leaf miner/cutworm management. Green chili fruit yield (t/ha) 35.73 31.38 +12.17 • NBA of Tebuconazole (1.5 ml/lit)/ Number of chemical sprays 2 9 Mancozeb (2 g/lit)/ Zineb (2 g/lit) Ecofriendly biopesticides sprays 4 1 C:B ratio 1:2.38 1:2.02

60 Table 35. Pest incidence, yield, and economics in IPM and FP fields of cabbage trial in Vada- /ha kadu, Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, 2011-12 • Installation of yellow sticky traps Parameter IPM FP % reduction over @12/ha farmers practice • Spraying neem formulations Cut worm damage % 4.0 11.0 63.63 • Need based application of eco- DBM larval population / pl 8.0 18.0 55.55 friendly insecticides/fungicides/ DBM damage 4.0 16.0 75.00 nematicides Spodoptera leaf damage % 7.0 22.0 68.18 Treatment 2 – Farmer’s practice M. incognita population (Popula- 190 320 40.63 Observations on the incidence of insect tion/250 ml soil) pests (thrips, fruit borer, and yellow Nematode gall index 1 5 80.00 mites) and disease (damping off, leaf NE Cotesia Parasitism % 17.0 7.6 +55.29 spot, and fruit rot) have been made. The treatments have been made as per Number of chemical sprays 2 7 the protocol in the IPM module, and in Ecofriendly biopesticides sprays 2 0 farmers’ practice, only chemical control of pests and disease was carried out. Mean yield (t/ha) 20.50 16.25 +26.2 C:B ratio 1:2.03 1:1.40 The results (tab. 34) revealed that the mean thrips population in the IPM Trace incidence of Alternaria leaf blight was observed plot was 2.92/leaf compared with 4.24/ leaf in farmers’ practice. The incidence Table 36. Pest incidence, yield and economics in IPM and FP fields of Cauliflower trial 1 in of fruit borer was lower in the IPM Vadakadu, Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu plot (2.68%) than the farmer’s practice (3.35%). The mean yellow mite Parameter IPM FP % reduction over incidence was found to be 4.60/leaf in farmers practice the IPM plot compared with 6.23/leaf Cut worm damage % 3.6 8.2 56.09 in the farmer’s practice plot.

DBM larval pop./ pl 2.4 5.6 57.14 Regarding diseases, incidence of DBM damage % 5.2 8.7 40.22 damping off was lower in the IPM plot (1.3%) than the farmer’s practice Spodoptera damage % 3.2 11.7 72.64 (9.7%). The severity of leaf spot in the M. incognita population (Popula- 163 329 50.45 IPM plot was found to be lower (26.4 tion/250 ml soil) PDI) than in the farmer’s practice Nematode gall index 1 5 80.00 plot (34.0 PDI). Occurrence of fruit rot was observed at 4.4% in the IPM plot NE Cotesia Parasitism % 24.6 8.9 +63.84 compared with 7.9% in the farmer’s Number of chemical sprays 1 5 practice plot. The green chili fruit yield in the IPM plot was 35.73 t/ha coupled Ecofriendly biopesticides sprays 3 1 with a higher C:B (1:2.38) compared Mean yield (t/ha) 16.35 12.68 +28.90 with the farmer’s practice plot’s 31.38 t/ ha with a lower C:B (1:2.02). C:B ratio 1:3.12 1: 2.03 Trace incidence of Alternaria leaf blight was observed Cabbage and cauliflower The graduate student at TNAU who fluorescens @5g/kg of seeds and is working on the analysis spent six application of T. viride (5g/m2) IPM component development months at Virginia Tech refining her and P. fluorescens(5g/m 2) in the for cabbage (TNAU) methods of analysis. nursery bed One IPM farmer participatory • Growing castor as border(trap) A separate study was begun to assess research trial was conducted. crop the economic impacts of papaya mealybug biocontrol program. That • Application of neem cake @ 250 Treatment 1 - IPM components study too will be completed in the kg/ha along with of P. fluorescens • Seed / nursery treatment with coming year. @ 1.25 kg/ha + T. viride @ 1.25 Pseudomonas fluorescens@ 10 g/ kg/ha kg of seed Chili • Selection of good and virus • Seedling root dip with Pseudo- disease-free seedlings for planting monas fluorescens @ 10 g/ lit of Chili IPM trials (TNAU) • Rouging out of virus infected water plants up to 45 days of • Soil application of neem cake @ One IPM farmer participatory transplanting 250kg /ha research trial was conducted. • Growing marigold as a trap crop • Soil application of Pseudomonas Treatment 1 - IPM Module along irrigation channels fluorescens @ 2.5 kg /ha in main field • Seed treatment with Trichoderma • Installation of Helicoverpa/ viride @ 5g/kg and Pseudomonas Spodoptera pheromone traps @12 • Mustard intercrop to attract

61 Table 37. Pest incidence, yield, and economics in IPM and FP fields of cauliflower trial 2 in water Oddanchathiram, Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu • Soil application of Neemcake @ Parameter IPM FP % reduction over 250 kg /ha farmers practice • Soil application of Pseudomonas Cut worm damage (%) 1.6 3.4 52.94 fluorescens @ 2.5 kg /ha in main field DBM larval pop./plant 5.4 12.2 55.73 DBM damage % 7.2 17.0 57.64 • Mustard inter crop to attract Plutella Spodoptera damage % 5.6 11.8 52.54 • Use of yellow sticky traps against M. incognita population (popula- 162 348 53.45 aphids tion/250 ml soil) • Plutella adult monitoring with Nematode gall index 1 5 80.00 pheromone traps @12/ha NE Cotesia Parasitism % 16.2 7.6 +53.08 • Application of Neem products Number of chemical sprays 2 5 (Azadirachtin based formulations/ NSKE) Ecofriendly biopesticides sprays 2 4 • Need based Application of Mean yield (t/ha) 15.36 12.92 +18.90 insecticides/fungicide C:B ratio 1:3.25 1: 1.83 Treatment 2- Farmers’ practice (FP) Table 38. Pest incidence, yield, and economics in IPM and FP fields of watermelon trial in Kaliannanpudhur, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, 2011-12 Cauliflower IPM plots registered significantly lower damage by cutworm, Parameter IPM FP % reduction over diamond back moth, and Spodoptera, farmers practice than the farmer’s practice plot in both Thrips (no./ Plant) 1.5 3.3 54.54 trials tested during the period under WBNV (% Infection) 5.9 17.3 65.89 report. Cucumber beetle 1.8 5.4 66.46 The results revealed that the mean Leafminer damage (% leaf damage) 3.7 12.8 71.09 larval population of diamond back moth in IPM plot (2.4) was low com- Fusarium wilt (%) 4.3 13.7 68.61 pared with FP (5.6). A lower incidence M. incognita population (Popula- 48 132 63.63 of cut worm was observed in the IPM tion/250 ml soil) plot (3.6%) than the FP (8.2%). The parasitisation by Cotesia was high in Nematode gall index 1 4 75.00 IPM plots (24.6%) compared with FP Number of chemical sprays 1 5 (8.9%). Nematode severity was found to be lower in IPM plots than FP. The Ecofriendly biopesticides sprays 3 1 adoption of IPM technology in cauli- Yield (t/ha) 28.90 22.30 +22.83 flower resulted in a reduction of the C:B ratio 1:2.03 1: 1.50 number of chemical sprays to 1 compared with 5 sprays in FP. The crop yield in the IPM plot was 16.35 t/ha Plutella practice plots. The adoption of IPM coupled with a C:B of 1:3.12 compared technology in cabbage resulted in a • Use of yellow sticky traps against with the FP yield of 12.68 t/ ha and a reduction of the number of chemical aphids C:B ratio of 1:2.03. sprays to 2 compared with 7 in the • Plutella adult monitoring with farmer’s practice plots. The crop yield The results (tabs. 36 and 37) revealed pheromone traps @12/ha in the IPM plot was 20.50t/ha coupled that the mean larval population of the • Application of neem products with a higher C:B (1:2.03) compared diamond back moth in the IPM plot (azadirachtin-based formulations/ with the farmer’s practice field’s 16.25 (5.4) was lower than the FP (12.2). NSKE) t/ ha and lower C:B (1:1.40). A lower incidence of cut worm was observed in the IPM plot (1.6%) than • Need-based application of the FP (3.4%). The parasitisation insecticides/fungicides IPM research trials on by Cotesia was higher in IPM plots cauliflower (TNAU) (16.2%) than in FP (7.6%). Nematode Treatment 2- Farmer’s practice severity was found to be lower in IPM plots than FP. The adoption of IPM The results (tab. 35) revealed that Two IPM farmer participatory technology in cauliflower resulted in the mean population of diamond back research trials were conducted. a reduction of the number of chemical moth in the IPM plot was as low as sprays to 2 from 5 in FP. The crop the farmers’ practice. Incidence of cut Treatment 1: IPM Module yield in the IPM plot was 15.36t/ha worm was observed to be lower in the • Seed / nursery treatment with coupled with a C:B of (1:3.25) com- IPM plot (4.0%) compared with the Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 10 g/ pared with the FP yield of 12.92 t/ha farmer’s practice (11.0%). The para- kg of seed / lit of water with a C:B of 1:1.83. sitisation by Cotesia was high in IPM • Seedling root dip with Pseudo- plots (17.0%). Nematode severity was monasfluorescens @ 10 g/ lit of found to be lower in IPM than farmer’s

62 Table 39. Pest incidence, yield, and economics in IPM and FP fields of ash gourd trial in Kalian- nanpudhur, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu Watermelon Parameter IPM FP % reduction over Watermelon IPM research trial farmers practice (TNAU) Fruitfly (% affected fruits) 2.3 6.4 64.06 One IPM farmer participatory Cucumber beetle (% plant damage) 1.3 12.7 89.76 research trial was conducted Whitefly (no./plant) stray stray - Powdery mildew (PDI) 1.9 4.7 59.57 Treatment 1 - IPM Module Downy mildew (%) Trace Trace • Soil application of Neem cake @ 250kg/ha M. incognita population 48 132 63.63 • Soil application of Pseudomonas (Population/250 ml soil) 148 320 55.31 fluorescence@ 2.5kg/ha Nematode gall index 1 5 80.00 • Soil application of Trichodema CMV (% Infection) 6.8 13.3 48.87 viride @ 2.5kg/ha Number of chemical sprays - 3 - • Installation of yellow sticky traps Ecofriendly biopesticide sprays 2 - - • Set up pheromone traps @12/ha Yield(t/ha) 17.70 14.62 +21.07 • Application of botanical pesticide (NSKE 5% Neem oil) C:B ratio 1:1.89 1: 1.35 • Release of biocontrol agents Table 40. Pest incidence, yield, and economics in IPM and FP pumpkin trial fields in Kaliannan- (Trichogramma chrysoperlla) pudhur, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, 2011-12 • Need-based application of Insecti- Parameter IPM FP % reduction over cide / Acaricide / Fungicide farmers practice Treatment 2 – Farmer’s practice Fruitfly - - (FP) Cucumber beetle (% plant damage) 3.5 16.8 79.16 The results (table 38) revealed that Whitefly (number/ plant) 2.2 5.1 56.86 the mean thrips population in the Powdery mildew (PDI) 2.7 4.2 35.71 IPM plot (1.5) was lower than the FP (3.3). Incidence of cucumber beetle was M. incognita population (Popula- 174 320 45.62 observed to be lower in the IPM plot tion/250 ml soil) (1.8%) than the FP (5.4%). Nematode Nematode gall index 2 4 50.00 severity was found to be lower in IPM plots than FP. WBNV incidence was CMV (% Infection) 4.6 9.4 51.06 5.9 % in IPM plots compared with Number of chemical sprays 1 4 17.3% in FP. The adoption of IPM Ecofriendly biopesticides sprays 2 - technology in watermelon reduced the number of chemical sprays to 1 from Yield(t/ha) 19.30 15.10 +27.81 5 in the FP fields. The crop yield in C:B ratio 1:2.06 1: 1.48 the IPM plot was 28.90t/ha coupled with a C:B (1:2.03) compared with the Table 41. Pest incidence, yield, and economics in IPM and FP fields of bitter gourd trial in Nam- FP’s yield of 22.30 t/ ha with a C:B of bialaganpalayam, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, 2011-12 1:1.50. Parameter IPM FP % reduction over farmers practice Cucurbits Leaf miner (% damage) 0.2 0.3 33.23 Ash gourd IPM research trial Leafhopper (no./plant) 3.6 12.3 70.73 (TNAU) Whitefly (no./plant) stray stray - One IPM farmer participatory Fruitfly (% affected fruits) 6.4 20.5 58.78 research trial was conducted. Epilachna damage(% leaf damage) 6.5 23.4 72.02 Powdery mildew (PDI) 3.7 4.8 22.91 Treatment 1 - IPM Module M. incognita population (Popula- 152 390 61.02 • Soil application of Neem cake @ tion/250 ml soil) 250kg/ha Nematode gall index 2 5 60.00 • Soil application of Pseudomonas fluorescence@ 2.5kg/ha CMV (% Infection) 13.5 29.1 53.60 • Soil application of Trichodema Number of chemical sprays 1 7 viride @ 2.5kg/ha Ecofriendly biopesticides sprays 2 0 • Installation of Yellow sticky traps Yield 39.60 33.00 +20.00 • Setup Pheromone traps @12/ha C:B ratio 1:2.42 1: 1.68

63 Table 42. Pest incidence, yield, and economics in IPM and FP fields of snake gourd trial in • Release of biocontrol agents Thaliyur, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, 2011-12 (Trichogramma, chrysoperlla) Parameter IPM FP % reduction over • Need based application of Insecti- farmers practice cide / Acaricide / Fungicide Leaf miner (% damage) 6.3 16.9 62.72 Treatment 2 - Farmers’ practice Whitefly(no./plant) 2.2 3.2 31.25 (FP) Semilopper (% leaf damage) 8.2 25.3 67.58 The results (tab. 41) revealed that Fruitfly (% affected fruits) 10.6 36.8 71.19 the mean leaf hopper population was M. incognita population (Popula- 142 389 63.49 less in the IPM plot (3.6%) than in tion/250 ml soil) farmers’ practice plot (12.3%). CMV incidence was 13.5 % in the IPM plots Nematode gall index 1 5 80.00 as compared to 29.1 % in FP. Nema- CMV infection (%) 8.8 13.4 34.32 tode severity was found to be lower in IPM plots as compared to FP.The Number of chemical sprays 2 8 adoption of IPM technology in bitter Ecofriendly biopesticides sprays 2 0 gourd resulted in a reduction of the number of chemical sprays to 1 from Yield 15.23 12.65 +20.40 7 in FP fields. The crop yield in IPM C:B ratio 1:1.95 1: 1.26 plot was 39.60t/ha coupled with higher C: B (1:2.42) as compared to 33.00 t/ ha with a cost benefit ratio of 1:1.68 in • Application of botanical pesticide • Application of botanical pesticide farmers’ practice. (NSKE 5% Neem oil) (NSKE 5% Neem oil) • Release of biocontrol agents • Release of biocontrol agents (Trichogramma chrysoperlla) (Trichogramma chrysoperlla) Snake gourd IPM research • Need based application of Insecti- • Need based application of Insecti- trial (TNAU) cide / Acaricide / Fungicide cide / Acaricide / Fungicide One IPM farmer participatory Treatment 2 - Farmers’ practice Treatment 2 – Farmer’s practice research trial was conducted. (FP) (FP) Treatment 1 - IPM Module The results (tab. 40) revealed that the The results (tab. 39) revealed that • Soil application of Neemcake @ mean cucumber beetle damage was the mean fruit fly population in IPM 250kg/ha plot (2.3) was lower than the FP (6.4). lower in IPM plots (3.5%) than the The incidence of cucumber beetle was farmer’s practice (16.8%). CMV inci- • Soil application of Pseudomonas lower in the IPM plot (1.3%) than the dence was 4.8% in IPM plots compared fluorescence@ 2.5kg/ha farmer’s practice (12.7%). Nematode with 9.4% in FP. The adoption of IPM • Soil application of Trichodema severity was found to be lower in IPM technology in pumpkin reduced the viride @ 2.5kg/ha plots than in FP plots. CMV incidence number of chemical sprays from 4 in was 6.8 % in IPM plots as compared the FP fields to 1 in the IPM fields. • Installation of yellow sticky traps with 13.3% in FP. The adoption of Nematode severity was found to be • Setup pheromone traps @12/ha IPM technology in ash gourd reduced lower in IPM plots than FP plots. The the number of chemical spray to zero IPM crop yield was 19.30t/ha with a • Application of botanical pesticide compared with three sprays in FP C:B of 1:2.06 compared with the FP (NSKE 5% Neem oil) fields. The crop yield in the IPM plot crop yield of 15.10 t/ ha with a C:B of • Release of biocontrol agents was 17.70t/ha with a C:B of 1:1.89 1:1.48. (Trichogramma chrysoperlla) compared with the FP plot’s 14.62 t/ • Need-based application of Insecti- ha and a C:B of 1:1.35. Bitter gourd IPM research trial cide / Acaricide / Fungicide (TNAU) T2 - Farmers’ practice Pumpkin IPM research trial (TNAU) One IPM farmer participatory The results (tab. 42) revealed that the research trial was conducted. mean semilooper damage was lower One IPM farmer participatory in the IPM plot (8.2%) than the FP research trial was conducted. Treatment 1 - IPM Module (25.3%). CMV incidence was 8.8% in • Soil application of Neemcake @ IPM plots compared with 13.4 % in Treatment 1 - IPM Module 250kg/ha FP. The adoption of IPM technology in snake gourd resulted in a reduc- • Soil application of Neemcake @ • Soil application of Pseudomonas 250kg/ha tion of the number of chemical sprays fluorescence@ 2.5kg/ha from 8 in the FP to 2 in the IPM plot. • Soil application of Pseudomonas • Soil application of Trichodema Nematode severity was found to be fluorescence@ 2.5kg/ha viride @ 2.5kg/ha lower in IPM plots than FP. The crop yield in the IPM plot was 15.23 t/ha • Soil application of Trichodema • Installation of Yellow sticky traps viride @ 2.5kg/ha and a C:B of (1:1.95) compared with • Setup Pheromone traps @12/ha the FP’s yield of 12.65 t/ ha and C:B • Installation of Yellow sticky traps radio of 1:1.26. • Application of botanical pesticide • Setup Pheromone traps @12/ha (NSKE 5% Neem oil)

64 Figure 3. Harvested sponge gourd (TERI) B. cucurbitae population ranged from 3.6 to 6.0 during 48 and 52 SMWs in both watermelon and bitter gourd fields.

Snake gourd field-collectedB. cucurbitae showed an equal emergence of both males and females, ranging from 1.0 : 0.6 to 1.0 : 1.2 during 33 and 26 SMWs. However, observations from 33 to 35 SMWs revealed the sex ratio was towards females, whereas, the sex ration in B. caudata was 1:1.

Cucurbit IPM technology (TERI)

Trials on cucurbits (sponge gourd, bottle gourd, and pumpkin) were conducted using the following IPM and farmer’s practice methods:

IPM methods: • Use of high yielding and disease resistant / tolerant varieties Figure 4. Helicoverpa armigera damaging bottle gourd flower (TERI) (Pratima, Chakor) • Seed treatment with Trichoderma and Pseudomonas • Soil treatment with Neem cake • Pheromone traps for monitoring and mass trapping of fruit fly- Bactocera cucurbitae • Yellow sticky traps for monitoring and mass trapping of sucking pests (whiteflies, aphids, and jassids) and winged form adults of leaf miners • Biopesticides such as Neem formulation, Bollcure formulation, Bt formulation, Beauveria formulation • Need based use of safe chemicals

Farmer’s practice: • No seed treatment • No soil treatment • Farmer use only chemicals for The root knot nematode encountered catches from different gourds showed insect pest and diseases some in gourds is identified asMeloidogyne the incidence of B. caudata and B. tau farmer use Ashes for control of incognita race 3 through the conven- (trace). leaf feeder insects tional method of posterior cuticular • Not using any insect monitoring pattern, and it is also confirmed Trap catches of fruit flies revealed the devices nor they are available in through enzyme phenotypic method. dominance of B. cucurbitae. Higher the market trap catches, ranging from 10.5 in 4th (Jan 2012) and 14.5 in 49th SMWs (Dec • Only some farmer use neem leaf Species diversity of fruitflies in 2011) and 5.5 to 15.5 during 4th (Jan extract 2012) and 49th SMWs (Dec 2011), were various gourds (TNAU) recorded in pumpkin and ash gourd, Sponge gourd respectively. Trap catches of different Bactro- Sponge gourd IPM trials were con- cera species in various gourds B. caudata was collected mostly from ducted at Village Bhoorgarhi in two different locations. The earlier report of fruitfly complex traps kept in watermelon and bitter gourd. The maximum trap catches of gourds revealed the presence of B. IPM farmers received 65% and 60% were recorded from watermelon fields. cucurbitae. However, cuelure trap increases in yield compared with farm-

65 Figure 5. A TERI tomato plot in the north profit was earned by IPM field 2 (Rs. 92501), followed by fields 1 (Rs. 87125) and 3 (Rs. 66368), whereas the lowest net profit was earned in farmer’s practice field 4 (Rs. 61527).

Better harvest plan of bottle gourd: Based on the three-year price of Delhi Azadpur market we recommend for farmers in the North to sow bottle gourd in November and mid- May to fetch the best price.

Pumpkin

Pumpkin IPM trials were conducted in Upeda village at three different locations. Green jassids and red pumpkin beetle (RPB) were the major constraints in achieving good yields. The average jassid population ranged from 2 to 10 per leaf, and RPB ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 adults per leaf.

The highest net profit was earned by IPM field 1 (Rs. 121647), followed by fields 3 (Rs. 111792) and Table 43. Pest incidence, yield, and economics in IPM and FP fields of tomato trial in polyhouse 2 (Rs.102134), whereas in farmer’s at Vanniampalayam, Coimbatoredistrict, Tamil Nadu, 2011-12 practice (field 4), the net profit was Rs. Parameter IPM FP % reduction over 76014. Pumpkin farming needed less farmers practice input, resulting in a handsome net profit for farmers. Aphid (% leaf damage ) 6.5 12.6 48.41 Whitefly population(number per leaf) 5.9 8.3 28.91 Better harvest plan of pumpkin: For better harvesting of pumpkin Leafhopper population (number per 2.3 5.2 55.76 crops, we recommend that farmers in leaf) the North sow pumpkin in May and Serpentine leafminer damage(% leaf 12.3 39.6 68.93 September to fetch better prices. damage) Fruit borer damage (%) 6.3 16.7 62.27 Tomato Leaf curl disease (% infected plants) 2.3 6.5 64.61 Tomato IPM trials under M. incognita population (popula- 135 395 65.82 tion/250 ml soil) polyhouse conditions (TNAU) Nematode gall index 1 5 80.00 One IPM farmer participatory Natural enemies research trial was conducted. coccinellid beetles/ plant 6.3 4.8 +31.25 T1 - IPM Module spiders / plant 1.8 0.8 +12.50 syrphids / plant 0.9 0.4 +12.50 • Seed treatment with Pseudo- leafminer parasitism % 12.6 8.2 +56.09 monas fluorescens @ 10g/kg of seeds Number of chemical sprays 3 12 Ecofriendly biopesticides sprays 4 2 • Nursery application with Tricho- derma viride and Pseudomonas Mean yield (t/ha) 52.30 42.57 +22.86 fluorescens C:B ratio 1:2.04 1:1.86 • Application of Neem cake @ 250kg/ha er’s practice. The highest fruit damage locations. In all bottle gourd fields, • Soil application of Pseudomonas was recorded in farmer’s practice field Helicoverpa armigera was the major fluorescens @ 2.5kg/ha 3 (14.6%), while the lowest was found yield-limiting factor, destroying up to • Selection of good and virus disease in IPM fields 1 and 2 (3.1% and 6.8%, 80% of flowers and unmanageable by free seedlings for planting respectively). The highest yield was the conventional chemical options. obtained by IPM field 1 (3659 kg) fol- • Roguing out of virus infected lowed by field 2 (3161). In our IPM fields, the average flower plants up to 45 days of and fruit damage was in the range transplanting Bottle gourd of 20% to 60%. IPM farmers received • Set up Helicoverpa/Spodoptera 20.0%, 26.4%, and 4.2% higher yields pheromone traps @ 12 / ha Bottle gourd IPM trials were carried than the farmer’s practice in fields 2, out in Upeda village at three different 1, and 3, respectively. The highest net • Release Trichogramma chilonis @

66 Table 44. Yield , fruit damage, and income from tomato IPM and farmer practice during kharif 2012 in the North Farmer Name Field no. DOS DOT Price Fruit Yield Monitory Net profit Rs/kg damage (%) (Kg)/ha return (Rs/ha) (Rs./ha) Mr. Santpal Field 1 18.3.12 7.80 13.6 18031 141913 116897 Mr. Sanjeev Field 2 30.3.12 8.30 30.8 14017 116905 79864 Mr. Anil field 3 27.3.12 8.40 28.3 8180.0 68666 38038 Co farm Field 5 15.3.12 8.20 44.8 4816 39643 -9657 CD at 5% - 5.1 1111.5 - - CV - 6.3 163.0 - -

Table 45. Yield and income from tomato IPM during Rabi 2011 in the South

Farmer Name Field no. DOS DOT Price Fruit Yield Monitory Net profit Rs/kg damage (%) (Kg)/ha return (Rs/ha) (Rs./ha) Mr.Sarvana field 1 2.8.11 20.9.11 6.25 16.0 9880 61750 24700 Mr. Muniraju field 2 29.7.11 15.8.11 10.0 20.0 9262 92625 55575 Mr. Kumar field 3 29.8.11 15.9.11 2.99 25.0 12350 37000 -24700 Mr. Shrinivasreddy field 4 29.8.11 15.9.11 2.72 15.0 6792 18525 -24700 Mr. field 5 29.7.11 15.8.11 4.0 15.0 12350 49400 24700 Venketeshreddy Mr. Kaleem field 6 20.7.11 3.8.11 5.33 10.0 18525 98800 6175 Farmer Practice Field 7 30.7.11 - 3.33 27.3 7410 24700 -37050 CD at 5% 5.8 NS - - C.V 18.3 - - -

50000/ha lowing methods for the IPM plots and biocontrol agents is not a regular farmer’s practice plots were used. practice, some innovative farmers • Install yellow sticky traps do the same with chemical • Spraying Neem formulations / IPM package for tomato: • No soil treatment; if situation Neem seed kernel extract • Use of high yielding resistant / demanded they give only chemical • Need based application of nemati- tolerant varieties - US 1080 and treatment phorate, carbofuran or cide / insecticides/fungicide 4545 chlorpyriphos • Seed treatment with T. viride and Treatment 2 – Farmer’s practice • Most of the farmers are not aware P.fluorescens@ 10 g / kg of seeds about pheromone trap and yellow The results (tab. 43) revealed that the • Soil treatment with Neem cake @ sticky traps mean population of sucking pests in 200 kg per hectare • Generally farmers use chemical the IPM plot was lower than the FP. • Seedlings treatment with T. viride pesticides, few of them use neem Incidence of leaf miner was observed to + P. fluorescens @ 5 g / liter of leaf decoction. be lower in the IPM plot (12.3%) than water in the FP (39.6%). Nematode severity This year, a complex of viruses was found to be lower in IPM plots • Pheromone traps for monitoring infected almost all the tomato varieties than FP. Leaf curl virus incidence was and mass trapping of Helicoverpa and yield was reduced drastically; lower in the IPM plot (2.3%) than the armigera @ 10-20 traps/ hectare an average of 80% to 100% of tomato FP (6.5%). The adoption of IPM tech- • Yellow sticky traps for monitoring fields were infected by tospo virus, nology in polyhouse tomato resulted in and mass trapping of White- while leaf curl infected 50%–60% of the a reduction in the number of chemical flies, Aphids , jassids @ 30 traps/ crop. In IPM field 2 (North), there was sprays from 12 in FP fields to 3 in the hectare a heavy attack of a complex of viruses; IPM plot. The crop yield in the IPM tospo virus infected 60% of plants, plot was 52.30t/ha with a C:B of 1:2.04 • Biopesticides such as Neem while leaf curl covered the whole field. compared with the FP yield of 42.57 t/ formulation, Bollcure formulation, Field 1 was planted earlier than other ha and C:B of 1:1.86. Beauveria bassiana formulation IPM farmers, and while 50% of the and NPV of H. armigera field was infected with tospo virus, it • Need based use of green label safe still received a better harvest than the Tomato IPM demonstration pesticides farmer’s practice (FP). (TERI) Farmer’s practice (FP) of tomato: Helicoverpa armigera infestation Four trials in the North and six trials ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 larvae per • Farmers are not aware about plant in IPM-managed fields, and leaf in the South for IPM tomato demon- resistance/tolerant varieties stration were conducted during Rabi miners attacked tomato, with infesta- and Kharif season of 2011-12. The fol- • Seed and seedling treatment with tion ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 mines per leaf. 67 Figures 6 and 7. Farmers’ meetings on IPM practice for vegetable crops organized by TERI severely affected by the Tospo virus.

In tomato IPM trials in the North, the highest fruit damage was recorded in field 2 (30.8%), followed by fields 3 (28.3%) and 1 (13.6%); the highest fruit damage (44.8%) was recorded in the FP field (field 5) (tab. 44).

In tomato IPM trials in the South, the highest fruit damage among IPM farmers was recorded from field 3 (25.0%), on a par with FP field 7 (tab. 45).

This year, tospo and leaf curl viruses severely equally attacked tomato IPM demonstrations in the South and North. In the South, up to 100% of tomato plants were infected with tospo virus in IPM trials, while in the North, tospo and leaf curl virus both reduced tomato yield. In the North, an average of 12%–55% of plants were infected with Tomato leaf curl virus in IPM fields; in FP, which solely depends upon chemical inputs, 100% of the plants were infected.

In the North, the IPM demonstration trials’ average yield was 13400 kg/ hectare, and in the South, the average IPM tomato yield was 10291 kg/ hectare; there was a big gap in per hectare yield due to severe infestation of tospo viruses. In the North, the average IPM tomato farmer’s income was Rs. 78266/ hectare, while in South, it was Rs.10291/ hectare. The main reason of low yield and income of tomato IPM farmers in the South was the favorable environment for the spread of the viruses and low price of tomato.

In Southern India, the tomato price fluctuated. The farmers who planted early (the last week of July to the first week of August) received good returns, while those who planted late (last week of August) received losses (field 3: Rs.-24700; field 4: Rs. -24700). Huge Jassids, leaf miner, and red mite was achieved in field 6, but the field amounts (up to Rs. 30-40 thousand) were also the hurdles in obtaining could not get good returns due to low were spent for plant protection in FP good yields in IPM plots in the North price. fields, and they merely received net because jassids may have developed returns of Rs. 5000.0 resistance against commonly available Even after heavy virus infections, pesticides; hence, they could not be IPM farms still received a better yield Better harvest plan for tomato: controlled effectively by any methods. than FP: Field 1 received a 73% higher Based on the three year price data Severe incidence of fruit borer, Heli- yield, field 2, 65%, and field 3, 41%, from National Horticulture Board, coverpa, and cut worm, Spodoptera than FP (field 5). tomato can be grown in both seasons litura caused low yield. Fruit damage in Western Uttar Predesh, and in the was highest in a FP field in the North In the North, the highest net profit South, tomato can be grown year- (Field 5, table 3) at 44.8%, and highest was earned by the IPM farmer field round. According to NHB’s price data in a FP field (Field 7, table 4) in the 1 (Rs.116897), followed by field 2 (Rs. of the last three years, we can recom- South at 27.3%. Among IPM growers, 79864) and field 3 (Rs. 38000); the mend the following for the North: in the highest fruit damage was recorded lowest net profit was earned in FP Kharif season, an April-May nursery in field 2 (30.8%), but the same grower field 5 (Rs. -9657) (tab. 2). In field 1, preparation, and in Rabi season, a also received the second highest yield the farmer received good prices due November-December nursery prepa- and income due to good fruiting and to sowing slightly earlier than others, ration. These would be beneficial price. In the South the highest yield and, because of this, his crop was not for farmers because, from July to

68 Figure 8. TNAU researchers with farmers after distributing pheromone traps

November, there was no tomato supply from Western Uttar Pradesh farmers; Other in this time, all tomatoes came from other places. In the South, tomatoes Work with BioControl sown in nurseries in November and Research Laboratories, a March fetch higher prices. division of PCI, Bangalore

BCRL develops and sells inputs that are useful in IPM systems. These inputs include antagonistic fungi and bacteria, entomopathogenic fungi and viruses, botanical pesticides, and pheromones. In addition, BCRL maintains a client education program that ensures that its products are used properly. IPM CRSP, in an effort to involve the private sector in the development and dissemination of IPM packages, hopes that private sector firms such as BCRL will carry IPM dissemination beyond the limited scope of the IPM CRSP. Through this collaboration we hope to construct a business model that attracts private firms to IPM service.

Supply of inputs for the IPM CRSP Programme

Along with BCRL Lures for Spodop- tera litura and based on positive feedback from TNAU, pheromone lures for Spodoptera exigua were sent to the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, for further trials. The pheromone lures were sent to West Africa in 2012 for testing against the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei. For brinjal fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis, BCRL pheromone lures were tested in Ecuador.

ecologically-based participatory IPM for Southeast Asia regional program: cambodia | indonesia | philippines

Principal Investigator: Michael Hammig, Clemson University Collaborators: Merle Shepard, Gerry Carner, Guido Schnabel, Eric Benson (Clemson University) | Indonesia — Aunu Rauf, Dan Sembel | Philippines — Hermie Rapusas | Cambodia — Ngin Chhay

71 programSoutheast Asia program summary

lemson scientists traveled to Cambodia to Indonesia to work with virologists at IPB and Cmeet with collaborators, the USAID/Cam- to survey vegetable production areas in West bodia Mission, and the USAID/HARVEST proj- Java. Two scientists from Indonesia attended ect director. During this travel, we were able the workshop in Coimbatore, India supported to visit field sites in Kandal, Kampong Cham, by the Plant Virus Disease global theme and and Siem Reap provinces and observe field Tamil Nadu University. tests of IPM compared to farmer practice for several important vegetable crops, including bitter gourd, cucumber, tomato, and eggplant. We also observed farm level production of Trichoderma and made recommendations for improving the farm level production process.

Data collection and analysis in the Philippines is continuing using samples from areas in which PhilRice has been active with IPM FFS training for many years. Econometric models of survey results show significant reductions of pesticide expenditures by FFS-trained farmers.

Impact assessment in Indonesia is conducted at IPB with focus on specific crops comparing costs of IPM and farmer practice for green onion, broccoli, and chilies. In each case, IPM costs are lower. At UNSRAT, impact evaluation focuses on potential gains from more efficient marketing of agricultural products. This analysis is conducted in villages where IPM training for vegetable farmers is on-going and where there is considerable enthusiasm for organic vegetable production.

