Executions in the United States, 1608-2002: the Espy File

ICPSR 8451 Executions in the United States, 1608-2002: The Espy File

M. Watt Espy Headland, Alabama John Ortiz Smykla University of South Alabama. Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice

Fourth ICPSR Edition March 2004

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research P.O. Box 1248 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 www.icpsr.umich.edu

Bibliographic Citation: Publications based on ICPSR data collections should acknowledge those sources by means of bibliographic citations. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for social science bibliographic utilities, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is:

Espy, M. Watt, and John Ortiz Smykla. EXECUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1608-2002: THE ESPY FILE [Computer file]. 4th ICPSR ed. Compiled by M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykla, University of Alabama. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor], 2004.

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Data Disclaimer: The original collector of the data, ICPSR, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for uses of this collection or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.

Responsible Use In preparing data for public release, ICPSR performs a number of Statement: procedures to ensure that the identity of research subjects cannot be disclosed. Any intentional identification or disclosure of a person or establishment violates the assurances of confidentiality given to the providers of the information. Therefore, users of data obtained from the ICPSR archive and/or any of its special topic archives agree:

• To use these datasets solely for statistical analysis and reporting of aggregated information, and not for investigation of specific individuals or organizations, except when identification is authorized in writing by ICPSR

• To make no use of the identity of any person or establishment discovered inadvertently, and to advise ICPSR of any such discovery

• To produce no links among ICPSR datasets or among ICPSR data and other datasets that could identify individuals or organizations

Redistribution: ICPSR data may not be redistributed or sold to other individuals, institutions, or organizations without the written agreement of ICPSR.

Data Collection Description

Principal Investigator(s): M. Watt Espy, John Ortiz Smykla

Title: Executions in the United States, 1608-2002: The Espy File

ICPSR Study Number: 8451

Funding Agency: National Science Foundation

Grant Number: SES 84-09725

Summary: This collection furnishes data on executions performed under civil authority in the United States between 1608 and 2002. The dataset describes each individual executed and the circumstances surrounding the crime for which the person was convicted. Variables include age, race, name, sex, and occupation of the offender, place, jurisdiction, date, and method of execution, and the crime for which the offender was executed. Also recorded are data on whether the only evidence for the execution was official records indicating that an individual (executioner or slave owner) was compensated for an execution.

Universe: Executions that occurred under civil authority in the United States or within territory that later became the United States.

Dates of Collection: 1970-2002

Time Period: 1608-2002

Data Collection Notes: The codebook is provided by ICPSR as a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using PDF reader software, such as the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Information on how to obtain a copy of the Acrobat Reader is provided on the ICPSR Web site.

Data Source: state Department of Corrections records, newspapers, county histories, proceedings of state and local courts, holdings of historical societies, and other listings of executions

Extent of Collection: 1 data file + machine-readable documentation (PDF) + SAS data definition statements + SPSS data definition statements

Extent of Processing: CONCHK.ICPSR/ CONCHK.PR/ MDATA.PR/ FREQ.ICPSR/ UNDOCCHK.ICPSR/ DDEF.ICPSR/ CDBK.ICPSR

Data Format: Logical Record Length with SAS and SPSS data definition statements

File Specifications

Part Part Name File Structure Case Variable LRECL Records No. Count Count Per Case 1 Data file rectangular 15,269 21 73 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

INTRODUCTION

Study Description 2

Methodology 2

Project Description 4

File Structure 5

ICPSR Processing Information 5

VARIABLE DESCRIPTION LIST 6

CODEBOOK 7

APPENDIX A

Note 1: Bibliography and Sources 31

Note 2: FIPS State and County Codes 72

APPENDIX B

Number of Executions by State by Time Period 133

STUDY DESCRIPTION

In the winter of 1607-1608, Captain George Kendall, previously appointed one of the original councilors of the Jamestown colony, was accused of mutiny, tried in front of a jury of his peers, and shot to death. His execution, the first in the American colonies, represents the starting point of this study, which furnishes data on public executions occurring in the United States from 1608 through 2002. These data were originally collected by Mr. M. Watt Espy of Headland, Alabama. Beginning with his own personal resources in May 1970, and later with the support of The University of Alabama Law Center and the National Science Foundation, Mr. Espy and Dr. Smykla have confirmed 15,269 executions performed in the United States under civil authority since 1608. This dataset contains 21 variables that describe each individual executed and the circumstances surrounding the crime for which the person was convicted.

METHODOLOGY

The commencement and early development of this project were the direct result of the efforts of M. Watt Espy who, for many years accumulated and recorded information about executions in the United States from his home in Headland. Mr. Espy's data collection strategies reflect the modest resources with which he operated and the unavailability of computer facilities. The following description of his methodology is a retrospective account of WHAT he did and HOW he did it.

When Mr. Espy confirmed an execution he recorded its basic information in each of two ledgers. In one, he arranged executions by state in chronological order. He recorded, as was available, the name, race, age and occupation of the offender, county of conviction, place and jurisdiction of execution, crime, date and method of execution, and, if the case was a slave execution, whether or not the owner or executioner was compensated. The second ledger contained the same cases in chronological order. The data recorded in these two ledgers were assigned numeric codes where appropriate and organized into a format where one execution became a single case in a machine-readable data file.

The process of locating thousands of executions scattered in no predictable pattern across an extended period of time in a very large number of jurisdictions and reported in many sources meant employing unique data collection strategies. At least one strategy, however, was employed across all states. Espy collected data from state departments of corrections on persons executed under state jurisdiction after authority was centralized in the state and record-keeping was routinized. This followed the precedent established by Negley K. Teeters and Charles J. Zibulka who in 1968 compiled an inventory of executions which occurred under state authority in the United States between 1864 and 1967. Espy confirmed all these executions through an exhaustive search of other authoritative sources including contemporary newspaper accounts in original form or microfilmed records, relevant secondary accounts based on them, or sometimes through direct or indirect query of other historical records. Such records include published and unpublished county histories, proceedings of state or local courts, and holdings of historical societies, museums, and archives.

Where another source was consulted or, as is often the case in newspapers, many accounts are available, the different reports were compared to complete and confirm details. This often required a systematic search of the editions of a newspaper over a period of months or years. Such newspapers as THE NEW YORK TIMES, RICHMOND TIMES DISPATCH, and BIRMINGHAM NEWS have been used in this way. Such Colonial newspapers as the VIRGINIA GAZETTE and SOUTH CAROLINA GAZETTE have also been extensively investigated. An extended list of representative sources which have been drawn upon in this study is included in Appendix A. In his research, Espy also discovered unrecorded executions and indications that other persons were under the death sentence. He made approximately 3,000 corrections to the Teeters and Zibulka inventory for missing or incomplete data elements.

Espy also consulted letters to local historical societies (as listed in the DIRECTORY OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES AND AGENCIES IN THE U.S. AND CANADA, 10th edition, 1975) and other listings of executions such as Teeters' inventory of public executions in Pennsylvania. These investigations accumulated more facts about executions, provided additional confirmations, and discovered executions not previously known.

This research effort, exhaustive as it may be, remains incomplete in two ways. First, some executions, particularly from earlier periods, have not yet been discovered because of the absence of a historical record or the failure to locate an existing historical record. Second, some of the executions which have been discovered are confirmed only with partial data. In its coverage of the last half century, however, this dataset is an extraordinarily comprehensive inventory. With the possible exception of those executed in portable electric chairs in Louisiana (September 11, 1941 - May 31, 1957) and Mississippi (October 11, 1940 - March 2, 1955), Espy's perseverance has produced the most complete list yet compiled of all executions conducted under state and local authority since September 11, 1941 when state level data on executions became available nationwide.

By method of execution, the completeness of the entire inventory varies by type. All those by lethal injection have been confirmed and possibly all those by asphyxiation and electrocution with the exception of those electrocuted in portable electric chairs in Louisiana and Mississippi as noted above. The completeness of the inventory for other methods of execution, however, such as hanging, burning, and pressing is less certain since these occurred primarily in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and are, consequently, more difficult to uncover from the historical record.

When data sources reported conflicting pieces of information (for example, different execution dates, offense, offender's age, etc.), data collection and coding adopted the following decision rules. Appeals Court Records and state and regional reports which offered legal records of a case were accepted as the most authoritative source. Because Appeals Court Records were not, as a rule, published before the early 19th century and even then capital cases were only appealed based on judicial discretion and the offender's resources, information contained in newspapers published in the city or state where the execution took place was accepted as more authoritative than one published in another city, county, or state. And, in the event of conflicting accounts, information published in a contemporary paper was accepted over information published retrospectively. At other times, material obtained from county historical societies resolved disputes between conflicting sources.

Once the data from the state ledger of executions was coded, the following measures were taken to insure data reliability. A computer printout of data from the chronological ledger of executions was checked against: (1) original coding sheets; (2) data coded from the state ledger of execution; (3) typed verbatim transcriptions of information on index cards from the source used to confirm the execution; (4) a repeat of step three by an alternate coder; and (5) a thorough analysis of every piece of information on the final printout by Mr. Espy. The complete dataset was then transferred to the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) at the University of Michigan where further consistency checks were performed. All records were carefully examined to locate and correct any wild codes, and an ICPSR state code (Variable 18) was added to every case in the file. To as great an extent as possible, this computerized database is an accurate representation of the records in Mr. Espy's ledgers.

For the later years, 1987 to 2002, Dr. Smykla used the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's (NAACP) quarterly publication, DEATH ROW, U.S.A., to identify cases. Then using the newspaper search file capabilities of NEXUS, additional variables were identified.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Mr. Espy moved the research project from his home in Headland to The University of Alabama Law Center in Tuscaloosa, Alabama in 1977. In August 1984, the National Science Foundation awarded the University of Alabama a one-year grant to support development of a comprehensive computer database on the history of capital punishment in the United States. The project was conceived as a joint venture between The University of Alabama under the direction of John Ortiz Smykla, Professor of Criminal Justice, and the Inter-university Consortium of Political and Social Research, first under the direction of Christopher Innes, now with the Bureau of Justice Statistics, and later by Erik W. Austin. The University of Alabama agreed to continue data collection in the identification of new cases, add information to cases already confirmed, and develop and computerize the database. ICPSR agreed to process and prepare the data files for distribution. A project advisory committee of eight national scholars with experience in the development of large databases, capital punishment research, and use of historical data provided the initial guidance and expressed the concern of the academic community. They were Professors David Baldu (University of Iowa), Hugo Bedau (Tufts University), William Bowers (Northwestern University), Fred Dubow (University of Illinois, Chicago Circle), Colin Loftin (University of Maryland), Eric Monkennen (University of California at Los Angeles), Michael Radelet (University of Florida), and Stanton Wheeler (Yale University).

At The University of Alabama, implementation and refinement of computer operations and procedures and general staff supervision were done by Mr. Samuel Fisher III, project manager and doctoral candidate in political science. Coding and entry of the data at The University of Alabama were done by undergraduate and graduate students in criminal justice and law.

The University of Alabama wishes to acknowledge the generous financial support of the National Science Foundation and the advice and encouragement of Dr. Felice Levine, Law and Social Sciences Director at NSF. This material is

4 based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. SES 84-09725. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

FILE STRUCTURE

The data for the EXECUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1608-2002: THE ESPY FILE contain 21 variables and 15,269 cases, with a record length of 73. The data file is constructed with a single logical record for each case. A data file, machine- readable codebook, SPSS and SAS data definition statements have been prepared for this collection.

ICPSR PROCESSING INFORMATION

The data collection was processed according to the standard ICPSR processing procedures. The data were checked for illegal or inconsistent code values which, when found, were corrected after consultation with the principal investigators. Extensive consistency checks were performed. Variable 21 (Occupation of Offender) was converted to numeric form and slightly edited by ICPSR staff. Statements bracketed in "<" and ">" signs in the body of the codebook were added by the processors for explanatory purposes.

VARIABLE DESCRIPTION LIST

V1 ICPSR Study Number-8451

V2 ICPSR Edition Number

V3 ICPSR Part Number-1

V4 Case Number

V5 Race of Offender

V6 Age at Execution

V7 Name of Offender

V8 Place of Execution

V9 Jurisdiction of Execution

V10 Crime Committed

V11 Method of Execution

V12 Date: Day

V13 Date: Month

V14 Date: Year

V15 Check Digit

V16 State of Execution

V17 County of Conviction

V18 ICPSR State Code

V19 Sex of Offender

V20 Compensation Case

V21 Occupation of Offender

CODEBOOK FOR ICPSR 8451

EXECUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1608-2002: THE ESPY FILE

PLEASE NOTE: The "M" between the code and the code label indicates the code has been designated as a missing value.

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V1 ICPSR STUDY NUMBER-8451 1 4 F4

V2 ICPSR EDITION NUMBER 5 5 F1

4 February, 2004

V3 ICPSR PART NUMBER 6 6 F1

1 All One Part

V4 CASE NUMBER 7 12 F6

V5 RACE OF OFFENDER 13 13 F1

0 M Do Not Know; NA 1 White 2 Black 3 Native American 4 Asian-Pacific Il 5 Hispanic 6 Other

V6 AGE AT EXECUTION 14 15 F2

0 M Do Not Know; NA

V7 NAME OF OFFENDER 16 43 A28

V8 PLACE OF EXECUTION 44 44 F1

0 M Do Not Know; NA 1 City-Local Juris 2 County-Local Jur 3 State-ST Prison 4 Other

V9 JURISDICTION OF EXECUTION 45 45 F1

0 M Do Not Know; NA 1 Local-Colonial

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V9 (cont.)

2 State 3 Federal 4 Territorial 5 Indian Tribunal 6 Other-Military

V10 CRIME COMMITTED 46 47 F2

0 M Do Not Know; NA 1 Murder 2 Rape 3 Criminal Assault 4 Housebrkng-Burgl 5 Horse Stealing 6 Consp to Murder 7 Treason 8 Slave Revolt 9 Witchcraft 10 Robbery-Murder 11 Rape-Murder 12 Piracy 13 Accessory to Mur 14 Desertion 15 Robbery 16 Arson 17 Guerilla Activit 18 Spying-Espionage 19 Murder-Rape-Rob 20 Burg-Att Rape 21 Rioting 22 Attempted Rape 23 Murder-Burglary 24 Kidnap-Murder 25 Kidnap-Murdr-Rob 26 Arson-Murder 27 Rape-Robbery 28 Kidnapping 29 Prisn Brk-Kidnap 30 Sodmy-Buggry-Bst 31 Adultery 33 Poisoning 35 Concealing Birth 36 Unspec Felony 37 Aid Runaway Slve

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V10 (cont.)

39 Counterfeiting 40 Attempted Murder 41 Forgery 43 Theft-Stealing 44 Other

V11 METHOD OF EXECUTION 48 49 F2

0 M Do Not Know; NA 1 Hanging 2 Electrocution 3 Asphyxiation-Gas 4 Shot 5 Injection 6 Pressing 8 Break on Wheel 10 Burned 11 Hung in Chains 13 Bludgeoned 14 Gibbetted 15 Other

V12 DATE: DAY 50 51 F2

0 M Do Not Know; NA

V13 DATE: MONTH 52 53 F2

0 M Do Not Know; NA

V14 DATE: YEAR 54 57 F4

V15 CHECK DIGIT 58 59 F2

1 1st Execution 39 39th Execution

V16 STATE OF EXECUTION 60 61 F2

1 Alabama 2 Alaska 4 Arizona 5 Arkansas 6 California

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V16 (cont.)

8 Colorado 9 Connecticut 10 Delaware 11 Washington, D.C. 12 Florida 13 Georgia 15 Hawaii 16 Idaho 17 Illinois 18 Indiana 19 Iowa 20 Kansas 21 Kentucky 22 Louisiana 23 Maine 24 Maryland 25 Massachusetts 26 Michigan 27 Minnesota 28 Mississippi 29 Missouri 30 Montana 31 Nebraska 32 Nevada 33 New Hampshire 34 New Jersey 35 New Mexico 36 New York 37 North Carolina 38 North Dakota 39 Ohio 40 Oklahoma 41 Oregon 42 Pennsylvania 44 Rhode Island 45 South Carolina 46 South Dakota 47 Tennessee 48 Texas 49 Utah 50 Vermont 51 Virginia 53 Washington 54 West Virginia

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V16 (cont.)

