Grand Can_yon-Parashant past human occupations and uses. To date, archaeologi­ cal research on the monument has been extremely limit­ Diana Hawks, 13ureau of Land Management ed. A number of small surveys have been conducted, and completed some larger inventories on the Shivwits Plateau. Approximately two percent of the AHE.LICOPTE:R LANDED AT TUWE.E:P -Parashant National Monument has been AIRSTRIP in barren Toroweap Valley. It left inventoried for cultural resources - which leaves about President Clinton and Secretary Babbitt near the north 980,000 acres left to walk. No archaeological excavations rim of the Grand Canyon. A table and chair, hastily bor­ have been conducted in the monument. rowed from Tuweep Ranger Claire Robert's home sever­ People occupied this landscape for thousands of al miles away, were the only props as the President signed years, with Archaic sites the earliest sites known thus far. a proclamation creating the Grand Canyon-Parashant These are represented primarily by points and large, National Monument. This million-acre monument will open sites. More research would almost certainly increase be managed jointly by the Strip Bureau of Land the count of early sites. Management (ELM) and Lake Mead National Recrea­ The majority of sites recorded thus far relate to the tion Area of the National Park Service (Lake Mead). Two Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi) occupation, perhaps be­ hundred thousand acres are on lands administered by ginning as early as several hundred years B.C., and last­ Lake Mead and 800,000 are on lands administered by the ing until at least A.D. 1250. Nearby Ancestral Puebloan ELM. The monument was created for its geological, sites that have been excavated and dated, at Colorado archaeological, and historical resources, as well as for the City and at the Pinenut Site on the Kanab Plateau, show traditional western ranching and Native American life occupation to at least A.D. 1250. The diverse sites ways associated with it. include artifact scatters, rock art, villages, fieldhouses, The area is remote and rugged. The closest towns and trails, indicating that puebloan occupation and use are St. George, Utah, and Bunkerville, Nevada, each a of the monument was extensive. full hour from the monument's nearest edge. There are The monument is located within the heartland of no paved roads or services in the monument. Generally, the Virgin Anasazi. This westernmost branch of the the roads become progressively worse the farther south Anasazi (Ancestral Puebloan) culture area stretches from one drives. This truly feels like a "land that time forgot." Las Vegas, Nevada, east along the Virgin River and south As such it fits well within the BLM's new National ' to the and the Grand Canyon. It is possi­ Landscape Conservation System. ble that the monument area was a production zone for The monument includes portions of the Colorado several of the ceramic types found in the Virgin Anasazi Plateau and the Great Basin physiographic provinces. Bureau of Land Management area. Olivine (peri­ Elevations range dot) temper has from 1,500 feet to long been recog­ over 8,000 feet. nized as a distin­ Vegetation of the guishing charac­ lower Mohave De­ teristic of the sert region m­ Moapa plain and cludes Joshua tree corrugated wares forests; the mesas of the Virgin and plateaus sup­ Anasazi. To date, port pinyon and source areas for juniper; the high- such olivine have est mountains been found only have forests of on the southern Ponderosa pine. Uinkaret Plateau Just as the at Vulcan's Thr­ topography and one, Mt. Trum­ environment of bull, and Mt. this new national Emma. Olivine­ monument are di­ Only a few rock art sites have been recorded within the monument. The largest is at tempered wares verse, so too were Nampaweap, easily accessible from Mt. Trumbull. Rock art styles at this site reflect are found west, Archaic, Ancestral Puebloan, and Paiute use.

Page6 Archaeology Southwest Volume 15, Number 1 "E "' north, and northwest of i A young Southern Mt. Trumbull wherever ~ Paiute man from the ::;: Virgin Anasazi sites -g Shivwits Reservation ap­ occur. Future research ~"' proached me during a on the monument may 15 field trip to the Grand I'! explore evidence for ~ Canyon-Parashant where this pottery was National Monument last produced and how it was February and asked if I distributed. knew where Sanup Oral migration his­ Mountain was. He said it tories from several clans was where his grandfa­ of the Hopi Tribe, living ther had lived. I had descendants of the An­ never heard of it, so we looked on the Arizona cestral Puebloan people, In the past, people lived within and near the monument in isolated tell us they lived within farmsteads, ranches, and small communities. Today, only a handful of Strip map and found the Grand Canyon­ people live year-round on land just outside the monument. Sanup Plateau. It is locat­ Parashant National ed within the present

Monument. "E I"""""~~~~_.,.,.,.,,,,.,.,.,_,_...... ,...,,.---...... ~ boundaries of Grand "' Linguistic evidence ~ Canyon National Park, CJ) suggests the Southern ~ immediately south of the ::;: Paiute may have arrived -g monument. During the 1n northern Arizona ..5 course of that one-day 0 around A.D. 1100-1150, 15 field trip, several other I'! :::, which implies an over­ OJ Paiutes quietly asked us to lap with the Ancestral show them other land­ Puebloan occupation. marks they had heard This is a major archaeo­ about their entire lives logical question still to from their grandparents. be answered. Place names like Para­ It is certain that shont Wash, the Pakoon, Southern Paiute were on Toroweap Valley, Shivwits the landscape when the Plateau, Uinkaret Pla­ first EuroAmericans teau, and Mociac all tell arrived. The expeditions of Spanish explorers us the Southern Paiute were here before any English or Dominguez and Escalante in 1776, and later Antonio Spanish-speaking person arrived. Armijo in 1829, all occurred immediately north of the Making a living on the land has always been diffi­ monument. Mormon settlers arrived in the 1850s and cult within the monument and on the Arizona Strip. A began to occupy and explore the area. Southern Paiute few ranchers and dry land farmers homesteaded on families living on and near the limited water resources of remote family ranches. The G rand Gulch Copper Mine the region were probably immediately displaced. operated from the 1880s to the 1920s and then intermit­ Southern Paiute response to the EuroAmerican occupa­ tently until the 1960s. In the 1870s, large Ponderosa pine tion was mixed. Some were baptized and joined the logs were hauled to St. George, Utah, by wagon to con­ Mormon settlements; some remained in remote and iso­ struct the Mormon Temple. Today, that wagon road is lated portions of the Arizona Strip as late as the 1920s. called the Temple Trail, and it stretches some 70 miles The first ethnographies of the Southern Paiute resulted from Mt. Trumbull along the top of the Hurricane Cliffs from John Wesley Powell's expeditions to map and study and down into the St. George Basin. the region in the 1870s. Living descendants of these early Alfonzo Ortiz's characterization of the entire Southern Paiutes can be fo und today at the Kaibab Southwest seems particularly apt for the Grand Canyon­ Paiute Reservation at Pipe Springs, Arizona; the Shivwits Parashant National Monument: Reservation, west of St. George, Utah; the Moapa Here, truly, the imagination soars and the very spirit Reservation at Moapa, N evada; and scattered among the is set free. Paiute Indian tribes of Utah.

Winter2001 Archaeology Southwest Pagel