The SE Asia project has also been collaborating with the IPM CRSP global themes. The gender team for the SE Asia IPM CRSP is well established with active participation of gender specialists from each country. Surveys have been conducted. Results are given in the gender theme report. Dr. Rayapati traveled to

72 of beneficial organisms. Most of the week on 20 randomly selected plants Philippines parasitoids collected were Telenomus per plot. Yield was recorded in 1 sq.m. sp., Oligosita sp., Cotesia sp., and per plot. Tetrastichus sp. Predators collected Rice were spiders, earwigs, and ground Treatments consisted of the following: beetles. Common pests collected • T1- Farmer’s practice (FP) Technology transfer, were grylids, leafminers, and cut- promotion, and dissemination worm larvae. Among the detritivores • T2- Spray NPV at 5 and 7 days of pest management (others), collembolans, observed to be after peak in trap catches more abundant during the early stages technologies in rice-vegetable • T3- Spray NPV at 7 and 9 days of growth, were most common. Density after peak in trap catches cropping system and weight of weeds was higher in • T4- Spray NPV every week from H. R. Rapusas, S. E. Santiago, J. M. plots without straw mulch compared with plots with mulch. Ramos 14 days after transplanting IPM technologies developed earlier Onion Each plot measured 4x5m, replicated by the IPM CRSP in the Philippines four times in a randomized complete block design. were continuously promoted and dis- Management of the common seminated in several sites. Promotion Peaks in male moth catches were and dissemination were done through cutworm, Spodoptera litura, recorded at 37 and 71 days after trainings, field demonstration trials, with sex pheromones and transplanting (DAT) in Sto. Domingo. field days, production and distribution Nuclear polyhedrosis virus These peaks were used as the basis of training and extension materials, for the application of NPV in T2 and and media releases. (See more in the (NPV) in Onion T3. There were three peaks in male training section.) GS Arida, BS Punzal and BM moth catches recorded in Guimba at Shepard 30, 44, and 54 DAT. These peaks were also used as the basis for the applica- Farmers in Central Luzon, Philip- Rice straw and stale seedbed tions of NPV. Application rate of NPV pines, considered Spodoptera litura was 16 larval bodies per spray load. techniques to reduce weeds an important insect pest of onion and The number of larvae per 20 plants and provide refuge for other vegetables. Due to its easily rec- was very low and difficult to correlate ognized damage in vegetables, farmers predators with the treatments. The low larval apply insecticides several times as count was attributed to the behavior J. Ramos, H. Rapusas, B. M. a preventive measure. However, in of the larvae to hide in the soil during Shepard, and G. S. Arida most cases, insecticides are applied the day making it difficult to record unnecessarily and wasted, resulting in The use of rice straw mulch and stale their numbers in the plant during higher costs of production. In addition, seedbed techniques offer several field monitoring. The number recorded non-target organisms are destroyed, advantages for the management of in all treatments was less than one farmers are exposed to pesticides, and weeds, preserving soil moisture and larva per 20 plants per sampling. the pesticides have a negative effect soil erosion, and leaching of fertilizers. The percentage of damaged leaves in on the environment. Surveillance In pest management, the rice straw Sto. Domingo was similar in all the and monitoring are important compo- mulch provides a good habitat for nat- treatments at 42, 56, and 63 DAT. The nents in a pest management program. ural enemies of insect pests. The effect highest damage was recorded in T1 Effective monitoring can result to of rice straw mulch on the abundance, and T4 at 49 DAT. Mean percentage efficient timing of interventions. The movement, and diversity of arthropods of damage over the crop period was use of naturally occurring biological was determined using pitfall traps. lowest in T2 and highest in T1 in Sto. control agents are seldom understood Besides its being simple and easy to Domingo while lowest mean damage by vegetable farmers. Their use in use, pitfall traps is an effective way was T1 in Guimba. This was followed pest management programs should be of qualitatively and quantitatively by T2. Highest yield was recorded in investigated and promoted to address surveying the ground surface-active T1 and T2 in both locations, showing costs, health and safety, and the arthropods. Five pitfall traps were that spraying NPV at 5 and 7 DAT is environment. installed in the field per replication, comparable with insecticide treated and they were replicated three times. We designed an experiment in farmers’ plots. The lowest yields in both sites Arthropods collected in the traps were fields where sex pheromone was uti- were recorded in T3 and T4. Farmers collected every week, and samples lized as a monitoring tool for the effec- in Guimba sprayed insecticides four were placed in 70% alcohol and tive timing of NPV application; this times while Sto. Domingo farmers brought to the laboratory for counting was compared with farmers’ practice sprayed three times. and identification. Sampling started at of insecticide application. The study Results of this preliminary study 13 DAT until 80DAT. was conducted in two farmers’ fields indicated that sex pheromones are in Sto. Domingo and Guimba, Nueva Preliminary results showed that important tool for effective timing Ecija. In each field, two water-oil sex higher counts of arthropods were of intervention against cutworm in pheromone baited traps were installed obtained at the earlier stage of plant onion. In addition NPV is an effective 2 weeks after transplanting. Trap growth with and without mulch but biological control agent and could be catches were recorded 3 times a week, higher in the treatment with mulch at used in the intervention for cutworm and traps were cleaned whenever all sampling dates. A higher number in onion. This study will be repeated in necessary. The synthetic pheromones of insect pests was recorded in plots the next onion season. were replaced after 30 days. The without rice straw mulch while the number of larvae and percentage of opposite was recorded on the number damaged leaves were monitored every

73 (FP) (no VAM, no Trichoderma sp.).

A very low incidence of disease was recorded during the seedling stage of onion in plots treated with VAM + Trichoderma sp. compared with the FP. Anthracnose disease was monitored and recorded from 30DAT until 75DAT. Disease incidence (fig. 1) and disease severity (fig. 2) was low on the VAM + Trichoderma sp. treated plots, Figure 1. Disease at 1% and 2.33%, respectively. Yield incidence recorded was recorded at 36 tons/ha on the plot from both treat- treated with VAM + Trichoderma sp., ments. Guimba, while the farmers’ practice plot had 32 Nueva Ecija, 2012 tons/ha (fig. 3). onion season Four months after storage, percent weight loss and the occurrence of bulb rot disease were recorded. Results showed that all treatments had high percentages of weight loss (70% to 72%), but the percentage of rotten onion bulbs was observed to be low (20% to 24%). Both treatments applied with VAM + Trichoderma sp. increased income by 58% over those with the FP plots. This indicates that, Figure 2. Disease se- with the use of the combination of verity recorded from both treatments. VAM + Trichoderma sp. as opposed Guimba, Nueva Ecija, to the usual practices adopted by 2012 onion season farmers, farmers can generate higher incomes.

Development of alternative storage techniques to prolong storage shelf life of onion S.E. Santiago, S. R. Brena, H. Figure 3. Yield Rapusas, B. M. Shepard, and M. recorded from both Hammig treatments, Guimba, Nueva Ecija, 2012 A study was conducted in Bunol, onion season Guimba, Nueva Ecija from April to July 2012 to determine the effect of varying alternative techniques to prolong storage shelf life of onion. Bulb samples were harvested from the plots treated with VAM + Trichoderma sp. before transplanting (IPM plot) and in the farmer’s practice (FP) plots. After harvest, onion was allowed to cure for 2 weeks before treatment applications. Treatments used were onion dusted with Trichoderma sp. + Carbaryl (T1), Mancozeb + Carbaryl (T2), and Car- Figure 4. Incidence of bulb rot and baryl alone (T3). weight loss in farmers’ practice plot, Four months after storage, onion bulb Guimba, Nueva Ecija samples from the FP plots had a high percentage of weight loss and bulb rot Effect of pre-harvest The effect of pre-harvest application caused by Fusarium spp. compared of VAM and Trichoderma sp. on the with the IPM plot. Bulb samples application of VAM and shelf life of onion was conducted from from the plots treated with VAM + Trichoderma sp. on the shelf December 2011 to July 2012 in Bunol, Trichoderma sp. (IPM plot) had lesser life of onion Guimba, Nueva Ecija. Treatments infection: at 22% and 15% in Tricho- consisted of: T1- onion plots applied derma sp. + Carbaryl; 28% and 16% S.E. Santiago, S.R. Brena, H. Rapusas, with VAM + Trichoderma sp. at trans- for Mancozeb + Carbaryl; and 47% and B.M. Shepard, and M. Hammig planting; and T2- the farmer’s practice 40% on the Carbaryl alone in weight 74 Figure 5. Pack- aged VAM from farmer cooperative in Sto. Domingo, Neuva Ecija, Philippines Figure 6. Farmer loss and bulb rot (fig. 4). For the FP from a cooperative plots, samples dusted with Tricho- in Talavera, Nueva derma sp. + Carbaryl had 35% weight Ecija, Philippines, who loss and 25% bulb rot. On the other produces VAM hand, samples dusted with Mancozeb + Carbaryl had 32% weight loss and 22% bulb rot. Onion bulbs dusted with the Carbaryl alone had 48% weight loss and 40% bulb rot. Vegetable crops Utilization of fungal microbial agents for the management Figure 7. Farmer from a cooperative in Santo of whiteflies and thrips on Domingto, Ilocos Sur, Philippines, with pack- selected vegetables aged VAM and healthy garlic H. X. Truong, H. R. Rapusas, B. M. Shepard, G. Carner

Whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a sucking insect pest of cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, and melon, is also vector of several related viruses causing leaf curl and yellowing. There are no insecticides available on the local market to control whitefly.Paecilomyces species can cause the epizootic of whitefly under humid weather. Lab-formulated myco-insecticide using Paecilomyces isolate 15 in powder form was evalu- Figure 8. Mass production of ated in a small field trial in melon. Trichoderma sp. in Urdaneta Whitefly adult dispersal on the crop City, Pangasinan, March 2012 was monitored by yellow sticky trap while whitefly eggs and nymphs on the leaf surface were counted on a 2 sq-cm area. Myco-insecticide was foliar sprayed from 44-55 days after transplanting melon.

Peak population dispersal of whitefly on muskmelon crops was 44-52 DAT. Paecilomyces isolate 15 and isolate 174 were the most promising myco-insecticides, reducing 95% of sweet potato whitefly adult population and causing 85% mortality of whitefly nymphs th Figure 9. FFS participants on muskmelon after 4 application. weighing the Trichoderma sp. This is a preliminary trial, and future product produced in Urdaneta studies will be done next season. City, Pangasinan. Village-level production H. R. Rapusas, G. S. Arida, S. E. Santiago, J. M. Ramos, and B. S. and utilization of VAM, Punzal, M. B. Brown Trichoderma sp., and NPV See figures 5 through 9 (above). 75 ha urea and 130 kg/ha 15-15-15); Farm level production of Trichoderma Cambodia chemical insecticide (Abamecthin was introduced in the three target 20-50ml/17 liters water [one tank]); provinces. Provincial agriculture and chemical fungicide (Mancozeb 20g/ technicians were trained in the propa- Vegetable crops tank). In FP treatments, Mancozeb gation process, and selected farmers was applied weekly. Trichoderma har- were provided with the basic mate- Use of Trichoderma on various zianum powder was applied weekly on rials, including pure culture from the vegetable crops the soil rhizosphere and on the plants. GDA; they propagated the material on All IPM and FP plots were irrigated by the farm (figs. 21 and 22). Vegetables are in high demand in hand sprinkler once or twice daily. Cambodia for local consumption and to The on-farm experience with Tricho- supply the tourist industry. However, Results of the demonstrations are derma production provided insights both soilborne and above ground fungi shown in figures 10-19. into problems involved in this process. have severely affected yields, with Lessons learned during the first year soilborne fungi having been shown to reduce yields by 70%. To combat these problems, farmers typically apply chemical fungicides with little success.

The IPM CRSP - Cambodian project is conducting field demonstrations using Trichoderma harzianum to replace chemicals. Experiments were conducted on crucifers, cucumber, and tomato in three provinces: Kandal, Kampong Cham, and Siem Reap. The Figure 10. Cabbage objective of this effort was to deter- – Kandal Province mine if T. harzianum can control soilborne diseases and improve yields and income for farmers.

Five field demonstrations were conducted in Kampong Cham, five in Siem Reap, and seven in Kandal Province. The demonstrations were set up to compare 15 m x 15 m plots, with one using T. harzianum (the IPM plot) and the other using the usual farmer’s practice (FP). The use of bio-pesticides and chemical pesticides were com- Figure 11. Cabbage pared to determine differences in – Kandal Province control of damping off, root rot, and other above ground fungal diseases on vegetables under farmer field conditions. Compost along with chemical fertilizers was used in both plots to improve soil conditions for plant growth. Trichoderma harzianum was incorporated in the IPM plot but not in the farmer practice plot.

The T. harzianum treatment used 15 tons/ha compost inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum; chemical fer- Figure 12. Bitter tilizers (200 kg/ha 15-15-15 for cruci- Gourd– Kandal fers); neem 2L/tank; and Trichoderma harzianum powder as a bio-fungicide 20g/20L water for spray application. The Trichoderma harzianum compost mixture was prepared by mixing 1 kg Trichoderma harzianum per ton of compost and incubating 1-2 weeks before applying. Compost was applied before seeding or transplanting. The fertilizer 15-15-15 was applied as 20% basal dose followed by 20% after 3 weeks, 30% after 4 weeks, and 20% after 5 weeks.

The FP plots used compost (15 tons/ Figure 13. Bitter ha); chemical fertilizers (100 kg/ Gourd– Kandal 76 Figure 14. Yard long bean – Kandal

Figure 15. Yard long bean – Kandal

Figure 16. Chinese cabbage – Kandal

Figure 17. Chinese cabbage – Kandal

Figure 18. Cucumber – Siem Reap

Figure 19. Cucumber – Siem Reap experience include: that contamination may be caused by overcooking the rice mixture, resulting in too much moisture in each bag; that placing overcooked rice in bags results in bags becoming too hot and poor production of Trichoderma; and that large 800g bags are too big for complete spread of the Trichoderma.

The Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries visited IPM field plots to observe the benefits of the IPM approach and the potential of IPM to significantly improve Cambodian Figure 20. Field treated with Trichoderma Figure 21. Farmer practice field (no Tricho- agriculture. derma)

Figure 22. Minister of MAFF in IPM field

77 Indonesia Chili Pepper Thrips associated with chili pepper and other vegetables (Bogor Agricultural University) Dewi Sartiami, Akhmad K Latip, Aunu Rauf, Ali Nurmansyah

Our previous studies of thrips- transmitted viruses have shown the presence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in tomato and chili pepper and Peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV) in peanuts in Indonesia. However, thrips in Indonesia have been poorly studied. A survey of thrips was conducted on various vegetable crops during May and June 2012, mainly in the districts of Bogor and Cianjur. Thrips were collected by beating flowers or leaves over a plastic tray or by removing and placing whole leaves or flowers in plastic bags. These were later counted, cleared and mounted on slides. Slide mounted specimens were then identified using taxonomic keys. Nine species of thrips were found: Thrips palmi, T. tabaci, T. parvispinus, T. fuscipennis, T. nigropilosus, Cerato- thripoides brunneus, Frankliniella intonsa, Echinothrips americanus, and Megalurothrips usitatus (tab. 1). The first two thrips species are known vectors of tospoviruses. However, Table 1. Thrips species collected from various host plants and localities the most prevalence species was T. parvispinus, comprising 85.8% of the standard grower practice. The Green Onion the total individual thrips collected. IPM treatments consisted of: (a) use of plastic mulch, (b) mixing Tricho- Thrips parvispinus is a polyphagous Farmer participatory research species found on 16 different vegetable derma with bokashi (locally-produced crops (tab. 1). T. parvispinus was compost), (c) dipping seedlings in B. (Bogor Agricultural University) mostly found on flowers of tomato and subtilis and P. fluorescens,(d) lower Ujang Dayat, Wahyu Haidir, Dedih rate of synthetic fertilizers, and (e) chili pepper. Further studies were Ruhyatna, Aunu Rauf conducted to determine the prefer- hand-picking and botanical insecticide for control of lepidopteran pests. Even ence of T. parvispinus to traps with A study was conducted with the though not as impressive as on toma- different colors in chili fields. We found objective to compare IPM strate- toes and chili pepper trials, results on that T. parvispinus was significantly gies and existing farmers’ practices broccoli showed that IPM treatments more attracted to white and blue than for managing pests and diseases. still gave a higher yield and income yellow traps (fig. 1). This suggested Green onion crops grown under an and were more profitable than farmers’ that white and blue traps can be IPM package were compared to those practices as indicated by B/C ratio used for monitoring T. parvispinus produced using standard grower (tab. 2). populations. practices. The IPM package included: (a) use of plastic mulch, (b) pouring bokashi mixed with Trichoderma into Broccoli planting holes, (c) dipping seedlings Farmer Participatory Research Table 2. Budget, yield, and cost-benefit analysis of IPM and farmer practice on broccoli (Bogor Agricultural University) Items IPM Farmer Practice Jaenudin, Wahyu Haidir, Dedih Ruhyatna, Aunu Rauf Yield (kg) 512 460 Gross revenue (Rp) 4,096,000 3,680,00 The objectives of this research were to compare IPM strategies and existing Cost (Rp) 2,263,500 1,885,000 farmers’ practices for managing pests Net revenue (Rp) 1,832,500 1,795,00 and diseases. Broccoli was grown using the IPM package compared with B/C ratio 1.8 1.5

78 Table 3. Budget analysis of IPM and farmer practice on green onion Vegetables such as tomato, chili, cabbage, potato, and spring onion Items IPM Farmer Practice are important cash crops in North Sulawesi. Most vegetable farmers still Yield (kg) 2,700 2,400 use a mixture of pesticides (insecti- Gross revenue (Rp) 8,100,000 7,200,000 cides and fungicides) on crops to control vegetable pests and diseases. Two Cost (Rp) 5,552,000 5,620,000 recently introduced pests of tomato, Net revenue (Rp) 2,548,000 1,580,000 namely, Liriomyza sativae and Nesidi- B/C ratio 1.5 1.3 ocoris tenuis, together cause serious damage to tomato crops, particularly in the sub-district Tompaso. Other in B. subtilis and P. fluorescens12 24 nagaries (villages) and 5 districts major pests of tomato are Bactocera hours before transplanting, (d) lower (Agam, Padang Pariaman, Solok papayae and Bemisia tabaci. The fruit rate of synthetic fertilizers, (e) hand Selatan, Padang and Pesisir Selatan) fly, B. papaya, often causes damage picking of caterpillars from infested attended the training. to tomato fruits, and B. tabaci dam- plants, and (h) need-based pesticide ages tomato by direct feeding and applications. As with broccoli trials, This training was a serial part of the vectoring viral diseases. Four para- even though not so impressive, results previous bioagents training conducted sitoids, Hemiptarsenus varicornis, showed that IPM treatments still gave in North Sumatera. Thus, the “picto- Gronothoma sp., Neochrysocharis sp. a higher yield and income, and were rial guide” on propagation of bioagents and Opius sp. were recorded and the more profitable than farmers’ practices produced from North Sumatera was most dominant one was H. varicornis. as indicated by B/C ratio (tab. 3). used in this training. The main pests of cabbage are Plutella As a result of this training, 12 naga- xylostella and Crocidolomia pavonana. Sweet potato ries (villages) of FIELD Bumi Ceria A parasitoid, Diadegma semiclausum, program in Padang Pariaman district has established in N. Sulawesi and has Dissemination of field studies started bioagent propagation. Around been able to control P. xylostella with result to wide-scale area for 300 farmers in these villages carried parasitism of up to 90%. Entomopatho- controlling the sweet potato out the propagation of Trichoderma, genic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae Beauveria, and Metarhizium in their and Nomuraea rileyi, have been weevil, Cylas formicarius own villages to support the farming isolated from lepidopteran larvae, and (FIELD) program. their pathogenicity is being studied under laboratory and field conditions. The Sajati Farmer Group trained Vegetable crops other farmer groups (Tunas Muda, Tomato and chili are affected by wilt Srikandi Saiyo, and Murni Sakato and viral diseases. Local strains of Farmer Groups) in controlling sweet IPM for vegetable crops in Trichoderma koningii are being tested potato weevil, Cylas formicarius, North Sulawesi, Indonesia in the field to reduce the incidence with biopesticides. The training was (Sam Ratulangi University) of wilt disease. Varieties of chili and followed up by an evaluation meeting. tomato from AVRDC are being tested In it they found that the farmers in Dantje T. Sembel, Ir. Merlyn Meray for resistance to viral and fungal dis- the surrounding area are starting to and Ir Max Ratulangi eases in North Sulawesi. implement IPM technologies for managing the weevil, such as: • Sanitation (collecting leftover tubers from the field after har- versting) to prevent becoming a source of infestation of the new crop. The collected tubers were composted and used as organic fertilizer. • Use of healthy planting material. • Use of bioagents (Beauveria and Metarhizium).

Training on propagation of bioagents to control the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (FIELD)

As part of their effort to control the weevil in a wider area, the Sajati farmer group in Agam conducted a training on propagation of bioagents with trainers from Bukit Tinggi Laboratory. Around 60 farmers from Figure 23. Bioagent training 79 became a main resource person and was interviewed by various national newspaper and televisions.

For more dissemination of IPM, we collaborate with Edelweiss Radio, located in the highland of Ciputri. This community radio (107.6 FM) was launched on October 24, 2009, and supported by Green Radio in Jakarta, which advocates for environmental issues. Though Edelweis’ signals are not strong, the favorable location allows broadcasts to reach the urban areas of Jakarta and Bandung, the capitol of West Java Province. Management of the radio is by local farmers who are members of an organic farming group, and the radio has become a medium for spread of information about agriculture and IPM. The success of Figure 24. Bioagent training the organic farming group is partially attributable to the radio which has Development of IPM Technology transfer attracted consumers from Jakarta knowledge with smallholder and elsewhere to come to Ciputri to purchase vegetables directly from local farmers producing vegetables Support by local government farmers. They get twice the price for in North Sumatera (FIELD) (Bogor Agricultural University) their organic produce than for conventional produce. Also, the success of the Activities in North Sumatera were IPM CRSP sites in Cianjur have been organic producers and the spread of focused on training the trainers about selected by the local government for the message has brought an individual propagation and use of bioagents agricultural training. Sixteen students from Jakarta who had purchased land Trichoderma harzianum, Beauveria (6 males and 10 females) of SMK Per- next to the organic farm and estab- bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, tanian (Agriculture Vocational High lished his own organic farm. Pseudomonas fluorescens, and VAM School) Kuningan conducted an intern- (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae). ship for three months (June-August It involved farmers from villages of 2012) at farmer group Multitani Leverage funds (Bogor Puang Aja and Batu Layang (Sibo- Jayagiri. The internship was part of langit sub-district, Deli Serdang the school curriculum. At the location, Agricultural University) district), Doulu village (Berastagi sub- they learned various vegetable cultiva- Over the course of the past year, The district, Karo district), and Tangkidik tion techniques, including compost United States Agency for International village (Barus Jahe sub-district, Karo). production and IPM technologies. Development Mission to Indonesia Training was conducted on February (USAID/Indonesia) sought applications 2012 and facilitated by partners from Networking and dissemination from institutions of higher education Food Crop and Horticulture Protection to support USAID/Indonesia’s devel- Center of Bukit Tinggi, West Suma- (Bogor Agricultural University) opment strategy through partner- ship activities between institutions tera. For training on Trichoderma, Networking was accomplished through Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Pseudo- of higher education in Indonesia and institutional collaboration with the the United States. With the objective monas fluorescens, a manual was pro- Agricultural Extension Agency of vided by a trainer from Bukit Tinggi of leveraging funds to enhance our District of Cianjur, Food and Horti- effort in IPM supporting research, Laboratory. For training on VAM, cultural Crop Protection Center of PhilRice (Ms. Hermie Rapusas) sup- IPM CRSP Southeast Asia Co-PI Aunu West Java (BPTPH), Directorate of Rauf, Bogor Agricultural University, plied manuals. On September 2012, Horticultural Crop Protection and the trainers conducted a workshop and Prema Arasu and Naidu Ray- Directorate of Food Crop Protection of apati, Washington State University, to share their experience in working the Ministry of Agriculture. Dr. Aunu with the bioagents and also planned submitted a successful proposal to Rauf was invited by the Ministry of the USAID/Indonesia. The proposal for field studies on theapplication Agriculture to present a talk on impact of bioagents. During the workshop, entitled “A Smart Strategic Coali- of climate changes on insect pests. The tion for Sustainable Agricultural and the farmers evaluated the bioagent meeting was organized by Plant and propagation techniques, discussed Economic Development in Indonesia” Animal Protection Society of Indonesia have two broad goals: (1) to strengthen improvements, and practiced propaga- (MPTHI) and conducted in Palembang tion techniques of bioagents. human and institutional capacities (South Sumatera), October 5-7, 2011, in agricultural research and science with more than 600 participants. based education and training through They were pest observers, extension biotechnology for improvement and agents, researchers, and some farmers management of high value crops; and coming from various places throughout (2) to create a dynamic and sustainable Indonesia. With the outbreaks of rove network of partners engaged in the beetle (Paederus fuscipes) in Surabaya spectrum of knowledge discovery and in late March 2012, Dr. Aunu Rauf transfer, and effective implementation

80 through technology commercialization. During the project period (2012-2015), the funds requested will ensure the training of six PhD students, three through IPB and three through WSU. PhD research projects will emphasize the proposed modern biotechnology, DNA barcoding, and crop protection and management issues relevant to the needs of Indonesia. Student training will involve the guidance of both WSU and IPB collaborators.

IPM communication and education leading to widespread adaptation, adoption, and impact (FIELD)

Activities in West Sumatera were carried out in Sungai Sariak village (Baso wub-district, Agam district) in collaboration with Food Crop and Horticulture Protection Center – Bukit Tinggi Laboratory and Agricultural Service Office of West Sumatera Province. The program also involved farmers’ groups in several villages in Padang Pariaman district, in integration with the other USAID-funded FIELD program in the area (FIELD Bumi Ceria – Building Disaster and Climate Change Resilience in Padang Pariaman Farming Communities, West Sumatera). • Field study on the use of Beau- veria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae for controlling Cylas formicarius on sweet potato • Dissemination of information on controlling Cylas formicarius on sweet potato • Training on propagation of bioagents

development and delivery of ecologically-based IPM packages for centralpro jasiaect regionalcountry program:| country tajikistan| country

Principal InvestigatorPrincipal: Karim Investigator: Maredia, Michigan StateCollaborators: University Coordinator: Jozef Turok, Coordinator, CGIAR/ICARDA- Project Facilitation Unit, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Collaborators: Nurali Saidov and Anwar Jalilov, Tajikistan | Doug Landis, Walter Pett, David Douches, Joy Landis, Mywish Maredia, Richard Bernsten, Michigan State University | Mustapha Bohssini, ICARDA, Syria | Megan Kennelly, Kansas State University | Tanzila Ergasheva, Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences

83 programCentral Asia program summary

or wheat production in Tajikistan, 2012 in Tajikistan. They were first introduced to Fwas generally a favorable year. Yellow rust the country about 150 years ago. Because of was first observed on May 28-30 with up to the dynamics of pre-, during, and post-Soviet 30% infection on susceptible wheat varieties times, there is an extremely limited modern but little to no infection on resistant variet- agronomic or IPM research base in relation to ies. Brown rust was apparent by mid-June in potato production in Tajikistan. The team es- irrigated areas and, by harvest, had reached a tablished two potato IPM applied research and maximum of 70-80% infection on susceptible demonstration sites in Tajikistan in 2012, one local wheat varieties including Navruz, Sha- in the low land and the other, mountainous. rora. In contrast, the resistant Ormon variety only reached 10% infection. Due to the late infection of brown rust and lack of progression of yellow rust infections, the overall impact of these diseases on wheat yield was minimal.

Sunn pest pressure continued to be high in northern Tajikistan where it is a consistent pest. While the sunn pest can occasionally be found in the southern and eastern regions, populations remained quite low in 2012. In contrast, the cereal leaf beetle is absent in the north, but populations were moderate to high in the southern and eastern regions.

The Tajikistan potato project was designed to evaluate modern potato varieties/lines with pest resistance under Tajikistan’s and Central Asia’s growing conditions. This research was designed as a two-step process, with the first year dedicated to documenting the agronomic properties of both the pest resistant and local varieties/lines. The second phase is to evaluate the varieties-lines under specific sets of pest pressures, with special reference to the golden nematode, Colorado potato beetle, late blight, and potato scab.

Although potatoes are a very important crop in Tajikistan and often referred to as the “second bread,” potatoes are a relatively recent crop

84 Tajikistan Figure 1.Farmers during field training in Spitamen district Wheat IPM packages for wheat and potato cropping systems in Tajikistan

All of the sites focused on: the cereal leaf beetle (Oumela melanopa); diseases, including yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) and brown rust (Puccinia recondite); and key weeds, including oat grass (Avena fatua), shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), pig- weed or lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). In collaboration with local agriculture ministries, local NGOs, and universities, farmers field schools were also held, and information on these can be found in the short-term training section.

North Tajikistan Site: Ujteppa village, Tagoyak Jamoat of the Spitamen Date of yield evaluation: June 15, Table 1. The results of farmer practice and district, Sogd region. 2012 IPM package treatments on sunn pest damage and wheat yield, North Tajikistan, This demonstration site was located on Seed sowing rate: 2 kg per plot or 2011-12* Ilhom Boimatov farm, owned by Mr. 200 kg/ha Mean Mean ± Akmal Boimatov. The following IPM ± SEM SEM yield package components were compared Farmer variety: “Ulugbek” number of wheat to local farmers’ practices in the same of sunn from plots IPM Demo Variety: “Ormon” area: pest (kilogram) • Plots of 10 X10 m planted with damaged Treatments: In the IPM practice, the 2 a variety resistant to yellow and wheat seeds were treated with “Vita- heads/m brown rusts; 4 replications with vaks 200 FF” at 2 kg per ton wheat Farmer 7.0 ± 0.71 30.75 ± two strips of flowering plants seed. practice a 0.96 a including coriander (Coriandrum IPM 2.3 ± 0.25 52.05 ± sativum L.), dill (Anethum gra- Yellow rust infection in May was low package b 0.56 b veolens L.), sweet basil (Ocimum to moderate, averaging 37.5% in the basilicum L.), ziziphora (Ziziphora farmer practice plots and 5% in the *Values within the same column followed by interrupta Juz.), marigold (Calen- IPM demo plots. Brown rust infection different letters are significantly different at dula officinalis L.) and winter in May was low to moderate, aver- the P<0.001 level, T-test. cress (Barbarea vulgaris) along- aging 30% in the farmer practice plots side the wheat plots to enhance and 5% in the IPM demo plots. Sunn South Tajikistan Site: Andrevka sunn pest egg parasitoids, pest pressure was low to moderate and village, Hissor district, Hissor region • Cultural practices (planting date, increased from April to May. Com- seed rate, fertilizer application, bined counts of sunn pest adults and This demonstration site was located at 2 and weed control), larvae in April averaged 3.5 per m in the farm of Mrs. Makhbuba Sattorova. farmer practice plots versus 1.5 per The following IPM package compo- • Hand collection of sunn pest 2 m in IPM demo plots; in May, counts nents were compared to local farmers’ adults over 2-3 weeks, beginning 2 averaged 6.8 per m in farmer practice practices in the same area: at the time of migration to wheat plots versus 3.0 per m2 in IPM demo • Plots of 10 m x 10 m planted fields. plots. with a variety resistant to yellow Other Farmer Participants: (n=20) and brown rusts, four replications with two strips of flowering Date of demo establishment: plants, including coriander October 24, 2011 (Coriandrum sativum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), sweet Date of rust evaluation: May 17, basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), 2012 ziziphora (Ziziphora interrupta Juz.), and marigold (Calendula Date of Sunn pest evaluations: officinalis L.), alongside the wheat April 19 and May 17, 2012 plots to enhance cereal leaf beetle natural enemies,

85 • Cultural practices (planting date, demonstration plots than in the Cereal leaf beetle pressure was mod- seed rate, fertilizer application, farmer practice plots. Each of the yield erate and increased from April to May. and weed control), components were higher in the IPM Combined counts of cereal leaf beetle wheat package plots, resulting in a adults and larvae in April averaged 5.5 • Biopesticide application of “Nim” 25% increase in final yield (from 30 per m2 in Farmer Practice plots versus (a Neem product from China) tar- to 40 kg/plot). A report on the results 6.0 per m2 in IPM Demo plots, while geted to control cereal leaf beetle. was presented to the farmers and the in May, counts averaged 12.0 per m2 in Other Farmer Participants: (n=20) Research Institute of Farming and both Farmer Practice and IPM Demo will be shared at subsequent grower plots. Date of demo establishment: meetings. December 16, 2011 Table 3. The results of farmer practice and East Tajikistan Site: Muminabad IPM package treatments on cereal leaf beetle damage and wheat yield, East Tajikistan, Date of rust evaluation: May 28, district, Khatlon region 2011-12* 2012 This demonstration site was located Mean Mean ± Date of CLB evaluations: April 14 at a private farm of Mr. Haidar ± SEM SEM yield and May 12, 2012 Rakhimov. The following IPM package number of wheat components were compared to local of CLB from plots Date of yield evaluation: June 19, farmers’ practices in the same area: damaged (kilogram) 2012 2 • Plots of 10 m x 10 m planted leaves/m Seed sowing rate: 2 kg per plot or with a variety resistant to yellow Farmer 9.8 ± 0.63 30.75 ± 200 kg/ha and brown rusts, four replica- practice a 0.96 a tions with two strips of flowering IPM 5.8 ± 0.25 38.20 ± plants, including coriander Farmer variety: “Norman” package b 0.64 b (Coriandrum sativum L.), dill IPM Demo Variety: “Ormon” (Anethum graveolens L.), sweet *Values within the same column followed by basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), different letters are significantly different at Treatments: In the IPM practice, the ziziphora (Ziziphora interrupta the P<0.001 level, T-test. wheat seeds were treated with “Vita- Juz.), and marigold (Calendula vaks 200 FF” at 2 kg per ton wheat officinalis L.) alongside the wheat Overall, cereal leaf beetle damage was seed. plots to enhance the cereal leaf significantly lower in the IPM demon- beetle’s natural enemies. stration plots than in farmer practice Yellow rust infection in May was low plots. Each of the yield components • Cultural practices (planting date, to moderate, averaging 25% in the were higher in the IPM wheat package seed rate, fertilizer application, farmer practice plots and 0% in the plots, resulting in a 26% increase in IPM demonstration plots. Brown rust and weed control). final yield (from 28 to 38 kg/plot) in infection in May was low, averaging wheat yield in the IPM package plots. 15% in the farmer practice plots and Other farmer participants: (n=15) A report on the results was presented 1.3% in the IPM demonstration plots. to the farmers and the Research Insti- Cereal leaf beetle pressure was mod- Date of demonstration establish- tute of Farming and will be shared at erate and increased from April to May. ment: December 5, 2011 subsequent grower meetings. Combined counts of cereal leaf beetle adults and larvae in April averaged 9.3 Date of rust evaluation: June 1, per m2 in farmer practice plots versus 2012 Potato 6.0 per m2 in IPM demo plots; in May, Date of CLB evaluations: April 28 Dr. David Douches (MSU), Dr.Walter counts averaged 14.8 per m2 in farmer and May 31, 2012 Pett (MSU), Dr. Nurali Saidov practice plots versus 10.0 per m2 in (Tajikistan) and Dr. Anwar Jalilov IPM demo plots. Date of yield evaluation: June 30, 2012 Table 2. The results of farmer practice and Ten varieties/lines were evaluated for IPM package treatments on cereal leaf beetle tuber productivity at both locations. damage and wheat yield, southern Tajikistan, Seed sowing rate: 2 kg per plot or The varieties/lines were selected based 2011-12* 200 kg/ha on the results of the 2011 research in Kyrgyzstan. Eight of the varieties/lines Mean Mean ± Farmer variety: “Norman” used in the 2012 research represent ± SEM SEM yield germplasm with resistance to golden number of wheat IPM demonstration variety: nematode, late blight, potato scab, of CLB from plots “Ormon” and Colorado potato beetle, while the damaged (kilogram) other two are commonly grown, local 2 Treatments: In the IPM practice the leaves/m varieties (tab. 4). wheat seeds were treatment by “Vita- Farmer 10.5 ± 30.25 ± vaks 200 FF” at 2 kg per ton wheat practice 0.96 a 1.10 a seed IPM 2.3 ± 0.25 40.45 ± package b 1.04 b Yellow rust infection in May was low *Values within the same column followed by to moderate, averaging 30% in the different letters are significantly different at farmer practice plots and 4.5% in the the P<0.001 level, T-test. IPM demonstration plots. Brown rust infection in May was low, averaging Overall, cereal leaf beetle damage 15% in the farmer practice plots and was significantly lower in the IPM 4% in the IPM demonstration plots.