55 Wisconsin 56 Wyoming

V17 COUNTY OF CONVICTION 62 66 F5

V18 ICPSR STATE CODE 67 68 F2

1 CT (1788) 2 Maine (1820) 3 MA (1788) 4 NH (1788) 5 RI (1790) 6 Vermont (1791) 11 Delaware (1787) 12 NJ (1787) 13 New York (1788) 14 PA (1787) 21 Illinois (1818) 22 Indiana (1816) 23 Michigan (1837) 24 Ohio (1803) 25 Wisconsin (1848) 31 Iowa (1846) 32 Kansas (1861) 33 Minnesota (1858) 34 Missouri (1821) 35 Nebraska (1867) 36 ND (1889) 37 SD (1889) 40 Virginia (1788) 41 Alabama (1819) 42 Arkansas (1836) 43 Florida (1845) 44 Georgia (1788) 45 Louisiana (1812) 46 MS (1817) 47 NC (1789) 48 SC (1788) 49 Texas (1845) 51 Kentucky (1792) 52 Maryland (1788) 53 Oklahoma (1907) 54 Tennessee (1796) 55 Washington, D.C

11 ------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V18 (cont.)

56 WV (1863) 61 Arizona (1912) 62 Colorado (1876) 63 Idaho (1890) 64 Montana (1889) 65 Nevada (1864) 66 NM (1912) 67 Utah (1896) 68 Wyoming (1890) 71 CA (1850) 72 Oregon (1859) 73 WA (1889) 81 Alaska (1959) 82 Hawaii (1959)

V19 SEX OF OFFENDER 69 69 F1

0 M Do Not Know; NA 1 Male 2 Female

V20 COMPENSATION CASE 70 70 F1

0 M No or Unknown 1 Yes

V21 OCCUPATION OF OFFENDER 71 73 F3

0 M Do Not Know; NA 1 Accountant 2 Accting Student 3 Actor 4 Ad Salesman 5 Air Force 6 Air Force Vet 7 Aircraft Mech 8 Aircraft Worker 9 Airforce Sgt 10 Airman 11 Aluminum Install 12 Appliance Sales 13 Apprentice Baker 14 Appren Barber 15 Appren Butcher

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

16 Appren Carpenter 17 Appren Cobbler 18 Appren Embalmer 19 Armed Robber 20 Army Deserter 21 Army LT 22 Army Veteran 23 Art Student 24 Assessor 25 Astrologer 26 Asylum Escapee 27 Attorney 28 Auto Mechanic 29 Auto Salesman 30 Auto Thief 31 Autorental 32 AWOL Marine 33 AWOL Soldier 34 Baker 35 Bakery Employee 36 Bakery Foreman 37 Banana Dealer 38 Bandit 39 Bandit Leader 40 Bank Employee 41 Bank Page 42 Bank Robber 43 Bar Keeper 44 Bar Maid 45 Bar Owner 46 Bar Tender 47 Barber 48 Bartender 49 Baseball Player 50 Beef Carrier 51 Bell Boy 52 Bell Hop 53 Bike Repairman 54 Bill Poster 55 Blacksmith 56 Blastfurnace Wor 57 Boarding Hse Opr 58 Boarding Hse Own 59 Boat Laborer

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

60 Boat Worker 61 Boilermaker 62 Bookkeeper 63 Booksalesman 64 Bootblack 65 Bootlegger 66 Bordello Owner 67 Bound Servant 68 Bowling Pinboy 69 Box Salesman 70 Boxer 71 Brass Finisher 72 Brewer 73 Brewery Worker 74 Brick Mason 75 Bricklayer 76 Brickmaker 77 British Deserter 78 British Soldier 79 Broom Maker 80 Buffalo Hunter 81 Bldg Contractor 82 Building Super 83 Bulldozer Operat 84 Burglar 85 Bus Boy 86 Bus Driver 87 Businessman 88 Butcher 89 Butcher's Helper 90 Butler 91 Cabdriver 92 Cabinet Maker 93 Caddy 94 Cafe Employee 95 Cafe Operator 96 Cafe Owner 97 Cafe Porter 98 Canal Boat Wrkr 99 Canal Laborer 100 Candy Dealer 101 Candy Maker 102 Cannery Worker 103 Capt. Salv Army

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

104 Captain 105 Car Washer 106 Carnival Worker 107 Carnvial Owner 108 Carpenter 109 Carpenter's Help 110 Carriage Maker 111 Cattleman 112 Caulker 113 CCC Worker 114 Cement Worker 115 Charcoal Dealer 116 Chauffeur 117 Chef 118 Chemist 119 Chemist Helper 120 Chicken Farmer 121 Chief 122 Chimney Sweep 123 Church Janitor 124 Cigar Dealer 125 Cigar Maker 126 Circus Laborer 127 Circus Roustabou 128 Citrus Rancher 129 Citrus Worker 130 City Employee 131 Claims Locator 132 Clergy 133 Clergyman 134 Clerk 135 Clothes Presser 136 Clubmanger 137 Coachman 138 Coal Co. Emplyee 139 Coal Hauler 140 Coal Miner 141 Coal Thief 142 Coal Wagon Drive 143 Cobbler 144 College Prof 145 College Student 146 Collier 147 Colliery Worker

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

148 Colonial Offcial 149 Commission Merch 150 Compositor 151 Computer Program 152 Con Man 153 Confed Deserter 154 Constable 155 Construction 156 Constructn Formn 157 Constructn Labor 158 Constructn Workr 159 Contractor 160 Convict 161 Convict Guard 162 Convict Servant 163 Convict Trustee 164 Cook 165 Cottonmill Workr 166 Councilor 167 Counterfeiter 168 County Official 169 Courier 170 Cowboy 171 Cowhand 172 Crane Operator 173 Criminal 174 Cult Leader 175 Dairy Operator 176 Dairyman 177 Dance Hall Owner 178 Dancer 179 Debt Collector 180 Deckhand 181 Delivery Boy 182 Delivery Man 183 Dental Student 184 Dentist 185 Deputy Sheriff 186 Deserted Sailor 187 Deserter 188 Detective 189 Dischrgd Marine 190 Dischrgd Soldier 191 Dishwasher

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

192 Distillery 193 Distillery Workr 194 Dockworker 195 Domestic 196 Domestic Cook 197 Domestic Servant 198 Domestic Worker 199 Donut Salesman 200 Door Maker 201 Draft Evader 202 Draftsman 203 Drayman 204 Drifter 205 Drink Distrbutor 206 Driver 207 Drover 208 Drug Counselor 209 Drug Dealer 210 Druggist 211 Drugstore Clerk 212 Editor 213 Elctrcl Engineer 214 Electrician 215 Elephant Trainer 216 Elevator Oper 217 Engineer 218 Engraver 219 Entertainer 220 Escaped Convict 221 Escap Mental Pat 222 Escaped Prisoner 223 Ex Constable 224 Ex Convict 225 Ex Deputy Sherif 226 Ex Lawman 227 Ex Police Chief 228 Ex Policeman 229 Ex Reformatory 230 Ex Sailor 231 Ex Soldier 232 Express Employee 233 Factory Executv 234 Factory Foreman 235 Factory Worker

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

236 Farm Hand 237 Farm Laborer 238 Farm Manager 239 Farm Supervisor 240 Farm Worker 241 Farmer 242 Farmer/Laborer 243 Fence 244 Ferryman 245 FHA Executive 246 Fiddler 247 Fireman 248 Fish Peddler 249 Fisherman 250 Flatboat Worker 251 Florist 252 Florist Assistnt 253 Fodder Contractr 254 Foreman 255 Forger 256 Fork Lift Opertr 257 Fortune Teller 258 Foundry Worker 259 Freedman 260 Freeman 261 Freighter 262 Fruit Peddler 263 Fruit Stand Empl 264 Fry Cook 265 Fugitive 266 Furniture Refin 267 Furrier 268 Furtrader 269 Gambler 270 Gang Leader 271 Gang Member 272 Gangster 273 Garage Attendant 274 Garage Man 275 Garage Owner 276 Garage Worker 277 Garbageman 278 Gardener 279 Gas Dealer

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

280 Gas Station Att 281 Gas Station Empl 282 Gas Station Own 283 General Contract 284 Glass Blower 285 Glass Designer 286 Glass Worker 287 Goat Herder 288 Gold Prospector 289 Golf Caddy 290 Government Clerk 291 Govt Employee 292 Grave Robber 293 Grocer 294 Grocery Clerk 295 Grounds Keeper 296 Guerilla 297 Guide 298 Gunman 299 Gunsmith 300 Hand Cart Driver 301 Handyman 302 Harness Maker 303 Hearse Driver 304 Heavy Equip Oper 305 Herb Doctor 306 H.S. Student 307 Hired Gun 308 Hiwayman 309 Hobo 310 Hoisery Knitter 311 Homesteader 312 Horse Breaker 313 Horse Dealer 314 Horse Trader 315 Hospital Emplyee 316 Hospital Orderly 317 Hostler 318 Hotel Bellman 319 Hotel Employee 320 Hotel Owner 321 Hotel Porter 322 Hotel Proprietor 323 Hotel Steward

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

324 House Boy 325 House Maid 326 House Painter 327 Housekeeper 328 Housewife 329 Hunter 330 Importer 331 Indentured Serv 332 Industrial Workr 333 Innkeeper 334 Insurance Agent 335 Interior Decorat 336 Interpreter 337 Inventor 338 Ironworker 339 Itinerant Hndymn 340 Itinerant Labr 341 Itinerant Worker 342 Jail Escapee 343 Jail Prisoner 344 Jailer 345 Janitor 346 Janitor-Watchman 347 Jeweler 348 Jitney Driver 349 Jockey 350 Journeyman Tailr 351 Junk Dealer 352 Labor Contractor 353 Labor Organizer 354 Labor Racketeer 355 Laborer 356 Landlady 357 Laundry Owner 358 Laundry Worker 359 Laundryman 360 Lawn Mowr Repair 361 Lawyer 362 Lingerie Sales 363 Livery Employee 364 Livery Proprietr 365 Locksmith 366 Logger 367 Longshoreman

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

368 Loom Fixer 369 Lumberjack 370 Lumberman 371 Lumbermill Labor 372 Lumbermill Owner 373 Lumbermill Workr 374 Lunatic 375 Machine Operator 376 Machine Tool Opr 377 Machinist 378 Magazine Sales 379 Maid 380 Mailman 381 Male Nurse 382 Marine 383 Mason 384 Mason's Help 385 Master Criminal 386 Mat Maker 387 Meat Cutter 388 Meat Packer 389 Meat Provider 390 Mechanic 391 Mechncl Engineer 392 Medical Prof 393 Medical Student 394 Medicine Vendor 395 Mental Patient 396 Merchant 397 Merchant Marine 398 Merchant Seaman 399 Messboy 400 Messenger 401 Metal Insp 402 Mexican Bandit 403 Migrant Farm Wkr 404 Migrant Laborer 405 Migrant Worker 406 Military Emplyee 407 Milkman 408 Mill Foreman 409 Mill Operator 410 Mill Worker 411 Miller

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

412 Milliner 413 Millwright 414 Mine Digger 415 Mine Owner 416 Mine Watchman 417 Miner 418 Mining Engineer 419 Minister 420 Molder 421 Moonshiner 422 Mormon Bishop 423 Mortician 424 Mover 425 Music Teacher 426 Musician 427 Mystic 428 Navy Airman 429 Navy Deserter 430 Navy Veteran 431 Navy Yard Worker 432 Neon Sign Hanger 433 News Vendor 434 Newsboy 435 Newspaper Carrie 436 Night Watchman 437 Nightclub Entrnr 438 Nightclub Owner 439 Novelty Salesman 440 Nurse 441 Odd Jobs 442 Office Boy 443 Office Manager 444 Oil Driller 445 Oil Roustabout 446 Oilfield Worker 447 Optical Worker 448 Optician 449 Orchestra Condct 450 Outlaw 451 Overseer 452 Oyster Dredger 453 Oysterpicker 454 P.O.W 455 Packing Co. Frmn

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

456 Painter 457 Painter's Helper 458 Paintstore Workr 459 Pamo Chief 460 Pants Presser 461 Paper Worker 462 Park Guide 463 Parking Attendnt 464 Paroled Convict 465 Parolee 466 Peddler 467 Pest Control Sal 468 Pest Exterminatr 469 Petty Crook 470 Pharmacist 471 Pharmacy Clerk 472 Physician 473 Piano Player 474 Pimp 475 Pirate 476 Pirate Captain 477 Plant Worker 478 Plantation Workr 479 Planter 480 Plasterer 481 Playboy 482 Plumber 483 Plumber's Helper 484 Poet 485 Policeman 486 Policy Writer 487 Politician 488 Ponyexpress 489 Pool Hall Owner 490 Pool Room Owner 491 Porter 492 Porter/Waiter 493 Postal Clerk 494 Postmaster 495 Poultry Farmer 496 Preacher 497 Priest 498 Printer 499 Printer-Poet

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

500 Prison Guard 501 Prisoner 502 Produce Clerk 503 Produce Laborer 504 Produce Merchant 505 Produce Salesman 506 Produce Trader 507 Produce Worker 508 Projectionist 509 Prostitute 510 Pugilist 511 Pullman Porter 512 Pulp Worker 513 Purchasing Agent 514 Quarry Worker 515 Racketeer 516 Radio Repairman 517 Rafter 518 Rag Picker 519 Railroad Agent 520 Railroad Brakemn 521 Railroad Clerk 522 Railroad Emplyee 523 Railroad Engneer 524 Railroad Fireman 525 Railroad Foreman 526 Railroad Laborer 527 Railroad Machnst 528 Railroad Shop Wk 529 Railroad Switchm 530 Railroad Worker 531 Railsplitter 532 Railway Cook 533 Ranch Foreman 534 Ranch Hand 535 Ranch Laborer 536 Ranch Manager 537 Rancher 538 Range Rider 539 Real Estate 540 Real Estate Agnt 541 Realtor 542 Refinery Worker 543 Reformtry Escpee

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

544 Reformtry Inmate 545 Reformtry Parlee 546 Relief Worker 547 Religious Neophy 548 Repairman 549 Restaurant Mngr 550 Restaurant Oper 551 Restaurant Owner 552 Restaurant Workr 553 Retarded 554 Retired Baker 555 Retired Grocer 556 Retired Soldier 557 Reverend 558 Revolutionary 559 Rigger 560 River Barge Wrkr 561 Riverboat Hand 562 Roadhouse Opertr 563 Rodeo Cowboy 564 Roof Painter 565 Roofer 566 Roofing Salesman 567 Rooming Hse Ownr 568 Roustabout 569 Rubber Worker 570 Rug Peddler 571 Rug Weaver 572 Runaway 573 Runaway Slave 574 Sailor 575 Sales 576 Sales Broker 577 Sales Manager 578 Salesman 579 Saloon Employee 580 Saloon Keeper 581 Saloon Owner 582 Saloon Porter 583 Sanitation 584 Sawmill Operator 585 Sawmill Worker 586 School Guard 587 School Teacher

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

588 Scriptwriter 589 Sculptor 590 Sea Captain 591 Seaman 592 Security Guard 593 Servant 594 Sharecropper 595 Sheet Mill Workr 596 Shepherd 597 Sheriff 598 Shingleworker 599 Ship Captain 600 Ship's Carpenter 601 Ship's Pilot 602 Shipmaster 603 Shipping Clerk 604 Shipyard Worker 605 Shoemaker 606 Shoeshiner 607 Silk Weaver 608 Silversmith 609 Singer 610 Slave 611 Smelterer 612 Smuggler 613 Social Worker 614 Soda Clerk 615 Soda Parlor Ownr 616 Soldier 617 Soldier Lt 618 Speakeasy Opertr 619 Speakeasy Owner 620 Spiritualist 621 Stableboy 622 Stage Driver 623 State Trooper 624 Steamboat Roustr 625 Steamboat Worker 626 Steamfitter 627 Steelmill Worker 628 Steelworker 629 Steeplejack 630 Stenographer 631 Stevedore

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

632 Steward 633 Stock Swindler 634 Stock Trader 635 Stockman 636 Stockyard Hand 637 Stone Mason 638 Stone Quarry Wkr 639 Stonecutter 640 Store Clerk 641 Store Keeper 642 Store Owner 643 Streetcar Conduc 644 Student 645 Surgeon 646 Tailor 647 Tavern Keeper 648 Tavern Owner 649 Taxi Driver 650 Teacher 651 Teamster 652 Telephone Repair 653 Temperance Workr 654 Tenant Farmer 655 Textile Worker 656 Theater Employee 657 Thief 658 Ticket Taker 659 Tiecutter 660 Tinker 661 Tinner 662 Tire Recapper 663 Tire Salesman 664 Tobacco Dealer 665 Tong Assassin 666 Tong Member 667 Tongsman 668 Tool Worker 669 Toolmaker 670 Tory Soldier 671 Tour Guide 672 Tourist 673 Towboat Hand 674 Tractor Driver 675 Trade School Stu

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

676 Trader 677 Tradesman 678 Train Engineer 679 Train Porter 680 Tramp 681 Transient 682 Transient Worker 683 Transit Employee 684 Trapper 685 Trapper/Hunter 686 Trash Collector 687 Tree Planter 688 Tribal Chief 689 Truck Driver 690 Truck Farmer 691 Tugboat Fireman 692 Tugboat Worker 693 Turpentine Workr 694 TV Repairman 695 Typesetter 696 Typewritr Repair 697 U.S. Marshall 698 Unemployed 699 Unemployed Labor 700 Unemplyd Mechanc 701 Union Organizer 702 Unlicnsd Physicn 703 Upholsterer 704 Upholstrr's Help 705 Utilties Emplyee 706 Utilities Managr 707 Vagrant 708 Valet 709 Vaudeville 710 Veteran 711 Veteran Pensionr 712 Veterinarian 713 Vocational Stu 714 Voodoo Doctor 715 Wagon Boss 716 Wagon Driver 717 Wagoneer 718 Waiter 719 Waitress

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

720 Wall Washer 721 War Plant Worker 722 Warehouse Porter 723 Warehouse Worker 724 Watchman 725 Weaver 726 Welder 727 Whaler 728 Wheel Wright 729 Whiskey Smuggler 730 Whisky Runner 731 Widow 732 Windowdresser 733 Winery Employee 734 Wood Chopper 735 Wood Cutter 736 Wood Dealer 737 Wood Sawer 738 Wood Worker 739 Woodsman 740 WPA Water Boy 741 WPA Worker 742 Writer 743 Yardman 800 A/C Repairman 801 Autobody Rep 802 Babysitter 803 Bouncer 804 Caretaker 805 Cashier 806 Clerical 807 Clown 808 Coll. Graduate 809 Correction Off 810 Directcaretek 811 Dispatcher 812 Drywaller 813 Dump Truck Driver 814 Informant 815 Insur. Investor 816 Landscaping 817 Maintenance 818 Manager 819 Noble

------BEG END NAME VARIABLE LABEL COL COL FMT ------

V21 (cont.)