86 Table 4. Potato varieties/lines and IPM pressures. The second 2012 Tajikistan characteristics potato trial will be harvested during # Variety/ IPM the last week of October. Line Characteristic 1 Boulder Golden nematode resistant 2 Missaukee Golden nematode resistant 3 Dakota Colorado potato Diamond beetle tolerant 4 Kalkaska Scab resistant 5 MSP270-1 Scab resistant 6 MSQ176-5 Late blight resistant 7 MSL268D Late blight resistant 8 MSM182-1 Late blight resistant 9 Cardinal Local variety - Taj-1 No. 1 10 Picasso Local variety - Taj-2 No. 2

Table 5. Total harvested potato yield (kg) # Variety/ Total Mean Line - kg (kg) 1 Boulder 7.8 3.9 2 Missaukee 6.5 3.25 3 Dakota 9.5 4.75 Diamond 4 Kalkaska 8.3 4.15 5 MSP270-1 5.1 2.55 6 MSQ176-5 4.6 2.3 7 MSL268D 4.3 2.15 8 MSM182-1 5.4 2.7 9 Cardinal 3.4 1.7 - Taj-1 10 Picasso 2.2 1.1 - Taj-2

The first trial was conducted in the Irgatol District, Jamoat Muksu, Tupi Boiho Village and planted on May 12, 2012. Pest population densities were monitored and were relatively low throughout the growing season. All of the varieties/lines sent to Tajikistan performed well for agronomic characteristics at the Irgatol location. The tubers were harvested on September 24, 2012 (tab. 5). All of the varieties/ lines evaluated yielded more (mean yield = 3.2 kg/plot) than the local varieties (mean yield = 1.4 kg/plot). The results of this trial form a solid foundation for designing potato pest management specific variety/line research and demonstration trials in Tajikistan in 2013, to be conducted under specific pest population density

Parthenium: abating parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) weed damage in eastern africa using integrated cultural and biologicalpro measuresject country | countryglobal | program country

Principal Investigator: Wondi PrincipalMersie, Virginia Investigator: State Collaborators:University Host Countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda

89 programParthenium program summary

arthenium surveys in Kenya, Tanzania, Pand Uganda were completed. In Ethiopia, Listronotus setosipennis host-range test has been completed, and no eggs were laid on any of the non-target plants tested. An En- vironmental Assessment (EA) document for Listronotus setosipennis has been prepared for review. Two bioagents, Zygogramma bicolorata and Listronotus setosipennis, were maintained under quarantine at Ambo, Ethiopia.

A workshop entitled “Strategic meeting to abate the spread and adverse impact of the invasive weed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) in Ethiopia” was conducted from September 3-4, 2012 with the objective of developing an implementation strategy for the management of parthenium. Eight papers, dealing with composting, parthenium distribution in two regions, and a summary of host Zygogramma host range tests, were presented. A partners’ planning and training workshop was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, December 19-21, 2011. The workshop included presentations from the three partner countries on the progress of project activities. Participants visited the future release site and the quarantine facility at Ambo.

90 Haramaya University, where a Kenya composting structure exists. It is planned to use a similar struc- Survey of Parthenium ture, at future release sites, for composting parthenium as part of A survey undertaken in January of its integrated management. 2012 has confirmed the presence of • Meeting with the head of the pockets of parthenium in Eastern Oromiya Environmental Protec- Kenya. Following more fieldwork in tion Authority to discuss the proj- Kenya in January, the parthenium ect’s progress, the EPA approval localities database has been updated (which had been forwarded to the and more analysis has been conducted Oromiya Agricultural Research on the regional data. Institute), and the bioagent’s function. • Meeting with the Director General Ethiopia and Crop Research Director of the Oromiya Agricultural Research Biological control Institute (OARI) to discuss the bioagent release. Two bioagents, the leaf feeding beetle • Meeting with staff of Haramaya (Zygogramma bicolorata) and stem University (HU), a major partner boring weevil (Listronotus seto- in the development of parthenium sipennis), are being reared under management practices, to discuss quarantine facility at Ambo Plant involving graduate students Protection Research Center. The host in exploring alternate ways range test for both bioagents has parthenium can be used (e.g., been completed. No eggs were laid by in compost) as well as the work Listronotus adults on any of the plants of program-supported graduate tested. An Environmental Assessment students. (EA) document for Listronotus has been prepared and is under review. • Improvement of the quarantine An application to release Listronotus facility at Ambo housing Zygo- will be submitted once the review is gramma and Listronotus through completed. air conditioner and breaker installation, which is expected to reduce the risk of losing the bioagents if Release and evaluation of the existing ACs fail to function. Zygogramma

The leaf feeding beetle Zygogramma has been under maintenance in the quarantine facility at Ambo Plant Pro- tection Research Center. The permit to release Zygogramma at Willinchiti in the Oromiya Region has been granted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MOARD) and the Ethiopian EPA. Currently, USAID approval of the EA is awaited.

Other Activities • Preparation of EA for Listronotus has been completed and is ready for review • The project coordinator trav- elled to Jijiga town, the capital of the Somali regional state, and Haramaya University, May 20-23, 2012. He discussed with Dr. Abdulkadir Eman, head of the Somali regional Bureau of Agriculture, on how the release of Zygogramma can be implemented in the region. It was learned that there is a great interest in the release of the bioagent. The coordinator also visited a site at

International Plant Diagnostic Network (IPDN): gateway to IPM implementation and enhancedproj ecttrade country | countryglobal | program country

Principal InvestigatorPrincipal :Investigator: Sally Miller, The Ohio StateCollaborators: University Co-principal Investigators: Robert Gilbertson, UC-Davis | Timur Momol, Carrie Harmon, and J. Xin, University of Florida Host country collaborators: Marco Arevalo, Agroexpertos, Guatemala | Z. Kinyua, KARI, Kenya | Mildred Ochwo-Ssemakula, Uganda | R. Banyopadhyay, Lava Kumar, IITA, Nigeria | Fen Beed, IITA Tanzania | S. Mohankumar and G. Karthikeyan, TNAU, India

93 International Plant Diagnostic Network (IPprogramDN) program summary

urveys of Ralstonia solanacearum con- Sducted in Bangladesh and Nepal resulted in confirmation of Phylotype I and biovar III or IV. A survey of plant diseases was done in Chittagong and Rangamathi districts in Bangladesh. Fruit flies attacking melons in southern India were collected and identified as Bactrocera cucurbitae, B. caudata and B. tau. Clavibactor michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (bacterial canker), Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt), Candidatus Liberibactor solanacearum (zebra chip), and Phytophthora spp. (root rots and blights) are important diseases of solanaceous crops in Latin America and the Caribbean. Regional meetings in Asia, Africa and LAC were conducted.

94 South Asia Taxonomic keys Expansion of networks and B. cucurbitae B. caudata B. tau implementation of digital Forewing is with fus- Forewing is without Forewing is without cous markings on cross fuscous markings on cross fuscous markings on diagnostics veins veins cross veins A list of plant pathologists in Nepal Forewing with costal Forewing with costal Forewing with costal and Bangladesh was developed. One band overlapping vein band confluent with band overlapping vein hundred digital images of various R 2+3 and expanded R 2+3 and expanded R 2+3 and expanded insect pests, diseases, and nematodes apically to form a large slightly at apex apically to form a large were documented in India. More than spot spot 150 samples from different crops from Mesopleural stripe is Mesopleural stripe is Mesopleural stripe is Tamil Nadu state were diagnosed. not present normal and not inverted not present These included viral, bacterial, and fungal disease agents and various insect pests. Users from India were added to the DDIS-CIMS Network.

Development of diagnostic assays and protocols

Nagendra Subedi, a student funded by the South Asia Regional Program, Figure 1. Forewings with fuscous markings on modified the biovar assay for Ralstonia cross veins - Bactrocera solanacearum. Using small amounts cucurbitae of media amended with one of three sugars or three alcohols dispensed in 96-well microtiter plates, the biovar can be determined in a few days as opposed to weeks using traditional methods.

Molecular and serological assays related to Ilarvirus, tospovirus, Figure 2. Wing with cucumovirus, potyvirus, and gemini- costal band overlapping vein R 2+3 and ex- virus diagnostics were standardized. panded apically to form Around 60 plant samples received/col- a large spot – B. tau lected from different regions of India were diagnosed for specific viruses. Molecular assays were standardized for the identification ofRalstonia solanacearum. Biochemical and molecular assays were standardized for the identification ofBacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biocontrol agents for the crop disease management.

Trap catches of fruit flies revealed the dominance of Bactrocera cucurbitae. Figure 3. Wing with costal band confluent Figure 4. Mesopleural stripe not Higher trap catches were recorded with R 2+3, and expanded slightly at apex - L-shaped, normal and not inverted in pumpkin and ash gourd, whereas B. caudata - B. caudata B. caudata was only collected from traps kept in watermelon and bitter gourd. The identification keys for the different species of Bactrocera are as follows.

Figure 5. B. cucurbitae. Fuscous Figure 6. B. caudata. Slightly ex- markings marked by arrow. panded coastal band marked on top, mesopleural stripe marked below.

95 Report of new diseases and michiganensis (bacterial canker), additional training is required for a Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wide array of diagnostic techniques. pests and develop incidence wilt), Candidatus Liberibacter sola- The SOPs had been developed on the maps nacearum (zebra chip), and Phytoph- basis of information collated from thora spp. (root rots and blights) are various sources, and the techniques Infection of Peanut bud necrosis virus by far the most important diseases are applicable under varying circum- on eggplant (Solanum melongena) was affecting tomato, potato, and peppers stances. Therefore, the practicability documented. this year. The bacterium Candidatus and effectiveness of the SOPs in Liberibacter solanacearum and its guiding disease management deci- Over 90 strains of Ralstonia sola- psyllid vector Bactericera cockerelli are sions need to be tested more widely nacearum were collected from Ban- becoming a very important concern with a view to identifying knowledge gladesh and Nepal and characterized. for Guatemala and Central American gaps and improvements that may be All were phylotype I and biovars III or region, because of the threat they rep- required. IV. Six clonal groups were determined resent for solanaceous crop production using molecular fingerprinting. (tomatoes, potatoes, and peppers). The occurrence of various insect pests A meeting was held June 25–27, 2012, West Africa and diseases of field crops has not been with the IPM CRSP LAC project in determined in Bangladesh. Due to Sololá, Guatemala. The main objec- global climate change, different pest Development of diagnostic tive was to overview current activi- assays and protocols and disease profiles may develop. A ties and progress; presentations were study was undertaken to collect and given by each country team (Ecuador, identify new and previously recorded Researchers determined the lengths Honduras and Guatemala). Presen- of time that samples (DNA and RNA diseases of vegetable crops from Chit- tations were also made on global tagong and Rangamati. In Rangamati, viruses) would remain viable for detec- themes including viruses, IPDN, and tion on Agdia, Inc. absorption strips. the intensity of vegetable cultivation impact assessment. U.S. university was low, however yard long bean was For a DNA virus (Beet curly top virus), collaborators identified and discussed the samples remained detectable up to found widely cultivated. In Chittagong several areas of collaboration across and Rangamati, the incidence of black 4 months, the longest time they were countries and programs. During this held. For RNA viruses and viroids, leaf mold of yard long bean was 70% trip, members of the IPM CRSP LAC and 60%, respectively. The incidence the results were more variable. For a project including J. Alwang, G. Norton, viroid and potyviruses, the samples of OYVMV in hybrid okra (Parash E. Gugino, R. Muniappan, L. Vaughan, from China) was 4%-5% compared to remained viable at least 4 months, S. Tolin, M. Palmieri, M. Arevalo, and whereas for Tomato spotted wilt virus an incidence of 96%-98% in the local S. Miller visited Dr. Adam Silagyi at cultivar of okra. The incidence of and Cucumber mosaic virus, the the USAID mission in Guatemala City. samples remained viable for 2 months. bacterial wilt of eggplant was 20% in They informed Dr. Silagyi about the Mirersarai, Chittagong. These absorption strips should be a IPM CRSP and IPDN activities going useful tool for processing and trans- on in Guatemala and the region. The porting samples of suspected plant team also participated in a workshop Development of Standard viruses and viroids for subsequent organized by FAS and IICA to build detection. Operating Procedures (SOPs) linkages between IPM CRSP and local agricultural researchers. The SOP for PBNV (tospovirus) in tomato is in progress. Report of new diseases and Development of Standard pests and develop incidence Operating Procedures (SOPs) maps

Latin Bacterial canker and bacterial wilt The first report of Taro blight in America SOPs are in progress. Ghana was published. A 2012 physical survey of three fields Expansion of networks and in Dagana, Senegal, an area with implementation of digital serious losses to bacterial wilt in 2011, East Africa indicated that the incidence of the diagnostics disease was very low. Three suspect Expansion of networks and samples were tested for bacterial Jose Ochoa from INIAP Ecuador par- implementation of digital streaming and were negative. Temper- ticipated in the bacterial canker work- diagnostics atures were much cooler than normal shop held in Guatemala City, June that growing season, which may have 28–29, 2012. Issues of confidentiality Users from Kenya and Uganda were contributed to the reduced disease are important concerns for laboratories added to the DDIS-CIMS Network. incidence. to use the DDIS technology. Users from Guatemala were added to the DDIS-CIMS Network. Development of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Prioritization of crops, Since only some components of the pathogens and pests standard operating procedures (SOPs) were used in the training workshop Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. at Sokoine University of Agriculture,

96 International Plant virus Disease network (IPVDN): toward the effective integrated pest management of plant diseases caused by viruses in developing countries global program

Principal Investigator: Sue A. Tolin, Virginia Tech Co-principal investigators: Judith Brown, University of Arizona | C. Michael Deom, University of Georgia | Robert Gilbertson, University of California-Davis | Naidu Rayapati, Washington State University

Host country collaborators: Central Asia — Nurali Saidov (Tajikistan) | South Asia — G. Karthikeyan, N. Balakrishnan, K. Manoranjitham (TNAU), Nutan Kaushik (TERI) (India); A. Muqit, Z. Karim, M. Muzahid-E-Rahman, M. Afroz, M. Mahfuzur Rahman, T.K. Dey (Bangladesh) | Southeast Asia — Sri Hendrastuti Hidayat, Tri Asmira Damayanti (Bogor Agricultural University) (Indonesia); C. Cheythyrith (Cambodia) | Latin America and the Caribbean — Margarita Palmieri, University del Valle de Guatemala (Guatemala); Mauricio Rivera, J. Melgar, H. Espinoza (FHIA), Alfredo Reuda (Zamorano) (Honduras); Jose Ochoa, R. Delgado, M. Insuasti, V. Barrera (INIAP) (Ecuador) | East Africa — J. Karungi, M. Ochwo-Ssemakula, S. Kyamanywa (Uganda); M. Otipa, Z. Kinyua (Kenya); P. Sseruwagi, D. Mamiro (Tanzania) | West Africa: Moussa Noussourou (IER Ghana), Michael Osei (CRI), Eric Cornelius (University of Ghana) (Ghana)

97 International Plant Virus Disease Network (IPprogramVDN) program summary

lant virus diseases transmitted by insect efficacy of host-free periods to reduce inci- Pvectors and through seed or germplasm are dence of whitefly transmitted begomoviruses some of the major constraints to vegetable pro- is presented from long-term monitoring in duction in IPM CRSP countries. Approaches to the Dominican Republic and Mali. Effects of management of viral diseases designed from IPM packages on the incidence of viruses are information gained by the Plant Virus Disease reported from experiments in India on tomato (PVD) Global Theme project were conveyed and in Guatemala on pepper, potato, and through the IPM CRSP-organized symposium, tomato. The importance of selecting or gener- “Research and Management of Insect-trans- ating seed and other propagules free of virus is mitted Virus Diseases in Vegetables in the demonstrated in yardlong bean, tomato, pas- Tropics and Subtropics.” held in July 2012 in sionfruit, potato, and sweetpotato. Progress is India (listed in training section). reported on establishing programs to: develop clean sweet potato planting material; reduce seed transmission of virus in yardlong bean; Many of the reports of virus detection and reduce virus incidence and impact by early identification were conducted in the host roguing symptomatic tomato to reduce spread countries by using commercially available im- by thrips; and select for virus resistance in munological test kits or sample submission for certain crops. commercial testing. Several collaborators now also have the capacity to perform nucleic acid analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) *Each program’s focus, either of “important plant and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), but virus diseases and their ecology and transmis- standard operating procedures (SOPs) are sion” (E+T) or “implementation of applied re- needed. Collection of samples is also done for search on specific virus diseases in selected crops“ analysis by U.S. scientists’ labs The crops in (AR), is noted after each project title beneath the regions. which viruses were detected and identified were tomato, pepper, eggplant, potato, sweet potato, okra, onion, pumpkin, and other cucurbits, five types of local gourd, country and yardlong bean, tree tomato, passionfruit, and others, including weeds. Viruses were identified belonging to eleven different genera, with whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses and aphid-transmitted potyviruses being the most prevalent. A new tomato disease in Ghana and Mali was found to be caused by a viroid. Weeds in several locations were found infected by the viruses of local crops.

Appraisals of virus ecology and temporal and spatial dynamics of aphid and whitefly vector species and populations were continued. The

98 Table 1. Documentation of viruses from eggplant and weeds in a vegetable ecosystem.

South Asia Sample Type of symptom(s) High similarity with Diagnostic evaluation of virus Brinjal (Eggplant)- Necrotic spots on leaves Peanut bud necrosis diseases in vegetable crops Solanum melongena virus and weeds in India (E+T) Malvastrum coromande- Yellow mosaic on leaves Malvastrum yellow vein lianum (False Mallow) and vein clearing virus Rayapati, Karthikeyan, Manoranjitham Passiflora foetida Yellow mosaic on leaves Cotton leaf curl Banga- (Stinking Passionflower) lore virus Samples from vegetable crops, namely Clitoria ternatia (But- Yellow mosaic on leaves Rhynchosia yellow tomato, eggplant, chili/pepper, snake terfly pea) mosaic India virus gourd, ribbed gourd, bitter gourd and pumpkin showing virus-like symptoms were collected from farmers’ fields in Table 2: Effect of PBNV infection on the nutri- • Soil application of Pseudomonas select regions of Tamil Nadu. These tional quality of tomato fruits fluorescens @ 2.5kg/ha samples were pressed onto FTA cards • Selection of healthy and virus dis- Component % reduction and brought to the lab. They will be ease free seedlings for planting in infected shipped to Rayapati (WSU) for further fruit • Roguing out of virus infected analysis by cloning and sequencing to plants up to 45 days of identify virus(es) present. Lycopene (mg/100g) 41.5 transplanting Vitamin A (IU) 30.4 Similarly, different weed samples • Installation of yellow sticky traps showing virus-like symptoms in the Vitamin C (IU) 54.5 • Spraying Neem formulations / vegetable ecosystem of Tamil Nadu β- Carotene (mg/100g) 30.3 Neem seed kernel extract (Need were also collected and analyzed by based) PCR / RT PCR and by cloning and Total Sugars (%) 19.8 sequencing for the documentation Calcium (mg/100g) 14.8 The farmer practice plot was man- of plant viruses. The results of the aged with no IPM components. In testing are given in table 1. Begomovi- Zinc (mg/100g) 38.5 each trial, the incidence of PBNV and ruses (whitefly vector) were detected in Calorific Value (kCal) 8.4 TLCV was monitored bi-weekly, based the three weed species, and a tospo- on visual symptoms. The results for virus (thrips vector) in eggplant. IPM package development: the four trials are shown in table 3. Trials 1 and 2 were begun in Year Implementation of IPM 2 (2010-2011) and completed in the Impact of Peanut bud necrosis components for the current reporting year. Trials 3 and 4 virus (PBNV) infection on the management of insect- were conducted in January 2012 and nutritional quality of tomato at different locations. Trials 2 and 3 transmitted virus diseases in used the same cultivar, Ruchi, and had fruits in India (E+T) tomato in India(AR) a similar virus incidence in both trials. Trials 1 and 4 were at the same loca- The PBNV infection of tomato Karthikeyan, Rayapati tion, but at different times and with produces various types of symptoms different cultivars. including yellow/chlorotic rings or Thrips-transmitted Peanut bud patches on the fruits. Experiments necrosis virus (PBNV) and whitefly- Table 3: Effect of IPM tactics on the incidence were conducted to determine the transmitted Tomato leaf curl virus of PBNV and TLCV in tomato (four trials) effect of virus infection on nutritional (TLCV) are the two major virus quality of tomato fruits. Tomato fruits diseases affecting tomato production Trial 1: Tomato Hybrid: Lak- were harvested from healthy and in Tamil Nadu and neighboring states shmi Date of planting: 13-06- PBNV infected tomato of four different of South India. In order to develop 2011. Location: Veerakeralam, cultivars (Laxmi, US 618, 3041, and environmentally benign management Coimbatore. Vaishnavi), and their chemical com- approaches, we initiated farmer- position was compared to determine participatory IPM trials in farmers’ Days % PBNV % TLCV the influence of virus infection on fruit fields for the management of these two after incidence incidence quality. virus diseases in tomato. Trials were planting IPM FP IPM FP conducted at four different locations, Plot Plot and the following components were As shown in table 2, the mean values 15 0.5 0.9 0.2 1.0 of key nutritional quality components included in evaluating IPM tactics. in fruit from PBNV infected plants Each plot (approximately one acre) 30 1.9 3.4 1.0 3.8 were determined relative to healthy was divided into two equal parts, with 45 5.6 11.6 2.3 4.6 fruit. Lycopene, β- carotene, vitamins one plot designated “IPM plot” and A and C, calcium, zinc, total sugars, another, “farmer practice.” In the IPM 60 9.8 16.9 3.7 6.2 and caloric value were significantly plot, the following components were 75 13.1 22.7 4.3 8.9 reduced, and only slight reductions implemented: 90 16.9 29.4 6.9 9.3 were measured in sodium, potassium, • Application of Neem cake @ and protein. In contrast, percentage 250kg/ha total iron, fat, antioxidants, phenol, and fiber were slightly increased in • Seed treatment with Pseudo- virus-infected tomatoes. monas fluorescens @ 10g/kg and Trichoderma viride 4g/kg of seeds

99 was lower in Trials 1 and 3 at the Trial 2: Tomato Hybrid: Ruchi. Coimbatore location, and it was about Date of Planting: 16-06-2011. Southeast the same in both varieties and at the Location : Marappanaickenpatti, two planting times, with more PBNV Dharmapuri Asia than TLCV. The IPM plots yielded Days % PBNV % TLCV 28.6 and 27.7 t/ha of fruit, respectively, Diagnosis of viruses in after incidence incidence and the farmer practice plots’ yields vegetable crops in Indonesia planting IPM FP IPM FP decreased to 24.7 and 24.1 t/ha of fruit, Plot Plot respectively. (E+T) Rayapati, Hidayat, Damayanti 15 0.2 1.1 0 0 At the lower incidence sites (or with a 30 1.7 3.9 2.2 5.3 cultivar less susceptible to TLCV) in Surveys were conducted in November trials 2 and 4, IPM tactics improved 45 3.2 7.4 9.1 21.7 2011 to document viruses in vegetables yields by 2.5%-3%. In trials 2 and in West Java and few areas in Central 60 5.6 12.3 16.5 49.6 4 and using the susceptible Rushi Java. Serological and PCR techniques cultivar at two sites, the IPM plots 75 8.7 16.1 19.8 63.2 were used. Four tomato samples and yielded 18.7 t/ha and 17.5 t/ha, respec- one leek sample from Lembang, and 90 12.4 21.7 22.6 69.5 tively, and farmers practice plot yield three tomato samples from Penga- was decreased to 13.1 t/ha and 13.3 lengan tested negative by PCR for t/ha. Comparison of these two plots Crinivirus and Tospovirus, and were Trial 3: Tomato Hybrid: Vijaya indicates a yield benefit of IPM tactics also negative to Cucumber mosaic Date of planting : 04-01-2012. of 3.2%-4.3%. virus (CMV) by ELISA. Three potato Location: Veerakeralam, plant samples from Lembang were Coimbatore positive by immunostrips for Potato Days % PBNV % TLCV Diagnosis of viruses virus Y (PVY) but negative for Potato after incidence incidence in vegetable crops in leafroll virus (PKRV). Three potato planting IPM FP IPM FP Bangladesh (E+T) samples from Pengalengan were nega- Plot Plot tive for both viruses in immunostrip Rayapati, Muqit tests. 15 0.3 0.8 0 0 30 1.6 3.1 0.2 0.9 A small-scale survey of vegetable In some cases, DNA amplified by PCR fields in Comilla area of Bangladesh was sequenced to identify virus(es) 45 2.9 6.7 0.8 3.1 was conducted in April 2012. Symp- present. The PCR results from yard- 60 5.1 11.5 2.5 4.2 tomatic samples from yardlong bean, long bean (tab. 4) showed samples country bean, okra, and gourds were were positive for Bean common mosaic 75 8.2 15.3 3.7 6.9 collected and processed for testing by virus (BCMV) and Geminiviruses in 90 12.7 23.4 4.3 8.2 serological and molecular assays. Leaf most samples and were also positive samples showing mosaic symptoms for CMV in four samples that were from country bean, ash gourd, and also positive for BCMV. Samples 1-4 Trial 4. Tomato Hybrid: Ruchi bottle gourd tested positive in ELISA from Bogor were also negative in tests Date of Planting: 20-01-2012 for universal antibodies to potyviruses, for the following five genera of viruses Location: Polayampatti Post- 635 indicating that these samples were known to infect legumes: Carlavirus, 305 Dharmapuri Dt. Tamil Nadu infected with a potyvirus. Symptom- Comovirus, Crinivirus, Luteovirus, and atic leaves of yardlong beans and Sobemovirus. Further studies are in Days % PBNV % TLCV ® after incidence incidence okra were pressed on FTA cards in progress to identify viruses in other planting the field and brought to Rayapati’s samples. IPM FP IPM FP lab for further processing and testing Plot Plot for different viruses. Total nucleic 15 0.5 1.1 0.3 0.8 acids eluted from FTA cards were Coat protein sequence of subjected to reverse transcription 30 1.9 3.3 1.7 3.3 (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Bean common mosaic virus 45 4.2 9.8 6.5 14.4 with universal primers specific to the (BCMV) from yardlong bean 60 9.6 15.4 13.8 32.2 cytoplasmic inclusion body protein of used to identify strain in potyviruses. Total nucleic acid eluted 75 13.7 21.9 18.6 46.5 from FTA cards pressed with okra Indonesia (E+T) 90 17.5 30.8 23.2 58.7 samples were tested by PCR using Previous studies have shown that universal primers for begomoviruses. BCMV is widely prevalent in yard- In both cases, the amplified DNA long beans and affects crop yield. In four independent trials, the fragments were cloned separately and Therefore symptomatic samples were progress of disease, as measured by nucleotide sequence determined. A collected from yardlong beans in percentage of plants showing PBNV or comparison of sequences from yardlong farmers’ fields from different areas, TLCV symptoms at 15-day intervals, bean with corresponding sequences in the coat protein gene was amplified, was delayed in plots receiving IPM GenBank showed close affinity with and the nucleotide sequences were tactics, in comparison with untreated Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV; obtained and compared with corre- farmer practice. The final disease Potyvirus) obtained previously from sponding sequences from GenBank. incidence was consistently lower in the yardlong beans in Indonesia. The The results shown in table 5 indicate IPM plots. The incidence level attained nucleotide sequences derived from that two distinct strains of BCMV are by 90 days in IPM plots was 30 days or okra samples showed high affinity to present, each with wide variability so earlier than in many of the farmer Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (Bego- among the isolates from yardlong practice plots. The incidence of virus movirus) infecting okra in India. bean. The Blackeye cowpea mosaic

100 Table 4. Viruses detected from yard long bean samples in Indonesia seed and the percent positive samples varied with variety. In four varieties, No. Location RT-PCR/PCR less than 5% of plants were infected. BCMV CMV Geminivirus Five virus In three varieties, 20-70% seed trans- genera mission was detected. These results provide definitive evidence that BCMV 1 Bubulak-Bogor + + - - is disseminated via seed supplied from 2 Cikabayan-Bogor - - + - commercial sources, and suggest that a management strategy must begin with 3 Cibeureum-Bogor + - + - clean seed. 4 Leuwikopo-Bogor + - - - 5 Darmaga- Bogor + + + Not tested IPM package development: 6 Jatisari + + Not tested -Karawang Evaluation of Chitosan 7 Subang + + + Not tested application for managing BCMV in yardlong bean in 8 Indramayu + + + Not tested Indonesia (AR) 9 Cirebon + - + Not tested Rayapati, Hidayat, Damayanti 10 Tegal + - + Not tested 11 Pekalongan + - + Not tested This study was conducted in the greenhouse to evaluate the effect of chitosan application on plant growth Table 5. Identification of BCMV strain infecting yardlong bean based on sequence of the coat protein gene. and disease incidence caused by Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). The No. Origin of Identity Homology Gen Bank Accession No. study was conducted using two concen- sample (%) trations of chitosan (0.1 % and 1%) and 1 Darmaga, BCMV-BlC 97 AY575773.1-Taiwan three times of application (seed treat- Bogor AF395678.1- Taiwan ment, before virus inoculation, and FR775796.1-Thailand after virus inoculation). Plant height was measured at 2-week intervals. 2 Leuwikopo, BCMV-BlC 90 DQ925423.1-Vietnam Other data were collected 8 weeks Bogor after inoculation. The eight treatments 3 Cirebon BCMV-NL1 90 L15331.1 were: AF083559 (NY15) • PB0.1: seed treatment with 0.1% 4 Sidorejo, BCMV-NL1 94 GQ850881 [C-6 India] chitosan Pekalongan FJ491262 [N-1 India] • PB1: seed treatment with 1% chitosan strain (BCMV-BlC) was detected in detected by ELISA (figure 1) and • SB0.1: application of 0.1% chi- two fields in Bogor and was related to TBIA methods. In TBIA, dilutions of tosan before virus inoculation other Asian BCMV sequences. Further antiserum (obtained from Agdia, Inc.) • SB1: application of 1% chitosan studies are required to develop a to BCMV up to 1:10,000 were effec- before virus inoculation comprehensive analysis of BCMV, tive in detecting positive samples. In including the possible origin of the general, BCMV was detected serologi- • ST0.1: application of 0.1% chi- virus from fields. cally from all commercially available tosan after virus inoculation

Figure 1.Seed transmission of BCMV from several yardlong bean varieties detected by ELISA Demonstration of seed and TBIA of individual plants from grow-out tests. transmission of BCMV in yardlong bean in Indonesia (E+T) Rayapati, Hidayat, Damayanti

In experiments to confirm seed transmission of BCMV, 100 seeds of the following varieties — NJT-New Jaliteng, PLR-Pilar, PRD-Parade, LS-Long silk, MHR-Maharani, 777, LS-Lousiana — and one local variety were planted in small pots. Three weeks after germination, leaves from individual seedlings (100 per variety) were harvested and tested by ELISA and tissue blot immune assay (TBIA) using commercially available antibodies. Percent seed transmission was calculated. As shown below, BCMV can be readily

101 Table 6. Effect of chitosan on plant height

Treatment Plant height (cm) 2 WAI* 4 WAI 6 WAI 8 WAI PB0.1 64.9 ± 8.5 a 141.6 ± 24.8 ab 195.3 ± 22.0 a 215.4 ± 31.3 a PB1 73.6 ± 17.2 a 171.1 ± 37.1 a 216.6 ± 38.8 a 233.6 ± 47.6 a SB0.1 67.7 ± 20.5 a 154.0 ± 36.6 ab 188.5 ± 42.0 ab 207.6 ± 43.5 a SB1 67.2 ± 18.2 a 146.1 ± 14.4 ab 190.5 ± 20.1 a 209.8 ± 35.2 a ST0.1 72.4 ± 7.1 a 150.0 ± 21.2 ab 191.8 ± 22.6 a 213.1 ± 27.6 a ST1 69.4 ± 7.8 a 154.5 ± 28.9 ab 200.2 ± 40.9 a 218.4 ± 30.4 a K- 69.3 ± 14.8 a 167.2 ± 4.,1 a 211.1 ± 51.9 a 225.3 ± 53.3 a K+ 62.9 ± 12.0 a 119.9 ± 19.1 b 156.2 ± 21.4 b 164.5 ± 24.4 b * WAI, weeks after inoculation of virus