820 Nurse Assist 821 Nursesaide 822 Press Operat 823 Produce Manager 824 Radiator Repai 825 Relief Worker Assist 826 Repo Man 827 Roughneck 828 Shrimper 829 Stock Broker 830 Stripper 900 Heavy Equip Oper/Carpenter 901 Laborer/Truck Driver 902 Painter/Mechanic 903 Sales/Laborer 904 Student/Sales 905 Welder/Mechanic

APPENDIX A

*** NOTE 1 ***

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baldus, D., et al. "Identifying comparatively excessive sentences of death: A quantitative approach." STANFORD LAW REVIEW, 33:1, 1980.

Barnes, H. and Teeters, N. NEW HORIZONS IN CRIMINOLOGY. Englewood Cliffs, 1942.

Bedau, H. THE DEATH PENALTY IN AMERICA. New York, 1967 (2nd ed.), 1982 (3rd ed.).

Bowers, W. EXECUTIONS IN AMERICA. Lexington, Mass., 1974.

Bowers, W. and Pierce, G. "Arbitrariness and discrimination under post- Furman capital statutes." CRIME AND DELINQUENCY, 563:572, 1980.

Bye, R. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. Philadelphia, 1919.

Chambliss, W. and Seidment, R. LAW, ORDER, AND POWER. Reading, Mass., 1971.

Cooper, D. THE LESSON OF THE SCAFFOLD: THE PUBLIC EXECUTION CONTROVERSY IN VICTORIAN ENGLAND. Athens, Ohio, 1974.

Ehrlich, I. "The deterrent effect of capital punishment: A question of life and death." AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, 65:397, 1975.

Espy, W. "Description of the Capital Punishment Project at the Law Center, University of Alabama." Paper presented at the Am. Pol. Sci. Assoc. annual meetings, Chicago, 1983.

Fogle, H. THE PALACE OF DEATH. Columbus, Ohio, 1909.

Garfinkel, H. "Research note on inter- and intra-racial homicides." SOCIAL FORCES, 27:369, 1949.

Gurr, T. "Historical trends in crime and violence: A review of the evidence." In N. Morris and M. Toney (eds), CRIME AND JUSTICE, AN ANNUAL REVIEW OF RESEARCH, VOL. 3, Chicago, 1982.

Hagan, J. "Extra-legal attributes and criminal sentencing: An assessment of a Sociological viewpoint," LAW AND SOCIOLOGY REVIEW, 8:357, 1974.

Johnson, G. "The Negro and Crime." THE ANNALS, 271:93, 1941.

Kleck, G. "Racial discrimination in criminal sentencing: A critical evaluation of evidence with additional evidence on the death penalty." AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW, 46;783, 1981.

LaFree, G. "The effects of sexual stratification by race on official reactions to rape." AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW, 45:842, 1980.

McCafferty, J. (ed). CAPITAL PUNISHMENT. Chicago, 1972.

Mackey, P. HANGING IN THE BALANCE: THE ANTI-CAPITAL PUNISHMENT MOVEMENT IN NEW YORK STATE, 1776-1861. New York, 1982.

Mackey, P. VOICES AGAINST DEATH: AMERICAN OPPOSITION TO CAPITAL PUNISHMENT, 1787-1975. New York, 1976.

Mayers, M. "Offended parties and official reactions: victims and sentencing of criminal defendants." SOCIOLOGICAL QUARTERLY, 20:529, 1979.

NAACP Legal Defense Fund. DEATH ROW, U.S.A. New York, Dec. 1983.

Parker, R. and Smith, M. "Deterrence, poverty, and type of homicide." AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY, 85:614, 1979.

Quinney, R. CRIMINOLOGY. 2nd ed. Boston, 1979.

Radelet, M. "Racial characteristics and the imposition of the death penalty." AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW, 46:918, 1981.

Riedel, M. "Discrimination in the imposition of the death penalty: A comparison of the characteristics of offenders sentenced pre-Furman and post- Furman." TEMPLE LAW REVIEW, 49:261, 1976.

Sellin, T. "A note on capital punishment in the United States." BRITISH JOURNAL OF DELINQUENCY, 1:6, 1950.

Sellin, T. "Death and imprisonment as deterrents to murder." In T. Sellin (ed), THE DEATH PENALTY. Philadelphia, 1959.

Teeters, N. "Public executions in Pennsylvania, 1682 to 1834." JOURNAL OF THE LANCASTER COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, 64:85, 1960.

Trenerry, W. MURDER IN MINNESOTA. St. Paul, 1962.

Vidmar, R. and Ellsworth, W. "Public opinion on capital punishment." In H. Bedau (ed), THE DEATH PENALTY IN AMERICA. 3rd ed. Chicago, 1982.

Wolfgang, M. and Reidel, M. "Race, judicial discretion, and the death penalty." THE ANNALS, 407:119, 1973.

Zeisel, H. "Race bias in the administration of the death penalty: The Florida experience." HARVARD LAW REVIEW, 95:456, 1981.

ALABAMA

NEWSPAPERS ADVERTISER (Montgomery), 1910-1916 EAGLE (Dothan), 1930-1935 NEWS AND AGE HERALD, 1890-1924

Selected dates prior to 1870: ADVERTISER AND GAZETTE (Montgomery) GAZETTE AND COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER (Mobile) JOURNAL (Montgomery) MIRROR (Tuscaloosa) MONITOR (Tuscaloosa) PRESS AND ALABAMA INTELLEGENCER (Cahawba) REGISTER (Mobile) REPUBLICAN (Huntsville) SOUTHERN ADVOCATE (Huntsville)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES THE ALABAMA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY. State Department of Archives and History. THE ALABAMA REVIEW. University of Alabama Press. ESCAMBIA COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY MAGAZINE.

GOVERNMENT Alabama. ACTS OF ALABAMA (prior to 1865) DOCUMENTS (Showing compensation when appropriated by legislature to owners of executed slaves.) Alabama. STATE TREASURY DISBURSEMENT JOURNALS (prior to 1865) (Showing compensation when not appropriated by legislature to owners of executed slaves.)

BOOKS Clanahan, James F. HISTORY OF PICKENS COUNTY. Carrollton: Clanahan Publications, 1965. Sellers, James B. SLAVERY IN ALABAMA. University: University of Alabama Press, 1950.

ALASKA

BOOKS Murton, Thomas O. THE ADMINISTRATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN ALASKA, 1867 TO 1902. Berkeley, CA: 1965.

ARIZONA

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: ARIZONA MINER (Prescott)

EPITAPH (Tombstone) MOHAVE COUNTY MINER (Kingman)

BOOKS & Coolidge, Dane. FIGHTING MEN OF THE WEST. PAPERS Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1968. Harrison, Fred. HELL HOLES AND HANGINGS. New York: Ballantine Books, 1968. Hayes, Jess G. SHERIFF THOMPSON'S DAY. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1968. Ladd, Robert E. EIGHT ROPES TO ETERNITY. Tombstone: Tombstone Epitaph, 1965. Moore, Daniel G. ENTER WITHOUT KNOCKING. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1969. Murphy, James M. LAWS, COURTS AND LAWYERS THROUGH THE YEARS IN ARIZONA. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970. Paher, Stanley W. NORTHWESTERN ARIZONA GHOST TOWNS. Las Vegas, NV: Gateway Press, 1970. Rees, Donna. "The History, Development and Present Administrative Structure of the Mohave County Jail, 1850-1970."

ARKANSAS

NEWSPAPERS ARKANSAS GAZETTE (Little Rock), 1901-1905; 1909-1914 DAILY RECORD (Malvern), "50th Anniversary Edition", 1966

HISTORICAL Selected issues: SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS OF THE ARKANSAS HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS SOCIETY. WHITE COUNTY HERITAGE.

BOOKS Jackson, Bruce. KILLING TIME: LIFE IN THE ARKANSAS PENITENTIARY. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977. McKennon, C. H. IRON MEN: A SAGA OF THE DEPUTY UNITED STATES MARSHALS WHO RODE THE INDIAN TERRITORY. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1967. Shinn, Joseph E. PIONEERS AND MAKERS OF ARKANSAS. Genealogical and Historical Publishing Co., 1908. Webb, Robert T. HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF CLAY COUNTY. Mountain Brook, AR: Bruce Brown and Patsy Truscott, 1933.

CALIFORNIA

NEWSPAPERS BEE (Sacramento), July 1872-June 1876 CHRONICLE (San Francisco), July 1890 December 1895 TIMES (Los Angeles), January 1885 December 1887

Selected dates: CHRONICLE EXTRA (Chico) CONTRA COSTA GAZETTE (Martinez) COURIER (Shasta) DAILY COLUSA SUN (Colusa) DAILY EVENING NEWS (Modesto) DAILY JORNAL (Hanford) DAILY TELEGRAM (San Luis Obispo) DAILY TIMES (Visalia) DISPATCH-DEMOCRAT (Ukiah) ENTERPRISE (Riverside) HUMBOLT TIMES (Eureka) INDEPENDENT-JOURNAL (San Rafael) KERN COUNTY CALIFORNIAN (Bakersfield) MERCURY (Madera) MERCURY HERALD (San Jose) MORNING REPUBLICAN (Fresno) MOUNTAIN DEMOCRAT (Placerville) PLACER-HERALD (Auburn) RED BLUFF DAILY NEWS (Red Bluff) REDWOOD JOURNAL (Ukiah) STAR (St. Helena) SUN (San Bernardino) TRIBUNE (Oakland) UNION (San Diego) WEEKLY-POST (Ventura)

BOOKS Bancroft, Hubert Rowe. BANCROFT'S WORKS. Selected vols. San Francisco: History Company Publishers, 1887. Catton, Joseph. BEHIND THE SCENES OF MURDER. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1940. Colby, Robert. THE CALIFORNIA CRIME BOOK. New York: Pyramid Books, 1971. Davis, Bernice Freeman and Al Hirshberg. THE DESPARATE AND THE DAMNED. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1961. de River, J. Paul. THE SEXUAL CRIMINAL. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1950; 1956. Dickensheet, Dean W., ed. GREAT CRIMES OF SAN FRANCISCO. New York: Ballantine Books, 1974. Dillon, Richard H. THE HATCHET MEN. New York: Coward-McCann, 1962. Duffy, Clinton T. and Al Hirshberg. 88 MEN AND 2 WOMEN. Garden City, NY:

Doubleday & Co., 1962. Eshelman, Byron and Frank Riley. DEATH ROW CHAPLAIN. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1962. Jackson, Joseph Henry, ed. SAN FRANCISCO MURDERS. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1947. Patton, Richard E. THE BOWMAN CASE. Volcano: The California Traveler, Inc., 1973. Pitt, Leonard. THE DECLINE OF THE CALIFORNIOS. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966. Rawson, Taber. I WANT TO LIVE] New York: Figaro, Inc., 1958. Shirley, Glenn. BORN TO KILL. Derby, CT: Monarch Books, Inc., 1963. Stanford, Leland G.FOOTPRINTS OF JUSTICE IN SAN DIEGO. San Diego: San Diego County Law Library, 1960. Wells, Harry L. HISTORY OF SISKIYOU COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. Oakland: D. J. Stewart & Co., 1881. Wyden, Peter. THE HIRED KILLERS. William Morrow & Co., 1963.

COLORADO

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: CHIEFTAN (Pueblo) CHRONICLE-NEWS (Trinidad) COLORADAN (Fort Collins) DAILY SENTINEL (Grand Junction) DAILY TRIBUNE (Greeley) EAGLE VALLEY ENTERPRISE (Eagle) INDEPENDENT (Delta) INDEPENDENT (Littleton) REPUBLICAN (Gunnison) WEEKLY GAZETTE (Colorado Springs)

BOOKS Cook, D. J. HANDS UP] A CONDENSED CRIMINAL HISTORY OF THE FAR WEST. Reprint ed., Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958. Cooper, Courtney Ryley. TEN THOUSAND PUBLIC ENEMIES. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1935. Hall, Frank. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF COLORADO. Chicago: The Blakely Printing Co., 1890. Hough, Emerson. THE STORY OF THE OUTLAW. Grossett and Dunlap, 1907. Warford, Sherrill. VERDICT: GUILTY AS

CHARGED. Leadville: Silver City Printing Co., 1977.

CONNECTICUT

NEWSPAPERS Selected Dates: COURANT (Hartford) TIMES (Hartford)

BOOKS Kilbourn, Dwight C. BENCH AND BAR OF LITCHFIELD COUNTY, CONNECTICUT, 1709-1909. Litchfield, CT: By the author, 1909. Osborne, Norris Galpin, ed. HISTORY OF CONNECTICUT IN MONOGRAPHIC FORM. New York: The States History Co., 1925. Osterweis, Rollin G. THREE CENTURIES OF NEW HAVEN, 1638-1938. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953. THE SAD TALE OF THE CHRISTIAN INDIAN. Waterbury, CT: Nattatuck Historical Society, 1945. Webster, Clarence M. TOWN MEETING COUNTRY. New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce, 1945. Wilson, Lynn Winfield. HISTORY OF FAIR FIELD COUNTY. Hartford: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1929.

DELAWARE

PAPERS Brandner, I. M. H. "Legal Executions in Delaware." Prepared for seminar in criminology, University of Pennsylvania, 1956. "An Historical Overview of the Delaware Correctional System." February 1, 1972.

FLORIDA

NEWSPAPERS DEMOCRAT (Tallahassee), 1905-1910 FLORIDA TIMES UNION (Jacksonville), 1889-1893; 1909-1912 JOURNAL (Pensacola), 1910-1916

Selected dates: DAILY NEWS (Naples) GAZETTE (Milton) HERALD (Miami) HERALD (Panama City) JACKSON COUNTY FLORIDIAN (Marrianna) JOURNAL (Jacksonville) NEWS (Panama City) NEWS (Pensacola) RECORD (St. Augustine) SENTINEL (Orlando) SUN (Gainesville) SUN NEWS (DeLand) TIMES (St. Petersburg) TRIBUNE (Tampa)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES THE QUARTERLY. Florida Historical Society.

BOOKS Pizzo, Anthony P. TAMPA TOWN, 1824-1886. Miami: Hurricane House Publishers, 1958.

GEORGIA

NEWSPAPERS CONSTITUTION (Atlanta), 1900-1917 DAILY CONSTITUTIONALIST AND REPUBLIC (Augusta), 1851-1853 ENQUIRER-SUN (Columbus), November 1855-September 1858; 1892-1899 JOURNAL (Atlanta), 1900-1917 MORNING NEWS (Savannah), 1853-1854

Selected dates: BRANTLEY ENTERPRISE (Nahunta) BULLOCH TIMES (Statesboro) CARROLL FREE PRESS (Carrollton) CITIZEN (Dalton) DADE NEIGHBOR (Trenton) DAILY HERALD (Albany) EARLY COUNTY NEWS (Blakely) ENTERPRISE (Douglas) GAZETTE (Tifton) LOCAL (Sylvester) MCDUFFIE PROGRESS (Thomson) MESSENGER (Cairo) MONTGOMERY COUNTY MONITOR (Mount Vernon) NEWS (Adel) NEWS (Dawson) NEWS RECORD (Fort Gaines) NEWS-TRIBUNE (Rome) OBSERVER (Moultrie)

PIKE COUNTY JOURNAL (Zebulon) POST SEARCHLIGHT (Bainbridge) SENTINEL (Jessup) TELEGRAPH (Macon) TELEPHONE (Sylvania) TIMES (Calhoun) TIMES (Thomaston) TIMES-ENTERPRISE (Thomasville) TIMES HERALD (Newnan) THE TRUE CITIZEN (Waynesboro) UNION-RECORDER (Milledgeville) UPSON ENTERPRISE (Thomaston) WALKER COUNTY MESSENGER (LaFayette) WEEKLY COURIER (Rome) WEEKLY HERALD (Albany)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES GEORGIA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY.

BOOKS Barnes, Margaret Ann. MURDER IN COWETA COUNTY. New York: Readers Digest Press, 1976. Coulter, E. Merton. THE TREE THAT OWNED ITSELF AND OTHER CHAPTERS OF GEORGIA HISTORY. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1966. Flanders, Ralph Betts. PLANTATION SLAVERY IN GEORGIA. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1933. Grice, Warren. GEORGIA THROUGH TWO CENTURIES. Edited by E. Merton Coulter. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1965. Harris, Nathaniel E. AUTOBIOGRAPHY. Macon, GA: J. W. Burke Co., 1925. Knight, Lucian Lamar. GEORGIA LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS. Atlanta: E. Byrd Printing Co., 1914. McQueen, Alex S. HISTORY OF CHARLTON COUNTY. Atlanta: Stein Printing Co., 1932. Steed, Hal. GEORGIA-UNFINISHED STATE. Atlanta: Cherokee Publishing Co., 1971. Temple, Sarah B. Gober and Kenneth Coleman. GEORGIA JOURNEYS. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1961. Wylie, Lollie Belle, ed. MEMOIRS OF JUDGE RICHARD H. CLARK. Atlanta: Franklin Printing & Publishing Co., 1898.

HAWAII

No local sources

Listing of persons executed at Oahu Prison from 1897-1944 obtained from Superintendent of State Prison.

IDAHO

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: DAILY NEWS (Twin Falls) EVENING CAPITAL NEWS (Boise) IDAHO WORLD (Idaho City) NEWS (Nez Perce) REGISTER (Blackfoot) SEMI-WEEKLY DEMOCRAT (Boise) SEMI-WEEKLY RECORD (Idaho Falls) STATESMAN (Boise) WOOD RIVER TIMES (Hailey)

BOOKS & "Capital Punishment in Idaho." Paper PAPERS issued by R. D. Newberg, Records Administrator, Idaho Board of Corrections, 1976. AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO. Western Publishing Co., 1903. McConnell, William John and Howard Roscoe Driggs. FRONTIER LAW: A STORY OF VIGILANTE DAYS. AMS Press, Inc., 1974.

ILLINOIS

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: COURIER (Urbana) DAILY JOURNAL (Jacksonville) DAILY NEWS (Waukegan) DAILY PANTAGRAPH (Bloomington) DAILY REGISTER (Harrisburg) DAILY REPUBLICAN-TIMES (Ottawa) EVENING CITIZEN (Cairo) EVENING SENTINEL (Centralia) GAZETTE (Urbana) ILLINOISAN (Carbondale) ILLINOISAN (Wheaton) IROQUOIS COUNTY TIMES (Watseka) JOURNAL (Quincy) THE PENNY PRESS (Peoria) PRESS (Newton)

RECORD (Chicago) REPUBLICAN (Wheaton) SALINE COUNTY REGISTER (Harrisburg) TIMES-LEADER (McLeansboro) TRIBUNE (Chicago) WAY COUNTY PRESS (Fairfield) WEEKLY ADVOCATE (Belleville) WHITESIDE SENTINEL (Morrison)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL.

BOOKS & Angle, Paul M. BLOODY WILLIAMS: A CHAPTER PAPERS IN AMERICAN LAWLESSNESS. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1952. Block, Eugene B. FINGERPRINTING. New York: David McKay Co., 1969. Block, Eugene B. LIE DETECTORS: THEIR HISTORY AND USE. New York: David McKay Co., 1977. Bonney, Edward. THE BANDIT OF THE PRARIES. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963. Clay, R. B. "The Only Hanging in Wayne County." DeNeal, Gary. A KNIGHT OF ANOTHER SORT. Danville, IL: Interstate Printers and Publishers, 1981. Flynn, John J. HISTORY OF THE CHICAGO POLICE. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 1973. Halper, Albert, ed. THE CHICAGO CRIME BOOK. New York: World Publishing Co., 1967. Jordon, Philip D. FRONTIER LAW AND ORDER: TEN ESSAYS. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970. Longstreet, Stephen. CHICAGO, 1860-1919. New York: David McKay Co., 1973. Small, Curtis G. MEAN OLD JAIL. Harrisburg, IL: Register Publishing Co., 1970. Wilcox, J. F. HISTORICAL SOUVENIR OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY, ILLINOIS. Effingham, IL: LeCrone Press, 1905.

INDIANA

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: BANNER (Brownstown) CLARION (Princeton) COURIER (Madison) DAILY EXPRESS (Terre Haute) DAILY HERALD-ARGUS (LaPorte)

DAILY JOURNAL (Evansville) DAILY NEWS-TIMES (Goshen) DAILY REPORTER (Greenfield) DAVIESS COUNTY DEMOCRAT (Washington) EVENING ITEM (Richmond) EVENING JOURNAL (Crawfordsville) EVENING NEWS (Jeffersonville) EVENING REPUBLICAN (Columbus) GAZETTE (Evansville) GAZETTE (Fort Wayne) GAZETTE (Terre Haute) GAZETTE (Washington) HERALD (Liberty) HERALD PRESS (Huntington) JOURNAL (Delphi) JOURNAL-GAZETTE (Fort Wayne) NEWS (Hartford City) NEWS (LaGrange) NEWS-SENTINEL (Fort Wayne) NEWTON COUNTY ENTERPRISE (Kentland) POST (Columbia City) POST-TRIBUNE (Gary) PRESS (Evansville) REPORTER (Lebanon) STAR (Terre Haute) SUN (Vincennes) TRIBUNE (New Albany) VIDETTE-MESSENGER (Valparaiso) WEEKLY TIMES (Fort Wayne)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES INDIANA MAGAZINE OF HISTORY.

BOOKS & Bradsby, H. C. HISTORY OF VIGO COUNTY. PAPERS Chicago: Nelson, 1981. Grooms, Morgan (an inmate at the Indiana State Prison). "Indiana Executions in the Twentieth Century." Hopkins, William Foster. MURDER IS MY BUSINESS. Dayton, Ohio: Landfall Press, Inc., 1970.

IOWA

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: BEACON (Spirit Lake) DAILY TIMES (Dubuque) DEMOCRAT (Fort Madison) EVENING TRIBUNE (Des Moines) INTELLIGENCER (Charles City) MESSENGER (Fort Dodge) NONPAREIL (Council Bluffs) PRESS-CITIZEN (Iowa City)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES THE PALIMPSEST. State Historical Society of Iowa.

BOOKS Murphy, J. W. OUTLAWS OF THE FOX RIVER COUNTRY. Reprint ed., Kahoka, MO: Kahoka GAZETTE-HERALD, 1963. Strong, Phil. HAWKEYES. New York: Dobbs, Mead & Co., 1940. Wellman, Paul I. THE SPAWN OF EVIL. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co.,1964. White, Edward S. PAST AND PRESENT OF SHELBY COUNTY, IOWA. 1915.

KANSAS

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: BEACON (Wichita) COURIER (Winfield) EAGLE (Wichita) KANSAS CHIEF (Troy) NEWS-HERALD (Hutchinson)

JOURNALS & Barry, Louis. "Legal Hangings in Kansas." MAGAZINES KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY (August 1950).

BOOKS Capote, Truman. IN COLD BLOOD. New York: Signet, 1956. Johnson, Lester Douglas. THE DEVIL'S FRONT PORCH. Wichita: 1970.

KENTUCKY

NEWSPAPERS COURIER-JOURNAL (Louisville), 1878-1892 HERALD (LEXINGTON), 1903-1906

Selected dates: ADVOCATE MESSENGER (Danville) BOYD COUNTY PRESS OBSERVER (Ashland) CENTRAL RECORD (Lancaster) COMMONWEALTH (Frankfort) CRITTENDEN PRESS (Marion) DAILY COMMONWEALTH (Covington) DAILY NEWS (Middlesboro) DAILY REGISTER (Richmond)

DAILY SUN (Paducah) DAILY TIMES (GLASGOW) GLEANER AND JOURNAL (Henderson) JOURNAL (Somerset) KENTUCKY GAZETTE (Lexington) KENTUCKY POST (Covington) LEADER (Greenville) MCCREARY COUNTY RECORD (Stearns) MESSENGER (Owensboro) SUN (Winchester) SUN-DEMOCRAT (Paducah) TIMES-ARGUS (Central City) WAYNE COUNTY OUTLOOK (Monticello)

JOURNALS & THE FILSON CLUB HISTORY QUARTERLY. MAGAZINES Selected issues. Ireland, Robert M. "Law and Disorder in Nineteenth Century Kentucky." VANDERBILT LAW REVIEW Vol. 32 No. 1 (January 1979).

GOVERNMENT Kentucky. Auditor's Report. Doc. #1. DOCUMENTS 1855-1856. (Showing payment for executed slaves)

BOOKS THE ASHLAND TRAGEDY. Ashland, KY: J. M. Huff; reprint ed., Ashland, KY: Boyd County Historical Society, 1969. Boyd, L. CHRONICLES OF CYNTHIANA AND OTHER CHRONICLES. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1894. Cobb, Irvin S. EXIT LAUGHING. New York: Garden City Publishing Co., 1942. Coleman, J. Winston, Jr. SLAVERY TIMES IN KENTUCKY. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1940. Cooper, Courtney Ryley. DESIGNS IN SCARLET. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1939. Hayes, Charles. THE HANGING OF BAD TOM SMITH. Reprint ed., Breathitt County Historical Society, 1969. Johnson, L. F. FAMOUS KENTUCKY TRIALS AND TRAGEDIES. Lexington: Henry Clay Press, 1972. Johnson, L. Frank. HISTORY OF THE FRANKLIN COUNTY BAR. Frank K. Kavanaugh, 1932. Scalf, Henry P. KENTUCKY'S LAST FRONTIER. Pikeville: Pikeville College Press of the Appalachian Studies Center, 1972.

LOUISIANA

NEWSPAPERS PICAYUNE and TIMES-PICAYUNE (New Orleans), 1855-1859; 1928-1937

Selected dates: ADVOCATE (Baton Rouge) CRESCENT (New Orleans) DELTA (New Orleans) FLORIDA PARISHES TIMES (Amite City) GAZETTE (Baton Rouge) MADISON JOURNAL (Tallulah) TIMES (Shreveport) WEEKLY GAZETTE (Villa Platte)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES LOUISIANA HISTORY. Louisiana Historical Association.

BOOKS Asbury, Herbert. THE FRENCH QUARTER. New York: Garden City Publishing Co., Inc., 1938. Castellanos, Henry C. NEW ORLEANS AS IT WAS: EPISODES OF LOUISIANA LIFE. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1978. Fontenot, Mary Alice and Vincent Riehl. THE CAT AND ST. LANDRY. Baton Rouge: Claitor's Publishing Division, 1972. HISTORICAL SKETCHBOOK AND GUIDE TO NEW ORLEANS AND ENVIRONS. Edited and compiled by New Orleans Press. New York: Will H. Coleman, 1885. King, Grace. NEW ORLEANS - THE PLACE AND THE PEOPLE. New York: MacMillan & Co., 1896. THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF WILLIAM DUNBAR. Jackson, MS: 1938. Saxon, Lyle. FATHER MISSISSIPPI. New York: The Century Co., 1927. Saxon, Lyle. OLD LOUISIANA. New York: The Century Co., 1929. Sterkx, H. E. THE FREE NEGRO IN ANTEBELLUM LOUISIANA. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1972. Tallant, Robert. READY TO HANG. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952. Taylor, Joe Gray. NEGRO SLAVERY IN LOUISIANA. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Historical Association, 1963.

MAINE

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: EASTERN ARGUS (Portland) EVENING JOURNAL (Lewiston) GAZETTE (Cumberland) GAZETTE (Portland) PRESS HERALD (Portland) TELEGRAM (Portland)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES COLLECTIONS OF MAINE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

MARYLAND

NEWSPAPERS AMERICAN AND COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER (Baltimore), 1823-1824 EVENING SUN (Baltimore), 1871-1877; 1899; 1920-1923

Selected dates: HERALD (Frederick) JOURNAL (Denton) LEDGER (Easton) NEWS (Frederick) POST (Frederick) SENTINEL (Rockville) SUN (Baltimore) WICOMICO NEWS (Salisbury)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES ARCHIVES OF MARYLAND. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society. MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society.

GOVERNMENT Maryland. "Report of the Legislative DOCUMENTS Council Committee on Capital Punishment." (October 3, 1962).

BOOKS Brackett, Jeffrey R. THE NEGRO IN MARYLAND. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1889. Scharf, J. Thomas. CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. Baltimore: Turnbull Brothers, 1874. Scharf, J. Thomas. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 3 vols. Hatboro, PA: Tradition Press, 1867. Semmes, Raphael. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN EARLY MARYLAND. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1938.

MASSACHUSETTS

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: BERKSHIRE EAGLE (Pittsfield) BERKSHIRE SAMPLER (Pittsfield) CHRONICLE (Boston) EVENING GAZETTE (Worcester) EVENING STANDARD (New Bedford) GLOBE (Boston) THE NATIONAL AEGIS (Worcester) REPUBLICAN (Springfield) TELEGRAM (Worcester) TRAVELER (Boston) UNION (Springfield)

BOOKS Barber, Samuel. BOSTON COMMON. Boston: Christopher Publishing House, 1916. Bradford, William. HISTORY OF PLYMOUTH PLANTATIONS. Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Co., 1901. Curley, James M. I'D DO IT AGAIN. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall & Co., 1957. Greene, Lorenzo Johnston. THE NEGRO IN COLONIAL NEW ENGLAND, 1620-1676. New York: Columbia University Press, 1942. Hamilton, Luther, ed. MEMOIRS, SPEECHES AND WRITINGS OF ROBERT RANTOUL, JR. Boston: John F. Jewett & Co., 1854. Hansen, Chadwick. WITCHCRAFT AT SALEM. New York, 1969. Hofer, Peter C. and N. E. H. Hull. MURDERING MOTHERS: INFANTICIDE IN ENGLAND AND NEW ENGLAND, 1558-1803. New York: Linden Studies in Anglo American Legal History, 1981. Jameson, J. Franklin, ed. PRIVATEERING AND PIRACY IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD. New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1970. Mather, Cotton. MAGNALIA CHRISTI, OR, THE ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND. 1852; reprint ed., New York: Russell, 1967. Powers, Edwin. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN EARLY MASSACHUSETTS, 1620-1692, A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY. Boston: Beacon Press, 1966. RECORDS OF THE COURT OF ASSISTANTS OF THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY, 1630 1692. 3 vols. Boston: Suffold County, 1901-1908. Savage, Edward H. POLICE RECORDS AND RECOLLECTIONS. Reprinted ed., Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 1971. Shurtleff, Nathaniel B., ed. RECORDS OF THE

COLONY OF NEW PLYMOUTH IN NEW ENGLAND. Boston: White, 1855. Snow, Edward Rowe. THE ISLANDS OF BOSTON HARBOR. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1971. Sullivan, Robert. THE DISAPPEARANCE OF DR. PARKMAN. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1971.

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES PUBLICATIONS OF THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS. Boston.

MICHIGAN

JOURNALS & Burbey, Louis H. "History of Executions MAGAZINES in Michigan." MICHIGAN HISTORY MAGAZINE 22 (1938): 444-445.

MINNESOTA

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: JOURNAL (Minneapolis) NEWS-TRIBUNE (Duluth) PILOT (Walker) POST (Alexandria) SUNDAY TRIBUNE (Albert Lea)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES MINNESOTA HISTORY. Minnesota Historical Society.

BOOKS Baker, Roy A. HISTORY OF FERGUS FALLS TO JANUARY 1, 1893. Otter Tail County Historical Society, 1935. Trenerry, Walter N. MURDER IN MINNESOTA. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1962.