Table 7. The effect of chitosan on flowering time, numbers of leaf, and dry mass of plant Treatment Days to flowering Numbers of leaf Plant dry mass Central Asia PB0.1 33.0 ± 0.69a 9.11 ± 0.50 bc 1.92 ± 0.34 ab Detection and identification of PB1 32.4 ± 3.38a 11.33 ± 0.33 a 1.98 ± 0.22 a viruses in potato and onion in SB0.1 34.2 ± 1.34a 9.66 ± 0.66 abc 1.94 ± 0.32 ab Tajikistan (E+T) SB1 32.9 ± 1.26a 10.33 ± 0.33 ab 1.98 ± 0.55 a Rayapati ST0.1 34.0 ± 0.33a 10.66 ± 0.66 ab 1.90 ± 0.27 ab Potato virus Y in potato: In continu- ST1 32.0 ± 2.96a 11.33 ± 1.00 a 1.97 ± 0.44 a ation of FY 2011 research, we con- K- 33.0 ± 1.92a 9.22 ± 1.64 bc 1.92 ± 0.25 ab ducted molecular studies to precisely identify Potato virus Y (PVY) strains K+ 34.4 ± 3.32a 8.11 ± 1.25 c 1.82 ± 0.18 b from symptomatic potatoes collected in farmers’ fields from the Buston and Table 8. Effect of chitosan on virus accumulation, virus and disease inhibition Dushanbe regions of Tajikistan. Total nucleic acids eluted from FTA® cards Treatment ELISA value Virus titer Disease incidence pressed with tissue samples from reduction (%) reduction (%) symptomatic plants were subjected PB0.1 0.42 ± 0.12 b 82.3 55.3 to reverse transcription (RT)-PCR PB1 0.42 ± 0.20 c 82.3 65.5 with primers specific to the coat protein of PVY. Samples infected with SB0.1 0.43 ± 0.16 cd 81.9 44.7 PVY ordinary strain (PVYO), tuber NTN SB1 0.36 ± 0.21 b 84.8 62.1 necrosis strain (PVY ), tobacco veinal necrosis strains (PVYEU-N and ST0.1 0.57 ± 0.19 d 75.9 41.3 PVYNA-N), and a recombinant strain ST1 0.57 ± 0.19 d 75.9 41.3 (PVYN:O) were included as references to validate RT-PCR results. The ampli- K- 0.13 ± 0.01 a 100 100 fied fragments from two samples from K+ 2.37 ± 0.56 e 0 0 Dushanbe and six from Buston areas were cloned separately and sequences were compared with corresponding • ST1: application of 1% chitosan affected virus titer, reducing ELISA sequences of reference strains avail- after virus inoculation values to one-fourth or less that of able in GenBank. The results showed the infected control, and reducing • K-: no virus inoculation without the presence of PVYO in samples from disease incidence by half or more (tab. chitosan application Dushanbe and Buston regions and 8). These results provide a rationale presence of PVYNTN in samples from • K+: virus inoculation without for using chitosan as a component of the Buston region. This study rep- chitosan application IPM packages for the management of resents the first confirmed report of BCMV, enhancing plant growth, and two distinct strains of PVY in potato The results show that chitosan appli- reducing disease incidence especially in Tajikistan, of which PVYNTN is a cation either as seed treatment or leaf when the risk of virus infection is high. quarantine pathogen in many coun- spray before or after inoculation with tries. These findings warrant further the virus showed significant positive efforts to improve phytosanitary status effects on plant height at 8 weeks (tab. of potato fields and to facilitate the 6) and on days to flowering (tab. 7). availability of virus-free seed in clean The numbers of leaves per plant was plant programs for significant yield significantly greater in plants fol- increases in Tajikistan. lowing treatment with the higher concentration on seed or on leaves. Plant Iris yellow spot virus in onion: The dry mass was greater with the higher bulb onion is an important crop for chitosan concentration by any treat- farmers’ income and overall economy ment (tab. 7). All chitosan treatments 102 and food security of Tajikistan. During However, a putative virus-like agent potential to infect okra or even cotton. a limited survey of onion fields near was transmitted to tomato seedlings Dushanbe in June 2011, we observed by rub-inoculation with sap from a We have now cloned the complete onion plants showing characteristic sample from Niono, Mali. This agent genomes of the begomovirus DNA com- diamond-shaped lesions (with or induced stunted growth and severe ponent and the betasatellite associated without green islands) on leaves and epinasty of leaves, followed by necrosis with the leaf curling and yellowing scapes. Total nucleic acids eluted of leaf veins, petioles and stems, sim- symptoms in Sida. The complete from FTA® cards pressed with tissue ilar to those observed in field-collected sequence of the begomovirus DNA is samples from symptomatic plants were plants. When RNA extracts from 88.6% identical to the closest known subjected to RT-PCR with primers leaves of these infected tomato plants begomovirus, CLCuGV from Mali that specific to the nucleocapsid protein were rub-inoculated onto healthy infects okra. However, inspection of (NP) gene of the Tospovirus Iris yellow tomato seedlings, similar symptoms the genome revealed highly conserved spot virus (IYSV). A single DNA developed, suggesting the causal agent regions of the genome and more diver- product of approximately 896 base might be a viroid. RT-PCR tests of gent regions, suggestive of recom- pairs was amplified from all samples, RNA from symptomatic tomato leaves bination. The betasatellite is more cloned and sequenced. A comparison with universal and various specific divergent and is only 63% identical of these sequences with corresponding pospiviroid primer sets were negative, to the most closely related betasatel- NP gene sequences of global IYSV but with the pCLV4/pCLVR4 primer lites, raising the interesting possibility isolates revealed that IYSV isolates pair, specific forColumnea latent that the betasatellite may confer host from Tajikistan are more closely viroid (CLVd), a DNA fragment of the specificity to CLCuGV complexes. We related to isolates from Serbia and expected size (~370 bp) was amplified. are now seeking to test this hypothesis Italy. Thrips tabaci, a known vector of The sequence of this DNA fragment as well as determine the host range of IYSV, was observed in onion flowers. (GenBank accession no. JQ362419) the CLCuGV from Sida by obtaining To our knowledge, this is the first was 99% identical with those of infectious clones and conducting agro- confirmed report of IYSV in onions CLVd isolates from the Netherlands inoculation and particle bombardment in Tajikistan. In recent years, IYSV (AY373446 and AY372396). This is the experiments with cotton, okra, and has been reported in many onion- first report of CLVd in tomato in West Sida spp. plants. growing regions. Our finding of IYSV Africa, which was perhaps introduced occurrence in Central Asia, consid- in association with tomato seed. ered as the center of origin for onion, IPM package development: expands our knowledge of its global In host range studies, the African Host-free periods for distribution. CLVd isolate induced symptoms in sap-inoculated tomato plants, but no management of whitefly- symptoms developed in inoculated transmitted viruses in tomato Chenopodium quinoa and C. amaran- in West Africa (AR) West Africa ticolor, Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum (cvs. Havana and Turkish), Gilbertson N. glutinosa, N. glurk, Datura stra- Identification of a viroid as the The implementation of the host-free cause of an unusual disease monium, common bean (cvs. Topcrop and Pinto bean), pumpkin (cv. Small period in two locations in Mali, Bagu- phenotype in tomato in Mali, Sugar), pepper (cv. Yolo Wonder), or ineda and Kati, has resulted in a sub- Ghana, and Senegal (E+T) cucumber (cvs. Emparator and Poin- stantial reduction in the incidence of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) Gilbertson, Keo, Melgarejo sett 76) plants. However, symptomless infections were detected in pepper and populations of whiteflies. Com- (Capsicum annuum), Nicotiana ben- bined with the introduction of early Since 2006, surveys of tomato fields maturing and high-yielding hybrid and conducted as part of the IPM CRSP thamiana, and N. tabacum cv. Turkish plants. open-pollinated varieties, the tomato project revealed an unusual disease yields for growers in these areas have symptom phenotype in which plants increased dramatically. Thus, at the were stunted and leaves were curled January 2012 West Africa Regional and yellow and showing necrotic veins. Characterization of a weed- Planning meeting, plans were made to During surveys of tomato fields in infecting begomovirus in Mali, extend the host-free period to addi- Ghana and Mali in March 2011, these Ghana, and Senegal (E+T) tional regions in Mali, including Segou unusual disease symptoms, including and Konanbougou (a rainy season pro- stunted growth, epinasty and chlorosis Gilbertson, Keo, Melgarejo duction area). Unfortunately, with the of leaves, and necrosis of leaf veins Previously, our work in Mali estab- suspension of the activities in Mali, and stems, were observed in multiple this part of the project was suspended. fields. The symptom incidence was lished that symptoms of leaf curling, vein swelling, and yellowing in the sporadic (~1%–5%), but distinct from In Ghana, plans have been made to common weed Sida spp. were associ- those associated with known viral establish a host-free period in the ated with infection with the begomo- diseases in the region. Representative northern production region, where ® virus, Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus leaf samples were applied to FTA there is irrigated tomato produc- (CLCuGV), and the betasatellite, cards, and DNA and RNA extracts tion (Tono irrigation project). This Cotton leaf curl Gezira betasatellite were prepared. RT-PCR tests for tospo- is an ideal location, because it is an (CLCuGB). Sequence analysis of the viruses, bromoviridae, tobamoviruses, irrigated vegetable-rice production PCR-amplified fragments revealed torradoviruses, and potyviruses as well system, with tomatoes being grown in infection with CLCuGV-Sida strain as PCR tests for begomoviruses were the dry season (October-April). Thus, (94-95% identity). These results extend all negative. Similarly, PCR-based a 2-3 month tomato/pepper host-free the concern that this very common tests for phytoplasma and Candi- period could be established in June- perennial weed could serve as a datus Liberibacter infection were also August. Similarly, the possibility reservoir for begomoviruses with the negative. of establishing host-free periods in 103 Senegal is now being assessed, and the very inconsistent in the amplifica- location(s) to be targeted will depend Latin tion and was influenced by the crop. on the results of the tomato IPM plots Results with the NIb primer pair were as part of the West African Regional America consistent in the amplification and Project. adequate sequences were obtained and the from the products. The NIb primers could be used for different crops, with Caribbean amplification obtained with similar East Africa conditions. Prevalence of Viruses in We also noticed that the ELISA test Virus identification and Solanaceous Crops in Three workshops in Kenya, Uganda, for potyviruses was very consistent Regions of Guatemala (E+T) with dicotyledonous crops, but it was and Tanzania (E+T) Palmieri not able to detect potyviruses from Sseruwugi, Tolin, Otipa, Mamiro monocotyledons like sorghum. The Samples of tomato, pepper, potato, RT-PCR showed high specificity (86%) Work was initiated in the East Africa and surrounding weeds were collected and a low sensitivity (11.11%). After region by Tolin attending a meeting in in three areas of Guatemala: Occi- sequencing, two viruses were detected, early March 2012 of representatives of dental (western highlands), Oriental Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) in the Regional Project and the IPVDN in (eastern), and north central. Potyvi- pea and Johnson grass mosaic virus Morogoro, Tanzania. She reviewed the ruses were detected in tomato in all (JGMV) in sorghum, that had not been work funded by Africa Food Security regions but only detected in pepper detected previously in Guatemala. We Initiative (AFSI) and the Interna- in north central. Begomoviruses were believe that better sequences could be tional Plant Diagnostic Network detected in pepper only in eastern and obtained if the products of the RT-PCR (IPDN) for a student from Makerere north central regions. TMV/ToMV were cloned before sequencing. The University to survey for viruses in was the predominant virus complex in isolated nucleic acids degraded readily, tomato using available ELISA kits. tomato and weeds in all three areas. and clones were more stable and Severe symptoms were observed in Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was yielded better sequences. We plan to over 60% of the fields examined. In detected in tomato and pepper in the try other primers to see if they perform 71 samples, ELISA-positives included western and north central areas. In better using other regions of the Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Tobacco potato from the western highlands, potyvirus genome and will distinguish mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Potato Virus Y (PVY), Potato Virus X between potyviruses. Potyvirus, and Tomato spotted wilt (PVX), Potato virus S (PVS), and PLRV virus, with mixed infections in 85% of as well as the zebra chip Liberibacter the samples. The full-length sequence pathogen were detected. Detection of relative of ToMV-Uganda was determined, prevalence of viruses in confirming that the virus is ToMV solanaceous crops and weeds and not TMV, and suggesting that it Detection of Specific is a distinct strain of this virus. This in Honduras by commercial work was done at OSU under the Potyviruses in Guatemala PCR analysis (E+T) supervision of F. Qu at Wooster (Ohio (E+T) Rivera, Melgar State) and the IPDN. Research done Palmieri, David Castañeda in Kenya on passion fruit viruses was also reviewed, including the thesis Two surveying trips were conducted, Since Potyvirus members are con- and a total of 203 crop samples were work done by M. Otipa with F. Qu. stantly found in many places of Suggestions made for developing mem- collected and sent to AgDia, Inc., Guatemala and in different crops, we (Elkhart, IN, USA) for analysis. All brane-based ELISA assays that could need to start implementing a method be used as an alternative to ELISA to the samples were collected in the six for detecting potyviruses by ELISA poorest departments in southwestern- expedite virus screening by nursery and detecting specific potyviruses operators and seedling stock providers western Honduras. This is the region present. This knowledge could help in where the USAID-funded ACCESO to provide management through clean developing methods or strategies for seedlings. project is being conducted. As a collab- preventing these virus infections and orative activity, logistic and financial study the virus-vector relationship. collaboration was provided to FHIA by Additionally, we collaborated with the Two pairs of PCR primers were tested IPDN in planning an April 2012 Diag- ACCESO to implement this activity. for amplification of sequences encoding Most samples were from Solanaceaem, nostics Workshop in Morogoro. Viruses conserved portions of the NIb protein included in the workshop were Tomato and all were tested initially by PCR or the capsid protein. The NIb primer against a battery of twelve groups yellow leaf curl virus and Passion fruit pair amplified a 350 bp fragment and woodiness virus. Draft SOPs were (genera or families) of viruses. Partial CN48/oligo-dT primer pair amplified a results of the general analyses of reviewed and suggestions made for 700 bp fragment. revisions. The IPVDN also contributed the first samples are available and show that 83.5% of the samples were expendable laboratory supplies to the Samples were collected from different IPDN for use in the workshop and the positive for one or more virus groups, crops and from different localities, with Begomovirus being the pre- hands-on exercises at Sokoine Univer- including Salamá, Panajachel, Sololá, sity of Agriculture, Tanzania. dominant and detected in 73.8% of the and Santa Lucía Cotzumalguapa, samples. Other groups detected were Escuintla. The samples were sub- Carlavirus (5.8%), Closteroviridae jected to ELISA for general potyvirus (2.9%), Nepovirus (2.0%), Potexvirus and to RT-PCR with both pairs of (3.9%), Potyviridae (2.9%), Tobamo- primers. Our conclusions were that virus (1.0%), and Tospovirus (1.0%). the CN48/Oligo-dT primer pair was No members of the Bromoviridae, 104 Curtovirus, Ilarvirus, or Tombusvirus local haplotypes in some areas, has RT-PCR is in progress to identify the genera were detected. These results been displaced in some of those loca- prevalent strains of SPCSV, and to differ from the virus groups tradition- tions by the local haplotypes. Both of detect other RNA viruses that may ally found in horticultural areas such these trends appear to be related to occur in the crop. To date no bego- as Comayagua, where the incidence of changes in local weather-climate fac- moviruses have been identified using potyviruses has been higher, followed tors (anecdotally occurring as warming PCR in sweet potato samples from by begomoviruses and then tobamo- trends are reported elsewhere). Our Honduras. viruses. As many as six of eight weed hope is that this long-term data set samples (75%) tested positive to one or will reveal some interesting patterns Cuttings purchased from the United more virus groups. in whitefly vector and virus diversity States and other sources are certified and distribution. If our ‘warming’ virus-free. This leads to the hypoth- hypothesis is supported, this will be esis that endemic viruses, reaching Distribution and diversity the only data set of its kind (as far as 50% or greater disease incidence, are we are aware) for the Americas. transmitted to sweet potato plants of whitefly vectors and shortly after planting to as late as begomoviruses in Guatemala In Brown’s lab, re-optimization of mid-season. Studies are underway to over time (E+T) PCR for haplotyping whiteflies using study the epidemiology of sweet potato the COI as a molecular marker was viruses to determine their sources; this Brown, Palmieri undertaken. Results have been erratic will aid in reducing disease incidence during the past year. With the inclu- through vector control and/or clean Over the last decade of IPM CRSP sion of non-proof reading Taq poly- cutting if cutting sources are found to activities, collections from different merase, results were obtained for the be contaminated (uncertified commer- locations in Guatemala have been PCR assay for the first eight months; cial seed and seed saved from pre- made for begomovirus detection and again the assay failed to work. We are vious crops). Management currently whitefly speciation and haplotyping. exploring the source of the proteinase emphasizes use of clean seed while Brown’s lab reviewed all of the bego- K, which the Brown lab has found in discouraging planting of cuttings from movirus core coat protein sequences the past to vary, depending on the the previous crop. Even so, purchasing from the study and initiated work to source of the recombinant protease. seed from external sources creates a edit and analyze the sequence data The earliest assays used a protease prohibitive expense for many farmers, (phylogenetic), so that redundant isolated from culture microorganisms; and a locally run clean-seed program sequences will be removed from the recent preparations are known to be is needed. tree to make it small enough to read. produced using recombinant methods, At the same time the data points were and different companies provide recorded for each crop and year based enzymes that do not necessarily work Developing/optimizing on the phylogenetic analysis, which in the type of lysis procedure we previ- diagnostic methods and host ously employed. In the Brown lab we allows us to identify the virus based on country capacity for detecting shared sequence homology with a ref- have abandoned the lysis method and erence species or strain. This also per- now isolate total DNA from all white- sweet potato viruses (E+T) mits recognition of a new virus using flies for COI-PCR amplification. It may Brown, Palmieri the same analysis, verified by BLASTn be that the Del Valle lab will need to matching using the NCBI database do the same. Work has been initiated to develop that contains sequences to all known diagnostic capacities needed for the begomoviruses (and therefore can alert management of sweet potato virus to a new species or variant for which Developing/optimizing the diseases through the reduction of a sequence may have recently been diagnostics for sweet potato viruses in cuttings, enabling produc- submitted/since the reference sequence viruses in Honduras (E+T) tion of a local supply of clean cuttings database was assembled). and increasing knowledge of endemic Brown, Rivera, Melgar viruses infecting this valuable crop in Similarly, the Bemisia tabaci and Central America. other whitefly cytochrome c oxidase I The purpose of this activity is to (COI) sequences were edited to correct identify viruses present in Honduras for sequencing error and prepared for that pose a threat to sweetpotato, a Virus identification in tree phylogenetic analysis. These data will locally-promising crop for export to yield an affiliation with a particular North America and Europe. A total of tomato in Ecuador (E+T) sister clade and/or as an outgroup if B. 37 samples were collected from eight Ochoa, Tolin tabaci aligns with a whitefly species sites in five provinces and were locally other than B. tabaci. There are a large analyzed using a NCM-ELISA test kit Tree tomato is an important cash fruit number of sequences in our database developed by the International Potato crop for small scale farmers in the from long-term studies, and so the pro- Center (CIP-Perú) and provided by Dr. highland valleys in Ecuador, and it is cedure used (above) for the redundant Luis Salazar. This kit is designed for one of the crops targeted by the LAC haplotypes will be used for the virus detection of ten viruses known to infect Regional Project. Thus far the IPVDN sequences; the number of samples of a sweet potato worldwide. Two distinct has not been involved, even though given haplotype, host, and geographic viruses were identified: the aphid- viral diseases are recognized as impor- location will be tallied by year. An transmitted potyvirus Sweet potato tant constraints of this crop, causing interesting trend is that Trialeurodes feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and less serious yield losses and significantly vaporariorum, the greenhouse frequently the whitefly-transmitted reducing harvesting period. whitefly, was seen to overtake previous crinivirus Sweet potato chlorotic stunt B. tabaci niches in some locations. virus (SPCSV). However, only 23 of At the June 2012 planning meeting, Another trend is that the B biotype the samples tested positive to any of Ochoa presented symptoms of mosaic, of B. tabaci, which had displaced the the ten viruses. The development of leaf distortion, blistering, veinal chlo-

105 rosis, and fruit spotting often seen on of a begomovirus DNA-A component, Salamá, Baja Verapaz, to find out if the tree tomato. Viruses detected in the but we could not detect a DNA-B com- program with chemical treatment from 1990s included Tomato mosaic virus, ponent associated with the disease. the grower was more efficient than Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), Potato others that use fewer chemicals, are virus X, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Our results now show that tomato environmentally friendly, and are less Potato leaf roll virus, Potato virus S, leaf curl disease (ToLCD) in Ecuador expensive. In the two regions, three dif- Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Alfalfa and Peru is caused by a monopartite ferent programs were used to manage mosaic virus, the potyviruses Potato begomovirus and that this virus is an the crops, and all except potato were virus Y (PVY), Tamarillo mosaic virus indigenous NW monopartite bego- grown in macrotunnels. It is common (TaMV), and a potyvirus identified movirus. A number of variants of a practice for growers to use macrotun- only to genus. This complex includes begomovirus DNA component, cloned nels for 60-65 days after transplanting viruses that are only mechanically from tomato plants with ToLCD in to protect crops from virus-transmit- transmitted or have thrips or aphid Peru, were infectious and induced ting insects (whiteflies, aphids, thrips) vectors. Current results from INIAP stunted growth and leaf curl symp- during early stages. After that the using mechanical and aphid vector toms indistinguishable from those agribón was removed. Samples were inoculations suggest that PVY and/or observed in the field. This fulfilled collected from all plots and tested for serologically related potyvirus(es) are Koch’s postulates for the disease, and several pests and diseases reported causing most of the symptoms found in established that the causal agent is a in previous years, including viruses. Ecuador. They also showed that PLRV monopartite begomovirus. The genome Details are reported by the LAC caused slight leaf deformation and organization of these DNA components project. Only the virus results are ToRSV was asymptomatic. Contribu- is similar to DNA-A components of NW discussed here. tion of other viruses to the disease bipartite begomoviruses, and sequence syndrome is unknown. Plans were comparisons revealed highest identi- The three options for crop management made to document the potyviruses and ties (92-99%) with the DNA-A compo- were replicates of: 1) grower practices, other viruses associated with spe- nent of Tomato leaf deformation virus which used several chemical treatments, cific symptoms in tree tomato and to (ToLDeV), a recently described bego- including foliar and drip irrigation- determine their ecology and epidemi- movirus from Peru. Biological proper- applied imidacloprid targeted to vector ology in order to develop management ties of this monopartite begomovirus insects; 2) biological control; and 3) IPM practices. causing ToLCD in Peru were shown to system combining chemical, biological, be similar to those of other monopar- and cultural practices that included INIAP also reported that viral diseases tite begomoviruses, including lack of sorghum strips between plots as trap or are commonly observed in melon and sap transmission, phloem limitation, barrier crops to reduce vector pressure. watermelon but that their etiology is and inability to cause disease symp- (See the LAC section for more specifics.) poorly understood. Initially, Papaya toms in tomato varieties with the Ty-1 ringspot virus (PRSV), CMV, and a gene. Furthermore, mutational anal- In the samples collected in the Salamá potyvirus have been detected by INIAP yses revealed functional homology of plots, 16 tomato and 6 pepper were using ELISA tests. Collaboration the capsid protein and C4 genes of this positive for one or more viruses. The between INIAP and CIBE-ESPOL has monopartite begomovirus with coun- highest number of virus-infected been initiated for 2012-2013 focusing terparts in other monopartite begomo- tomato plants were detected in the on documentation of these viruses to viruses. DNA components, cloned from chemical treatment option (9), followed enable initiation of virus management samples of ToLCD collected in Peru by the IPM option (8). Tomato in the research. in 1998 and 2010 differed in virulence grower or chemical plot had potyvirus, and were found to be associated with a begomovirus, and TSWV. In the bio- highly divergent region of the genome, logical treatment, TMV and potyvirus Tomato leaf curl disease in including part of the intergenic region were detected. In the IPM treatment, Ecuador and Peru is caused and the entire C4 ORF. These results only potyviruses were detected. establish that ToLCD in Ecuador and by a New World monopartite Peru is caused by an emerging NW In samples collected in the Sololá exper- begomovirus (E+T) monopartite begomovirus. Based upon iments, eight potato, four tomato, and one pepper were positive for one or more Gilbertson, Melgarejo current taxonomic guidelines, the DNA components of this begomovirus rep- viruses. At this location, four potato resent isolates and strains of ToLDeV. plants were infected in the biocontrol All characterized whitefly-transmitted plot (potyvirus, PVX, PVS), three in geminiviruses with origins in the New ToLDeV is the first example of an indigenous NW monopartite begomo- the IPM plot (PVX, PVS, PVY), and World (NW) have bipartite genomes, one (PVX) in the chemical/grower plot. and the disease symptoms induced by virus, and evidence is presented that it emerged through convergent evolution. These viruses are commonly found in these viruses are typically leaf crum- potato seed tubers. In tomato, only PVY pling, downward curling along with and another potyvirus were detected light-green to yellow mottling, and Incidence of viruses in in the biological treatment plot, and no mosaic. However, unusual leaf curl viruses were detected in tomato in the symptoms in tomato plants have been solanaceous crops in IPM chemical or IPM plots. The incidence observed in Peru (note: the IPM CRSP package development trials of virus in pepper was also low. These only funds the Ecuador research, conducted in Guatemala by experiments demonstrate the potential but the same problem exists in both benefit of IPM practices in generally countries) since the mid-1990s and in the LAC regional project (AR) reducing virus incidence. Ecuador since 2003. These symptoms Palmieri, Tolin, Arevalo were also associated with whiteflies, The identification of the viruses, par- which suggested that a begomovirus In Guatemala some experiments ticularly in potato, suggests that virus may be the causal agent. PCR analyses were conducted on potato, tomato, incidence may be reduced by using of plants from Ecuador and Peru with and pepper at San Andrés Semetabaj, virus-free seed. these symptoms revealed the presence Sololá, and on tomato and pepper at 106 IPM package development: in Honduras. Additional samples are detected began to increase (4/6 - North needed to corroborate this hypothesis and 6/17 - South). By February 2012, Management of the and to cover two major locations in all 6 whitefly samples from the North zebra-chip disease-psyllid Honduras as well as psyllids from the and all 17 whitefly samples from the complex of potato and Guatemalan highlands. PCR primers South were strongly positive. The other solanaceous crops in for the detection of Ca. Liberibacter incidence of TYLCV-infected tomatoes and positive control DNA have been in the field also increased substan- Guatemala and Honduras (AR) provided to the University del Valle in tially during this time. By this point, Brown, Rivera, Espinoza, Palmieri Guatemala lab to enable detection of most tomato fields were well into the the this emergent, fastidious bacte- green fruit stage, when virus infec- Zebra chip of potato and vein greening rium in psyllids and/or tomato or other tion of plants has a greatly decreased of tomato caused by the fastidious bac- plants. This increases the capacity in impact on yield. Whiteflies collected terium Candidatus Liberibacter sola- Central America for pathogen detec- in March and April 2012 from the nacearum emerged as new diseases, tion and should enable accelerated North and South continued to have and the pathogen and tomato/potato monitoring needed to monitor disease high incidences of TYLCV (4-5/6 - psyllid vector were identified for the management. North and 14-16/17 - South). However, first time during in about 2008 (U-AZ, harvest was well underway by this FHIA, Univ-Del Valle). In Honduras, time and, although the incidence of the yellow sticky traps have been imple- IPM package development: virus had increased substantially, the mented for psyllid monitoring to learn Host-free periods for virus had relatively little impact on more about the epidemiology primarily yields because most of the plants were in potato and the biology and life his- management of whitefly- infected late. tory of the psyllid vector in the high- transmitted viruses in tomato land areas where potatoes are grown. in the Dominican Republic Another factor that has minimized the Transmission studies are underway impact of the TYLCV on the tomato to define transmission parameters to (AR) harvest is the increased planting better understand pathogen-vector Gilbertson of TYLCV-tolerant and resistant relationships varieties. As the harvest was being The implementation of the 3-month completed (May), the amount of Our collecting plan was to use in-field whitefly host-free period in the main TYLCV in whiteflies remained high traps and leaf-turn counts, but this processing tomato production areas (5/6 - North and 11/17 - South). In yielded few insects since they were of the Dominican Republic (DR) has June, when the host-free period began not undertaken at the right time and been a key component in the successful to be implemented, the number of frequency. The use of a leaf-blower/ IPM program for TYLCV. Although positive whiteflies began to decline (2/6 sucker apparatus is proposed to carry the DR is no longer an official part of – North and 6/17 - South). This decline out this objective more efficiently. We the IPM-CRSP, continued monitoring continued into the host-free period, also learned that, because of the high has been supported through leveraged with 0/6 -North and 2/17 - South in mountain locations of the affected funding provided by Transagricola SA. July and 0/6 positives - North and 1/17 potato fields, personnel are needed Whiteflies were collected by in-country positives - South in August. that reside in or near the sampling collaborators, and virus detected by areas during the pre-dry, dry, and PCR at the Gilbertson lab at UC- Overall, these results indicated that post-dry part of the season to provide Davis. A reduction of TYLCV-positive the host-free period implemented consistent sampling timing and weekly whiteflies has indicated a high efficacy in 2012 was again very effective in collections from yellow sticky traps of the host-free period in the two reducing the amount of TYLCV in to monitor dispersal and work with major tomato-growing areas of the DR, whiteflies and that the virus inoculum FHIA, who will coordinate the efforts. the north (around Santiago) and the pressure should be low heading into Psyllid and plant samples have been south (Azua Valley). This monitoring the 2012-13 growing season. Together sent to Brown’s lab in Arizona for: provides essential data of the efficacy with the increased planting of tolerant detection of Liberibacter (qPCR and of this management practice as it is and resistant varieties, especially late PCR, respectively) in plants and psyl- applied in new areas. in the season, the impact of TYLCV in lids; and psyllid haplotyping (COI), to the 2012-2013 growing season should determine whether populations are Whitefly samples (30-50 insects/ be minimal. Our results also indicate of local origin or are migrating from location) collected in September and that the host-free period is effec- other areas and if polymorphisms can October of 2011 had very little TYLCV tive against the new TYLCV strain be identified among populations. This detected (September: 1 positive/6 detected in the DR, TYLCV-Mld. Thus, information is need to target vector total - North, 2/17 - South; October: the monitoring of TYLCV in white- control as a strategy for disease man- 0/6 - North, 3/17 - South), indicating flies throughout the year continues to agement of this virus-like pathogen. that the 2011 host-free period was be an important part of the effective effective in reducing the level of IPM program for this virus in the The Brown lab has pursued the the virus in whiteflies. Levels of Dominican Republic, and it is essential development of potato psyllid-specific TYLCV in whiteflies remained low in for successful implementation in other mtCOI primers that will amplify the October, November, and December locations globally. mtCOI. This will be applied to rein- (0-1/6 - North and 1-4/17 - South). No force the haplotype differences (that virus-infected plants were observed separate two Arizona psyllid popula- in the field in October and November; tions (Yuma, Wilcox) from Honduras however, in early December a small psyllid) discovered during the pilot number of virus-infected plants were study; this suggests (albeit prelimi- observed in the North and South. nary because of small sample size) In early January 2012, the number that more than one haplotype occurs of whiteflies in which TYLCV was

107

Impact Assessmeprojectnt global program

Principal Investigator: George Norton

Co-principal Investigators: Jeffrey Alwang and Daniel Taylor

109 programImpact Assessment program summary

he Impact Assessment Global Theme in- Tteracted with the Regional Programs and Gender Global Theme on impact work. Two Ph.D. dissertations are in process for South Asia, one for Bangladesh, and another for India. The former is assessing the economic impacts of the pheromone traps, and the other, the impacts of the onion IPM program. An M.S. thesis is in process to evaluate the impacts of the potato IPM program in Ecuador. A Ph.D. thesis is underway at NC State on impact assessment of onion IPM in the Philip- pines. An undergraduate research paper is in process on the impacts of parasitoid control of papaya mealybug in India.

Brief planning and training sessions on impact assessment were held in Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Uganda. A three-week short-term training was completed at Virginia Tech for an economist from Ghana. A six month short term training was completed at Virginia Tech for an economist from India. A baseline survey was completed in Tajiki- stan by economists from Michigan State. IPM adoption surveys were completed in Ecuador, Ghana, Bangladesh, and India.

110 estimated; step two allocates those Working with regional benefits between men and women; and programs step three incorporates technology-specific parameters to refine the estimates Surveys were finished in Bangladesh of potential benefits. The framework as for adoption of pheromone traps and applied in Honduras resulted in steps in India for adoption of onion IPM. one and two providing the most infor- A survey was completed in Ecuador mation on the magnitude and distribu- on adoption of potato IPM. Another tion of benefits, but that refinements survey was completed in Ghana on in step three can affect rankings of adoption of vegetable IPM (in conjunc- research program impacts on women. tion with the Gender Global Theme). A baseline survey has begun in Tajiki- In conjunction with the LAC regional stan by economists at Michigan State. program, an economic surplus analysis was combined with household data to predict the economic impacts of Short-term training on agricultural research on IPM for egg- impact assessment plants, onions, peppers, and tomatoes and on poverty reduction in Honduras. Three-week impact assessment Tomato IPM resulted in the largest training was given at Virginia Tech income gain at $8 million followed by for an economist from Ghana. A six- $5 million for pepper, $3 million for month impact assessment training eggplant, and $2 million for onions. program was held at Virginia Tech for an economist from India. On-site visits Additional tasks completed include: were made by PIs to Bangladesh, 1. an M.S. thesis underway at Vir- India, Nepal, Ecuador, Guatemala, ginia Tech to assess the ex post and Uganda. Visits were made to the economic impacts of the potato Philippines and Tajikistan by econo- IPM program in Carchi Ecuador; mists from Southeast Asia and Central Asia regional programs, respectively. 2. a Ph.D. thesis underway at Virginia Tech to evaluate more precisely the ex post impacts of Specialized in-depth the pheromone trap IPM practice impact assessments of in Bangladesh; 3. a Ph.D. thesis nearing completion poverty, environmental, at TNAU on the impacts of the nutritional, gender and onion IPM program in India; other impacts 4. a Ph.D. thesis underway at NC State to evaluate the onion IPM A manuscript was prepared and program in the Philippines; and submitted to a Bangladeshi journal 5. an undergraduate research paper based on former M.S. student Leah underway on impacts of parasitoid Harris’s thesis. The thesis assessed control on papaya mealybug in the effectiveness and optimal mix India. of funding for a set of dissemination approaches for specific types of IPM practices in Bangladesh. The results from the her model suggest that more farmers could be effectively reached by reallocating funding that is currently used for interpersonal communications (i.e. extension agent visits and farmer field schools) to more widespread methods such as mass media and field days. The model also suggests that a dynamic dissemination strategy is necessary to encourage adoption of IPM technologies with differing characteristics and levels of complexity.