MISSISSIPPI

NEWSPAPERS AMERICAN (Hattiesburg), 1936 COMMERICAL DISPATCH (Columbus), 1948 DELTA TIMES-DEMOCRAT (Greenville); 1921-1925; 1933-1937; 1941-1942. DEMOCRAT (Natchez), 1934-1935 NEWS (Jackson), 1934; 1950-1952

PRESS (Clarksdale), 1944

Selected dates: AMERICAN BANNER (Yazoo City) ENTERPRISE (Jackson) HERALD (Yazoo City) JOURNAL (Tupelo) MADISON COUNTY HERALD (Canton) MISSISSIPPI PRESS (Pascagoula) POST (Vicksburg) RANKIN COUNTY NEWS (Brandon) TOCSIN-ENTERPRISE (Indianola)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES & JOURNAL OF MISSISSIPPI HISTORY. Mississippi MISC. Department of Archives and History. SOURCE MATERIAL FOR MISSISSIPPI HISTORY. Vol. 22. Compiled by the W. P. A. Writer's Project, 1930's.

BOOKS Claiborne, J. F. H. MISSISSIPPI AS A PROVINCE, TERRITORY AND STATE. Jackson: Power & Barksdale, 1880. Higgenbotham, Jay. MOBILE-CITY BY THE BAY. Mobile: Azalea Printers, 1968. Mars, Florence. WITNESS IN PHILADELPHIA. Baton Rouge: ISU Press, 1977. Pitts, J. R. S. LIFE AND CONFESSION OF THE NOTED OUTLAW JAMES COPELAND. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1980. Street, James H. LOOK AWAY: A DIXIE NOTEBOOK. New York: The Viking Press, 1963. Wells, James. THE CHISHOLM MASSACRE. Reprint ed., New York: Haskell House Publishers, 1969.

MISSOURI

NEWSPAPERS MAIL (Nevada), 1896 POST (St. Louis) 1886; 1903; 1906; 1908; 1934; 1938 POST DISPATCH (St. Louis) 1886; 1903; 1906; 1908; 1934; 1938 REPUBLICAN (St. Louis), 1838; 1868; 1871 STAR (Kansas City), 1904

Selected dates: BANNER-PRESS (Marble Hill) ENTERPRISE (Charleston) EVENING PRESS (Farmington) GAZETTE-JOURNAL (Kahoka)

JOHNSTON COUNTY STAR (Warrensburg) LEADER (Springfield) REPUBLICAN (Charleston) STAR JOURNAL (Warrenton) STATESMAN (Versailles) TIMES (Kansas City) WEEKLY HERALD (Rolla) WEEKLY RECORD (New Madrid)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. Missouri Historical Society.

BOOKS Barker, John T. MISSOURI LAWYER. Philadelphia: Dorrance and Co., 1949. Bray, W. V. N. RECOLLECTIONS OF THE BENCH AND BAR OF MISSOURI. St. Louis: F. H. Thomas & Co., 1878. Burrows, William E. VIGILANTE] New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976. Hahn, Mary. BITES OF HISTORY. Cape Girardeau: Ramfee Press, 1972. HISTORY OF MISSOURI, ILLUSTRATED. Goodspeed Publishing Co., 1889. Thompson, George. PRISON LIFE AND REFLECTIONS. Hartford: A. Work, 1851. Rutt, Chris L., ed. HISTORY OF BUCHANAN COUNTY AND THE CITY OF ST. JOSEPH. Chicago: Biographical Publishing Co., 1904.

MONTANA

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: BOULDER MONITOR & JEFFERSON NEWS (Boulder) DAILY HERALD (Helena) DAILY INTERLAKE (Kalispell) DAILY STAR (Miles City) FERGUS COUNTY ARGUS (Lewistown) GAZETTE (Billings) INDEPENDENT (Helena) MADISONIAN (Virginia City) MISSOULAN (Missoula) MONTANIAN (Choteau) RIVER PRESS (Fort Benton) SPOKESMAN-REVIEW (Missoula) TIMES (Forsyth) TRIBUNE (Great Falls) TRIBUNE EXAMINER (Dillon) WEEKLY HERALD (Helena) WEEKLY MONTANAN (Helena)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES MONTANA: THE MAGAZINE OF WESTERN HISTORY. Montana Historical Society.

BOOKS & HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS. Kalispell: PAPERS Trippett Publishers, 1956. McCarthy, Dan. AFTERNOONS IN MONTANA. Aberdeen, SD: North Plains Press, 1971. Raffety, Robert O. "The History and Theory of Capital Punishment in Montana." Masters Thesis, University of Montana, 1968.

NEBRASKA

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: DAILY TRIBUNE (Fremont) PIERCE COUNTY CALL (Pierce) STAR (Lincoln) WEEKLY HERALD (Fremont) WORLD HERALD (Omaha)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES NEBRASKA HISTORY. Nebraska State Historical Society.

BOOKS Allen, William. STARKWEATHER. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1976. Buss, William H., Rev. and Thomas T. Osterman, eds. HISTORY OF DODGE AND WASHINGTON COUNTRIES, NEBRASKA AND THEIR PEOPLE. Chicago: The American Historical Society, 1921.

NEVADA

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: AGE (Las Vegas) COURIER (Belmont) COURIER (Genoa) DAILY APPEAL (Carson City) DAILY TRIBUNE (Goldfield) EVENING GAZETTE (Reno) NEWS (White Pine) REVIEW-JOURNAL (Las Vegas) SUN (Las Vegas) TERRITORIAL ENTERPRISE (Virginia City)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES NEVADA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. THE NEVADA MAGAZINE.

BOOKS Ashbaugh, Don. NEVADA'S TURBULENT YESTERDAY. Westernlore Press, 1963. Chalfant. W. A. GOLD, GUNS AND GHOST TOWNS. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1947. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEVADA. 1881, reprint ed., Berkeley, CA: Howell and North, 1958. Rusco, Elmer R. "GOOD TIMES COMING?" BLACK NEVADANS IN THE 19TH CENTURY. Westport, KY: Greenwood Press, 1975.

NEW HAMPSHIRE

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: CITIZEN (Laconia) DAILY UNION (Manchester) GUARDIAN (Manchester)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES GRANITE MONTHLY. YANKEE MAGAZINE.

BOOKS Adams, Nathaniel. ANNALS OF PORTSMOUTH. Reprint ed., Hampton: Peter E. Randall, 1971.

NEW JERSEY

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: ADVERTISER (Newark) APOLLO (Belvidere) CAPE MAY COUNTY GAZETTE (Cape May Court House) DAILY RECORD (Morristown) DAILY UNION (Atlantic City) EVENING JOURNAL (Jersey City) EVENING NEWS (Bridgeton) EVENING POST (Asbury Park) HERALD (Mount Holly) JERSEYMAN (Morristown) PRESS (Asbury Park) PRESS (Blairstown) NEW JERSEY HERALD (Newton) NEWS (Newark) STAR (Washington)

STAR LEDGER (Newark) SUSSEX INDEPENDENT (Newton) WARREN JOURNAL (Belvidere)

JOURNALS & Bedau, Hugo A. "Death Sentences in MAGAZINES New Jersey, 1907-1960." RUTGERS LAW REVIEW, Vol. 19 No. 1, 1965. THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW JERSEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Selected issues.

BOOKS Barber, John W. and Henry Howe. HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. New York: S. Tuttle, 1845. Cooley, Henry Scofield. A STUDY OF SLAVERY IN NEW JERSEY. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1896. DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE COLONIAL HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. Selected vols. Paterson: Press Printing and Publishing Co. A HISTORY OF WESLEY WARNER'S CRIME. Mount Holly, NJ: 1894. Pratt, Fletcher. THE CUNNING MULATTO. New York: 1935. Reed, Henry. CHAPTERS IN A HISTORY OF CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN NEW JERSEY. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1977.

NEW MEXICO

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: DAILY TIMES (Farmington) ENTERPRISE (Silver City) INDEPENDENT (Silver City) JOURNAL (Albuquerque) RANGE (Raton) REPORTER (Raton) REPUBLICAN (RIO GRANDE) TRIBUNE (Albuquerque)

BOOKS & Hertzog, Peter. LEGAL HANGINGS. Santa Fe: PAPERS The Press of the TERRITORIAN, 1966. Myers, Lee C. THE PEARL OF THE PECOS. Compiled from EDDY newspapers Oct. 12, 1889 and Oct. 23, 1895. By the author, 1974. Poldervaart, Arie W. BLACK-ROBED JUSTICE. Albuquerque: Historical Society of New Mexico, 1948. Simmons, Marc. ALBUQUERQUE, A NARRATIVE HISTORY. Albuquerque: University

of New Mexico Press, 1982. Stanley, F. DESPERADOES OF NEW MEXICO. Denver. The World Press, Inc., 1953. Williams, O. W. "Past Hangings in Grant County." July 9, 1901.

NEW YORK

NEWSPAPERS NEW YORK TIMES (New York City), 1853-1868

Selected dates: CHENANGO TELEGRAPH (Norwich) COURIER EXPRESS (Buffalo) DAILY FREEMAN (Kingston) DELAWARE EXPRESS (Delhi) DEMOCRAT (Amsterdam) EVENING STANDARD (Cortland) FREEMAN'S JOURNAL (Cooperstown) FULTON COUNTY REPUBLICAN (Johnstown) GAZETTE (Utica) JOURNAL (Utica) LEADER-HERALD (Johnstown) MORNING EXPRESS (Buffalo) NEWS (Batavia) NORTH COUNTRYMAN (Rouses Point) OBSERVER (Utica) OTSEGO REPUBLICAN (Cooperstown) PALLADIUM (Oswego) PRESS (Binghamton) RECORDER (Amsterdam) REPOSITORY-MESSENGER (Canandaigua) REPUBLICAN (Plattsburgh) REPUBLICAN (Livingston) REPUBLICAN (Lyons) REPUBLICAN WATCHMAN-NEWS (Monticello) STEUBEN ADVOCATE (Bath) SULLIVAN COUNTY REPORTER (Jeffersonville) SUN (Binghamton) SUN (Norwalk) TIMES (Troy) TIMES (Watertown) TRIBUNE (Medina) YATES COUNTY CHRONICLE (Penn Yan)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY QUARTERLY.

BOOKS Byrnes, Thomas. 1886 PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS OF AMERICA. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1969. Carey, Arthur A. MEMOIRS OF A MURDER MAN. Garden City: Doubleday Doran & Co., 1930.

Collins, Ted., ed. NEW YORK MURDERS. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944. Desmond, Charles S. SHARP QUILLETS OF THE LAW. Buffalo: Dennis & Co., 1949. Elliott, Robert G. and Albert R. Beatty. AGENT OF DEATH. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1940. Goebel, Julius, Jr. and T. Raymond Naught on. COLONIAL NEW YORK: A STUDY IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (1664-1776). New York: The Commonwealth Fund, 1944. Greenberg, Douglas. CRIME AND LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE COLONY OF NEW YORK, 1691-1776. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974. Hammond, L. M. HISTORY OF MADISON COUNTY, STATE OF NEW YORK. Syracuse: Truair, Smith & Co., 1872. Horsmanden, Daniel. THE NEW YORK CONSPIRACY. Reprint ed., New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969. Kessler, Henry H. and Eugene Rachlis. PETER STUYVESANT AND HIS NEW YORK. New York: Random House, 1959. Lawes, Lewis E. LIFE AND DEATH IN SING SING. Garden City: Sun Dial Press, 1937. Lawes, Lewis E. MEET THE MUEDERER. New York: Harper & Bros., 1940. Levine, Emanuel H. THE THIRD DEGREE. New York: Vanguard Press, 1930. McGrath, Edward F. I WAS CONDEMNED TO THE CHAIR. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1934. Mann, Enos R. THE BENCH AND BAR OF SARATOGA COUNTY. Ballston: Waterbury & Inman, 1876. MANUAL OF THE CORPORATION OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. Selected vols. New York: 1842-1870. MINUTES OF THE COURT OF ALBANY, RENSSELAERSWYCK AND SCHENECTADY, 1668-1683. Translated and edited by A. J. F. Van Laer. Albany: The University of the State of New York, 1926. Reynolds, Quentin. COURTROOM. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Cudahy, 1950. Schappes, Morris U., ed. A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1654-1875. New York: Schocken Books, 1971. Singleton, Esther. SOCIAL NEW YORKER UNDER THE GEORGES, 1714-1776. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1902. Thompson, Harold W. BODY, BOOTS &

BRITCHES. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1940. Train, Arthur. TRUE STORIES OF CRIME FROM THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY'S OFFICE. New York: Scribner, 1908. Walling, George W. RECOLLECTIONS OF A NEW YORK CHIEF OF POLICE. Montclair: Patterson Smith, 1972. Whitehead, Don. BORDER GUARD. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963.

NORTH CAROLINA

NEWSPAPERS GAZETTE (Raleigh), 1897 NEWS AND OBSERVER (Raleigh), 1881-1889 REGISTER (Raleigh), 1802-1805 RECORDER (Hillsboro), 1820-1827; 1851-1853

Selected dates: ANSONIAN (Wadesboro) BANNER (Oxford) BEACON (Roanoke) CATAWBA COUNTY NEWS (Newton) CHATHAM RECORD (Pittsboro) CHEROKEE SCOUT (Murphy) CITIZEN (Ashville) COURIER (Roxboro) DAILY RECORD (Dunn) DAILY TIMES (Wilson) DAVIE RECORD (Macksville) DISPATCH (Lexington) ENQUIRER-JOURNAL (Monroe) GAZETTE (Gastonia) HERALD (Smithfield) INTELLIGENCER (Wadesboro) LEDGER (Oxford) THE MESSENGER (Wadesboro) MOUNTAINEER (Waynesville) NEWS (Greensboro) OBSERVER (CHARLOTTE) OBSERVER AND TIMES (Fayetteville) OBSERVER-NEWS-ENTERPRISE (Newton) PAMLICO COUNTY NEWS (Bayboro) PATRIOT (Greensboro) POST (Salisbury) PRESS (Franklin) PROGRESS (Marion) STAR (Wilmington) TIMES (Greensboro) TRIBUNE (Concord)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES THE NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL REVIEW.

North Carolina Historical Commission.

GOVERNMENT North Carolina. "Capital Punishment in DOCUMENTS North Carolina." Special Bulletin #10. Raleigh: North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, 1929.

BOOKS ABSTRACTS OF VITAL RECORDS FROM THE RALEIGH, N.C., NEWSPAPERS, 1799-1819. Compiled by Lois Smathers Neal. 2 vols. Spartanburg, SC: The Reprint Co., 1979. Basset, John Spencer. SLAVERY IN THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Studies in Historical and Political Science, Series XVII, 1899. Battle, Kemp Plummer. MEMORIES OF AN OLD TIME TAR HEEL. Edited by William James Battle. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1945. Davis, Edward Hill. HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. Raleigh: Edwards & Broughton Co., 1948. Eaton, Clement. THE GROWTH OF SOUTHERN CIVILIZATION, 1790-1860. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961. Evans, W. McKee. TO DIE GAME. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1971. Franklin, John Hope. THE FREE NEGRO IN NORTH CAROLINA, 1790-1860. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1943. Johnson, Guion Griffis. ANTEBELLUM NORTH CAROLINA: A SOCIAL HISTORY. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1937. Wheeler, John Hill. HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF NORTH CAROLINA FROM 1584 TO 1851. Reprint ed., Baltimore: Regional Publishing Co., 1964.

NORTH DAKOTA

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: DAILY NEWS (Minot) TRIBUNE (Bismark)

OHIO

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: ADVERTISER (Tiffin) BLADE (Toledo) CALL AND POST (Cleveland) CITIZEN (Columbus) DAILY BULLETIN (Van Wert) DAILY NEWS (Mansfield) DAILY RECORD (Wooster) DAILY TIMES (New Philadelphia) DEMOCRAT (Bryan) DEMOCRAT (Greenville) DEMOCRAT (Urbana) DEMOCRATIC NORTHWEST (Napoleon) DISPATCH (Columbus) EVENING REPOSITORY (Canton) GAZETTE (Springfield) GAZETTE AND TORCHLIGHT (Xenia) HERALD (Steubenville) HERALD-STANDARD (Steubenville) HOLMES COUNTY FARMER HUB (Millersburg) JOURNAL (Dayton) JOURNAL-GAZETTE (Sidney) NEWS (Dayton) NEWS (Fremont) NEWS (Portsmouth) NEWS BEE (Toledo) NEWS-JOURNAL (Mansfield) OHIO STATE JOURNAL (Columbus) PLAIN DEALER (Cleveland) REPUBLICAN (Elyria) RICHLAND SHIELD AND BANNER (Mansfield) SENTINEL (Mount Gilead) STAR (Marion) TELEGRAM (Youngstown) TELEGRAPH (Painesville) TIMES (Dayton) TIMES-SIGNAL (Zanesville) TORCHLIGHT (Xenia) TRIBUNE (Coshocton) TRIBUNE-CHRONICLE (Warren) VINDICATOR (Youngstown) WAYNE COUNTY DEMOCRAT (Wooster) WESTERN STAR (Lebanon)

HISTORICAL OHIO HISTORY. Ohio Historical Society. SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS

BOOKS Baker, Oliver Weld., ed. CLEVELAND MURDERS. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1947. DiSalle, Michael V. THE POWER OF LIFE OR DEATH. New York: Random House, 1965. Fogle, H. M. THE PALACE OF DEATH. Columbus:

By the author, 1909. Howe, Henry. HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF OHIO. 3 Vols. Columbus: Henry Howe & Son, 1889-1891. Meek, Basil. TWENTIETH CENTURY HISTORY OF SANDUSKY COUNTY. Chicago: Richmond-Arnold Co.

OKLAHOMA

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: DAILY TRIBUNE (Enid) DEMOCRAT (Tulsa) NEWS (Ada) NEWS (Enid) NEWS-STAR (Shawnee) RECORD-REGISTER (Coalgate) WORLD (Tulsa)

JOURNALS & Gregory, Bob. "They Died for Their Sins." MAGAZINES OKLAHOMA MONTHLY (December 1976).

HISTORICAL THE CHRONICLES OF OKLAHOMA. Oklahoma SOCIETY Historical Society. PUBLICATIONS

BOOKS FROM GUN TO GAVEL, THE COURTROOM RECOLLECTIONS OF JAMES MATHERS OF OKLAHOMA. As told to Marshall Houts. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1954.

OREGON

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: ARGUS (Hillsboro) ASTORIAN (Astoria) ASTORIAN-BUDGET (Astoria) COURIER (Oregon City) CROOK COUNTY JOURNAL (Prineville) EAST OREGONIAN (Pendleton) GAZETTE-TIMES (Corvallis) GLOBE-TIMES (Condon) GRANT COUNTY NEWS (Canyon City) GUARD (Eugene) HERALD (Albany) HERALD (Kamath Falls) HERALD (Tillamook) JOURNAL (Portland) LAKE COUNTY EXAMINER (Lakeview) MAIL TRIBUNE (Medford)

THE OREGON OBSERVER (Grant's Pass) OREGON STATESMAN (Salem) OREGONIAN (Portland) POLK COUNTY OBSERVER (Dallas) REGISTER (Eugene) THE ROGUE RIVER COURIER (Grant's Pass) TIMES (Coos Bay) TIMES-HERALD (Burns)

JOURNALS & Bedau, Hugo A. "Capital Punishment in MAGAZINES Oregon, 1903-1964." OREGON LAW REVIEW. Vol. 45 No. 1. (December 1965). OREGON HISTORICAL QUARTERLY. Oregon Historical Society. Selected issues.

BOOKS Block, Eugene B. SCIENCE VS. CRIME. San Francisco: Cragmont Publications, 1979. Brimlow, George Francis. HARNEY COUNTY, OREGON AND ITS RANGE LAND. Portland: Binfords and Mort, 1951.

PENNSYLVANIA

NEWSPAPERS GAZETTE (Philadelphia), 1788-1802 INQUIRER (Philadelphia), 1871-1873; 1891-1900 POST (Pittsburg), 1883-1886

Selected dates: CALL (Allentown) COMPILER (Gettysburg) DEMOCRAT (Mauch Chunk) DERRICK (Oil City) DISPATCH (York) EAGLE (Butler) FRANKLIN REPOSITORY (Chambersburg) HERALD (Somerset) INDEPENDENT (Montrose) INTELLIGENCER (Lancaster) JUNIATA SENTINEL AND REPUBLICAN (Mifflintown) NEWS (Mauch Chunk) NEWS (New Castle) NEWS TRIBUNE (Beaver Falls) OBSERVER (Washington) PATRIOT (Harrisburg) PIKE COUNTY PRESS (Milford) POTTER ENTERPRISE (Coudersport) PUBLIC LEDGER (Philadelphia) PUBLIC OPINION (Chambersburg) RECORD (Lansford) RECORD-ARGUS (Greenville)

REGISTER (Oil City) REPUBLICAN (Scranton) SENTINEL (Gettysburg) SNYDER COUNTY TRIBUNE (Selinsgrove) STAR AND SENTINEL (Gettysburg) TIMES (Chester) TIMES (Scranton) TIMES (Stroudsburg) TRIBUNE (Johnstown) VENANGO SPECTATOR (Franklin) WAYNE INDEPENDENT (Honesdale)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

BOOKS Broehl, Wayne G., Jr. THE MOLLY MAGUIRES. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964. COLONIAL RECORDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 16 vols. Harrisburg: 1851-1853. Faber, Elmer. BEYOND THE LAW. Greensburg, PA: Charles M. Henry Printing Co., 1933. Franke, David. THE TORTURE DOCTOR. New York: Hawthorne Books, 1975. Lane, Roger. VIOLENT DEATH IN THE CITY. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979. Lewis, Arthur H. LAMENT FOR THE MOLLY MAGUIRES. Harcourt, Brace and World, 1964. THE MANHEIM TRAGEDY. Lancaster: H. A. Rockafield, 1858. Stocker, Rhmanthus M. CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF SUSQUEHANNA COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA. Reprint ed., Baltimore: Regional Publishing Co., 1974. Teeters, Negley K. SCAFFOLD AND CHAIR. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Prison Society, 1963. Whisker, Vaughn E. TALES FROM THE ALLEGHENY FOOTHILLS. Bedford: Bedford Gazette, 1975.

RHODE ISLAND

NEWSPAPERS Selected Dates: GAZETTE (Newport) GAZETTE (Providence) JOURNAL (Providence) MERCURY (Newport)

GOVERNMENT REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION DOCUMENTS IN THE SENATE OF THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND ON THE SUBJECT OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT. Providence: Albert C. Greene, 1852.

BOOKS COLONIAL RECORDS OF RHODE ISLAND. 10 vols. New York: AMS Press, 1856. Haley, John Williams. "THE OLD STONE BANK" HISTORY OF RHODE ISLAND. Vol II. Providence: Providence Institution for Savings, 1931.

SOUTH CAROLINA

NEWSPAPERS COURIER (Charleston) 1810; 1820-1831; 1840 GAZETTE 1732-1779 SOUTH CAROLINA AND AMERICAN GENERAL GAZETTE 1732-1779 STATE (Columbia), 1892-1893; 1905-1913

Selected dates: INDEPENDENT (Anderson) LEDGER (Gaffney) LEDGER (Lancaster) PEE DEE ADVOCATE (Bennettsville)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES THE SOUTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL MAGAZINE. South Carolina Historical Society.

BOOKS Crow, Jeffrey J. and Larry E. Tise. THE SOUTHERN EXPERIENCE IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978. Henry, H. M. THE POLICE CONTROL OF THE SLAVE IN SOUTH CAROLINA. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1941. Johnson, Herbert A., ed. SOUTH CAROLINA LEGAL HISTORY. Spartanburg, SC: Reprint Co. Publishers, 1980. Kirkland, Thomas J. and Robert M. Kennedy. 2 vols. HISTORIC CAMDEN. Columbia: The State Co., 1926. Lee, Lawrence. THE LOWER CAPE FEAR IN COLONIAL DAYS. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965. McTeer, J. E. HIGH SHERIFF OF THE LOW COUNTRY. Beaufort: Beaufort Book Co., 1970.

Ravenal, Beatrice St. J., ed. CHARLESTON MURDERS. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1947. Wallace, David Duncan. SOUTH CAROLINA, A SHORT HISTORY. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1951. Williams, Jack Kenny. VOGUES IN VILLAINY. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1959.

SOUTH DAKOTA

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: ARGUS-LEADER (Sioux Falls) DAILY PIONEER TIMES (Deadwood) NEWS (Aberdeen) WEEKLY RECORD (Sturgis)

TENNESSEE

NEWSPAPERS NEWS-SCIMITAR (Memphis), 1904-1905 SENTINEL (Knoxville), 1908-1909 TENNESSEAN (Nashville), 1907; 1909-1915 TIMES (Chattanooga), 1892

Selected dates: BANNER (Nashville) DEMOCRAT (Lebanon) FREE-PRESS (Chattanooga) HERALD (Cleveland) HERALD (Columbia) JOURNAL (Knoxville) PRESS (Woodbury) PRESS AND HERALD (Knoxville) PRESS AND MESSENGER (Knoxville) REPORTER AND FALCON (Somerville) SUN (Jackson) TIMES (Maryville-Alcoa) TIMES-NEWS (Kingsport)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES TENNESSEE HISTORICAL QUARTERLY. Tennessee Historical Society.

BOOKS Allison, John. DROPPED STITCHES IN TENNESSEE HISTORY. Nashville: Marshall & Bruce, 1897. Beach, Ursula Smith. ALONG THE WARIOTO, A HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY,

TENNESSEE. Nashville: McQuiddy Publishing Co., 1964. Crane, Sophie and Paul Crane. TENNESSEE'S TROUBLED ROOTS. Old Hickory: Earle Shields, 1979. Spurlock, Donald E. THE BRASSELL HANGINGS OF PUTNAM COUNTY, TENNESSEE. Southland Printing Co., 1981.

TEXAS

NEWSPAPERS NEWS (Galveston) 1880-1899; 1905-1916 RECORD AND STAR TELEGRAM (Fort Worth) 1906; 1912-1914 TIMES HERALD (Dallas) 1880-1881; 1893; 1903; 1918

Selected dates: ADVERTISER (Bastrop) ADVOCATE (Victoria) AMERICAN (Austin) AVALANCHE (Alpine) AVALANCHE-JOURNAL (Lubbock) BULLETIN (Brownwood) CALHOUN COUNTY TIMES (Port Lavaca) CHRONICLE (Houston) COURIER (Sherman) COURIER TIMES (Tyler) DAILY EXPRESS (San Antonio) DAILY NEWS (Amarillo) DEMOCRAT (Weatherford) DEMOCRAT (Sherman) DEMOCRATIC STATEMAN (Austin) ENTERPRISE (Beaumont) FLOYD COUNTY HESPERIAN (Floydada) HERALD (Edna) HERALD (Killeen) INQUIRER (Gonzales) JOURNAL (Beaumont) LEADER-NEWS (Littlefield) LIGHT (San Antonio) MIRROR (Gilmer) NEWS (Dallas) NEWS-BEACON (Beaumont) NEWS-TRIBUNE (Waco) PATRIOT (LaGrange) POST (Houston) PRESS (Claredon) RECORD (San Marcos) REPORTER-NEWS (Abilene) REPORTER-TELEGRAM (Midland) STANDARD-TIMES (San Angelo) TAYLOR COUNTY NEWS (Abilene)

TELEGRAPH (Houston) TEXAS ADVOCATE (Van Horn) TIMES (El Paso) TIMES (Vernon) TIMES (Wichita Falls) TRIBUNE-HERALD (Waco) WISE COUNTY MESSENGER (Decatur)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES SOUTHWESTERN HISTORICAL QUARTERLY. Texas State Historical Association.

BOOKS Bates, Ed. F. HISTORY AND REMINISCENCES OF DENTON COUNTY. Denton: McNitzky Printing Co., 1918. Bruce, Leona Banister. BANISTER WAS THERE. Fort Worth: Branch-Smith, 1968. Green, A. C. THE SANTA CLAUS BANK ROBBERY. Cisco: First National Bank, 1958. Lindquist, Allan Sigvard. JESS SWEETEN, TEXAS LAWMAN. San Antonio: The Naylor Co., 1961. Reid, Don and John Gurwell. EYEWITNESS. Houston: Cordovan Press, 1973. Sanders, J. B. HANGINGS IN SHELBY COUNTY. Center: J. B. Sanders, 1966. Sonninchsen, C. L. I'LL DIE BEFORE I'LL RUN. New York: Devin-Adair Co., 1962. Sterling, William Warren. TRAILS AND TRIALS OF A TEXAS RANGER. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959. Sullivan, Sgt. W. J. L. TWELVE YEARS IN THE SADDLE FOR LAW AND ORDER. New York: Buffalo-Head Press Books, 1966.

UTAH

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: CARBON COUNTY NEWS (Price) EASTERN UTAH ADVOCATE (Price) STANDARD EXAMINER (Ogden)

BOOKS Walters, Jean Ann. A STUDY OF EXECUTIONS IN UTAH. Orem: Psychological Resources, 1975.

VERMONT

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: DAILY PRESS (Burlington) FREE PRESS (Burlington) VERMONT STANDARD (Woodstock)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES VERMONT HISTORY: THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE VERMONT HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Vermont Historical Society.

BOOKS Hill, Ralph Nading. THE WINOOSKI. New York: Rinehart & Co., 1949.

VIRGINIA

NEWSPAPERS ENQUIRER (Richmond), 1846-1860 EVENING LEADER (Richmond), 1901-1902 TIMES-DISPATCH (Richmond), 1903-1907 VIRGINIA GAZETTE (Williamsburg), 1732-1780

Selected dates: EXPRESS (Petersburg) LEADER (Staunton) NEW ERA PROGRESS (Amherst) NEWS (Lynchburg) PENINSULA ENTERPRISE (Accomack Court House) PENINSULA EXPRESS (Accomack Court House) PROGRSS (Charlottesville) VIRGINIAN (Covington) VIRGINIAN PILOT AND NORFOLK LANDMARK (Norfolk)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES VIRGINIA MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. Virginia Historical Society.

BOOKS Arber, Edward, ed. TRAVELS AND WORKS OF CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 2 vols. Edinburgh: 1910. Ballagh, James Curtis. A HISTORY OF SLAVERY IN VIRGINIA. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1902. Chitwood, Oliver. JUSTICE IN COLONIAL VIRGINIA. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1905. Dickinson, Josia Look. THE FAIRFAX PROPRIETARY. Front Royal: Warren Lutz, Francis Earle. CHESTERFIELD, AN OLD VIRGINIA COUNTY. Richmond: William Byrd Press, Inc., 1954.

Mann, Etta Donnan. FOUR YEARS IN THE GOVERNOR'S MANSION OF VIRGINIA, 1910-1914. Richmond: Dietz Press, 1937. Rankin, Hugh F. CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN THE GENERAL COURT OF COLONIAL VIRGINIA. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Publications, 1965. Scott, Arthur P. CRIMINAL LAW IN COLONIAL VIRGINIA. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1930. Sturgill, Roy L. CRIMES CRIMINALS AND CHARTERS OF THE CUMBERLANDS AND SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA. By the author, 1970. Tragle, Henry Irving. THE SOUTHHAMPTON SLAVE REVOLT OF 1831: A COMPILATION OF SOURCE MATERIAL. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1971.

WASHINGTON

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: BULLETIN (Aberdeen) BULLETIN (Kalama) CHRONICLE (Centralia) CHRONICLE (Spokane) COLUMBIAN (Vancouver) GAZETTE-COMMONER (Colfax) HERALD (Everett) INDEPENDENT (Vancouver) INTELLIGENCER (Seattle) JOURNAL (Walla Walla) LEDGER (Tacoma) NEWS (Longview) NEWS (Port Angeles) NEWS-SEARCHLIGHT (Bremerton) NEWS-TRIBUNE (Tacoma) OLYMPIAN (Olympia) POST (Grey's Harbor) POST INTELLIGENCER (Seattle) RECORD (Yakima) REPUBLIC (Yakima) REVIEW (Spokane) THE SEARCHLIGHT (Bremerton) SHELTON-MASON COUNTY JOURNAL (Shelton) SPOKESMAN-REVIEW (Spokane) STATESMAN (Walla Walla) TRANSCRIPT (Olympia) UNION (Walla Walla) UNION-BULLETIN (Walla Walla) WORLD (Wenatchee)

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES PACIFIC NORTHWEST QUARTERLY. Washington State Historical Society.

BOOKS Bonney, W. P. HISTORY OF PIERCE COUNTY, WASHINGTON. Chicago: Pioneer Historical Publishing Co., 1927.

WEST VIRGINIA

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: ECHO (Moundsville) HERALD-DISPATCH (Huntington) MAIL (Charleston) STAR (Charleston) TELEGRAM (Clarksburg)

BOOKS Davis, Dorothy. HISTORY OF HARRISON COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA. Edited by Elizabeth Sloan. Clarksburg: American Association of University Women, 1970, reprint ed., 1972. Dudding, Earl E. MIRACLE AT MOUNDSVILLE. By the author, 1915. Rice, Otis K. THE ALLEGHENY FRONTIER: WEST VIRGINIA BEGINNINGS, 1730 1830. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1970.