A manuscript was prepared and submitted to a journal on assessing gender impacts of IPM in Honduras. A three-step framework to identify women’s crops and technologies was developed in conjunction with the LAC regional program. In step one, total potential benefits from research are

111

Gender global theme: gender equity, knowledge, and capacitypro buildingject country | countryglobal | program country

Principal InvestigatorPrincipal: Maria Investigator: Elisa Christie Research Associate: Laura Zseleczky Collaborators: Host country collaborators: Yordana Valenzuela, Joyce Haleegoah, Mah Koné Diallo, Margaret Mangheni, Justar Gitonga, Joyce Lyimo-Macha, K. Uma, S. Thiyageshwari, M. Anjugam, Shahnaz Huq-Hussain, Alifah Lestari, Herien Puspitawati, Mam Sitha, Helen Dayo

113 Gender Equity, Knowledge, and programCapacity Building program summary

he gender global project has supported research activities in those regions. Additional- Tgender teams in all the IPM CRSP regions, ly, the project worked closely with the Impact funded students, and carried out workshops Assessment Global Theme to analyze survey and research. Changes in Latin America and data collected in Ghana. the Caribbean have shifted the focus to Hondu- ras. In West Africa, the project is making significant progress in analyzing data on gender relations and pest management collected in Ghana and Mali. Uganda is the focus country in East Africa, where student progress on gender and IPM in coffee production is advancing; in addition, activities have begun in Tanzania with the naming of a country point person for gender. The project activities in South Asia include two students’ progress in Bangladesh and women’s participation in trainings and field visits in India.

Visits were made by the PI to East Africa to meet the Kenya coordinator and regional coordinator in Uganda to plan further research and to the Philippines to meet with the collaborators. In LAC, data gathered during a gender workshop in Intibucá produced initial findings on men’s and women’s participation in agricultural activities, access to resources, and technological adoptions. In West Africa, initial analysis of survey data collected in Ghana was completed. Additionally, survey data was collected in Mali and analysis is underway. The gender coordinator for East Africa is currently analyzing data and writing paper manuscripts from baseline survey data collected on hot pepper in Uganda. In Southeast Asia, plans for research on gender relations and pest management in Indonesia have been developed and will be carried out in the second half of this fis- cal year. The research instruments from West Africa (focus groups, household visits, and surveys) were disseminated to other gender teams in South Asia and Southeast Asia to support

114 The following are some of the strate- reducing the effort made by women Latin gies implemented by both FHIA and (and the family in general) when it Universidad el Valle and partners: comes to harvesting. 1. During rapid gender assessments America The constraint faced by women is in both countries (Guatemala access to information, while the and Honduras), information was and the constraint faced by men is purchasing collected on interests regarding power. Caribbean agricultural training and research as well as certain constraints Gender indicators such as the number The benefits obtained by both are affecting the acceptance of some of of female scientists increased in improving productive yields and the the IPM practices promoted by the the region. Meanwhile, two gender quality of the product. Women also program. assessments were conducted (one in have the benefit of making savings on Honduras and one in Guatemala) 2. Virginia Tech (Jeff Alwang) con- the time involved in working. to generate a gender strategy in the ducted research for the creation of IPM CRSP–LAC project. Specific a technique to identify “women’s workshops were also held on gender crops,” with an application to Research projects and the management and safe use of Honduras. Two research projects are in progress pesticides. Scientists are working on 3. FHIA conducted research into in Honduras that will make gender creating integrated pest management organic bio-fumigation and cover data in rural areas (which currently (IPM) packages for potato and tomato crops, both of which were of does not exist) available and visible: crops. If the information is correctly interest to women according to the disseminated, both packages will rapid assessment. 1. Analysis of women’s participation have an impact on at least 30% of the in the productive chain of potato 4. Another strategy for increasing female producers involved in these and tomato in the departments of women’s participation was to con- crops. The main constraint in rela- La Paz and Intibucá, Honduras. tion to achieving this is the producers’ duct training sessions on topics of limited access to information, which is interest to women, such as man- 2. Needs analysis of IPM technology largely related to the type of technical agement and safe use of pesticides for crops managed directly by assistance available in the region. on the farm and pest management women in the departments of La at home. These training sessions Paz and Intibuca, Honduras. Another important achievement of the were held at suitable times for the IPM CRSP project is the generation women (after consulting them), of research on the issue of gender and and they were also allowed to Gender workshop findings agriculture. Given the lack of updated bring their children to increase information on the topic as well as potential for participation. A gender workshop was conducted limited investment in research, this in Intibucá, Honduras, to research will have an impact not only on the the use, access, and control of the IPM CRSP projects, but also on other Honduras resources, productive and reproduc- projects working in the area, such as tive activities, technological adoptions, the “Feed the Future” projects, in both Analysis of data from Rapid practical needs, and strategic interests countries. Gender Assessment or of the producers of the area. Key find- ongoing research - potato ings include: Female participation in Honduras and • Women are involved in 32% of the Guatemala is not very high for various Women are involved in 32% of the agricultural activities on the area, reasons, including the following: agricultural activities related to and men, in 68%. The main activi- 1. A large number of women own potatoes, and men, in 68%. The main ties in which women are involved small, non-technified plots of land. activities in which women are involved are those related to sprinkling irri- are those related to aspersion irriga- gation (watering), soil preparation, 2. There is limited access to tion, preparation of the land, sowing, planting, weed control, harvesting, information. weed control, harvesting, and the and marketing small amounts of 3. Women have a high workload, marketing of smaller amounts. the production at home. complying with reproductive roles • Most of the women of the area (cleaning the house and washing Honduras’ main potato producing under study have access to land clothes, among others), commu- area reports a total of 2,255 potato but have limited access to special- nity roles, and non-visible produc- farmers, of which 807.29 (35.8%) are ized technical assistance. The tive roles. women and 1,447.71 (64.2%) are men. It is expected that the creation of a main areas in which they have 4. The women involved in agricul- complete IPM package for this crop access and control are fruit trees, ture are responsible for crops of will also increase production for the minor animal species, and, in gen- limited economic value, such as women as long as the information eral, the agricultural production aromatic herbs, aloe vera, flowers, generated in the research is correctly that can be marketed at home, and organic agriculture (which are disseminated. such as beans and corn, but in not very profitable). small amounts. 5. Most of the women with a partner One of the practices promoted by IPM • The main IPM technologies are not always allowed to attend CRSP (FHIA through ACCESO) is adopted are Paratrioza control training sessions and field days bed raising. This practice is used by at and bed row rising, with 50% due to jealousy or other reasons least 50% of women, and it facilitates and 43% respectively of the total (sexism). harvesting and improves yields. It interviewed. could provide an impact in terms of

115 • The reason why women have restriction on mobility, and participa- adopted some technologies is West Africa tion in leadership; further, women because they have access to have less access and control over coffee technical assistance. These tech- benefits compared to men, which acts nologies save work time, improve Ghana as a disincentive to women’s engage- the quality of the product, and ment in IPM (tab. 1). It is recom- The IPM CRSP team in Ghana has increase the yield. mended that the project organizes taken efforts to ensure that women more demo sites to reduce the distance are included as participants in the Future plans include establishing a farmers have to travel, carries out transfer of technology packages. In link between research institutions more gender sensitization for men and each location, five farmers have been (FHIA) and extension (ACCESS) and women, and carries out specific gender selected to participate in IPM work targeting the needs and strategic and leadership training for women with tomatoes. Each group is com- interests of the female producers in farmers as part of the IPM farmer field prised of two women and three men IPM through workshops with farmers. schools’ curriculum. In addition, the farmers, including one young male. Of project should broaden the communi- 111 farmers growing tomato, 37 are cation channels beyond group training women. The IPM CRSP team has also Guatemala to include women-friendly channels started working with cabbage in a new such as placement of posters in places site (Asiwa). Women are not currently Analysis of data from Rapid frequented by women. involved in field trials, but about 30% Gender Assessment or of the 50 farmers trained on IPM ongoing research - tomato activities at this site are women. Capacity building: Empowering teams to integrate gender Women are involved in 45% of the The survey on gender relations and agricultural activities related to pest management among tomato A presentation on gender issues in tomatoes, and men, in 55%. The main farmers, developed in conjunction with coffee production was made, targeting activities in which women are involved the Impact Assessment global theme, farmers participating in the coffee are transplanting, fertilization, was implemented in the seven IPM IPM farmer groups in Sironko district, weeding, and harvesting. CRSP sites in Ghana. Gender theme Uganda. The purpose of this presenta- graduate student Laura Zseleczky tion was to sensitize farmers about The potential impact of this component analyzed the qualitative data col- gender issues at the household level is an increase in the women’s income. lected during her research in July and that influence women’s participation There are groups of organized women August and the quantitative survey in coffee production and their implica- with a high potential for increasing data recently collected by CSIR-CRI. tions on household welfare. production in greenhouses and therefore the income generated. A presentation at the RP annual plan- Mali ning meeting was made on the women In general, if the IPM package participation checklist. The purpose A survey on knowledge and practices increases productivity, it can benefit of the presentation was to (a) get feed- of vegetable production and pesti- men and women equally as long as back/comments from scientists on the cide use was conducted in the area certain existing barriers are removed. checklist and (b) sensitize scientists of Ouéléssébougou, Mali in three For example, a greater number of men about barriers to women’s participa- villages: Dialakoroba, Freintoumou, speak Spanish, and this is the only tion in project activities and the impor- and Dafara. The survey was conducted language in which the technical assistance of systematic monitoring and in order to broaden the IPM CRSP tance is available. To respond to this targeting of women. problem, there need to be teams with program in other villages in the area of OHVN, the host country partner local personnel that can translate into Rapid Gender Assessment in local languages. institution. The survey involved 120 households total, 40 per village, Sironko and Manafwa districts, 1. Improve the dissemination of making a total of 60 women and 60 Uganda the information generated. This men. The women and men surveyed involves holding field days with were tomato growers. Mah Koné Diallo Groups met once a month for one hour. greater participation from women participated in the data analysis of Training sessions for each group are as well as disseminating pam- the survey during her time at Virginia conducted at a demonstration garden phlets and leaflets, among others, Tech. Work in Mali has been stopped belonging to one member or at the to women. since the coup in March. local church/school. Various subject 2. Work with women’s groups. In specialists carry out the training the case of Guatemala, there depending on the topics to be covered are already organized groups in in that month as per the calendar. IPM Sololá. In the case of Honduras, East Africa CRSP support is limited to provision of women’s groups can be reached knowledge and skills on general coffee through ACCESO. management and all the necessary Uganda training materials during the sessions. 3. Train extension agents in the The training covers topics such as land A RGA was conducted in Sironko and dissemination of agricultural preparation, planting, pest and disease Manafwa districts, Uganda, aimed at information and gender. control, post-harvest processing, and identifying gender based constraints marketing. and opportunities in IPM control of the coffee stem borer. The key barriers For each of the groups, the local gov- to women’s participation it identi- ernment extension worker under the fied included heavy workload, long NAADS provides IPM CRSP informa- distance to IPM demo sites, cultural tion. The role of the extension worker

116 Table 1. Barriers to women’s participation in coffee stem borer control IPM groups in Manafwa and Sironko District, Uganda Data sources Key informants Survey There are cases of women not being Heavy workload which leaves no time to participate in group trainings, and yet allowed by their husbands to join group trainings are the only means of dissemination used by the IPM CRSP project. mixed sex groups for fear of them Women’s movements are restricted to mainly markets and water points within the being taken by other men. Men also district, which limits access to information and therefore openness to new ideas like fear that women may not be able to carry out their home chores effec- IPM. tively if they join such groups. There is a cultural perception of women as subordinate to men. This could partly explain why women barely hold any leadership positions in IPM groups, contribute Women are increasingly more less in terms of ideas in meetings, and when they get to contribute to group discus- involved in cash generating sions, their ideas are often not acted on. enterprises in addition to their traditional roles of food production Despite the heavy involvement in coffee production, women have limited access and household chores. Their time is and control over the proceeds/benefits from coffee. therefore spread over a wider range Location of the demonstration sites does not favor women. In both districts group of agricultural and other activities, membership spanned three sub-counties on average. The mean distance from leaving little time for participation in homes to the demonstration sites was 17 km. IPM groups. Lower education levels of women compared to men. Many cannot read both English The timing of the meetings (9am to and the local language. 10am for Sironko, and 2-3pm for Women have less access to extension services compared to men. Manafwa) is not favorable for the women because it conflicts with their domestic roles. is to take charge of the on-station Current or potential gendered provide any harmful effects from using demonstration site for coffee IPM impacts of this IPM component pesticides. It also includes farmers packages and to train farmers in coffee rating of their level of awareness, management practices. They serve as The IPM practices, though effective in knowledge and utilization of IPM a link between the IPM research team controlling the pest, are time con- tactics. and the groups. Data was collected suming. They are likely to add further through review of related literature, workload burdens to women, leading More male coffee farmer group mem- key informant interviews, and an them to withdraw their time with bers had the ability to recognize and individual survey. The thirteen key other tasks, such as cultivation of food name the CSB pest and had observed interviewers comprised six farmers, and crops they control. This can have it in either their coffee field or the four extension workers, and three negative implications on household neighbor’s. The men could correctly research scientists involved in the IPM food security and women’s welfare identify the symptoms of the pest CRSP activities at the site. Data was unless the increased returns from and could recommend and had used collected through a review of related coffee are both big enough to com- pesticides such as ambush as method literature, key informant interviews, pensate for the reduction in women’s of choice for control of CSB. Though and an individual survey. The survey production and are equitably used to both male and female were aware of had a total sample of 150 with equal cater for household needs. In order to the itching of the body by ambush numbers of males and females. guard against these potential negative as its danger, they were not sure of impacts, it is important that gender having experienced such among their Tasks related to the IPM sensitization is an integral part of the household members. They however components that are specific to IPM farmer field school curriculum. suggested wearing protective gear as women and men the remedy although they could not Benefits or constraints associated afford it. The tasks involved include pest and with this IPM component disease scouting, mixing pesticides, The wives of male members of IPM fetching water for mixing pesticides, Men and women experience different groups had less knowledge and spraying, stem smoothening, stem benefits and constraints associated contact with IPM CRSP demos and wrapping, getting the materials for with this IPM component. Men have extension staff compared to male and stem smoothening and wrapping (i.e., greater access to and control over the female group members. It is apparent banana fibers and polythene), and main benefits, which include access that IPM information was not effec- pruning. Men take a lead on all these to scientific knowledge on pest and tively trickling from the men to their tasks except fetching water to mix pes- agronomic management and cash from spouses, yet the latter was involved in ticides. However, for the vast majority increased coffee production. Knowl- coffee management activities at house- of the tasks, women play a significant edge of IPM practices was defined as hold level. With regard to cash benefits supportive role with both men and farmers’ ability to recognize and name from coffee, men had more access and women participating equally. coffee stem borer (CSB) pest, identify control. its symptoms, list the IPM tactics for CSB control being promoted, and

117 Table 2. Benefits derived from coffee production Female group Male group Female group total non participant participant participant Do you obtain any Yes 16 65 49 130 benefits from the coffee enterprise? No 0 4 3 7 Total 16 69 52 137 If yes, what is the main benefit? Income for 12 41 30 83 household expenses school fees 3 12 9 24 payment bought a 1 5 3 9 plot/land, livestock, or a property made con- 0 2 0 2 tacts with other friends or made ex- change visits obtained 1 3 2 6 inputs farming skills 0 1 4 5 hired a plot or 0 1 0 1 land Total 17 65 48 130 Who has open access to Man only 5 43 26 74 the money from coffee? Woman only 4 4 10 18 Both man 9 24 16 49 and woman equally Total 18 71 52 141

Time is a constraint on the side of 1. IPM coffee groups should be 3. The project should use multiple women who also have a lot of other organized to cover a smaller channels of communication. In activities. Stem smoothening was geographical area, so as to shorten addition to the group training, perceived to be labor intensive, as it the distance farmers need to travel they can add other more women- involves bending for a long time, which from their homes to the demo friendly communication channels, is uncomfortable for the elderly and sites. Groups can cover a parish as such as posters with simplified women. For stem wrapping, termites compared to the current coverage messages and pictures pinned up destroy the bananas wrappings, of three sub-counties on average. in places women visit often (local making it not cost effective in terms clinics that offer antenatal and 2. Explore the option of targeting of the labor. Distance to the demo child health services, markets, women-only groups where they exist. site constrains farmer, and especially places of worship, and water col- Where such groups are not available, women’s, participation, as women have lection points). the project could mobile new groups multiple roles, cultural restrictions on either for women or couples but with 4. Conduct more sensitization of mobility, and less access and control special targeting of women. The both men and women on gender over means of transport. female extension worker can be used issues and their implications on to reach out to women personally coffee production and household Recommendations to improve women’s and encourage them to participate. welfare. access to IPM knowledge in this project:

118 5. Conduct gender and leader- days. Women’s participation in activi- production, including IPM practices, ship training targeted at women ties and the key role of women in IPM and that 74% of the labor for this farmers to build their confidence adoption has been widely recognized; production is done by women. Hence, and empower them to take up however, there are still challenges cucumber is considered to be a labor- leadership in the groups and other in terms of how to include women. intensive crop particularly for women. community initiatives. Farmers were asked to bring women to Women also recognize symptoms of IPM meetings; this has been quite suc- pest damage, including reduction in cessful at the Trichy center, which is yield size, and report these to the farm working with two villages, specifically manager. Women are perceived to south Asia onion farmers, with which the gender be better at activities requiring more team also works. Field visits by the attention and patience, such as net- India gender team have revealed women’s ting and tying up the vines, weeding, success (in some cases more successful grading, and sorting. IPM programs The presence of the gender team in than men’s) growing onion, chili, and should recognize the important roles India has increased scientists’ aware- tomato. women play in cucumber production ness of the importance of including and IPM practices and include them in women in all activities, including A case study of women’s participa- relevant trainings and activities. recruiting research fellows and asking tion in IPM and cucumber production the gender team to make presenta- found that women are involved in most Research on IPM components in onion tions in workshops, meetings, and field of the activities related to cucumber production indicates the gender roles,

1 IPM Component 1 Pseudomonas and Trichoderma seed treatment a What tasks related to the IPM component are specific to women? Can be done by both. Men mix biocontrol agent What tasks related to the IPM component are specific to men? with water in a tank and pour it on the onion bulb. Women mix this and spray the bulb. For soil application, they mix it with farm yard manure, and this is also done by both genders. Both genders are doing these kinds of activities by helping each other. b What are the current or potential gendered impacts of this IPM Women might not find source from where it can component? (For example, how does this affect women’s labor or be purchased. One man farmer approached TNAU access to assets?) and purchased in bulk, including quantity required for a neighbor’s use. It is difficult for a woman to go for purchasing from a long distance. c Do men and women experience different benefits or constraints as- Women may find it difficult to handle large quanti- sociated with this IPM component? ties of seed during seed treatment (physical constraints). Women farmers go in a group and help each other to get inputs from Department of Agriculture or from TNAU. d How do gender roles and relations affect the IPM component? Mobility of women is an important reason that could affect women’s adoption 2. IPM component Neem cake application a What tasks related to the IPM component are specific to women? Related to men What tasks related to the IPM component are specific to men? b What are the current or potential gendered impacts of this IPM - component? (For example, how does this affect women’s labor or access to assets?) c Do men and women experience different benefits or constraints as- Women may be find it difficult to handle large sociated with this IPM component? quantities. d How do gender roles and relations affect the IPM component? Fertilizer application usually done by men 3 IPM Component 3 Selection of healthy seedlings/ bulbs a What tasks related to the IPM component are specific to women? Women’s labor is involved in this activity What tasks related to the IPM component are specific to men? b What are the current or potential gendered impacts of this IPM Two-to-three days of women laboring is required to component? (For example, how does this affect women’s labor or do this job access to assets?) c Do men and women experience different benefits or constraints as- Women perform better in activities requiring more sociated with this IPM component? care and patience.

119 d How do gender roles and relations affect the IPM component? Activities which are time consuming are usually al- located to women because of their low wage rate compared to men. 4 IPM component 4 Pheromone trap and light trap a What tasks related to the IPM component are specific to women? For fixing traps and monitoring them, women do What tasks related to the IPM component are specific to men? better.

b What are the current or potential gendered impacts of this IPM Family women/men may be involved. Does not component? (For example, how does this affect women’s labor or require hired labor to be employed. access to assets?) c Do men and women experience different benefits or constraints as- Availability of time for women is a question. sociated with this IPM component? d How do gender roles and relations affect the IPM component? This is an additional responsibility to women’s already full schedule. 5 IPM component 4 Recommended spacing a What tasks related to the IPM component are specific to women? Sowing is an activity done by women. What tasks related to the IPM component are specific to men? b What are the current or potential gendered impacts of this IPM This is specific to women. component? (For example, how does this affect women’s labor or access to assets?) impacts, and constraints related to of the research activities. For example, these components: Southeast the FGD activities were targeted to support research, but in these FGDs, Recommendations to improve gender Asia there was a part to talk with farmers equity through the IPM CRSP include: about gender issues in agriculture life. 1. Because women provide much of Indonesia, Philippines, From the activities above, a total of the labor for onion production, 191 people participated in all the women should be given training and Cambodia gender-related activities. Women’s on IPM practices and components participation was 68.06% (130 women to increase adoption. Increasing participation of and 61 men). 2. The majority of household and benefits to women decision-making is done by both The results of these gender activities men and women. Women are A total of seven farmer groups par- are: used to taking responsibility for ticipated in the training courses and • Gender mainstreaming program reminding their husbands about FGD activities conducted. The farmer activities are implemented as part important activities and helping groups consisted of three farmer of IPM CRSP technical activities resolve problems. Information groups from Indonesia, one farmer through a specific gender session about IPM has to be imparted to group from the Philippines, and three embedded in the technical IPM both men and women. farmer groups from Cambodia. One of the farmer groups from Indonesia CRSP training activities. (West Java Province) involved in this • The gender mainstreaming Bangladesh year’s program is the same group who program is targeting not only was involved with last year’s activi- farmers but also IPM trainers and One graduate student in Bangladesh ties, but this year the IPM gender coordinators. has completed her research. The other team only worked with the women graduate student has completed her farmer members. The other two farmer • Men and women farmers who data collection, and she is beginning groups in Indonesia were from the were involved in the research- the data analysis process and writing North Sumatra province; one is a male related activities increased their the literature review. farmer group, and another group is gender perspective, especially in a female farmer group. In the Philip- understanding men’s and women’s pines, the farmer group has male and roles in domestic work, reproduc- female farmer members. Mostly, these tive work, and social work. Also, groups are also involved in other IPM among them they increased their CRSP activities led by the technical understanding of gender roles team of the IPM CRSP. in the home garden and kitchen space. As per agreement made during the • Men and women share knowl- 2011 IPM CRSP Annual Workshop edge regarding pest identification in Los Baños, the Philippines, the as both claimed to be working SE Asia IPM Gender Team agreed to together in managing their conduct capacity building activities on respective vegetable farms. general gender issues as well as part

120 There were some constraints that 27 women and men farmers. Men and field activities), money management, inhibited female participation in women farmers shared the results and insecticide utilization, and protection IPM CRSP activities, though strate- talked openly about several gender- of children from hazardous goods. gies were employed to address these related issues in their day-to-day life, challenges. In North Sumatra, men including agricultural activities. At and women farmers have equal roles the end of the workshop, participants in supporting their agricultural agreed that communication is a critical activities. But in the culture only aspect to increase gender equality in men farmers are invited to meetings. agricultural activities. To address this, the team conducted separate FGDs with men and women In the Philippines, a FGD was con- farmers. At the end of these activities, ducted in October 2011 as a follow-up the men’s and women’s groups came activity to a training seminar held together, and the team facilitated a in March 2011 on pest identification larger group discussion. The mixed and IPM strategies. This FGD was group discussion provided an oppor- intended to identify farmers’ knowl- tunity for men and women farmers to edge applied on their own fields. A make several clarifications, especially second FGD was conducted in October concerning their roles in the home 2011 with six women and three men garden and kitchen space. participants. When asked about their understanding of IPM, participants In West Java, men and women farmers expressed the following: good crop are often separated. Mostly men standing, control plant diseases by farmers are responsible for agricul- applying “Biogrow,” and avoid chem- tural activities at the field level, and ical use. It was observed that men’s women farmers are responsible for the and women’s knowledge regarding home garden activities. There is great pest identification is equally shared, potential for women farmers to earn as both claimed to be working together some income from their activities in in managing their respective vegetable the home garden, but they do not have farms. enough knowledge to manage their home garden farming and marketing. In Cambodia, a gender workshop for There is a need for specific training IPM trainers included 25 women and on IPM techniques and other aspects 6 men participants. The objective of related to economic management the workshop was to understand men’s to support women farmers’ efforts and women’s roles in agriculture, to increase their earning from their learn about gender mainstreaming in home garden activities. Compared to IPM CRSP, and establish the gender the men’s group, the women’s group group to support the production of had a lack of education, lower skill Trichoderma. The workshop resulted level of cultivating vegetables, and in increased gender understanding lack of information on marketing and among IPM trainers to support IPM trainings. There is a need to increase practices at the field level. This female farmers’ knowledge through workshop is expected to increase the several trainings at the field level. gender awareness of Ministry staff at all levels and increase decision making of women trainers and farmers in IPM Empowering teams to activities. integrate gender

In Indonesia, a gender FGD was Producing and disseminating conducted to discuss gender knowl- knowledge of gender issues edge of IPM farmers, identify gender in IPM issues in kitchen space and the field, and conduct gender mapping by men’s Last year, the research focus was on and women’s groups. The FGDs were analyzing the results of the Rapid conducted in Batulayang and Doulu Gender Assessment. This year, it villages of Karo district of North focused on conducting research on Sumatra province and included 14 gender roles in the home garden and men and 15 women participants. The kitchen space. This research was farmers involved in these FGDs are conducted in Indonesia (two prov- citrus farmers working with the IPM inces: North Sumatra and West Java). CRSP. The FGDs were conducted over The team was able to conduct data two days for each group. The men’s collection and screening of the data FGD was conducted on November collected. A total of 100 families (50 14 and 15, 2011, while the women’s families in each village) were selected FGD was conducted on November 20 as respondents for the research. The and 27. A workshop to present the research aimed to determine the com- results of both FGDs was conducted parison of family ecology concerning on December 2, 2012, and included gender roles (in domestic, yard, and

121

Associate Awards indonesia | african food security initiative project country | country | country

Principal Investigator: Collaborators:

123 programAssociate Awards programIndonesia summary

Principal Investigator: Michael Hammig

Co-investigators: Merle Shepard, Gerry Carner, Eric Benson, Guido Schnabel

Objective: Development of IPM tactics for cocoa, papaya, and high value vegetable crops, by coordinating activities with key collaborating institutions including IPB, UNSRAT, ICCRI, IVEGRI, and Udayana University.

Clemson scientists traveled to Indonesia and met with scientists from each of these institutions to assess potential integration of IPM CRSP into USAID/Indonesia programs for vegetables in Bali, coffee and cocoa with ICCRI, and shallot research with IVEGRI. Workplans have been prepared and, in some cases, field activities have begun. Pending additional funding from USAID/Indonesia, plans are in place for expanded activities with each institution.

124 genic nematode against PTM in the the cassava mealybugs were caged Potato tuber. Dosages tested were 200, 400, individually on cassava cuttings in the 600, 800, and 1000 IJs/tuber. Results laboratory. Immature development, Pathogenicity and efficacy of showed that the Heterorhabditis sp. adult longevity, and number of eggs entomopathogenic nematode nematode caused high mortality (≥ laid were checked daily. Field studies Heterorhabditis sp. against 85%) of the potato tuber moth larvae were carried out in cassava plots to 24 hours after application, even at the determine population dynamics, level the potato tuber moth, lowest concentration (100 IJs/ml) (fig. of damage, and natural enemies of P. Phthorimaea operculella 1). On the tuber assay, the mortality of manihoti. Lufthi Rusniarsyah, Samsudin, P. operculella larva living in the tubers Our laboratory study confirmed thatP. Supramana, Aunu Rauf was generally 30%-35%. The high pathogenicity of Heterorhabditis sp. manihoti has three nymphal instars, producing only females (thelytokous The highland of Pacet-Cianjur has against PTM larva as well as efficacy parthenogenesis). The adult female been designated to be a potato seed in the tuber suggest that the nematode lived for 34 days and laid up to 570 production area in West Java by the has the potential as a biocontrol agent eggs in an ovisac. The entire life cycle government. The potato tuber moth, for management of P. operculella, but from egg to adult took about 21 days Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidop- more studies are required. (tab. 1). tera: Gelechiidae), is one of the most important potato pests in the country, Cassava P. manihoti is parthenogenic, and especially in the storage warehouses. hence a single immature or adult may The potential loss will reach almost Bioecology of the cassava be sufficient to start an outbreak. 100% if control is not performed well. Ovisacs are sticky and can adhere to The effectiveness of entomopathogenic mealybug clothing, facilitating long-distance nematodes Heterorhabditis to control Nila Wardani, Aris Rama, Aunu Rauf, mealybug dispersal. Eggs hatch into several crop pests has been studied. Sugeng Santoso, I Wayan Winasa mobile crawlers that can spread over Infective juveniles (IJs) of nematodes the plant or be passively dispersed to are capable of seeking and infecting The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus neighboring plants by wind. Crawlers insects that live in soil and in plant manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococ- commence feeding from phloem tissues. The objectives of the research cidae), is one of the most severe pests fluids in young leaves and stems. The were to study the pathogenicity and of cassava in the world. It is native mealybugs are generally located on efficacy ofHeterorhabditis sp. against to South America, but it has become the underside of the cassava canopy P. operculella under laboratory condi- naturalized throughout Sub-Saharan leaves, mainly around major leaf veins tions. Plate assays were performed to Africa since its inadvertent introduc- and at low density inside growing study the pathogenicity of different tion into the continent in the early tips. With increasing density, they concentrations of the entomopatho- 1970s. P. manihoti was not known spread over the entire plant. Cassava genic nematode. The third instar of the to occur in Asia until 2009, when it infested by the mealybug showed potato tuber moth larvae were exposed was first detected in Thailand. Since bunchy tops due to shortening of the to five concentrations of the nema- that year, it has spread aggressively youngest internodes (fig. 2), and based tode (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 IJs/ml). throughout neighboring countries, on farmer experience this damage can Mortality of insect stages was checked including Indonesia. In 2010 the pest reduce yields by 50%. During heavy every 3 hours for 2 days for all concen- was found causing heavy damage on rains many mealybugs are washed trations, and percentage mortality was cassava in Bogor. Biological studies off their host, so infestations are thus calculated for each insect stage at dif- of the cassava mealybug were carried most serious during the dry season. ferent concentrations. Complementary out for development of integrated pest Figure 3 shows development of cassava assays were also conducted to deter- management of the pest. To study mealybug infestation during the dry mine the efficacy of the entomopatho- the development and reproduction, season based on biweekly observation on a cassava field with 1,504 plants. Figure 1. Mortality of PTM larva at five concentration of Heterorhabditis sp. Within 5 months, all cassava plants

Table 1. Duration of developmental stages and fecundity of the cassava mealybug Developmental x ±SD (days) Stages (n = 40) Egg 7.55 ± 0.50 Nymph-1 4.58 ± 0.78 Nymph-2 4.20 ± 0.56 Nymph-3 4.58 ± 0.55 Adult (female) 34.38 ± 9.58 Praoviposition 4.70 ± 0.69 Oviposition 21.19 ± 3.33 Postoviposition 8.50 ± 7.98 Fecundity (eggs/ 568.68 ± 144.89 female)

125 (100%) were infested by the mealybug as indicated by bunchy tops. During field studies we found that the most common predator associated with cassava mealybug infested leaves was chrysopids. To date, no parasitoids have been found which may mean that a parasitoid introduction program may be necessary. Parasitoids have successfully controlled this pest in many other countries. Tomatoes Farmer Participatory Research Suhendar, Wahyu Haidir, Dedih Ruhyatna, Aunu Rauf

See table 2.

Effect of botanical insecticides and Trichoderma on tomato production

Research on the effectiveness of botanical insecticides (Derris eliptica, Melia azadarch, and Aglaia odorata), Trichoderma sp, plastic mulch to control Liriomyza sativae, and Fusarium wilt and their effects on tomato production was carried out on tomato crops in Toure. Results showed that all botanical insecticides combined with plastic mulch and Trichoderma provided better control of L. sativae and Fusarium wilt and gave higher tomato production. Highest percentage of infestation by L. sativae was on plots without treatments of plastic mulch Figure 2. Cassava tree infested by P. manihoti showing bunchy top and Trichoderma. Chili pepper Farmer Participatory Research Ujang Dayat, Wahyu Haidir, Dedih Ruhyatna, Aunu Rauf

The objectives were to compare alternative IPM strategies and existing farmers’ practices for managing pests and diseases in chili pepper. The design of the chili pepper IPM trials were similar to those of tomatoes and included: (a) use of commercial variety TM 999, (b) screened-beds to prevent early infestation by insect vectors, (c) use of plastic mulch, (d) pouring bokashi mixed with Trichoderma into planting holes, (e) dipping seedlings in Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens12 hours before transplanting, (f) lower rate of synthetic fertilizers, (g) hand picking caterpillars from infested plants, and (h) needbased pesticide applications. As with Figure 3. Development of P. manihoti infestation in cassava field tomato trials, result showed that IPM

126 Table 2. Budget analysis of IPM and farmer practice on tomatoes (the bioagents were provided by Bukit Tinggi Laboratory of West Sumatera), Items IPM Farmer Practices and 3) chemical control (farmer’s Yield (kg) 12,295 10,305 practice). Gross income (Rp) 18,442,500 15,457,500 Spodoptera exigua is the major pest Cost (Rp) 2,484,000 2,802,500 of shallot. The farmers spray three Net income (Rp) 15,958,500 12,665,00 times per week in the rainy season and two-three times per week in the B/C ratio 7.4 5.5 dry season, the season when the pest is more serious. Nearly 50% of the Table 3. Budget analysis of IPM and farmer practice on chili pepper farmers use screen netting to control Spodoptera. The cost of the netting is Items IPM Farmer Practices very high for small scale farmers (22 Yield (kg) 1,525 1,025 million Rupiah/Ha). The netting lasts for 6 growing seasons. The netting Gross income (Rp) 15,250,000 10,250,000 reduces 90-95% pesticide applica- Cost (Rp) 2,693,600 2,749,200 tions, especially in the dry season; but farmers still have to spray fungicides Net income (Rp) 12,556,400 7,500,600 (Anthracol), and most farmers still B/C ratio 5.7 3.7 include insecticides (Tracer, Buldok, Dursban), especially to control thrips. treatments gave a higher yield and Bima district of West Nusa Tenggara. Farmer Field School income and was more profitable than farmers’ practices as indicated by B/C The Probolinggo is the second largest A Farmer Field School (FFS) was ratio (tab. 3). shallot plantation area of. The crop- conducted in the Waru Jinggo village, ping pattern in Probolinggo is sea- sub-district Leces. sonal, based on the rainy and dry sea- Shallot sons. In the rainy season (December In it, 25 farmers attend the meeting to March) the majority of farmers weekly. During the field school the Management of pests of plant rice. Only a few farmers plant farmers were separated into five sub shallot shallot to produce seed for the dry groups doing weekly agroecosystem season shallot planting season. In the obserrvation and analysis. During the An initial study was conducted by first dry season (March-June) farmers agroecosystem analysis, farmers made IVEGRI in Brebes, Central Java to start planting shallot. In the second comparisons between current practice assess the potential of shade netting dry season (July-November), usually polt and FFS plot. and SE-NPV for managing insect farmer plant shallot, chili, or corn. pests in shallot (Allium cepa) in order In the field school, two separated to reduce the use of pesticides and to Actitivies in Probolinggo consist of side by side plots (500 m2 each) were improve the quality of the product. Farmer Action Research on shallot in provided for the farmers group. One Four treatments — mosquito nets Waru Jinggo village. During the first plot was treated with practices used (white) + Trichoderma (T1); fishing season, farmers conducted an IPM by the majority of farmers in the area nets (blue) + Trichoderma (T2); Se FFS on shallot and then continued (farmer’s practice - FP), and the other NPV + Trichoderma (T3); and farmers with a field study to compare different plot was treated with IPM compo- practices (T4) — were assessed with a treatments for controlling Spodoptera nents. The FP plot was treated with control treatment (without shade net- exigua: 1) use of net, 2) use of Se-NPV pesticides every two days. ting and SE-NPV). The results showed that shade netting with white color Figure 4. Experimental plot had the lowest number of both beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) and thrips (Thrips tabaci). Furthermore, the lowest % pest damage and the highest quality of yield were in plots mosquito-nets (white) + Trichoderma (T1) followed by fishing-nets (blue) + Trichoderma (T2); Se NPV + Tricho- derma (T3) and farmer practices (T4).