WISCONSIN

JOURNALS & Cropley, Carrie. "The Case of John MAGAZINES McCaffary." THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY (Summer 1952) pp. 281-288.

WYOMING

NEWSPAPERS Selected dates: BULLETIN (Buffalo) CARBON COUNTY JOURNAL (Rawlins) DAILY PRESS (Casper) GAZETTE (Kemmerer) NORTHERN WYOMING NEWS (Worland) POST (Sheridan) RECORD (Casper) REPUBLICAN (Kemmerer)

REPUBLICAN (Rawlins) STATE LEADER (Cheyenne) TRIBUNE (Cheyenne)

BOOKS Horn, Tom. THE LIFE OF TOM HORN. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964. Mokler, Alfred James. HISTORY OF NATRONA COUNTY WYOMING, 1888-1922. Chicago: R. R. Donnelley & Sons, Co., 1923.

FEDERAL

BOOKS Gaddis, Thomas E. and James O. Long. KILLER: A JOURNAL OF MURDER. New York: The MacMillan Co., 1970. Gregory, Jack and Rennard Strockland, eds. HELL ON THE BORDER. Indian Heritage Publications, 1971. Howard, Warren S. AMERICAN SLAVERS AND THE FEDERAL LAW. Berkely: University of California Press, 1963. Lewis, Jerry D., ed. CRUSADE AGAINST CRIME. New York: Random House, 1962. RANSOM KIDNAPPING IN AMERICA, 1874-1974. Carbondale: Feffer & Simons, Inc., 1978. Tully, Andrew. THE FBI'S MOST FAMOUS CASES. New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1965. Waters, Harold. SMUGGLERS OF SPIRITS: PROHIBITION AND THE COAST GUARD PATROL. New York: Hastings House Publishers, 1971.

GENERAL

NEWSPAPERS DAILY NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER (Washington, D. C.), 1808-1818 NATIONAL POLICE GAZETTE (New York), 1845-1881

JOURNALS & Selected issues: MAGAZINES AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION JOURNAL. AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL HISTORY. CRIMINOLOGY AND POLICY SCIENCES. CRISES. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

ILLINOIS MEDICAL JOURNAL. JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW. JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY. JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORY. MAGAZINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY. MEDICAL RECORD: PROLOGUE, THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY.

BOOKS Alix, Ernest Kahlar. RANSOM KIDNAPPING IN AMERICA. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1978. THE ANNALS OF MURDER. Compiled by Thomas M. McDade. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961. Bedau, Hugo A., ed. THE DEATH PENALTY IN AMERICA, AN ANTHOLOGY. Anchor Books, Doubleday and Co., 1964. Brawley, Benjamin. A SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN NEGRO. New York: MacMillan Co., 1921. Burt, Olive Woolley. AMERICAN MURDER BALLADS AND THEIR STORIES. New York: Oxford University Press, 1958. BY THE NECK: A BOOK OF HANGINGS. Compiled by August Mencken. New York: Hastings House, 1942. Carter, Clarence Edwin, compiler. TERRITORIAL PAPERS OF THE UNITED STATES. Vols. 1-18. AMS Press, 1973. Chandler, Peleg W. AMERICAN CRIMINAL TRIALS. 2 vols. New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1970. Clinton, Henry Lauren. EXTRAORDINARY CASES. Reprint ed., Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1972. Halasz, Nicholas. THE RATTLING CHAINS. New York: David McKay, Inc., 1966. Holbrook, Stewart H. MURDER OUT YONDER. New York: The MacMillan Co., 1941. Jameson, J. Franklin, ed. PRIVATEERING AND PIRACY IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD. New York: Augustus M. Kelly, 1970. Jones, Ann. WOMEN WHO KILL. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1980. Kelly, Bill. BILL KELLY'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GUNMEN. Anaheim, CA: The Printer's Devil, 1976. Kunstler, William M. FIRST DEGREE. New York: Oceana Publications, 1960. Lawson, John D., ed. AMERICAN STATE TRIALS. St. Louis: F. H. Thomas Law Book Co., 1914-1936. Mackey, Philip English. VOICES AGAINST DEATH. New York: Burt Franklin &

Co., 1976. McManus, Edgar J. BLACK BONDAGE IN THE NORTH. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1973. MYSTERIES OF CRIME AS SHOWN IN REMARK ABLE CAPITAL TRIALS. By a member of the Massachusetts Bar. Boston: Samuel Walker & Co., 1870. Philip, Cynthia Owen, ed. IMPRISONED IN AMERICA. New York: Harper & Row, 1973. Quinby, G. W. THE GALLOWS, THE PRISON AND THE POORHOUSE, A PLEA FOR HUMANITY. Cincinnati: By the author, 1856. Ross, Willie Lee, ed. A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF SLAVERY IN NORTH AMERICA. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. St. Clair, Henry. THE UNITED STATES CRIMINAL CALENDAR. Boston: Charles Gaylord, 1834. Still, Charles E. STYLES IN CRIME. New York: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1938. Teeters, Nekley K. and Jack H. Hedblom. HANG BY THE NECK. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1967. Thomson, George S. and E. Littlefield. CONFESSIONS, TRIALS AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE MOST COLD BLOODED MURDERERS WHO HAVE BEEN EXECUTED IN THIS COUNTRY. Boston: 1837. Triplett, Col. Frank. HISTORY, ROMANCE AND PHILOSOPHY OF GREAT AMERICAN CRIMES & CRIMINALS. Hartford: Park Publishing Co., 1885. Wade, Richard C. SLAVERY IN THE CITIES. THE SOUTH, 1820-1860. Oxford University Press, 1964. Wiley, Bell Irving. SOUTHERN NEGROES, 1861-1865. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1938. Wilson, Colin and Patricia Pitman. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MURDER. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1962.

*** NOTE 2 ***

FIPS STATE AND COUNTY NOTE

THIS NOTE IS USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH VARIABLES WHICH RECORD THE COUNTY OF THE INTERVIEW.

THE FIRST 2 DIGITS OF THIS VARIABLE CONTAIN THE FIPS STATE CODE; THE LAST 3 DIGITS CONTAIN THE COUNTY CODE. EACH LIST OF COUNTIES FOR A PARTICULAR STATE IS PRECEEDED BY THE 2 DIGIT STATE CODE AND THE NAME OF THE STATE. THIS INFORMATION WAS OBTAINED FROM: U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, COUNTY AND CITY DATA BOOK, 1972.

01 ALABAMA

01001 AUTAUGA 01003 BALDWIN 01005 BARBOUR 01007 BIBB 01009 BLOUNT 01011 BULLOCK 01013 BUTLER 01015 CALHOUN 01017 CHAMBERS 01019 CHEROKEE 01021 CHILTON 01023 CHOCTAW 01025 CLARKE 01027 CLAY 01029 CLEBURNE 01031 COFFEE 01033 COLBERT 01035 CONECUH 01037 COOSA 01039 COVINGTON 01041 CRENSHAW 01043 CULLMAN 01045 DALE 01047 DALLAS 01049 DE KALB 01051 ELMORE 01053 ESCAMBIA 01055 ETOWAH 01057 FAYETTE 01059 FRANKLIN 01061 GENEVA 01063 GREENE 01065 HALE 01067 HENRY 01069 HOUSTON 01071 JACKSON 01073 JEFFERSON 01075 LAMAR 01077 LAUDERDALE

01079 LAWRENCE 01081 LEE 01083 LIMESTONE 01085 LOWNDES 01087 MACON 01089 MADISON 01091 MARENGO 01093 MARION 01095 MARSHALL 01097 MOBILE 01099 MONROE 01101 MONTGOMERY 01103 MORGAN 01105 PERRY 01107 PICKENS 01109 PIKE 01111 RANDOLPH 01113 RUSSELL 01115 ST CLAIR 01117 SHELBY 01119 SUMTER 01121 TALLADEGA 01123 TALLAPOOSA 01125 TUSCALOOSA 01127 WALKER 01129 WASHINGTON 01131 WILCOX 01133 WINSTON

02 ALASKA

02010 ALEUTIAN ISLANDS 02020 ANCHORAGE 02030 ANGOON 02040 BARROW 02050 BETHEL 02060 BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH 02070 BRISTOL BAY DIVISION 02080 CORDOVA-MC CARTHY 02090 FAIRBANKS 02100 HAINES 02110 JUNEAU 02120 KENAI-COOK INLET 02130 KETCHIKAN 02140 KOBUK 02150 KODIAK 02160 KUSKOKWIM 02170 MATANUSKA-SUSITNA 02180 NOME 02190 OUTER KETCHIKAN 02200 PRINCE OF WALES 02210 SEWARD 02220 SITKA 02230 SKAGWAY-YAKUTAT

02240 SOUTHEAST FAIRBANKS 02250 UPPER YUKON 02260 VALDEZ-CHITINA-WHITTIER 02270 WADE HAMPTON 02280 WRANGELL-PETERSBURG 02290 YUKON-KOYUKUK

04 ARIZONA

04001 APACHE 04003 COCHISE 04005 COCONINO 04007 GILA 04009 GRAHAM 04011 GREENLEE 04013 MARICOPA 04015 MOHAVE 04017 NAVAJO 04019 PIMA 04021 PINAL 04023 SANTA CRUZ 04025 YAVAPAI 04027 YUMA

05 ARKANSAS

05001 ARKANSAS 05003 ASHLEY 05005 BAXTER 05007 BENTON 05009 BOONE 05011 BRADLEY 05013 CALHOUN 05015 CARROLL 05017 CHICOT 05019 CLARK 05021 CLAY 05023 CLEBURNE 05025 CLEVELAND 05027 COLUMBIA 05029 CONWAY 05031 CRAIGHEAD 05033 CRAWFORD 05035 CRITTENDEN 05037 CROSS 05039 DALLAS 05041 DESHA 05043 DREW 05045 FAULKNER 05047 FRANKLIN 05049 FULTON 05051 GARLAND

05053 GRANT 05055 GREENE 05057 HEMPSTEAD 05059 HOT SPRING 05061 HOWARD 05063 INDEPENDENCE 05065 IZARD 05067 JACKSON 05069 JEFFERSON 05071 JOHNSON 05073 LAFAYETTE 05075 LAWRENCE 05077 LEE 05079 LINCOLN 05081 LITTLE RIVER 05083 LOGAN 05085 LONOKE 05087 MADISON 05089 MARION 05091 MILLER 05093 MISSISSIPPI 05095 MONROE 05097 MONTGOMERY 05099 NEVADA 05101 NEWTON 05103 OUACHITA 05105 PERRY 05107 PHILLIPS 05109 PIKE 05111 POINSETT 05113 POLK 05115 POPE 05117 PRAIRIE 05119 PULASKI 05121 RANDOLPH 05123 ST FRANCIS 05125 SALINE 05127 SCOTT 05129 SEARCY 05131 SEBASTIAN 05133 SEVIER 05135 SHARP 05137 STONE 05139 UNION 05141 VAN BUREN 05143 WASHINGTON 05145 WHITE 05147 WOODRUFF 05149 YELL

06 CALIFORNIA

06001 ALAMEDA 06003 ALPINE

06005 AMADOR 06007 BUTTE 06009 CALAVERAS 06011 COLUSA 06013 CONTRA COSTA 06015 DEL NORTE 06017 EL DORADO 06019 FRESNO 06021 GLENN 06023 HUMBOLDT 06025 IMPERIAL 06027 INYO 06029 KERN 06031 KINGS 06033 LAKE 06035 LASSEN 06037 LOS ANGELES 06039 MADERA 06041 MARIN 06043 MARIPOSA 06045 MENDOCINO 06047 MERCED 06049 MODOC 06051 MONO 06053 MONTEREY 06055 NAPA 06057 NEVADA 06059 ORANGE 06061 PLACER 06063 PLUMAS 06065 RIVERSIDE 06067 SACRAMENTO 06069 SAN BENITO 06071 SAN BERNARDINO 06073 SAN DIEGO 06075 SAN FRANCISCO 06077 SAN JOAQUIN 06079 SAN LUIS OBISPO 06081 SAN MATEO 06083 SANTA BARBARA 06085 SANTA CLARA 06087 SANTA CRUZ 06089 SHASTA 06091 SIERRA 06093 SISKIYOU 06095 SOLANO 06097 SONOMA 06099 STANISLAUS 06101 SUTTER 06103 TEHAMA 06105 TRINITY 06107 TULARE 06109 TUOLUMNE 06111 VENTURA 06113 YOLO 06115 YUBA

08 COLORADO

08001 ADAMS 08003 ALAMOSA 08005 ARAPAHOE 08007 ARCHULETA 08009 BACA 08011 BENT 08013 BOULDER 08015 CHAFFEE 08017 CHEYENNE 08019 CLEAR CREEK 08021 CONEJOS 08023 COSTILLA 08025 CROWLEY 08027 CUSTER 08029 DELTA 08031 DENVER 08033 DOLORES 08035 DOUGLAS 08037 EAGLE 08039 ELBERT 08041 EL PASO 08043 FREMONT 08045 GARFIELD 08047 GILPIN 08049 GRAND 08051 GUNNISON 08053 HINSDALE 08055 HUERFANO 08057 JACKSON 08059 JEFFERSON 08061 KIOWA 08063 KIT CARSON 08065 LAKE 08067 LA PLATA 08069 LARIMER 08071 LAS ANIMAS 08073 LINCOLN 08075 LOGAN 08077 MESA 08079 MINERAL 08081 MOFFAT 08083 MONTEZUMA 08085 MONTROSE 08087 MORGAN 08089 OTERO 08091 OURAY 08093 PARK 08095 PHILLIPS 08097 PITKIN 08099 PROWERS 08101 PUEBLO 08103 RIO BLANCO 08105 RIO GRANDE 08107 ROUTT

08109 SAGUACHE 08111 SAN JUAN 08113 SAN MIGUEL 08115 SEDGWICK 08117 SUMMIT 08119 TELLER 08121 WASHINGTON 08123 WELD 08125 YUMA

09 CONNECTICUT

09001 FAIRFIELD 09003 HARTFORD 09005 LITCHFIELD 09007 MIDDLESEX 09009 NEW HAVEN 09011 NEW LONDON 09013 TOLLAND 09015 WINDHAM

10 DELAWARE

10001 KENT 10003 NEW CASTLE 10005 SUSSEX

11 WASHINGTON DC

11001 WASHINGTON DC

12 FLORIDA

12001 ALACHUA 12003 BAKER 12005 BAY 12007 BRADFORD 12009 BREVARD 12011 BROWARD 12013 CALHOUN 12015 CHARLOTTE 12017 CITRUS 12019 CLAY 12021 COLLIER 12023 COLUMBIA 12025 DADE 12027 DE SOTO 12029 DIXIE

12031 DUVAL 12033 ESCAMBIA 12035 FLAGLER 12037 FRANKLIN 12039 GADSDEN 12041 GILCHRIST 12043 GLADES 12045 GULF 12047 HAMILTON 12049 HARDEE 12051 HENDRY 12053 HERNANDO 12055 HIGHLANDS 12057 HILLSBOROUGH 12059 HOLMES 12061 INDIAN RIVER 12063 JACKSON 12065 JEFFERSON 12067 LAFAYETTE 12069 LAKE 12071 LEE 12073 LEON 12075 LEVY 12077 LIBERTY 12079 MADISON 12081 MANATEE 12083 MARION 12085 MARTIN 12087 MONROE 12089 NASSAU 12091 OKALOOSA 12093 OKEECHOBEE 12095 ORANGE 12097 OSCEOLA 12099 PALM BEACH 12101 PASCO 12103 PINELLAS 12105 POLK 12107 PUTNAM 12109 ST JOHNS 12111 ST LUCIE 12113 SANTA ROSA 12115 SARASOTA 12117 SEMINOLE 12119 SUMTER 12121 SUWANNEE 12123 TAYLOR 12125 UNION 12127 VOLUSIA 12129 WAKULLA 12131 WALTON 12133 WASHINGTON