ACTIVITIES IN PROBOLINGGO, EAST JAVA

Shallot in Indonesia is mainly grown in the lowland area in the north coast of Java. The major production area is concentrated in nine districts of four provinces: Brebes, Tegal in Central Java; Probolinggo, Kediri, Nganjuk of East Java; Bandung, Cirebon, Maja- lengka West Java; and outside Java in

127 • Farmers focus mainly on insect pests, and of that, mainly fruit fly, while the problems faced are not only of insect pests, but also of diseases, nutrition, etc. • The problem of falling fruit is not only caused by fruit fly. • In the fruit fly trap, the insects found to be trapped mainly are not fruit fly. • There is a marketing problem. Farmer organization is weak, and there is no farmer network for marketing, which them much weaker to deal with traders Vegetable crops Mass-rearing of predators and parasitoids Figure 5. Farmers recording weekly observations Aunu Rauf, Ridwan Sufyana, Wawan Farmer Action Research government staffs, and the District Yuandi, Saodik Head of Pakpak Bharat (Bupati). The Following the field school, in the Bupati and his staff showed interest The densities of natural enemies in second season (dry season) the farmer and enthusiasm for the IPM program natural environments are usually action research was conducted by the on coffee and citrus in the district. low. In order to increase their ability farmers group. The farmer action to suppress pest populations, mass research objective was to compare Some problems on citrus and coffee production and release of them to crop the effect of using nets and using were identified during the field visit fields becomes necessary. Therefore, NPV compared to FP in controlling and discussion with farmers. Some of mass-rearing techniques of both target Spodoptera. the key problems on citrus are that insects and their natural enemies need to be established to lead to a • Growing citrus is quite new for The design consisted of nine plots. sound biological control program. local farmers and is becoming There were nine treatments with nine Mass-rearing of stink bug, Andralus wider spread. replications: spinidens, is just being initiated in the • An understanding about citrus and • P1 : Current farmer practice laboratory. This predator has been fed citrus agro-ecosystem is still low, with armyworms Spodoptera exigua • P2 : Netting so an improvement is needed, (i.e, and S. litura, cabbage cluster cater- • P3 : Application of NPV need more understanding about pillar, Crocidolomia pavonana, and the balance between number of banana leafroller, Erionota thrax. The Farmers met every week, and they fruits and leaves, and nutrition). predatory stinkbug has potential for were divided into five small groups. After weekly observations, farmers Figure 6. Farmers who grow citrus and coffee face several pest and plant disease problems conducted agroecosystem analysis. Coffee and citrus Pest Survey in Pakpak Bharat, North Sumatera

To expand the program to the new site, on September 2012, a survey was conducted in the Pakpak Bharat district of North Sumatera Province. The survey team consisted of Dr. Donald Tambunan from USAID Indonesia, Dr. Merle Shepard and Dr. Gerry Carner from Clemson University, and Mr. Engkus Kuswara and Widyastama Cahyana from FIELD. The objective was to assess the local condition to see the possibility for IPM program implementation on coffee and citrus

During the survey, the team met the citrus and coffee farmers, the local

128 controlling caterpillaras on vegetables extension agents also participated. Production of vegetables free such as C. pavonana on crucifers, S. exigua on green onion, and Athalia of pesticide residues proxima on Chinese cabbage. Another Mobile plant clinics Agricultural extension service pro- predator being mass-reared is green Titiek Yuliani, Supramana, Nina vided training on organic farming lacewing, whose larvae prey on a and elimination of pesticide residues variety of insects, such as spider mites, Maryana, Tri Asmira Damayanti, Dewi Sartiami to farmer’s groups in Tomohon and aphids, whiteflies, thrips, mealybugs, Modoinding. Farmer field schools were and the eggs or young stages of lepi- conducted in Rurukan and Kumelem- dopterans and coleopterans. The larva In collaboration with the Mobile Plant Pest and Disease Diagnostic Clinics of buay, with particular emphasis on uses its piercing mouthpart to suck organic farming of cabbage in collabo- out the body fluids of the victims. The Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) and the Agricultural Extension Agency ration with the Bureau of Food Crops emptied victim’s body is then carried and Horticulture of Tomohon. on the back of the larva to act as cam- of the District of Cianjur, the IPM ouflage. Cassava mealybugs reared on CRSP Team conducted plant clinics on cassava cuttings were used to feed the June 18, 2012 for vegetable farmers in green lacewing. Continuous produc- Pacet. The objective was to determine tion of the two predators will depend what problems farmers were having in on the availability and abundance of their fields. The van is equipped with the food or prey. Therefore, we started microscopes, a generator, and other rearing rice moth Corcyra cephalonica. materials necessary for determining We will use the eggs of C. cephalonica pest problems. Clinics were open for for rearing green lacewing and will use about 4 hours (9:00 am to 1:00 pm). those of larvae for rearing the preda- Thirteen farmers visited the clinics tory stink bug. and brought samples of infected plants, which consisted of green We also just initiated rearing a pla- onion, chili pepper, crucifers, Chinese taspid bug, Brachylpatys sp., using cabbage, and potatoes. Among major sebania (Sesbania grandiflora) seed- pests and diseases detected from the lings and gliricidia (Gliricida sepium) samples were: potato leafminer (Liri- cuttings. We are going to use its eggs omyza huidobrensis), black aphid (Neo- for mass-rearing Paratelenomus sp., toxoptera formosana), and bacterial a parasitoid that has potential for rot (Erwinia) on green onion; blight controlling invasive kudzu bug (Mega- (Phytophthora capsici) on chili pepper; copta cribraria) in the U.S. Phoma lingam and Meloidogyne on cabbage; sawfly (Athalia proxima); and late blight (Phytophthora infestan) Farmer training on mass- and root knot nematode on potatoes. In addition to farmers, there were five production of Trichoderma extension agents, two pest observers, and PGPR and one college student who partici- Meity Sinaga, Giyanto, Ujang Dayat, pated. Following the detection session, there was a discussion on the manage- Dedih Ruhyatna ment of various pests and diseases Training on mass-production of T. har- found in the samples. zianum and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) was conducted in Pasirsarongge on April 25, 2012. Pest Surveys in North Training topics of Trichoderma Sulawesi included preparation of corn media, use of plastic bags for holding media, Surveys, carried out from January to methods for sterilization of hands and July 2012, showed that the papaya equipment, and inoculating media mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus, has with hyphae of Trichoderma. The IPM established in the city of Manado and CRSP team provided the farmers’ the region of Minahasa. Small infesta- group with an inoculation box, stove, tions were observed in the district of gas, burner, and a pure culture of East Bolaang Mongondow. The cycad Trichoderma. Training topics of PGPR scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui, and consisted of obtaining and culturing chrysomelid beetle, Oulema sp., were the endophytic bacteria (Bacillus found infesting the Cycas spp. This is subtilis and Pseudomonas flourescens) the first record of these two pests in from bamboo or weed roots. Farmers North Sulawesi. make their own medium from potato as the carbohydrate source and chicken legs as the protein. The containers of liquid medium are aerated by bubbling air through a solution of Calcium permanganate. Incubation is 5 days. There were 30 participants (12 women) from 6 farmer groups. Six

129 programAssociate Awards programAfrican Food summary Security Initiative (AFSI)

he AFSI associate award closed on April T30, 2012. A project close-out meeting was held on the April 18-19, 2012, in St. Louis, Senegal, to bring together Ugandan, Senega- lese, and American project partners to present results of their activities. Because of the political upheaval in Mali and the resulting U.S. suspension of assistance to institutions of the government of Mali, none of the Malian project partners could be present at the meeting. The suspension of assistance prevented Virginia Tech from being able to pay outstand- ing invoices to Malian partners, so USAID authorized a no-cost extension through April 30, 2013.

Short-term training: Two Senegalese from ISRA were funded by AFSI, and two Malians from IER were funded by the Mali associate award to learn tomato grafting at North Carolina State University in the laboratory of Frank Louws. Bob Gilbertson’s laboratory at UC Davis took the four trainees on a tour of industrial tomato seedling management in addition to providing training on laboratory methods of virus detection. Upon returning home, the participants were tasked with adapting the grafting techniques they had learned to local conditions for eventual promotion as a small enterprise for women’s groups and, in Mali, a handicapped association.

130 long-term degree training for Malian training on technical subjects and lan- Mali researchers. guage. The training increased capacity at IER to organize and code socioeco- In the Cercle de Kati in Mali – an In FY2012, the Mali associate award nomic survey data, help the pesticide important tomato production area workplan added two activities from the residue laboratory finalize a protocol that supplies vegetables to Bamako closing AFSI project that aligned with for detecting synthetic pyrethroid and to distant parts of Mali – OHVN USAID/Mali’s Feed the Future com- insecticide residues using thin layer and IER worked together closely to modities. MIPM chose to support IER’s chromatography, and transfer skills establish area-wide management of testing of millet varieties resistant for vegetable grafting and containerize tomato viruses in villages within five to blister beetle attack and testing seedling production. communautes rurales: Diago, Diao- environmentally benign spraying with Gare, Kalifabougou, Yelekebougou, neem extract, the organic insecticide At the time of the suspension of assis- and Winzinbougou. Two hundred and spinosad, or insect trapping with tance, four men and four women were eighty growers with whom OHVN portable light traps. Pending a favor- being supported by MIPM for degree worked in 2010 were given additional able funding decision for the Malian training in Mali or in the region. Four training in FY2011 (224 men 56 program of WASA, MIPM was going students were from IER and four stu- women). As tomato yields rose, land to continue collaborating with WASA dents were from the pesticide residue used for tomato production increased to promote certified rice seed produc- laboratory. 65ha from the 181ha baseline in 2009 tion among smallholder producers among the five communautes rurales. (focusing on women) in the seasonally There was an overall increase of 20ha flooded bas-fonds rice fields of Sikasso of land under vegetable cultivation in southeastern Mali. Senegal (tomatoes plus pepper) and a total of 287ha under area-wide virus manage- In February 2012, the Mali Mission A repetition of the 2010 field leveling ment by April 2012. Kati is one of the communicated its requirement that experiment was carried out in irri- few places in Mali where tomatoes are all project activities be moved into the gated rice fields in the Senegal River grown for market during the rainy communes that had been selected for Valley during the FY2012 season. season. Yield during the rainy season its Feed the Future implementation. Combined with prior results, the small was 33 to 40T/ha using improved Two of MIPM’s approved partners scale leveling experiment showed varieties Shasta, H8804, or Qwanto have geographically limited zones reduced weed density in leveled fields. compared to 25T/ha for the commonly of intervention outside these areas. The 2012 results showed yield gain of used variety Roma VF. During the dry Before adjustments to the program 1T/ha in each of two leveled fields com- season, the improved varieties pro- were completed, a coup d’état in March pared with the unleveled companion duced 20-30T/ha compared to 5-to 12T/ 2012 halted all project activities. plots. ha for Roma VF or Tropimech. Shortly after the coup, the north of Mali was overrun by Tuareg separat- Season-long evaluation in two Production of certified NERICA 4 rice ists and Islamic extremists, putting localities in southern Senegal of rice seed was successful with a grower the FTF focus zone of Timbuktu off varieties previously registered based association in M’Pegnesso, Mali and limits and making activities in the on trials in northern Senegal indi- failed at a women’s association in FTF region of Mopti uncertain. The cated a varietal sensitivity to rice Nièna, Mali. This activity was done in U.S. State Department issued a sus- blast and varietal resistance to rice collaboration with the West African pension of assistance to the Govern- yellow mottle virus (RYMV). Inci- Seed Alliance (WASA). It demon- ment of Mali on April 2, 2012. All of dence (96-100%) of rice blast in four strates the feasibility of treating rice MIPM’s host country partners are NERICA varieties in the humid Lower as a high-value product for raising government public institutions, so the Casamance was comparable to that incomes of smallholder rice farmers. project’s activities have stopped. of a local variety. Rice blast incidence was four times less in the somewhat IER completed field tests of light traps Among the activities completed before drier region of Upper Casamance than in Bema in western Mali in October the suspension of U.S. government Lower Casamance. Symptoms were 2011 that demonstrated the effective- assistance resulting from Mali’s coup far more severe in Lower Casamance, ness of 470nm blue LED light to trap d’état were: a weeklong training by indicating a need for blast-resistance the head-damaging blister beetle partner OHVN training of pesticide there. Under relatively high disease Psalydolytta vestita. safety trainers from four national pressure in Lower Casamance, the services; and an awareness-building NERICA varieties (7%) had more than Building Local Capacity in IPM workshop for pesticide vendors, led by four times lower incidence of RYMV the Direction de Protection Végétaux. than the local variety (32%). In Upper Solutions Equipment purchases and laboratory Casamance, RMYV pressure was not enhancements were underway at the high, resulting in similar levels of The Mali IPM CRSP associate award Environmental Toxicology and Quality disease incidence between NERICA (MIPM) was awarded in January 2010 Control Lab, but orders had to be varieties and the local variety. for three years. It had three primary canceled because of the suspension. activities: 1) promote technology The laboratory thus remains far from transfer for area-wide virus manage- the analytical capacity that the project ment in commercially important areas resources would have enabled. IER of tomato production; 2) re-build the Uganda began tomato varietal trials across capacity of the national pesticide Completion of multi-location field Mopti and Sikasso. residue laboratory; and 3) expand the trials of the tomato variety MT56 IPM pesticide safety training pro- Short- and long-term training: resulted in a portfolio for submission gram to a national scale. Additional Three men and three women under- to Uganda’s registration authority. work promoted improved technolo- took 20.5 person-months of short-term Among five varieties, MT56 showed gies in tomato pest management and superior resistance to bacterial wilt.

131 A survey of tomato fields in different parts of Uganda showed that 60% of fields had virus-infected plants. Incidence and severity of tomato viruses increased throughout Uganda compared with a survey conducted five years earlier. Districts where continuous tomato cropping is common had the highest incidence of tomato viruses. Co-infection with Cucumber mosaic virus and Tomato mosaic virus was common. The Tomato mosaic virus strain is unique to Uganda.

RYMV was characterized in Ugandan rice fields. Molecular sequencing of viral RNA demonstrated 95% identity among samples from Uganda, but only 85% homology with the type virus from Côte d’Ivoire. An important finding was that viral genetic factors linked to RYMV’s ability to break resistance in rice varieties were not present in the Ugandan genotype, suggesting that varietal resistance may be used against it.

132 training prolong-term |j short-termect

133 programLong-Term Training program summary

he IPM CRSP provides long-term training and constraints. These programs are designed Tto build the capacity of host country to meet the needs of host country scientists scientists who will have major responsibilities by integrating with IPM CRSP resesarch for crop protection in their home countries. carried out by the researchers based at th U.S. Training is also made available to young U.S. universities. scientists who plan for careers in international crop protection and development work. While addressing a global knowledge base in U.S. universities, the training addresses specific host country IPM questions, opportunities,

Student numbers by degree/level and country Country Doctorate Masters Bachelors Post Docs Total Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Bangladesh 2 2 Dominican Republic 1 1 Ecuador 1 1 Ethiopia 1 2 3 Guatemala 1 1 Honduras 1 1 2 India 4 4 4 2 2 5 21 Indonesia 1 2 2 4 6 15 Kenya 1 2 1 4 Mexico 1 1 Peru 1 1 Senegal 2 1 3 Taiwan 1 1 Tajikistan 1 1 2 Tanzania 3 2 1 1 7 Thailand 1 1 Uganda 1 5 3 2 1 12 USA 1 4 4 5 14 TOTAL 14 14 20 24 11 2 2 5 92 28 44 13 7

134 Long-Term Training at a glance In annual report year 2011-12, we trained • 92 students and post docs • 72 graduate students (34 men, 38 women) • 28 PhD students (14 men, 14 women) • 44 MS students (20 men, 24 women) • 13 BS students (11 men, 2 women) • 7 post doctoral resesarch associates (5 men, 2 women) at 9 U.S. and 13 host- country universities

Graduate Student Focus by Program 25

15 There is overlap because some stu- 10 dents work with both a regional and global 5 theme

0 Number

Graduate Students by Major Subject 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Number 0

135 Last Name, Sex Nationality Regional Global Degree Discipline Start End University Advisor First Name Project Theme Date Date

Ahsanuzzaman F USA South Asia Impact PhD Agricultural Economics 2012 2013 Virginia Tech George Norton Assessment

Aravind, D. M India South Asia MS Agricultural 2011 2013 TNAU C. Durairaj Entomology

Ariko, Joseph M Uganda East Africa BS Crop Science 2012 2013 Makerere M. Ochowo-Ssemkula University Ashok, Patil M India South Asia MS Biotechnology 2011 2012 TNAU S. Mohankumar Anandaro Ashraf, Mohamed M Tanzania East Africa MS Horticulture 2010 2013 Sokoine A.P. Maerere Ashraf University

Atukunda, Robinah F Uganda East Africa Gender MS Crop Science 2010 2013 Makerere M. Ocho-Ssemakula University

Avelar, Sophia F Guatemala LAC MS Plant Pathology 2013 2014 University of Arizona Badji, Kemo M Senegal West Africa PhD Entomology 2010 2013 University of Carlyle Brewster Bamako Baideng, Eva F Indonesia Southeast Asia PhD Entomology 2010 2012 Sam Ratulangi D.T. Sembel University Balaji, C.G M India South Asia Post Doc Plant Pathology TNAU S. Mohankumar/G. Karthikeyan Balayara, Assa F Senegal West Africa PhD IPM 2012

Barragan, M Mexico LAC BS Socioeconomic 2012 2012 Panamerican Laura Suazo Remedios Torres Development and School, Environment Zamorano Beyera, Sheleme M Ethiopia East Africa Parthenium MS Plant Sciences 2011 Ambo University S. K. Singh

Brady, Sally F USA LAC MS Plant Sciences 2012 2013 Virginia Tech

Buckmaster, Amy F USA LAC MS Agricultural Economics 2010 2012 Virginia Tech Jeffery Alwang

Campbell, A. J. F USA IPVDN PhD Plant Pathology University of California-Davis Campoverde, Angel M Ecuador LAC MS Agricultural Economics 2012 2014 Virginia Tech Alwang

Capelli, Matt M USA Impact MS Agricultural Economics 2011 2012 Virginia Tech Dan Taylor Assessment Carrion, Vanessa F USA LAC Impact MS Agricultural Economics 2011 2013 Virginia Tech George Norton Assessment Cruz, Keilyn Yanivis F Honduras LAC BS Socioeconomic 2012 2012 Panamerican Arie Sanders Castillo Development and School, Environment Zamorano

Danda, Telesphory M Tanzania East Africa BS Horticulture 2011 2012 Sokoine A.P Maerere University David, Grace F Tanzania East Africa MS Plant Protection 2010 2013 Sokoine K.P. Sibuga Matiku University

Deepa, S.P F India South Asia Post Doc Nematology TNAU S. Mohankumar/G. Karthikeyan Devi, Nirmala F India South Asia Post Doc Entomology TNAU S. Mohankumar/G. Karthikeyan Dwianri, Idho M Indonesia Southeast Asia BS Crop Protection 2011 2012 Bogor Agricultural Aunu Rauf University Elanchezhiya, K. M India South Asia MS Agricultural 2010 2012 TNAU G. Karthikeyan Entomology Gautum, Swati F India South Asia MS Biotechnology 2012 2013 TNAU S. Mohankumar

Habiba, Umme F Bangladesh South Asia Gender MS Geography 2010 2013 University of Shahnaz Huq-Hussein Dhaka Hiskias, F Ethiopia East Africa Parthenium MS Crop Science 2012 Haramaya Ranjan Karippai Bethelehem University Ibore, Martha F Uganda East Africa Parthenium BS Crop Science 2012 Makerere J. Bisikwa University Isoto, Rosemary F Uganda East Africa Impact MS Agricultural Economics 2010 2012 Ohio State David Kraybill Assessment University

136 Last Name, Sex Nationality Regional Global Degree Discipline Start End University Advisor First Name Project Theme Date Date

Jurua, Herbert M Uganda East Africa MS Crop Protection 2011 2013 Makerere J.Karungi/ P. sseuwagi University

Kahinga, Joe M Kenya East Africa BS Horticulture 2010 2013 Kenya Methodist D. Waiganjo Ng'ang'a University

Keerthana, U. F India South Asia MS Plant Pathology 2011 2013 TNAU G. Karthikeyan

Keerthikurtha, S. F India South Asia Post Doc Biotechnology TNAU S. Mohankumar/G. Karthikeyan Kilambo, Deusdedit M Tanzania East Africa PhD Plant Protection 2009 2013 Sokoine D. Mamiro University Kirinya, Julian M USA East Africa Impact MS Agricultural Economics 2012 2014 Virginia Tech Dan Taylor Assessment

Kirithika, N. F India South Asia Impact PhD Agricultural Economics 2009 2012 TNAU K. N. Selvaraj Assessment

Kuo, Yen-Wen F Taiwan IPVDN PhD Plant Pathology University of R. Gilbertson California-Davis Kuria, Sylvia F Kenya East Africa MS Plant Pathology 2010 2013 Makerere D. Tusiime, M. Nyambura University Waiganjo

Megersa, Firehiwot F Ethiopia East Africa Parthenium MS Crop Science 2012 Haramaya Ranjan Karippai University

Melgarejo, Tomas M Peru LAC IPVDN PhD Plant Pathology 2009 2013 University of R. Gilbertson California-Davis

Meya, Akida M Tanzania East Africa MS Plant Pathology 2009 2012 Sokoine D. Mamiro University Miiro, Richard M Uganda East Africa Gender PhD Agriculture 2012 Makerere Margaret Mangheni University

Mtui, Hosea Dustan M Tanzania East Africa PhD Horticulture 2008 2012 Sokoine A.P. Maerere (SUA) University Muwanga, Zachary M Uganda East Africa MS Crop Protection 2009 2012 Makerere Michael Otim/ S. University Kyamanywa

Muwanika, Chris M Uganda East Africa MS Crop Protection 2010 2012 Makerere J. Karungi/ M. Ochowo- tansani University Ssemakula

Nagendran, K. M India South Asia PhD Plant Pathology 2011 2014 TNAU G. Karthikeyan

Nantale, Mariam F Uganda East Africa MS Crop Protection 2009 2012 Makerere M. Ochowo- University Ssemkula/P. Sseuwagi

Nasution, Anes M Indonesia Southeast Asia MS Entomology 2010 2012 Sam Ratulangi Max Tulung University

Natarajan, Kiruthika F USA South Asia Impact PhD Agricultural Economics 2010 2013 TNAU K.N. Selavarj Assessment

Ndiaye, Ousmane M Senegal West Africa PhD IPM 2012

Ng'homa, Nyambisi M Tanzania East Africa PhD Plant Pathology 2009 2013 Sokoine D. Mamiro Maliyatabu University Ochago, Robert M Uganda East Africa Gender MS Agriculture 2010 2013 Makerere Margaret Mangheni University

Octaviany, Vani Nur F Indonesia Southeast Asia MS Entomology 2012 2013 Bogor Agricultural Purnama Hidayat University Oktarima, F Indonesia Southeast Asia MS Crop Protection 2011 2012 Bogor Agricultural Nina Maryana Dwiwahdiati University

137 Last Name, Sex Nationality Regional Global Degree Discipline Start End University Advisor First Name Project Theme Date Date

Omayio, Deborah F Kenya East Africa MS Agriculture 2011 2012 Kenya C. Mugo, M. Waiganjo Bikoro Agricultural Otipa, Miriam F Kenya East Africa PhD Plant Pathology 2008 2013 Jomo Kenyatta E. Ateka, E. Mamati, University of and D. Miano Agriculture and Packiaraj, M M India South Asia Post Doc Plant Pathology TNAU S. Mohankumar/G. Karthikeyan

Perla, David M Honduras LAC MS Nematology 2011 2013 Purdue University

Pfeufer, Emily E. F USA LAC PhD Plant Pathology 2010 2015 Penn State Beth K. Gugino University

Pinaria, Betsy F Indonesia Southeast Asia MS Entomology 2005 2010 Sam Ratulangi Saartje Rondonuwu- University Lumanau

Poojari, Sudarsana M India South Asia IPVDN PhD Plant Pathology 2006 2013 Washington State Naidu Rayapati University Prakash, V.G. M India South Asia MS Agricultural 2011 2013 TNAU C. Durairaj Entomology Prama, Aris M Indonesia Southeast Asia BS Crop Protection 2011 2012 Bogor Agricultural Aunu Rauf University Preetha, B F India South Asia Post Doc Biotechnology TNAU S. Mohankumar/G. Karthikeyan Pulatova, Madina F Tajikistan Central Asia MS Biology 2011 2012 Tajik National University

Rahma, Atika F Indonesia Southeast Asia Gender MS Family and Child 2011 2013 Bogor Agricultural Herien Puspitwati Sciences University Rajamanickam M India South Asia PhD Plant Pathology 2009 2013 TNAU G. Karthikeyan

Rajeswari F India South Asia PhD Nematology 2010 2014 TNAU S. Ramakrishnan

Rana, Seema F India South Asia PhD Biotechnology 2012 2016 TNAU S. Mohankumar

Reynoso, Teofila F Dominican LAC MS Nematology 2010 2012 Universidad Republic Autonoma de Rusniarsyah, Lufthi M Indonesia Southeast Asia MS Entomology 2010 2012 Bogor Agricultural Aunu Rauf University

Safarzoda, Shahlo F Tajikistan Central Asia PhD Entomology 2011 Michigan State Karim Maredia

Saithya, B.K F India South Asia Post Doc Horticulture TNAU S. Mohankumar/G. Karthikeyan Sampath kumar, S. M India South Asia PhD Agricultural 2011 2013 TNAU C. Durairaj Entomology Sanglestawai, Santi M Thailand Southeast Asia Impact PhD Agricultural Economics 2007 2012 North Carolina Roderick M. Rejesus Assessment State Sarangi, Thamalika F India South Asia PhD Nematology 2012 2015 TNAU S. Ramakrishnan

Secor, William M USA LAC Gender MS Agricultural Economics 2010 2011 Virginia Tech Jeffery Alwang

Sidiq, Fajar M Indonesia Southeast Asia BS Crop Protection 2011 2012 Bogor Agricultural Sugeng Santoso University Sowell, Andrew M USA LAC MS Agricultural Economics 2009 2011 Purdue University Shively

Sparger, Adam M USA LAC PhD Agriculture 2009 2012 Virginia Tech Jeffery Alwang

Ssemwogerere, M Uganda East Africa MS Crop Protection 2010 2012 Makerere S. Kyamanywa/ J. Charles University Karungi

Sufyana, Ridwan M Indonesia Southeast Asia BS Crop Protection 2011 2012 Bogor Agricultural Aunu Rauf University

Sultana, Tahera F Bangladesh South Asia Gender MS Geography 2010 2014 University of Shahnaz Huq-Hussein Dhaka

138 Last Name, Sex Nationality Regional Global Degree Discipline Start End University Advisor First Name Project Theme Date Date

Tangkilisan, Marcel M Indonesia Southeast Asia BS Social Economics, 2010 2012 Sam Ratulangi Jen Tatuh Agribusiness University Testen, Anna F USA LAC MS Plant Pathology 2010 2012 Penn State Paul Backman University Tumwesigye, M Uganda East Africa BS Agricultural Economics 2011 2012 Makerere J. Karungi Innocent University

Udiarto, Bagus K. M Indonesia Southeast Asia PhD Entomology 2009 2011 Bogor Agricultural Purnama Hidayat University Utomo, Emod Tri M Indonesia Southeast Asia BS Agrometerology 2011 2012 Bogor Agricultural Yonny Kusmaryono University Wardans, Nila F Indonesia Southeast Asia PhD Entomology 2010 2013 Bogor Agricultural Aunu Rauf University Zseleczky, Laura F USA West Africa Gender MS Public and 2009 2012 Virginia Tech Maria Elisa Christie International Affairs

139 Short-Term Training

he IPM CRSP provides short-term training Tto build the capacity of host country institutions, scientists, students, extension agents, and others directly involved with crop protection. Specialized symposia, training events, and technical workshops are conducted in the U.S. or in program host countries and are designed to build the capacity of host country scientists and graduate students.

The program also trains growers on proper identification of plant diseases and pests and sound management practices through seminars, workshops, field days, field demonstrations, and Farmer Field Schools (FFS). IPM components and packages are also disseminated to growers using this approach. These activities are facilitated by U.S. and host country scientists, technicians, graduate students, and communication specialists.

140

IPM CRSP Non-Degree Training (Activity Summary), FY 2012

Individual Workshop Training Meeting Survey Field day/ Seminar/ Total Participation to Demonstration Conference each Type of Event

Regional Programs Latin America and 0 6 0 0 1 4 11 the Caribbean East Africa 4 3 0 0 1 0 8 West Africa 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 South Asia 1 12 0 0 0 1 14 Southeast Asia 0 7 17 0 60 4 88 Central Asia 1 1 0 0 27 0 29 Global Programs Parthenium 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 IPDN 2 2 0 0 2 0 6 IPVDN 1 3 0 0 0 1 5 Impact Assessment 0 4 0 0 0 5 9 Gender 8 2 7 0 0 1 18 Total 19 40 25 0 91 17 192

IPM CRSP Non-Degree Training (Participants Summary), FY 2012

Individual Workshop Training Meeting Survey Field day/ Seminar/ Total Participation to Demonstration Conference each Type of Event

Regional Programs Latin America and 0 489 0 0 160 151 800 the Caribbean East Africa 81 503 0 0 25 0 609 West Africa 0 0 2 0 0 2 4 South Asia 35 2526 0 0 0 47 2608 Southeast Asia 0 136 207 0 2438 939 3747 Central Asia 3 4 0 0 495 0 502 Global Programs Parthenium 55 0 0 0 0 0 55 IPDN 34 26 0 0 530 0 590 IPVDN 5 5 0 0 0 47 57 Impact Assessment 0 6 0 0 0 70 76 Gender 192 73 58 0 0 7 338 Total 405 3795 267 0 3648 1263 9378

141 Latin America and the Caribbean-Regional Project

Honduras Program Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Type Participants Training May Summer Internship, Purdue Undergraduate 2012-Aug University 3 3 Students 2012 Training (6 January Sample collection/ Extension events) 2012 diagnosis of plant viruses 122 115 7 officers/ para- technicians Field Day Feb. 23, Demonstration on IPM of Farmers 2012 tomato and pepper using 160 140 20 tunnel structures Seminar June 27, Advances in IPM in Personnel of 30 28 2 2012 Honduras ICTA Seminar July 10, Rationale for establishment Growers/ 2012 of demonstration plots in 7 5 2 students IPM for eggplant Seminar March IPM of nematodes Growers/ 28, 2012 70 69 1 extension workers Seminar Sep. 19, Use of Metarhizium for Undergraduate 2012 control of spittle bug in students (San 44 41 3 sugarcane Pedro Sula) and growers Total participants in Honduras 436 401 35 Ecuador Program Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Type Participants Training August. Data analysis at Penn State 1 1 Scientist 2012 Total participants in Ecuador 1 1 Guatemala Program Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Type Participants Training 3 Students Training March IPM for tomato, pepper, and Growers 300 250 50 2012 potato Training July 2012 Fungal and viral diseases 60 50 10 Growers Total participants in Guatemala 363 303 60 Total participants in the Latin America and the 800 705 95 Carribean

East Africa-Regional Project

Kenya Program Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Type Participants Workshop High-tunnel tomato farmers 24 14 10 production Training IPM for passionfruit Extension 57 37 20 agents/ farmers Training IPM packages 226 147 79 farmers Total participants in Kenya 307 198 109 Uganda Program Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Type Participants FFS IPM Package for tomato 25 12 13 Farmers Workshop May Plant Disease Diagnostics Crop protection 20 13 7 2012 specialists Workshop July 2012 Plant Disease Diagnostics 15 10 5 Crop protection 142 specialists Training July 2012 Plant Disease Diagnostics Farmers/ Crop 220 145 75 protection specialists Workshop May Plant Pest diagnostics-SOPs scientists 22 13 9 2012 Total participants in Uganda 302 193 109 Total participants in East Africa 609 391 218

West Africa-Regional Project

Ghana Program Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Type Participants Meeting January Planning meeting Scientists 2 2 2012 Symposium July 2012 Research and management Scientists 2 2 of plant virus diseases Total participants in Ghana 4 4 Total participants in West Africa 4 4

South Asia-Regional Project

India Program Type Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Participants Symposium July 2012 Research and management Scientists of insect-transmitted plant 47 34 13 virus diseases Training July 23, Vegetable IPM Growers 55 45 10 2012 Training January 28, Eco-friendly IPM methods Farmers 2012 for vegetable pest 700 500 200 management Workshop July 52, Awareness program on IPM Input dealers 35 35 2012 in vegetable Training January 5- Eco-friendly IPM methods Farmers 6, 2012 for vegetable pest 76 62 14 management Training April 18, Vegetable cultivation- Farmers 80 50 30 2012 Nagapattinam Dt Training April 18, Vegetable cultivation- Farmers 20 15 5 2012 Thoothukudi Dt Training April 19, Vegetable cultivation- Farmers 47 30 17 2012 Krishnagiri Dt Training July 24, Vegetable cultivation- Farmers 21 18 3 2012 Thanjavur Dt Training September Vegetable cultivation- Farmers 40 40 10, 2012 Himachal Pradesh Training October 1, Vegetable cultivation- Farmers 40 30 10 2012 Villupuram Dt Total participants in India 1161 859 302 Bangladesh Program Type Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Participants Training February 6, IPDN-Plant disease Scientists 11 7 4 2012 diagnostics Total participants in Bangladesh 11 7 4 Nepal Program Type Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Participants

143 Training Vegetable IPM Vegetable 1414 403 1011 Growers Training Grafting Technology 22 12 10 Growers Total participants in Nepal 1436 415 1021 Total participants in South Asia 2608 1281 1327

Southeast Asia-Regional Project

Cambodia Program Type Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Participants Training / 3 2012 Reviewing field protocols Field Field Days for IPM test plots, field technicians monitoring and data 300 210 90 collection procedures, and update Trichoderma production process. Total participants in Cambodia 300 210 Indonesia Training November Development of organic City officials/ 11, 2011 farming/ Transfer of IPM 18 10 8 extension Technologies officials Training December Development of organic Farming 9, 2011 farming/ Transfer of IPM 39 16 23 groups Technologies Training October Transfer of IPM Farming 31 16 15 2011 technologies in Tomohon groups Training February Organic farming/ bench Farming 42 26 16 23, 2012 terracing and IPM groups Seminar October 5, Pests and global climate Extension 2012 change 241 123 118 staff, farmers, and scientists Training October 24- Papaya mealybug 3 3 0 Scientists and 26, 2011 extension agents from Timor Leste Meeting November Plant Protection 46 27 19 Scientists, 2-4, 2011 extension agents, policy makers Seminar November, Virus diseases 38 15 23 Scientists and 11, 2011 students Meeting November Planning meeting/Project 9 6 3 Scientists 11, 2011 achievement Meeting February Planning meeting/ IPM 5 5 0 Farmers 21, 2012 research Meeting March 12, Planning meeting/ IPM 7 7 0 Farmers 2012 research Meeting April 16, IPM research 3 3 - Farmers 2012 Meeting April 19, IPM training 9 4 5 Scientists, 2012 farmers Meeting April 23, IPM research 13 7 6 Scientists 2012 Training April 25, Trichoderma and PGPR 30 18 12 Farmers, 2012 extension agents Seminar April 26, Biological control 60 27 33 Faculty, 2012 students Meeting April 30, 30 28 2 Pest 2012 observers, farmers Meeting May 1, IPM research 4 4 0 Farmers 2012

144 Meeting May 31, IPM research 5 5 0 Farmers 2012 Meeting June 12, IPM research 3 3 0 Farmers 2012 Meeting June 18, Mobile plant clinic 32 18 14 Scientists, 2012 extension agents, farmers Meeting September IPM research 9 6 3 Farmers, 13, 2012 extension agents Meeting September IPM research 3 2 1 Farmers 19, 2012 Meeting September IPM research 8 6 2 Researchers, 20, 2012 farmers Meeting September IPM research 6 3 3 Faculty, 25, 2012 students Meeting October 16, Gender research 15 3 12 Farmers 2012 Field visit November Rice stem borer 5 5 0 Extension 1, 2012 agents, farmers Seminar November IPM for rice stem borer 600 340 260 Scientists, 8, 2012 extension agents, farmers Total participants in Indonesia 1314 736 578 Philippines FFS (Farmer Oct 2011- IPM Onion: Matingkis, Farmers 49 24 25 Field School) Sept. 2012 Munoz, Nueva Ecija FFS Oct 2011- IPM Onion: San Antonio, 37 27 10 Farmers Sept. 2012 Munoz, Nueva Ecija FFS Oct 2011- IPM Onion: San Agustin, 33 26 7 Farmers Sept. 2012 STO. Domingo, Nueva Ecija FFS Oct 2011- IPM Onion: Dolores, Sto. 30 21 9 Farmers Sept. 2012 Domingo, Nueva Ecija FFS Oct 2011- IPM Onion: Marikit, 37 23 14 Farmers Sept. 2012 Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija FFS Oct 2011- IPM Onion: Cadaclan, 38 34 4 Farmers Sept. 2012 Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija FFS Oct 2011- IPM Onion: Manambong 43 33 10 Farmers Sept. 2012 Sur, Bayambang, Pangasinan FFS Oct 2011- IPM Vegetables: Palina 87 55 32 Farmers Sept. 2012 East, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan FFS Oct 2011- IPM Vegetables: Palina 37 22 15 Farmers Sept. 2012 West, Urdaneta City, Panagasinan FFS Oct 2011- IPM Vegetables: 39 23 16 Farmers Sept. 2012 Cayambanan, Urdeneta City, Pangasinan FFS Oct 2011- IPM Eggplant & Tomato: 42 23 19 Farmers Sept. 2012 Nancolobasaab, Urdaneta City, Panagasinan FFS Oct 2011- IPM Vegetables: Tulong, 39 21 18 Farmers Sept. 2012 Urdaneta City, Pangasinan FFS Oct 2011- IPM Onion:Dasay, 37 33 4 Farmers Sept. 2012 Narvacan, Ilocos Sur FFS Oct 2011- IPM Onion : San Pablo, 37 30 7 Farmers Sept. 2012 Narvacan, Ilocos Sur FFS Oct 2011- IPM Eggplant : Sapriana, 37 28 9 Farmers Sept. 2012 Sinait, Ilocos Sur FFS Oct 2011- IPM Garlic: Binacud, Sinait, 32 26 6 Farmers Sept. 2012 Ilocos Sur FFS Oct 2011- IPM Onion & Vegetables: 99 74 25 Farmers

145 Sept. 2012 Padu-Chico, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur FFS Oct 2011- IPM Eggplant: San Agustin, 35 26 9 Farmers Sept. 2012 San Niclos, Ilocos Norte FFS Oct 2011- IPM Garlic: Lipay, Vintar, 42 28 14 Farmers Sept. 2012 Ilocos Norte FFS Oct 2011- IPM Vegetables, 124 69 55 Farmers Sept. 2012 Cababaan, Pasuquin, Ilocos Norte FFS Oct 2011- IPM Onion: Carusikis, 51 38 13 Farmers Sept. 2012 Pasuquin, Ilocos Norte FFS Oct 2011- IPM Onion: Bangantalinga, 47 35 12 Farmers Sept. 2012 Iba, Zambales FFS Oct 1- Sept Vegetables: Saprina, 14 10 4 Farmers 30, 2012 Sinait, Ilocos Sur FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion: Manambong Sur, 12 12 0 Farmers 30, 2012 Bayambang, Panagasinan FFS Oct 1- Sept Vegetables: Palina West, 14 10 4 Farmers 30, 2012 Urdaneta City, Pangansinan FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion: Dasay, Narvacan, 22 18 4 Farmers 30, 2012 Ilocos Sur FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion & Vegetable: 29 26 3 Farmers 30, 2012 Tayabo, San Jose City, Nueva Ecija FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion & Vegetables: 36 30 6 Farmers 30, 2012 Palestina, San Jose City, Nueva Ecija FFS Oct 1- Sept Vegetables: Palina East, 52 30 22 Farmers 30, 2012 Urdaneta City, Pangasinan FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion, Vegetables, Melon, 15 15 0 Farmers 30, 2012 Watermelon: Matingkis, Munoz, Nueva Ecija FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion: Marikit, 28 23 5 Farmers 30, 2012 Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion: Mapangpang, 26 22 4 Farmers 30, 2012 Munoz, Nueva Ecija FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion: Calabalabaan, 19 18 1 Farmers 30, 2012 Munoz, N.E. FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion, Cadaclan, 31 27 4 Farmers 30, 2012 Pantabangan, N.E. FFS Oct 1- Sept Vegetables: Rangayan, 18 16 2 Farmers 30, 2012 Munoz, N.E. FFS Oct 1- Sept Vegetables: Bical, Munoz, 13 7 6 Farmers 30, 2012 N.E. FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion: Bangantalinga, Iba, 25 17 8 Farmers 30, 2012 Zambales FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion: Bagnong Sikat, San 20 13 7 Farmers 30, 2012 Jose, City, N.E. FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion: San Pabli, 31 27 4 Farmers 30, 2012 Narvacan, I. Sur FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion: Doloroes, Sto. 39 34 5 Farmers 30, 2012 Domingo, N.E. FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion & Garlic: 15 12 3 Farmers 30, 2012 Cabisuculan, Vintar, Ilocos Norte FFS Oct 1- Sept Garlic: Lipay, Vintar, N.E. 25 20 5 Farmers 30, 2012 FFS Oct 1- Sept Vegetables: Cababaan 93 35 58 Farmers 30, 2012 Elementary School FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion: San Fernando, Laur, 33 29 4 Farmers 30, 2012 N.E. FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion: Tugatog, Bongabon, 21 19 2 Farmers 30, 2012 N.E. FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion: Dasay, Narvacan, 22 18 4 Farmers 30, 2012 I.Sur FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion & Vegetables: 23 19 4 Farmers

146 30, 2012 Carusikis, Pasuquin, I. Norte FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion & Garlic: 32 28 4 Farmers 30, 2012 Cabisuculan, Vintar, I. Norte FFS Oct 1- Sept Eggplant: San Agustin, San 33 18 15 Farmers 30, 2012 Nicolas, I. Norte FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion & Vegetables: 18 15 3 Farmers 30, 2012 Carusikis, Pasuquin, I. Norte FFS Oct 1- Sept Vegetables: Cayambanan, 35 19 16 Farmers 30, 2012 Urdaneta City, Pangasinan FFS Oct 1- Sept Vegetables: Sta. Barbara, 30 11 19 Farmers 30, 2012 Pangasinan FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion: General Santos City 197 159 38 Farmers 30, 2012 FFS Oct 1- Sept Vegetables: Bansalan, 20 13 7 Farmers 30, 2012 Davao Del Sur FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion: Bone North, Aritao, 12 12 0 Farmers 30, 2012 Nueva Vizcaya FFS Oct 1- Sept Onion & Vegetables: San 28 16 12 Farmers 30, 2012 Antonio, Munoz, N.E. Total participants in Philippines 2133 1519 614 Total participants in Southeast Asia project 3747 2465 1282

Central Asia-Regional Project

Program Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Type Participants Farmer Field October 24, Choosing varieties, observing Students/ School 2011 seedling rates in IPM v. farmer farmers 20 15 5 standard plots, establishment of demo plot. Farmer Field March 5, How to establish flowering Farmers 20 15 5 School 2012 plants for beneficial insects. Farmer Field March 18, Herbicide application rates Farmers 20 15 5 School 2012 Farmer field April 2, 2012 Herbicide and fertilizer Farmers 20 15 5 School application Farmer field April 19, 2012 Identification of SUNN pest and Students/ 20 15 5 School its evaluations farmers Farmer Field April 30, 2012 Observation of beneficial Farmers 20 15 5 School insects in flowering plants Farmer Field May 17,2012 Identification of Sunn pest and Students/ School its evaluation Farmers 20 15 5 Identification of yellow rust v. brown rust. Farmer Field June 15,2012 Wheat yield evaluation Farmers 20 15 5 School Farmer Field October 17, Choosing varieties forrust Farmers/ School 2011 resistance, preparing plots for 20 13 7 Students planting. Farmer Field December 16, Observing seedling rates in IPM Farmers/ School 2011 v. farmer standard plots, 20 15 5 Students establishment of demo plot. Farmer Field February 28, How to establish flowering Farmers/ 20 13 7 School 2012 plants for beneficial insects students Farmer Field March 28, How to prepare of herbicide Farmers 20 12 8 School 2012 application rates. Farmer Field April 10,2012 Herbicide application. Farmers 20 12 8 School Preparation of fertilizers Farmer Field April 14,2012 Identification of cereal leaf Farmers/ 20 15 5 School beetle and its evaluations Students Farmer Field April 25,2012 Observation of beneficial 20 13 7 Farmers

147 School insects in flowering plants Farmer Field May 12,2012 Identification of cereal leaf Farmers/ 20 13 7 School beetle and its evaluations Students Farmer Field May 28,2012 Identification of yellow rust Farmers 20 15 5 School compared to brown rust Farmer Field June 19, 2012 Wheat Yield Evaluation Farmers 20 15 5 School Farmer Field December Choosing varieties, observing Farmers/ School 5,2011 seedling rates in IPM v. farmer Students 15 8 7 standard plots, establishment of demo plot Farmer Field March 20, How to establish flowering Farmers 15 8 7 School 2012 plants for beneficial insects. Farmer Field April 10,2012 How to prepare of herbicide Farmers 15 8 7 School application rates. Farmer Field April 28,2012 Accurate application of Farmers School herbicide (effectiveness rates) 15 8 7 and how to prepare fertilizer Farmer Field April 28, 2012 Identification of cereal leaf Farmers/ 15 8 7 School beetle and its evaluations. Students Farmer Field May 10, 2012 Observing beneficial insects in Farmers 15 8 7 School flowering plants Farmer Field May 31, 2012 Identification of cereal leaf Farmers/ 15 8 7 School beetle and its evaluations. Students Farmer Field June 1, 2012 Identification of yellow rust v. Farmers 15 8 7 School brown rust Farmer Field June 30, 2012 Wheat yield evaluation Farmers 15 8 7 School Workshop March 7-9, 7th International IPM Scientists / 2012 Symposium: Tajikisan IPM Ph.D Graduate 3 1 2 CRSP project & IPM Vegetable Student crop packages Training Enumerator Selection and Graduate 4 3 1 training for farmers in Uzbek Students Total Participants for Central Asia 502 332 170

Parthenium- Global Theme

Program Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Type Participants Workshop December 19- Progress and Planning Representatives 21, 2011 Workshop on Parthenium: of partner 21 16 5 Ethiopia institutions and countries. Workshop September 3- Strategic meeting to abate Members of the 4, 2012 the spread and adverse EIAR, IBC, and impact of the invasive weed 34 24 10 HU. parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) in Ethiopia. Total Participants for Parthenium 55 40 15

International Plant Diagnostic Network- IPDN Global Theme

Program Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Type Participants Workshop February 7-9, IPM CRSP Disease and Insect Scientists 11 7 4 2012 Diagnostics: Bangladesh Workshop June 28-29, Training in Tomato Bacterial Scientists 2012 Canker (Clavibacter 23 14 9 michiganensis subsp. michiganensis): Guatemala Training September Use of priority standard 22 13 9 Project

148 2012 operating procedures for Partners Passion fruit, tomato, and onion in East Africa Training September Disease and insect pest Scientists/ 15-29, 2012 diagnostic workshop at OSU 4 4 0 Graduate Student Field Day June 2012 Diagnostics of Important Growers Diseases in Solanaceous Crops Including Tomato, Potato, and 50 35 15 Peppers for Small Growers: Salama & Solola Seminar & February 15- Diagnostics of Important Agroexperts, Field Visit 17,2012 Diseases in Vegetable Crops government and Use of Immunostrips for officials, Detection of Bacterial Diseases growers, in Vegetable Crops 480 405 75 export operations, consultants, and extension personnel Total Participants for IPDN 590 478 112

International Plant Virus Disease Network-IPVDN Global Theme

Program Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Type Participants Training February 1- Diagnosis of viruses by Scientist July 31, 2012 serological and molecular 1 1 0 assays: WSU Training 2012 Virus identification techniques Scientist 1 1 0 : Guatemala Internship Summer Internship Program Undergraduate/ 2012 3 1 2 High School Students Workshop January 7-10, Seed health, certification, Scientists 2012 plant pest, and disease 5 5 0 diagnosis. Symposium July 2012 Research and management Scientists of insect-transmitted plant 47 34 13 virus diseases Total Participants for IPVDN 57 42 15

Impact Assessment- Global Theme

Program Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Type Participants Training February IPM Impact Assessment India Scientists/ 2012 3 1 2 Graduate Students Seminar February IPM Impact Assessment TNAU Scientists / 2012 60 40 20 Graduate Students Seminar February IPM Impact Assessment Nepal Scientists / 2012 2 1 1 Graduate Students Seminar February IPM Impact Assessment Scientists 3 3 0 2012 Bangladesh Seminar June 2012 IPM Impact Assessment Scientists/ Uganda 3 2 1 Graduate Students Seminar July 2012 IPM Impact Assessment Scientists 2 1 1 Ecuador Training March 8-25, Impact Assessment Study at 1 1 0 Student

149 2012 Virginia Tech Training April 15- Impact Assessment Study at Student October15, Virginia Tech 1 0 1 2012 Training June- Impact Assessment Study at Student September Virginia Tech 1 0 1 2012 Total Participants for Impact Assessment 76 49 27

Gender- Global Theme

Program Date Training Type Number of Men Women Audience Type Participants Workshop 3.8.2012 Gender training Honduras 21 7 14 Farmers Workshop 9.21.2012 Gender and Safe Use and Farmers Management of Pesticides: 24 10 14 Guatemala Workshop 6.8.2012 Gender and Safe Use and Farmers Management of Pesticides: 20 10 10 Honduras Workshop 5.11.2012 Gender Issues in Coffee Farmers 27 15 12 Production: Uganda Seminars 5.2012 Women Participation Checklist: Farmers 7 4 3 Uganda Workshop 6.9.2012 & Assessing Gendered Farmers 7.9.2012 Knowledge on Pesticide Use 42 10 32 and IPM Practices on Vegetables: Dharmapuri Workshop December 14- Gender Mainstreaming in Farmers 31 6 25 15, 2012 Agriculture: Cambodia Workshop December 2, Analysis of Gender Role in Farmers 27 12 15 2012 Home, Yard and Kitchen Training August 21-22, Refresher training on IPM Provincial 2012 Trichoderma Production and Coordinator, Application on Vegetable 18 14 4 District (included gender session): Trainers, Field Cambodia Trainers Training August- Farmer Discussion on Farmers September Trichoderma production and 55 20 35 2012 application and the gender role of farmers: Cambodia Focus Group October Gender and IPM Technology: Farmers 9 3 6 Discussions 3,2011 Philippines Focus Group November 12 Gender role in home, garden, Farmers 14 14 0 Discussion & 15, 2011 and kitchen space: Indonesia Focus Group November 20 Gender role in home, garden, Farmers 15 0 15 Discussion & 27, 2011 and kitchen space: Indonesia Focus Group May 31 & Gender role in the home, Farmers Discussion June 5, 2012 garden, and kitchen space: 20 0 20 Indonesia Total Participants for Gender 330 125 205

151 programPublications program summary

IPM CRSP program leaders, researchers, undergraduate students. IPM CRSP personnel extension workers, and students share produce pamphlets, fact sheets, training their work with a larger audience through materials, and bulletins designed to reach publications and presentations. Books, book development practitioners, extension agents chapters, and journal articles reach specialists and farmers. The program also shares its in myriad disciplines, from agricultural work with a wider audience via press releases, economics to gender studies. Symposium, success stories, and general articles. conference, and poster presentations are given to a variety of audiences, including research scientists, government administrators, and

Books Journal Presentations Pamphlets, Theses + Radio, Total + book articles + posters fact sheets, dissertations tv, press chapters (published training releases, + in press/ documents, general review) SOPs, articles technical bulletins Regional Programs Latin America 1 9 4 3 17 + Caribbean East Africa 8 24 22 1 2 57 West Africa 1 4 5 South Asia 7 11 33 5 6 62 Southeast Asia 4 12 16 Central Asia 1 1 4 1 7 Global Programs Parthenium 3 2 5 IPDN 2 5 1 8 IPVDN 1 3 24 28 Impact 1 1 Assessment Gender 7 1 8 Other Management 1 2 3 11 17 Entity Total 10 34 128 32 8 19 231

152 Alabi, O.J., M.A. Rwahnih, G. Karthikeyan, S Poojari, Books and book M. Fuchs, A. Rowhani, and N. Rayapati. 2011. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 occurs as genetically diverse chapters populations. Phytopathology 101: 1446–1456. 10.1094/ PHYTO-04-11-0114. Alice, D., G. Karthikeyan, and S. K. Manoranjitham. 2012. Fundamentals of Plant Pathology and Disease Manage- Duraisamy, R., S. Natesan, R. Muthurajan, G. ment, TNAU, CBE Publishers. Karthikeyan, P. Lakshmanan, N. Karuppusamy, and M. Chokkappan. 2012. Molecular Studies on the trans- Gajendran, G., D. Dinakaran, K. Senthamizh, S. Mohan- mission of Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) and Sri kumar, G. Karthikeyan, V. Jayabal, P. Kalaiselvan, and Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV) in cassava by B. Saravanan. 2012. Integrated Pest Management in Bemisia tabaci and Cloning of ICMV and SLCMV Repli- Vegetable Crops. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, case Gene from Cassava. Mol Biotechnol. DOI 10.1007/ Coimbatore, India. s12033-012-9503-1.

Jalilov, A., Z. Eshanova, C. Azamov, and R. Sharma. 2012. Gomez, Michael, T. Ramasubramanian, S. Mohankumar. Efficiency of resistance genes of wheat to pathogen of a 2011. Potential RAPD markers for population studies in yellow and brown rust in Tajikistan. In Actual problems, tree legumes. Pak. J. Bot. 43 (4): 1879–1883. prospects of development of agriculture for maintenance of food security in Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Kon, T. and R.L. Gilbertson . 2011. Two genetically related begomoviruses causing Tomato leaf curl disease in Togo Mohankumar, S., N. Balakrishnan, and R. Samiyappan. and Nigeria differ in virulence and host range but do not 2012. Biotechnological and Molecular Approaches in the require a betasatellite for induction of disease symptoms. Management of Pests and Diseases of Crop Plants, pp. Arch. Virology 157: 107–120. 92-118. In D.P. Abrol and Uma Shankar (eds.), Integrated Pest Management: Principles and Practice, CABI, UK. Muniappan, R., G. W. Watson, L. Vaughan, R. Gilbertson, and M. Noussourou. 2012. New records of mealybugs, scale Muniappan, R., B. M. Shepard, G. R. Carner, and P. A. Ooi. insects, and whiteflies (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) from 2012. Arthropod Pests of Horticultural Crops in Tropical Mali and Senegal. Journal of Agriculture and Urban Ento- Asia. CABI, UK. mology 28: 1–7.

Prabhu, M., S. Natarajan, and L. Pugalendhi. 2012. Resis- Muniappan, R., G. W. Watson, G. A. Evans, A. Rauf, and tance Breeding in Brinjal. VDM Verlag. Dr. Muller GmBH N. von Ellenrieder. 2012. Cycad aulacaspis scale, a Newly & CO, Germany. Introduced Insect Pest in Indonesia. HAYATI 19 (3): 110–114. Ramakrishnan, S., M. Sivakumar, and E. I. Jonathan (eds.). 2012. Nematology. Open and Distance Learning Ochwo-Ssemakula, M., T. Sengooba, J. J. Hakiza, E. Unit, TNAU, CBE Publishers. Adipala, R. Edema, M. G. Redinbaugh, V. Aritua, and S. Winter. 2012. The Characterization and distribution of a Savitha, B., P. Paramaguru, and L. Pugalendhi. 2012. Potyvirus associated with passion fruit woodiness disease Standardization of fertigation in onion (Allium cepa L.). in Uganda. Plant Disease 96 (5): 659–665. DOI: 10.1094/ Lambert Academic Publishing Agency, USA. PDIS-03-11-0263.

Srimathi, P., G. Sasthri, V. A. Sathyamurthy, and L. Omane, E., K. A. Oduro, E. W. Cornelius, I. Y. Opoku, A. Pugalendhi. 2011. Seed treatment in Vegetable Crops, pp. Y. Akrofi, K. Sharma, P. L. Kumar, and R. Bandyopadhyay. 197-254. In M.K. Rana (ed.), Fundamentals of Vegetable 2012. First report of leaf blight of taro (Colocasia esculenta) Production, NIPA, New Delhi. caused by Phytophthora colocasiae in Ghana. Plant Disease 96: 292. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-09-11-0789. Vetrivelkalai, P., T. Senthilkumar, I. Cannayane, R. Sun- daram, and S. Ramakrishnan. 2012. Sri Sakthi Promo- Osei, K., M. K. Osei, M. B. Mochiah, J. Lamptey, J. tional Litho Process, India. Bolfrey-Arku, and J. N. Berchie. 2012. Plant parasitic nematodes associated with tomato in Ghana. Nematol. Medit. 40: 33–37. articles Polatewitch, A.M., H. K. Ngugi, and P. A. Backman. 2012. Assessment of application timing of Bacillus spp. Published in refereed publications to suppress pre- and post-harvest diseases of apple. Plant Disease 96. 10.1094/PDIS-05-11-038. Abdullah, T. and A. Rauf. 2011. Population characteristics and infestation of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis Prabhu, M., S. Natarajan, and L. Pugalendhi. 2011. Mean (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in relation with yield loss. J Fito- performance of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) intespe- medika 7. cific progenies. Indian J.Agric.Res. 45 (3): 249–252.

Abida, P.S., S. Mohankumar, and P. Yasodha. 2011. Cross Praneetha, S., V. Rajashree, and L. Pugalendhi. 2012. species microsatellite marker amplification inSolanum Association of Characters on Yield and shoot and fruit lycopersicon Mill. Int. J. Trop. Agr. 29 (1-2): 139–143. resistance in brinjal (Solanum melongena). Electronic journal of Plant Breeding 2 (4): 574–577. Alabi, O.J., J. M. Crosslin, N. Saidov, and N. Rayapati. 2012. First Report of Potato virus Y in Potato in Tajikistan. Disease Notes. Plant Disease 96 (7): 1074. http://dx.doi. org/10.1094/PDIS-03-12-0249-PDN.

153 Rajendran, L., R. Ramjegathesh, V. Shanthiyaa, T. Manoranjithan, S.K., M. Kavino, G. Thiribhuvanamala, Raguchander, G. Karthikeyan, and R. Samiyappan. 2012. T. Ganapathy, R. Rabindran, and N. Kumar. Detection Biocontrol potential and mode of action of the strains EPC of banana streak virus (BSV) Tamil Nadu isolate (India) 5 and EPC 8 of endophytic bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. and its serological relationship with other badna viruses. Indian Phytopath 65 (2): 122–127. African J. Biotechnology. In press.

Ramakrishnan, S. and S. P. Deepa. 2011. Management of Waiganjo, M., M. Menza, C. Gathambiri, S. Kuria, P. nematode fungal disease complex of medicinal coleus using Mueke, C. Njeru, R. Ssonko, M. Kleinhenz, J. Kovach, Trichoderma viride. Indian Journal of Nematology 41 (2): S. Kyamanywa, S. Miller, and M. Erbaugh. Use of high 160–162. tunnel and grafting for increased tomato crop growth, yield and fruit quality among small holder farmers in Kirinyaga Sharmila, R.S., S. Kumar, and S. Ramakrishnan. 2012. District, Kenya. International Journal of Agricultural Sci- Parasitizing ability of Pasteuria penetrans on phytonema- ence. In press. todes. Journal of Biopesticides 5: 33–35.

Sparger, J.A., J. Alwang, G.W. Norton, M. Rivera, and Working papers under internal review D. Breazeale. 2011. Designing an IPM Research Strategy to Benefit Poor Producers and Consumers in Honduras. Arida, G.S., B. S. Punzal, B. M. Shepard, and E. G. Journal of Integrated Pest Management 2 (3): 1–9. Rajotte. Parasitism of leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Bur- gess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) larvae in onion grown after Sumathi, P., P. Muthiah, P. Veerabadhiran, K. Thiyaga- rice in Central Luzon, Phillipines. (Reviewing publication rajan, T. S. Raveendran, B. Selvi, G. Karthikeyan, and P. unknown.) Santhi. 2012. New High Yielding Short Duration Pearl Millet Hybrid: TNAU Cumbu Hybrid CO 9. Madras Agric. Arida, G.S., B. S. Punzal, B. M. Shepard, and E. G. J 99 (1-3): 14–17. Rajotte. Field evaluation of sticky board traps for leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agro- Thangamani, P.R., K. Prabakar, P. Mohammed Faisal, G. myzidae) Management in onion (Allium cepa Linn.). Karthikeyan, and T. Raguchander. 2011. Morphological (Reviewing publication unknown.) and Physiological Characterization of Colletotrichum musae the causal organism of Banana Anthracnose. World Meya, A.I., D. P. Mamiro, P. M. Kusolwa, A. P. Maerere, Journal of Agricultural Sciences 7 (6): 743–754. K. P. Sibuga, J. M. Erbaugh, and H. D. Mtui. Tomato late blight disease management by using reduced fungi- Thiribhuvanamala, G., S. Krishnamoorthy, K. Manoran- cide spray regimes: A case study of Morogoro, Tanzania. jitham, V. Praksasm, and S. Krishnan. 2012. Improved (Working paper under internal review.) techniques to enhance the yield of paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) for commercial cultivation. African J. Mtui, H.D., A. P. Maerere, M. A. Bennett, and K. P. Biotechnology 11 (64): 12740–12748. Sibuga. Effect of mulch and different fungicide spray regimes on yield and yield components of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Tanzania. (Working paper under Under review/in press (refereed internal review.) publications) Review Batuman, O. and R. L. Gilbertson. The first report of Columnea latent viroid (CLVd) in tomato in West Africa. Magina, F. L. 2012. A Review of Coffee Pest Management Plant Disease (in review). in Tanzania. Coffee Research Institute.

Bonabana-Wabbi, J., D. B. Taylor, and V. Kasenge. A limited Dependent Analysis of Integrated Pest Management in Uganda. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. Theses/ In press. dissertations Bonabana-Wabbi, J., J. Kirinya, and D. B. Taylor. Adop- tion of IPM technologies in Hot Pepper farm enterprises Beyera, Sheleme. 2012. Life Cycle, Host Specificty and in South Western Uganda. .Journal of Development and Effectiveness of the Stem-boring Weevil, Listronotus seto- Agricultural Economics. In press. sipennis (Hustache) Against Parthenium hysterophorus L. Under Quarantine Conditions. Theses and Dissertations, Bonabana-Wabbi, J., and D. B. Taylor. Willingness to Pay Ambo University College. to Avoid Consumption of Pesticide Residues in Uganda: An Experimental Auction Approach. African Journal of Buckmaster, Amy. 2012. Going the Distance: The Impact of Agricultural and Resource Economics. In press. Distance to Market on Smallholders Crop and Technology Choices. Theses and Dissertations, Virginia Polytechnic Dinakaran, D., G. Gajendran, S. Mohankumar, G. Institute and State University. Karthikeyan, S. A. Thiruvudainambi, E. I. Jonathan, R. Samiyappan, D. Pfeiffer, and E. G. Rajotte. Evaluation Megersa, Firehiwot. 2012. Analysis of information and of Integrated Pest and Disease Management package for communication network on parthenium infestation among Shallots in Tamil Nadu, India - A Farmer’s Participatory farmers in Tulo District, West Hararghe Zone of Oromia Approach. Journal of Integrated Pest Management (in Regional State, Ethiopia. Theses and Dissertations, Hara- review). maya University.

154 Omayio, D. 2012. Research methods support for Horticul- Durairaj, C., J. Rajeshkumar, S. Mohankumar, A.R. tural Research at Kenya Agricultural Research Institute- Prasad, G. Gajendran, Dough Pfeiffer, S. Karupusamy, and Thika. Theses and Dissertations, JKUAT University. E.I. Jonathan. 2012. Monitoring of Leucinodes orbonalis and Plutella xylostella in India. 7th International IPM Pulatova, Madina. 2012. Biology of Cereal leaf beetle and Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. their method of control. Theses and Dissertations. Fayad, A. 2012. Capacity Building and short term training: Secor, W.G. 2012. Two Essays on Evaluation Challenges Requirements for successful technology transfer for IPM. in Integrated Pest Management: An Evaluation Design 7th International IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March for the Onion ipmPIPE and Identifying Women’s Crops 27-29, 2012. and Agricultural Technologies. Theses and Dissertations, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Gajendran, G., D. Dinakaran, S. Mohankumar, G. Karthikeyan, C. Durairaj, S. Ramakrishnan, E.I. Jona- Zseleczky, L. 2012. Gender and Pest Management in than, R. Samiyappan, and V. Jayabal. 2012. IPM packages Ghana: Implications for the Introduction of an IPM for vegetable crops in India. 7th International IPM Sympo- Program for Tomato. Theses and Dissertations, Virginia sium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Polytechnic Institute and State University. Gathambiri, C. W., M. M. Waigonjo, M. Menza, D. Omayio, and J. K. Gitonga. 2011. Effect of high tunnel production on postharvest quality and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon Presentations esculentum Mill). Horticultural Association of Kenya conference, Maputo, Mozambique, December 7-10, 2011.

Conference/symposium (with Gitonga, K.J., MM Waiganjo, C. Gathambiri, M. Menza, published abstracts) R. Amata, S. Wepukhulu, M Erbaugh, and D Taylor. 2011. Market characterization of smallholder onion traders in Alam, S. N. 2012. Pheromone traps as a component of Kenya: The case of Wakulima and Karatina markets. Hor- bitter gourd pest management in Bangladesh. 7th Interna- ticultural Association of Kenya Conference, Pwani Univer- tional IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. sity, Kenya, December 6-9, 2011.

Alwang, J. 2012. Capacity building and short term training Gyawali, B. K. 2012. Development of IPM packages for in Latin America and the Caribbean. 7th International vegetable crops specially cucumber and tomato in Nepal. IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. 7th International IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Auxcilia, J., K.B. Soorianathasundaram, S.K. Manoran- jitham, N. Seenivasan, and V. Manju. 2012. Impact of Harris, L. 2012. Modeling a cost-effective IPM dissemina- climate change on banana: an analysis of performance of tion strategy for vegetables in Bangladesh. 7th Interna- banana cultivars under Coimbatore conditions. National tional IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Conference on adaption to climate change for sustained production of banana, Jain Hills, Jalgaon, Maharastra, Isoto, Rosemary, J.M. Erbaugh, and D. Kraybill. 2012. 2012. Assessing impacts of Participatory Agricultural Research on Livelihoods of Arabica Coffee Farmers in Manafwa Dis- Bhanu, K.R.M. 2012. Coffee stem borer monitoring in trict, Uganda. 27th Annual conference of AIAEE, Nakorn Nepal and India. 7th International IPM Symposium, Mem- Pathom Province, Thailand, May 20-24, 2012. phis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Manoranjitham, S.K., N. Seenivasan, J. Auxcilia, and K. Bhanu, K.R.M. 2012. Monitoring of Helicopvera and Soorianathasundaram. 2012. Influence of weather factors Spodoptera in tomato in South Asia. 7th International IPM on leaf spot incidence. National Conference on adaption to Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. climate change for sustained production of banana, Jain Hills, Jalgaon, Maharastra, April 7-10, 2012. Bowman, J. 2012. USAID’s agricultural research strategy and the role of IPM. 7th International IPM Symposium, Mian, Y. 2012. IPM packages for vegetable crops in Ban- Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. gladesh. 7th International IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Buckmaster, A. 2012. IPM and distance to market: Concep- tual model and example from Honduras. 7th International Miller, Sally. 2012. IPM CRSP International Plant Disease IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Network: A gateway to IPM implementation. 7th Interna- tional IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Chaudhary, M. 2012. Outreach education and plant pest diagnostics in villages of Karnataka, India. 7th Interna- Miller, Sally. 2012. Grafting eggplant to manage soilborne tional IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. diseases: an international perspective. Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Providence, Rhode Christie, M. E. 2012. Gender and participatory methods Island, August 4-8, 2012. workshops in IPM CRSP. 7th International IPM Sympo- sium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Muniappan, M. 2012. Trichoderma in Asian agriculture. 7th International IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March Deom, C.M. 2012. Genetically engineered resistance for 27-29, 2012. management of virus diseases. 7th International IPM Sym- posium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Nakkeeran, S. 2012. Use of Trichoderma in India. 7th International IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012.

155 Otipa, M, M. Waiganjo, E. Ateka, E. Mamati, D. Miano, Zalom, F. 2012. IPM packages for vegetable crops in Cen- R. Amata, L. Wasilwa, J. Mureithi, M. Erbaugh, and F. tral Asia. 7th International IPM Symposium, Memphis, Qui. 2011. Factors influencing high prevalence of passion TN, March 27-29, 2012. fruit viruses in smallholder production systems in Kenya. Horticultural Association of Kenya Conference, Pwani University, Kenya, December 6-9, 2011. Conference/symposium Adkins, S. 2012. Management of Plant Virus Diseases. Pfeifffer, D.G. 2012. IPM packages developed for cabbage Symposium on Research and Management of Insect-trans- in West Africa. 7th International IPM Symposium, Mem- mitted Virus Diseases in Vegetables in the Tropics and phis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Subtropics, TNAU, Coimbatore, India, July 10-13, 2012. Pugalendhi, L., S. Mohankumar, B.K. Savitha, and Aravin- Asokan, R., K.B. Rebijith, and N.K. Kumar. 2012. tharaj. 2012. Field screening of chilli (Capsicum annuum l.) Research on insect vectors in India. Symposium on entries against thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis). 7th Interna- Research and Management of Insect-transmitted Virus tional IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Diseases in Vegetables in the Tropics and Subtropics, Rahman, A. 2012. Status of Trichoderma research and TNAU, Coimbatore, India, July 10-13, 2012. development in Bangladesh. 7th International IPM Sympo- Balakrishnan, N., R. Aravintharaj, B. Preetha, and S. sium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Mohankumar. 2012. Survey and detection of Peanut bud Rapusas, H. 2012. Status of Trichoderma research and necrosis virus through RT-PCR in tomato from different development in the Philippines. 7th International IPM locations of Tamil Nadu. IV National symposium on plant Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. protection in Horticultural crops, IIHR, Bangalaru, April 25-28, 2012. Rapusas, H. 2012. IPM packages for cruciferous crops in the Philippines. 7th International IPM Symposium, Mem- Barrera, V. 2012. Manejo Integrado de Plagas IPM-CRSP phis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Ecuador 1998-2014. IICA workshop, Guatemala City, Gua- temala, June 22, 2012. Rauf, A., B.M. Shepard, G.R. Carner, E. Benson, G. Sch- nabel, and M.D. Hammig. 2012. IPM tactics for vegetable Brown, J.K. 2012. Diseases of vegetable crops caused by crops in Indonesia. 7th International IPM Symposium, insect-transmitted viruses and the potato psyllid-trans- Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. mitted Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum in Latin America and the Caribbean Region. Symposium on Research and Rauf, A., N. Wienarto, B.M. Shepard, G.R. Carner, M.D. Management of Insect-transmitted Virus Diseases in Veg- Hammig, E.P. Benson, and G. Schnabel. 2012. Technology etables in the Tropics and Subtropics, TNAU, Coimbatore, Transfer Through Farmer Field School in Indonesia. 7th India, July 10-13, 2012. International IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Chaudhary, M. 2012. Role of plant Clinics in diagnosing and recommending appropriate management strategies Rayapati, N. and G. Karthikeyan. 2012. An integrated for virus diseases in research and management of insect approach for managing Peanut bud necrosis virus disease transmitted virus diseases in vegetables in tropics and in tomato in India. 7th International IPM Symposium, subtropics. Symposium on Research and Management of Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Insect-transmitted Virus Diseases in Vegetables in the Tropics and Subtropics, Coimbatore, India, July 10-13, Sall, D. 2012. Potential use of pheromoes in biocontrol 2012. based IPM programs in Senegal. 7th International IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Damayanti, T.A. 2011. Application of chitosan in controlling Bean common mosaic virus infecting yard long bean. Secor, W. 2012. Assessing the economic value of the Onion ISSAAS International Symposium & Congress, Bogor, ipmPIPE. 7th International IPM Symposium, Memphis, Indonesia, November 2011. TN, March 27-29, 2012. Damayanti, T.A. 2011. Application of five leaf extracts for Secor, W. and J. Alwang. 2012. IPM packages for vegetable management of Bean common mosaic virus on yard long crops in Ecuador and Honduras. 7th International IPM bean. National conference and seminar of Indonesian Plant Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Pathology Society, Solo, Central Java, December 2011.

Tolin, S.A. 2012. Genetics, genomics and R genes for virus Deepa, S.P., S. Ramakrishanan, S. Mohankumar, and disease management. 7th International IPM Symposium, G. Karthikeyan. 2011. Integrated Pest Management in Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. vegetables. National symposium, Nematodes: A challenge under changing climate and agricultural practices, Tolin, S.A. 2012. International Plant Virus Disease Kovalam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, November 16-18, Network (IPVD) – Training in plant virus detection and 2011. diagnosis, capacity building, and delivery of IPM packages. 7th International IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March Durairaj, C., R. Rajeshkumar, G. Ravi, and S. Sambath- 27-29, 2012. kumar. 2012. Sex pheromone polymorphism of Helicov- erpa armigera Hubner and Leucinides orbonalis Guenee Uma, K. 2012. A perspective on gender issues and IPM and response of different age groups of male moths to CRSP activities in India. 7th International IPM Sympo- their respective pheromone blends. Second International sium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Symposium of Biopesticides and Ecotoxocological Network, Kasetsart University, Thailand, September 24-26, 2012.

156 Gilbertson, R.L. 2012. Diversity, biology and management Mersie, W. 2012. Efforts towards the Management of the of begomoviruses and their diseases in West Africa. Sympo- Invasive Weed, Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) sium on Research and Management of Insect-transmitted in Eastern and Southern Africa. 6th International Weed Virus Diseases in Vegetables in the Tropics and Subtropics, Science Congress, Hangzhou, China, 2012. TNAU, Coimbatore, India, July 10-13, 2012. Miller, Sally. 2012. USAID IPM CRSP Activities in East Gilbertson, R.L. 2012. Emerging viral and other diseases of Africa and Synergy. IITA Project Inception Workshop, processing tomatoes: Biology, diagnosis and management. Arusha, TZ, March 1-2, 2012. 12th ISHS Symposium on the Processing Tomato, Beijing, China, June 9-11, 2012. Mohankumar, S., B. Preetha, S.P. Deepa, G. Karthikeyan, C. Durairaj, and S. Ramakrishnan. 2012. Farmer par- Goodin, M. 2012. Molecular aspects of plant viruses. ticipatory approach for development of Integrated Pest Symposium on Research and Management of Insect-trans- Management package in Okra. IV National symposium on mitted Virus Diseases in Vegetables in the Tropics and plant protection in Horticultural crops, IIHR, Bangalaru, Subtropics, TNAU, Coimbatore, India, July 10-13, 2012. April 25-28, 2012.

Hidayat, S.H. 2011. Application of nucleic acid hybrid- Mohankumar, S., S. Srividhya, V. Selvam, B. Preetha, ization for detection of geminivirus. National conference K. Bharathi, and D.S. Rajavel. 2012. Genetic diversity and seminar of Indonesian Plant Pathology Society, Solo, analysis of Nilaparvata lugens populations using nuclear Central Java, December 2011. and mitochondrial markers. International Symposium on 100 Years of Rice Science and Beyond, TNAU, Coimbatore, Hidayat, S.H., T.A. Damayanti, and R.A. Naidu. 2012. India, January 9-12, 2012. Virus diseases of vegetable crops in Indonesia.. Symposium on Research and Management of Insect-transmitted Virus Mohankumar, S., G. Karthikeyan, C. Durairaj, S. Ramak- Diseases in Vegetables in the Tropics and Subtropics, rishnan, G. Gajendran, D. Dinakaran, E.I. Jonathan, TNAU, Coimbatore, India, July 10-13, 2012. and R. Samiyappan. 2011. Scope of farmer- participatory system approach in evaluating, promoting and dissemi- Jacobsen, B.J. 2012. Induced resistance: a tool in managing nating eco-friendly IPM. National seminar on biotechnolog- virus diseases. Symposium on Research and Management ical approaches in pest management, Madras University, of Insect-transmitted Virus Diseases in Vegetables in the December 16-17, 2011. Tropics and Subtropics, TNAU, Coimbatore, India, July 10-13, 2012. Muniyappa, V. 2012. Applied plant virus research in India. Symposium on Research and Management of Insect-trans- Karthikeyan, G., S.K. Manoranjitham, S. Mohankumar, mitted Virus Diseases in Vegetables in the Tropics and R. Samiyappan, E.I. Jonathan, G. Chandrasekar, and R.A. Subtropics, TNAU, Coimbatore, India, July 10-13, 2012. Naidu. 2012. Development of integrated management strategies for the management of Peanut bud necrosis virus Muqit, A. and R.A. Naidu. 2012. Virus disease problems of disease in tomato in India. Symposium on Research and vegetable crops in Bangladesh. Symposium on Research Management of Insect-transmitted Virus Diseases in Veg- and Management of Insect-transmitted Virus Diseases in etables in the Tropics and Subtropics, TNAU, Coimbatore, Vegetables in the Tropics and Subtropics, TNAU, Coim- India, July 10-13, 2012. batore, India, July 10-13, 2012.

Kaushik, N., V. Sharma, V. Joshi. 2012. Evaluation, Vali- Ramakrishnan, S., S.P. Deepa, B. Preetha, S. Mohan- dation and Economic Analyis of IPM Technology in Tomato kumar, G. Karthikeyan, and C. Durairaj. 2012. Integrated through Farmer Participatory Approach. 2012 APS Annual Pest Management in Brinjal. IV National symposium on Meeting, Providence, Rhode Island, August 4-8, 2012. plant protection in Horticultural crops, IIHR, Bangalaru, April 25-28, 2012. Kaushik, N., V. Sharma, and V. Joshi. 2011. Evaluation, Validation and Economic Analysis of IPM Technology in Rauf, A. 2011. Impact of climate changes on insect pests. Tomato through Farmer Participatory Approach. National Plant and Animal Protection Society of Indonesia (MPTHI), Symposium on Biodiversity and Food Security- Challenges Palembang (South Sumatera), October 5-7, 2011. & Strategies, Kanpur, December 10-11, 2011. Rayapati, N. 2012. Research and capacity building for Lamptey, J. N. L., M. Osei, M. B. Mochiah, K. Osei, J. N. management of insect-transmitted virus diseases in veg- Berchie, and G. Bolfrey-Arku. 2012. Serological detection of etables in Asia. Symposium on Research and Management Cucumber mosaic virus and Tobacco mosaic virus infecting of Insect-transmitted Virus Diseases in Vegetables in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Ghana. International Tropics and Subtropics, TNAU, Coimbatore, India, July Plant Virology Symposium, Coimbatore, India, July 2012. 10-13, 2012.

Maharani, Y., A. Rauf, D. Sartiami, and R. Anwar. 2012. Rosa, C. 2012. Plant virus disease vector control via Effects of host plants on various life history and demo- modern technology: RNAi and the Sociological Compo- graphic parameters of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus nents of IPM strategies. Symposium on Research and marginatus (Williams & Granara de Willink) (Hemiptera: Management of Insect-transmitted Virus Diseases in Veg- Pseudococcidae). National Seminar, Entomological Society etables in the Tropics and Subtropics, TNAU, Coimbatore, of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia, January 24-26, 2012. India, July 10-13, 2012.

Mersie, W. 2012. Abating the Weed Parthenium (Parthe- nium hysterophorus L.) Damage in Eastern Africa Using Integrated Cultural and Biological Control Measures - 2009-2014. 6th International Weed Science Congress, Hangzhou, China, June 17-22, 2012.

157 Sarr, J.M.L., D. Sall, E.V. Koly, A. Kane, and D.G. Pfeiffer. Mohankumar, S. 2011. Plant responses to abiotic and biotic 2011. Larvicidal effects of Baccillus thuringiensis and stresses: signals and cross talks. ICAR CAFT training, azadirachtin on Senegalese (West Africa) populations of TNAU, Coimbatore, India, November 22, 2011. Crocidolomia pavonana (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Cram- bidae) under laboratory conditions.. Entomological Society Mohankumar, S. 2012. Identification of Whitefly and USE of America Annual Meeting, Reno, NV, November 13-16, of SSR Markers to Characterize Whitefly Populations. 2011. Insect and disease diagnostics workshop, Gazipur, Bangla- desh, February 7-9, 2012. Sartiami, D., A. Rauf, B.M. Shepard, T.A. Damayanti, N. Rayapati, and M.D. Hammig. 2012. Thrips associated with Mohankumar, S. 2011. Allele mining for insect resistance. vegetable crops in West Java, Indonesia. Symposium on NAIP sponsored training, TNAU, Coimbatore, India, Research and Management of Insect-transmitted Virus October 18, 2011. Diseases in Vegetables in the Tropics and Subtropics, Coimbatore, India, July 10-13, 2012. Sseruwagi, P., S. Tolin, F. Qu, M. Otipa, Z. Kinyua, and S. Miller. 2012. Use of Serology in pest diagnostics: principles, Senthilkumar, T., S. Ramakrishanan, and E.I. Jonathan. practices and format. Plant Disease and Insect Pest Diag- 2011. Studies on isolation and effect of glomalin on bio- nostics (IPDN) workshop, Sokoine, University; Morogoro, logical variation of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incog- Tanzania, April 30-May 5, 2012. nita. National symposium, Nematodes: A challenge under changing climate and agricultural practices, Kovalam, Sseruwagi, P., D. Mamiro, I. Ramanthani, S. Tolin, and F. Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, November 16-18, 2011. Qu. 2012. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for diagnostics of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV).. Plant Sharmila, R., S. Ramakrishanan, S.P. Deepa, and I. Can- Disease and Insect Pest Diagnostics (IPDN) workshop, nayane. 2011. Influence of flyash onMeloidogyne incog- Sokoine, University; Morogoro, Tanzania, April 30-May 5, nita. National symposium, Nematodes: A challenge under 2012. changing climate and agricultural practices, Kovalam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, November 16-18, 2011. Waiganjo, M. 2012. Standard operating procedures for onion thrips.. Trainees working in diagnostic laboratories, Sherwood, J.L. 2012. Perspective on the Direction of Sokoine, University; Morogoro, Tanzania, May 1-4, 2012. Research, Extension and Education in Plant Pathology. Symposium on Research and Management of Insect-trans- Waiganjo, M. 2012. High tunnel arthropod pests and their mitted Virus Diseases in Vegetables in the Tropics and management and Common types of high tunnels and their Subtropics, TNAU, Coimbatore, India, July 10-13, 2012. essential IPM components. Tunnel Tomato, KARI-Thika, June 7, 2012. Sseruwagi, P., M. Otipa, M. Ssemakula, J. Karungi, W. Arinaitwe, S. Kyamanywa, and S. Tolin. 2012. Progress of Waiganjo, M., D. Gikaara, M. Menza, C Gathambiri, P research on IPM strategies for viruses affecting vegetables Mueke, C. Njeru, R Ssonko, M.S. Kleinhenz, S. Miller, and in East Africa. Theme: Management of Insect-transmitted M. Erbaugh. 2011. Greenhouse Farming As An Alternative Virus Diseases in Vegetables in the Tropics and Subtropics. To Open Field Production: Research Experience. K.A.R.I. Symposium on Research and Management of Insect-trans- Presented during the Agrotunnel Workshop, Nairobi, mitted Virus Diseases in Vegetables in the Tropics and November 20, 2011. Subtropics, TNAU, Coimbatore, India, July 10-13, 2012.

Zseleczky, L., M.E. Christie, and J. Haleegoah. 2012. Other Gender, pesticides, and embodiment: Proposing alternative Amata, R, M Otipa, M. Waiganjo, S. Kyamanyua, M. technologies for pest management among tomato farmers Erbaugh, and S. Miller. 2011. IPM CRSP Passion fruit in Ghana. Gender, Bodies & Technology: (Dis)Integrating Research in Kenya. Steering Committee meeting, Moro- Frames, Roanoke, VA, April 27, 2012. goro, Tanzania, 2011. Training/workshop Barrera, V. 2012. Manejo Integrado de Plagas IPM-CRSP Ecuador Año 3. IPM CRSP regional meeting, Solola, Gua- Gathambiri, C., M. Waiganjo, and S. Kiiru. 2012. Tomato temala, June 20, 2012. Post harvest handling and safety practices. Farmers in Kirinyaga. Farmer Field Day presentation, Kirinyaga, Bonabana-Wabbi, J. 2012. Pesticide Use and Risks to Hor- Kenya, February 2, 2012. ticultural Farmers in Uganda. College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences seminar series, Uganda, March 9, Gathambiri, C., M. Waiganjo, and S. Kiiru. 2011. Soil 2012. Solarization. Farmer Field Day presentation, Kirinyaga, Kenya, 2011. Christie, M.E. 2012. Integrating gender and increasing women’s participation: experiences from Peanut. Horticul- Mbaca, Jesca. 2012. Tomato Nursery Preparation. High ture CRSP annual meeting, Bangkok, Thailand, February Tunnel Tomato Training, KARI-Thika, June 7, 2012. 11, 2012.

Mbaca, Jesca. 2012. Tomato Diseases and Their Manage- Gallegos, P. and C. Asaquibay. 2012. Integrated Pest ment. High Tunnel Tomato Training, KARI-Thika, June 7, Management: Science for Agricultural Growth in Latin 2012. America and the Caribbean. Actividad: Desarrollo de com- ponentes tecnológicos para el manejo integrado de plagas Mbaca, Jesca. 2012. The Essence Of High Tunnel Veg- en el cultivo de papa (Solanun tuberosum) y mora (Rubus etable Production. High Tunnel Tomato Training, KARI- glaucus). IPM CRSP Regional meeting, Solola, Guatemala, Thika, June 7, 2012. June 20, 2012.

158 Miller, Sally. 2012. Banana Xanthomonas Wilt: Diagnosing Kirinya, Julian, J. Bonabana-Wabbi, D. Taylor, G. Norton, and Managing a Destructive Invasive Pathogen. Tec- M. Mangheni, J.M. Erbaugh, S. Kyamanywa, J. Karungi, nológico de Monterrey, Hidalgo, Mexicao, March 22, 2012. and G. Tusiime. 2012. Pesticide use and risks in horticultural farm enterprises in Uganda. 7th International IPM Mohankumar, S. 2012. Genetic diversity of insect pest pop- Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. ulations. CAFT on Pest Management in Precision farming, TNAU, Coimbatore, India, February 15, 2012. Kyamanywa, S., P. Kucel, G. Kagezi, K. Nafuna, C. Ssem- wogerere, J. Kovach, and J.M. Erbaugh. 2012. IPM of the Ochoa, J., V. Barrera, P. Gallegos, B. Gugino, P.A. white stem borer and root mealybugs on Arabica coffee in Backman, and J. Alwang. 2012. Manejo Integrado de the Mt. Elgon region in Uganda. 7th International IPM Plagas en Frutales nativos. IPM CRSP Regional meeting, Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Solola, Guatemala, June 20, 2012. Maredia, K. and J. Landis. 2012. Ecologically-based IPM Rauf, A. 2012. Factors causing the outbreaks of rice brown Packages for Food Security Crops in Central Asia. 7th plathopper. Unknown, Banten, February 2, 2012. International IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Rayapati, N. 2012. Virus diseases and their impacts and management. National Institute of Plant Health Manage- Melgarejo, T.A., T. Kon, and R. L. Gilbertson. 2012. Iden- ment, Hyderbad, July 20, 2012. tification and characterization of a new bipartite begomovirus associated with yellow mosaic disease of Jatropha Rayapati, N. 2012. Collaborative research on plant virus sp. in Dominican Republic. 2012 APS Annual Meeting, diseases. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, August 4-8, 2012. Gazipur, Bangladesh, April 25, 2012. Mersie, W., L. Strathie, A. McConnachie, K. Zewdie, L. Waiganjo, M. 2011. Overview of the National Horticultural Nigatu, I. Fitiwy, S. Adkins, J. Bisikwa, M. Abebe, et. al. Research Centre (KARI-Thika). IPM CRSP-Kenya meeting, 2012. Management of the Weed Parthenium (Parthenium Kenya, November 29, 2011. hysterophorus L.) in Eastern and Southern Africa Using Integrated Cultural and Biological Measures, 2005-2009. Zseleczky, L. 2011. Exploring Gender Relations and Pest 7th International IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March Management in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. Women 27-29, 2012. in International Development Discussion Series, Blacks- burg, VA, November 16, 2011. Racioppi, L., Z. Jamal, and H. Galhena. 2012. Gender Issues in IPM in Tajikistan. 7th International IPM Sympo- sium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012.

Posters Rayapati, N., P. Sudarsana, A. Olufemi, G. Karthikeyan, K. Manoranjitham, T. Damayanti, and S. Hidayat. 2012. Conference/symposium (with DNA barcoding of plant viruses using FTA Classic Card Technology. 7th International IPM Symposium, Memphis, published abstract) TN, March 27-29, 2012.

Batuman, O. and R. Gilbertson. 2012. The first report of Safarzoda, S., N. Saidov, A. Jalilov, D. Landis, M. El- Columnea latent viroid (CLVd) in tomato in West Africa. Bouhssini, and M. Kennelly. 2012. Development and 2012 APS Annual Meeting, Providence, Rhode Island, Delivery of Ecologically-based IPM Packages for Wheat in August 4-8, 2012. Central Asia. 7th International IPM Symposium, Mem- phis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Dinakaran, D., G. Gajendran, S. Mohankumar, G. Karthikeyan, S. Thiruvudainambi, E.I. Jonathan, R. Sami- Zseleczky, L., M.E. Christie, J. Haleegoah, and A. Dankyi. yappan, and V. Jayabal. 2012. Popularization of integrated 2012. Implications of Gender Relations for the Introduction pest and disease management module for onion in India. of IPM among Tomato Farmers in Ghana. 7th Interna- 7th International IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March tional IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. 27-29, 2012.

Erbaugh, J.M., J. Karungi, P. Kucel, and J. Kovach. 2012. Conference/symposium Using farmer perceptions to establish an initial IPM research agenda for Arabica coffee production in Uganda. Bonabana-Wabbi, J. and J. Kirinya. 2012. Important Farm 7th International IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March Record Tools in Coffee as an Agribusiness Enterprise. 27-29, 2012. RUFORUM International Conference, September 2012.

Karthikeyan, G., S.K. Manoranjitham, S. Mohankumar, Christie, M.E., C. Luebbering, K. Agriesti, M. Byrne, K. R. Samiyappan, E.I. Jonathan, G. Chandrasekar, and N.A. Montgomery, L. Houweling, L. Zseleczy, and M. Harman. Rayapati. 2012. IPM strategies for the management of 2011. Gender and Participatory Mapping: Local Knowledge Peanut bud necrosis virus disease in tomato. 7th Interna- and Empowerment in Development Research. Annual tional IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Meeting of the Southeastern Division of the Association of American Geographers, Savannah, GA, November 21, Karungi, Jeninah, G.P. Tusiime, P.R. Rubaihayo, R.N. 2011. Ssonko, D. Asiimwe, S. Kyamanywa, J. Kovach, S. Miller, and J.M. Erbaugh. 2012. Integrated pest management of Poveda, F., D. Cardenas, J.B. Ochoa, E. Morillo, and P.A. Ralstonia solanacearum on tomato in Uganda. 7th Interna- Backman. 2012. Pathogenicity and disease development tional IPM Symposium, Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. of tree tomato anthracnose in Ecuador. 2012 APS Annual Meeting, Providence, Rhode Island, August 4-8, 2012.

159 Punzal, B.S., G.S. Arida, and B.M. Shepard. 2012. Man- Gathambiri, C. 2011. Tomato processing. Training agement of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura in handout. Farmers in Kirinyaga, Kenya. onion with Sex Pheremone and Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV). 25th National Rice R&D Conference, PhilRice CES, Maerere, A. 2012. Weed Control in Tomato - A farmer’s September 4-6, 2012. guide. Fact sheet/pamphlet. Tanzania.

Ramos, J.M., S.E. Santiago, G.S. Arida, H.R. Rapusas, M. Magina, Fred. 2012. Use of Mulch in Tomato Cultivation. Hammig, and B.M. Shepard. 2012. Impact of Straw Mulch Fact sheet/pamphlet. Tanzania. On Weeds and Natural Enemy Population in Onion. 25th National Rice R&D Conference, PhilRice CES, September Magina, Fred. 2012. Coffee IPM. Fact sheet/pamphlet. 4-6, 2012. Tanzania.

Santiago, S.E., J.M. Ramos, S.R. Brena, H.R. Rapusas, Magina, Fred. 2012. Insect Pests of Tomato. Fact sheet/ M. Hammig, and B.M. Shepard. 2012. Development of pamphlet. Tanzania. Alternative Storage Techniques to prolong Shelflife of Onion. 25th National Rice R&D Conference, PhilRice CES, Magina, Fred. 2012. Storage and safe use of chemicals on September 4-6, 2012. coffee pest management. Fact sheet/pamphlet. Tanzania.

Zseleczky, L., M.E. Christie, J. Haleegoah, and A. Dankyi. Magina, Fred. 2012. Use of Botanicals for Coffee Pest Man- 2011. Exploring Gender Relations and Pest Management agement. Fact sheet/pamphlet. Tanzania. in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Division of the Association of American Mamiro, D. 2012. Control of Tomato Diseases caused by Geographers, Savannah, GA, November 21, 2011. Bacteria. Fact sheet/pamphlet. Tanzania. Martinez, A., J. Ochoa, P. Gallegos, L. Escudero, C. Asa- Other quivay, M. Villares, R. Jácome, and G. Ayala. 2012. FICHA TÉCNICA MORA DE CASTILLA (Rubus glaucus Benth). Bonabana-Wabbi, J., D. Taylor, G. Norton, M. Mangheni, Technical bulletin. M. Erbaugh, and S. Kyamanywa. 2011. Assessment activities of the IPM CRSP site. IPM CRSP Council meeting, Martínez, A., V. Barrera, J. Ochoa, and L. Escudero. 2012. 2011. VALIDACIÓN DE UN PROGRAMA DE MANEJO LIMPIO DE PLAGAS Y ENFERMEDADES EN MORA DE CAS- TILLA (Rubus glaucus Benth) EN CHILLANES PRO- Pamphlets, fact VINCIA BOLÍVAR. INIAP technical bulletin, . Mbaka, Jesca. 2012. The Essence of High Tunnel Vegetable sheets, training Production. Fact sheet/pamphlet. High Tunnel Tomato documents, Training, KARI-Thika. Mbaka, Jesca. 2012. Tomato Diseases and Their Manage- bulletins, SOPs ment. Fact sheet/pamphlet. High Tunnel Tomato Training, KARI-Thika. Amata, R. L, M. J. Otipa, M. Waiganjo, L. Wasilwa, and P. Chege. 2012. Manual for identification of passion fruit Mbaka, Jesca. 2012. Tomato Nursery Preparation. diseases and their management for farmers and extension Fact sheet/pamphlet. High Tunnel Tomato Training, officers. Training manual. KARI-Thika.

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Appendix A List of acronyms

AMF...... Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi AMMI...... Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction ANCAR...... Agence Nationale de Conseil Agricole et Rurale APEP...... Agricultural Production Enhancement Project APLU...... Association of Public and Land Grant Universities ARC-PPRI...... Agricultural Research Council - Plant Protection Research Institute AVRDC ...... The World Vegetable Center (formerly the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center) BARI...... Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute BCRL...... Biocontrol Research Labs BFS...... Bureau of Food Security CABI...... Centre for Agricultural Bioscience International CEDEH...... Experimental and Demonstration Center for Horticulture CGIAR...... Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CIAT...... International Center for Tropical Agriculture CIP...... International Potato Center (Centro Internacional de la Papa) CMV...... Cucumber mosaic virus CORI...... Coffee Research Institute CRI...... Crops Research Institute CRSP...... Collaborative Research Support Program CSB...... Coffee Twig Borer CSB...... Community Seed Bank CSIR...... Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSNV...... Chrysanthemum Stem Necrosis Virus CU...... Coordinating Unit DA...... Department of Agriculture DPV ...... Direction de la Protection des Vegetaux EA...... East Africa EEP...... External Evaluation Panel EIAR...... Ethiopian Institute for Agricultural Research ELISA...... Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays ETQCL ...... Environmental Toxicology and Quality Control laboratory FFS...... Farmers Field Schools FGD...... Focus Group Discussion

163 FHIA...... Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research FIELD ...... Farmers Initiatives for Ecological Literacy and Democracy GIS...... Geographical Information System GPS...... Global Positioning System IARC...... International Agricultural Research Center ICARDA...... International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas ICIPE...... International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology ICTA...... Institute of Agriculture Science and Technology (Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia Agricolas) IDE...... iDE (the acronym is the official name of the organization formerly known as International Development Enterprises) IER...... Institut D’Economie Rurale IFPRI...... International Food Policy Research Institute IITA...... International Institute of Tropical Agriculture INIAP...... Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INSAH...... Institut du Sahel IPB...... Institut Pertanian Bogor (Bogor Agricultural University) IPDN...... International Plant Diagnostic Network (an IPM CRSP global program) IPM CRSP...... Integrated Pest Management Collaborative Research Support Program IRRI...... International Rice Research Institute ISRA...... Senegalese Institute for National Agricultural Research (Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricole) KARI...... Kenya Agricultural Research Institute LAC...... Latin America and Caribbean (an IPM CRSP regional program) ME...... Management Entity MOA...... Memorandum of Agreement MSU...... Michigan State University NARO...... National Agricultural Research Organization NGO...... Non-Governmental Organization OHVN...... L’Office de la Haute Vallée du Niger OSU...... Ohio State University PAR...... Participatory agricultural research PBNV...... Peanut bud necrosis virus PCR...... Polymerase Chain Reaction PepGMV...... Pepper golden mosaic virus PhilRice...... Philippine Rice Resesarch Institute PHYVV...... Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus PI...... Principal Investigator PLRV...... Potato leaf roll virus PPP...... Participatory Planning Process PSE...... Pesticide Safety Education PSU...... Pennsylvania State University PVA...... Potato virus A PVM...... Potato virus M PVS...... Potato virus S PVX...... Potato virus X PVY...... Potato virus Y

164 RC...... Regional Coordinator RCBD...... Randomized Complete Block Design SANREM...... Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management SeNPV...... Spodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus SUA...... Sokoine University of Agriculture TACRI...... Tanzania Coffee Research Institute TC...... Technical Committee TERI...... The Energy Resources Institute TMV...... Tobacco mosaic virus TNAU...... Tamil Nadu Agricultural University ToGMoV...... Tomato golden mottle virus ToLCSinV...... Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus ToMHV...... Tomato mosaic Havana virus ToMiMoV...... Tomato mild mottle virus ToSLCV...... Tomato severe leaf curl virus ToYMoV...... Tomato yellow mottle virus TSWV...... Tomato spotted wilt virus TYLCMV...... Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus TYLCV...... Tomato yellow leaf curl virus UC-D...... University of California, Davis UPLB...... University of the Philippines at Los Banos USAID...... U.S. Agency for International Development USDA...... United States Department of Agriculture USDA/FAS...... U.S. Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service USDA-APHIS...... U.S. Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service USDA-ARS...... U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service USDA-NIFA...... U.S. Department of Agriculture/National Institute of Food and Agriculture VSU...... Virginia State University VT...... Virginia Tech WSU...... Washington State University Xf...... Xylella fastidiosa

165 Appendix B List of collaborating institutions

U.S.-based universities, government organizations, and NGOs Association of Public and Land Grant Universities Bureau of Food Security Clemson University iDE (the acronym is the official name of the organization formerly known as International Development Enterprises) Kansas State University Michigan State University Montana State University North Carolina State University Ohio State University Oregon State University Pennsylvania State University Purdue University U.S. Agency for International Development U.S. Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service U.S. Department of Agriculture/National Institute of Food and Agriculture U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture University of California, Davis University of Florida University of Georgia Virginia State University Virginia Tech Washington State University Non-U.S.-based universities, government organizations, and NGOs Agence Nationale de Conseil Agricole et Rurale...... Senegal Agricultural Research Council - Plant Protection Research Institute...... South Africa Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute...... Bangladesh Coffee Research Institute...... Uganda Council for Scientific and Industrial Research...... Ghana Crops Research Institute...... Ghana Direction de la Protection des Vegetaux...... Senegal 166 Environmental Toxicology and Quality Control laboratory...... Mali Ethiopian Institute for Agricultural Research ...... Ethiopia Farmers Initiatives for Ecological Literacy and Democracy...... Indonesia Haramaya University...... Ethiopia Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research...... Honduras Institut D’Economie Rurale...... Mali Institut du Sahel...... Mali Institut Pertanian Bogor (Bogor Agricultural University)...... Indonesia Institute of Agriculture Science and Technology (Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia Agricolas)...... Guatemala Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias ...... Ecuador Kenya Agricultural Research Institute...... Kenya L’Office de la Haute Vallée du Niger...... Mali Makerere University...... Uganda National Agricultural Research Organization...... Uganda Philippine Rice Resesarch Institute...... Philippines Programme de Developpement de la Production Agricole au Mali...... Mali Sam Ratulangi University...... Indonesia Senegalese Institute for National Agricultural Research (Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricole)...... Senegal Sokoine University of Agriculture...... Tanzania Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences...... Tajikistan Tamil Nadu Agricultural University...... India Tanzania Coffee Research Institute ...... Tanzania The World Vegetable Center (formerly the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center)...... China University del Valle de Guatemala...... Guatemala University of Queensland...... Australia University of the Philippines at Los Banos...... Philippines Zamorano School of Tropical Agriculture...... Honduras Private sector Agroexpertos...... Guatemala Biocontrol Research Labs...... India The Energy Resources Institute...... India International Agricultural Research Centers (IARC) International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology International Center for Tropical Agriculture International Food Policy Research Institute International Institute of Tropical Agriculture International Potato Center (Centro Internacional de la Papa) International Rice Research Institute

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