13 GEORGIA

13001 APPLING 13003 ATKINSON 13005 BACON 13007 BAKER 13009 BALDWIN 13011 BANKS 13013 BARROW 13015 BARTOW 13017 BEN HILL 13019 BERRIEN 13021 BIBB 13023 BLECKLEY 13025 BRANTLEY 13027 BROOKS 13029 BRYAN 13031 BULLOCH 13033 BURKE 13035 BUTTS 13037 CALHOUN 13039 CAMDEN 13043 CANDLER 13045 CARROLL 13047 CATOOSA 13049 CHARLTON 13051 CHATHAM 13053 CHATTAHOOCHEE 13055 CHATTOOGA 13057 CHEROKEE 13059 CLARKE 13061 CLAY 13063 CLAYTON 13065 CLINCH 13067 COBB 13069 COFFEE 13071 COLQUITT 13073 COLUMBIA 13075 COOK 13077 COWETA 13079 CRAWFORD 13081 CRISP 13083 DADE 13085 DAWSON 13087 DECATUR 13089 DE KALB 13091 DODGE 13093 DOOLY 13095 DOUGHERTY 13097 DOUGLAS 13099 EARLY 13101 ECHOLS 13103 EFFINGHAM 13105 ELBERT 13107 EMANUEL 13109 EVANS

13111 FANNIN 13113 FAYETTE 13115 FLOYD 13117 FORSYTH 13119 FRANKLIN 13121 FULTON 13123 GILMER 13125 GLASCOCK 13127 GLYNN 13129 GORDON 13131 GRADY 13133 GREENE 13135 GWINNETT 13137 HABERSHAM 13139 HALL 13141 HANCOCK 13143 HARALSON 13145 HARRIS 13147 HART 13149 HEARD 13151 HENRY 13153 HOUSTON 13155 IRWIN 13157 JACKSON 13159 JASPER 13161 JEFF DAVIS 13163 JEFFERSON 13165 JENKINS 13167 JOHNSON 13169 JONES 13171 LAMAR 13173 LANIER 13175 LAURENS 13177 LEE 13179 LIBERTY 13181 LINCOLN 13183 LONG 13185 LOWNDES 13187 LUMPKIN 13189 MC DUFFIE 13191 MC INTOSH 13193 MACON 13195 MADISON 13197 MARION 13199 MERIWETHER 13201 MILLER 13205 MITCHELL 13207 MONROE 13209 MONTGOMERY 13211 MORGAN 13213 MURRAY 13215 MUSCOGEE 13217 NEWTON 13219 OCONEE 13221 OGLETHORPE 13223 PAULDING

13225 PEACH 13227 PICKENS 13229 PIERCE 13231 PIKE 13233 POLK 13235 PULASKI 13237 PUTNAM 13239 QUITMAN 13241 RABUN 13243 RANDOLPH 13245 RICHMOND 13247 ROCKDALE 13249 SCHLEY 13251 SCREVEN 13253 SEMINOLE 13255 SPALDING 13257 STEPHENS 13259 STEWART 13261 SUMTER 13263 TALBOT 13265 TALIAFERRO 13267 TATTNALL 13269 TAYLOR 13271 TELFAIR 13273 TERRELL 13275 THOMAS 13277 TIFT 13279 TOOMBS 13281 TOWNS 13283 TREUTLEN 13285 TROUP 13287 TURNER 13289 TWIGGS 13291 UNION 13293 UPSON 13295 WALKER 13297 WALTON 13299 WARE 13301 WARREN 13303 WASHINGTON 13305 WAYNE 13307 WEBSTER 13309 WHEELER 13311 WHITE 13313 WHITFIELD 13315 WILCOX 13317 WILKES 13319 WILKINSON 13321 WORTH

15 HAWAII

15001 HAWAII 15003 HONOLULU

15007 KAUAI 15009 MAUI

16 IDAHO

16001 ADA 16003 ADAMS 16005 BANNOCK 16007 BEAR LAKE 16009 BENEWAH 16011 BINGHAM 16013 BLAINE 16015 BOISE 16017 BONNER 16019 BONNEVILLE 16021 BOUNDARY 16023 BUTTE 16025 CAMAS 16027 CANYON 16029 CARIBOU 16031 CASSIA 16033 CLARK 16035 CLEARWATER 16037 CUSTER 16039 ELMORE 16041 FRANKLIN 16043 FREMONT 16045 GEM 16047 GOODING 16049 IDAHO 16051 JEFFERSON 16053 JEROME 16055 KOOTENAI 16057 LATAH 16059 LEMHI 16061 LEWIS 16063 LINCOLN 16065 MADISON 16067 MINIDOKA 16069 NEZ PERCE 16071 ONEIDA 16073 OWYHEE 16075 PAYETTE 16077 POWER 16079 SHOSHONE 16081 TETON 16083 TWIN FALLS 16085 VALLEY 16087 WASHINGTON

17 ILLINOIS

17001 ADAMS 17003 ALEXANDER 17005 BOND 17007 BOONE 17009 BROWN 17011 BUREAU 17013 CALHOUN 17015 CARROLL 17017 CASS 17019 CHAMPAIGN 17021 CHRISTIAN 17023 CLARK 17025 CLAY 17027 CLINTON 17029 COLES 17031 COOK 17033 CRAWFORD 17035 CUMBERLAND 17037 DE KALB 17039 DE WITT 17041 DOUGLAS 17043 DU PAGE 17045 EDGAR 17047 EDWARDS 17049 EFFINGHAM 17051 FAYETTE 17053 FORD 17055 FRANKLIN 17057 FULTON 17059 GALLATIN 17061 GREENE 17063 GRUNDY 17065 HAMILTON 17067 HANCOCK 17069 HARDIN 17071 HENDERSON 17073 HENRY 17075 IROQUOIS 17077 JACKSON 17079 JASPER 17081 JEFFERSON 17083 JERSEY 17085 JO DAVIESS 17087 JOHNSON 17089 KANE 17091 KANKAKEE 17093 KENDALL 17095 KNOX 17097 LAKE 17099 LA SALLE 17101 LAWRENCE 17103 LEE 17105 LIVINGSTON 17107 LOGAN

17109 MC DONOUGH 17111 MC HENRY 17113 MC LEAN 17115 MACON 17117 MACOUPIN 17119 MADISON 17121 MARION 17123 MARSHALL 17125 MASON 17127 MASSAC 17129 MENARD 17131 MERCER 17133 MONROE 17135 MONTGOMERY 17137 MORGAN 17139 MOULTRIE 17141 OGLE 17143 PEORIA 17145 PERRY 17147 PIATT 17149 PIKE 17151 POPE 17153 PULASKI 17155 PUTNAM 17157 RANDOLPH 17159 RICHLAND 17161 ROCK ISLAND 17163 ST CLAIR 17165 SALINE 17167 SANGAMON 17169 SCHUYLER 17171 SCOTT 17173 SHELBY 17175 STARK 17177 STEPHENSON 17179 TAZEWELL 17181 UNION 17183 VERMILION 17185 WABASH 17187 WARREN 17189 WASHINGTON 17191 WAYNE 17193 WHITE 17195 WHITESIDE 17197 WILL 17199 WILLIAMSON 17201 WINNEBAGO 17203 WOODFORD

18 INDIANA

18001 ADAMS 18003 ALLEN 18005 BARTHOLOMEW

18007 BENTON 18009 BLACKFORD 18011 BOONE 18013 BROWN 18015 CARROLL 18017 CASS 18019 CLARK 18021 CLAY 18023 CLINTON 18025 CRAWFORD 18027 DAVIESS 18029 DEARBORN 18031 DECATUR 18033 DE KALB 18035 DELAWARE 18037 DUBOIS 18039 ELKHART 18041 FAYETTE 18043 FLOYD 18045 FOUNTAIN 18047 FRANKLIN 18049 FULTON 18051 GIBSON 18053 GRANT 18055 GREENE 18057 HAMILTON 18059 HANCOCK 18061 HARRISON 18063 HENDRICKS 18065 HENRY 18067 HOWARD 18069 HUNTINGTON 18071 JACKSON 18073 JASPER 18075 JAY 18077 JEFFERSON 18079 JENNINGS 18081 JOHNSON 18083 KNOX 18085 KOSCIUSKO 18087 LAGRANGE 18089 LAKE 18091 LA PORTE 18093 LAWRENCE 18095 MADISON 18097 MARION 18099 MARSHALL 18101 MARTIN 18103 MIAMI 18105 MONROE 18107 MONTGOMERY 18109 MORGAN 18111 NEWTON 18113 NOBLE 18115 OHIO 18117 ORANGE

18119 OWEN 18121 PARKE 18123 PERRY 18125 PIKE 18127 PORTER 18129 POSEY 18131 PULASKI 18133 PUTNAM 18135 RANDOLPH 18137 RIPLEY 18139 RUSH 18141 ST JOSEPH 18143 SCOTT 18145 SHELBY 18147 SPENCER 18149 STARKE 18151 STEUBEN 18153 SULLIVAN 18155 SWITZERLAND 18157 TIPPECANOE 18159 TIPTON 18161 UNION 18163 VANDERBURGH 18165 VERMILLION 18167 VIGO 18169 WABASH 18171 WARREN 18173 WARRICK 18175 WASHINGTON 18177 WAYNE 18179 WELLS 18181 WHITE 18183 WHITLEY

19 IOWA

19001 ADAIR 19003 ADAMS 19005 ALLAMAKEE 19007 APPANOOSE 19009 AUDUBON 19011 BENTON 19013 BLACK HAWK 19015 BOONE 19017 BREMER 19019 BUCHANAN 19021 BUENA VISTA 19023 BUTLER 19025 CALHOUN 19027 CARROLL 19029 CASS 19031 CEDAR 19033 CERRO GORDO 19035 CHEROKEE

19037 CHICKASAW 19039 CLARKE 19041 CLAY 19043 CLAYTON 19045 CLINTON 19047 CRAWFORD 19049 DALLAS 19051 DAVIS 19053 DECATUR 19055 DELAWARE 19057 DES MOINES 19059 DICKINSON 19061 DUBUQUE 19063 EMMET 19065 FAYETTE 19067 FLOYD 19069 FRANKLIN 19071 FREMONT 19073 GREENE 19075 GRUNDY 19077 GUTHRIE 19079 HAMILTON 19081 HANCOCK 19083 HARDIN 19085 HARRISON 19087 HENRY 19089 HOWARD 19091 HUMBOLDT 19093 IDA 19095 IOWA 19097 JACKSON 19099 JASPER 19101 JEFFERSON 19103 JOHNSON 19105 JONES 19107 KEOKUK 19109 KOSSUTH 19111 LEE 19113 LINN 19115 LOUISA 19117 LUCAS 19119 LYON 19121 MADISON 19123 MAHASKA 19125 MARION 19127 MARSHALL 19129 MILLS 19131 MITCHELL 19133 MONONA 19135 MONROE 19137 MONTGOMERY 19139 MUSCATINE 19141 O BRIEN 19143 OSCEOLA 19145 PAGE 19147 PALO ALTO

19149 PLYMOUTH 19151 POCAHONTAS 19153 POLK 19155 POTTAWATTAMIE 19157 POWESHIEK 19159 RINGGOLD 19161 SAC 19163 SCOTT 19165 SHELBY 19167 SIOUX 19169 STORY 19171 TAMA 19173 TAYLOR 19175 UNION 19177 VAN BUREN 19179 WAPELLO 19181 WARREN 19183 WASHINGTON 19185 WAYNE 19187 WEBSTER 19189 WINNEBAGO 19191 WINNESHIEK 19193 WOODBURY 19195 WORTH 19197 WRIGHT

20 KANSAS

20001 ALLEN 20003 ANDERSON 20005 ATCHISON 20007 BARBER 20009 BARTON 20011 BOURBON 20013 BROWN 20015 BUTLER 20017 CHASE 20019 CHAUTAUQUA 20021 CHEROKEE 20023 CHEYENNE 20025 CLARK 20027 CLAY 20029 CLOUD 20031 COFFEY 20033 COMANCHE 20035 COWLEY 20037 CRAWFORD 20039 DECATUR 20041 DICKINSON 20043 DONIPHAN 20045 DOUGLAS 20047 EDWARDS 20049 ELK 20051 ELLIS

20053 ELLSWORTH 20055 FINNEY 20057 FORD 20059 FRANKLIN 20061 GEARY 20063 GOVE 20065 GRAHAM 20067 GRANT 20069 GRAY 20071 GREELEY 20073 GREENWOOD 20075 HAMILTON 20077 HARPER 20079 HARVEY 20081 HASKELL 20083 HODGEMAN 20085 JACKSON 20087 JEFFERSON 20089 JEWELL 20091 JOHNSON 20093 KEARNY 20095 KINGMAN 20097 KIOWA 20099 LABETTE 20101 LANE 20103 LEAVENWORTH 20105 LINCOLN 20107 LINN 20109 LOGAN 20111 LYON 20113 MC PHERSON 20115 MARION 20117 MARSHALL 20119 MEADE 20121 MIAMI 20123 MITCHELL 20125 MONTGOMERY 20127 MORRIS 20129 MORTON 20131 NEMAHA 20133 NEOSHO 20135 NESS 20137 NORTON 20139 OSAGE 20141 OSBORNE 20143 OTTAWA 20145 PAWNEE 20147 PHILLIPS 20149 POTTAWATOMIE 20151 PRATT 20153 RAWLINS 20155 RENO 20157 REPUBLIC 20159 RICE 20161 RILEY 20163 ROOKS

20165 RUSH 20167 RUSSELL 20169 SALINE 20171 SCOTT 20173 SEDGWICK 20175 SEWARD 20177 SHAWNEE 20179 SHERIDAN 20181 SHERMAN 20183 SMITH 20185 STAFFORD 20187 STANTON 20189 STEVENS 20191 SUMNER 20193 THOMAS 20195 TREGO 20197 WABAUNSEE 20199 WALLACE 20201 WASHINGTON 20203 WICHITA 20205 WILSON 20207 WOODSON 20209 WYANDOTTE

21 KENTUCKY

21001 ADAIR 21003 ALLEN 21005 ANDERSON 21007 BALLARD 21009 BARREN 21011 BATH 21013 BELL 21015 BOONE 21017 BOURBON 21019 BOYD 21021 BOYLE 21023 BRACKEN 21025 BREATHITT 21027 BRECKINRIDGE 21029 BULLITT 21031 BUTLER 21033 CALDWELL 21035 CALLOWAY 21037 CAMPBELL 21039 CARLISLE 21041 CARROLL 21043 CARTER 21045 CASEY 21047 CHRISTIAN 21049 CLARK 21051 CLAY 21053 CLINTON 21055 CRITTENDEN

21057 CUMBERLAND 21059 DAVIESS 21061 EDMONSON 21063 ELLIOTT 21065 ESTILL 21067 FAYETTE 21069 FLEMING 21071 FLOYD 21073 FRANKLIN 21075 FULTON 21077 GALLATIN 21079 GARRARD 21081 GRANT 21083 GRAVES 21085 GRAYSON 21087 GREEN 21089 GREENUP 21091 HANCOCK 21093 HARDIN 21095 HARLAN 21097 HARRISON 21099 HART 21101 HENDERSON 21103 HENRY 21105 HICKMAN 21107 HOPKINS 21109 JACKSON 21111 JEFFERSON 21113 JESSAMINE 21115 JOHNSON 21117 KENTON 21119 KNOTT 21121 KNOX 21123 LARUE 21125 LAUREL 21127 LAWRENCE 21129 LEE 21131 LESLIE 21133 LETCHER 21135 LEWIS 21137 LINCOLN 21139 LIVINGSTON 21141 LOGAN 21143 LYON 21145 MC CRACKEN 21147 MC CREARY 21149 MC LEAN 21151 MADISON 21153 MAGOFFIN 21155 MARION 21157 MARSHALL 21159 MARTIN 21161 MASON 21163 MEADE 21165 MENIFEE 21167 MERCER

21169 METCALFE 21171 MONROE 21173 MONTGOMERY 21175 MORGAN 21177 MUHLENBERG 21179 NELSON 21181 NICHOLAS 21183 OHIO 21185 OLDHAM 21187 OWEN 21189 OWSLEY 21191 PENDLETON 21193 PERRY 21195 PIKE 21197 POWELL 21199 PULASKI 21201 ROBERTSON 21203 ROCKCASTLE 21205 ROWAN 21207 RUSSELL 21209 SCOTT 21211 SHELBY 21213 SIMPSON 21215 SPENCER 21217 TAYLOR 21219 TODD 21221 TRIGG 21223 TRIMBLE 21225 UNION 21227 WARREN 21229 WASHINGTON 21231 WAYNE 21233 WEBSTER 21235 WHITLEY 21237 WOLFE 21239 WOODFORD

22 LOUISIANA

22001 ACADIA 22003 ALLEN 22005 ASCENSION 22007 ASSUMPTION 22009 AVOYELLES 22011 BEAUREGARD 22013 BIENVILLE 22015 BOSSIER 22017 CADDO 22019 CALCASIEU 22021 CALDWELL 22023 CAMERON 22025 CATAHOULA 22027 CLAIBORNE 22029 CONCORDIA

22031 DE SOTO 22033 EAST BATON ROUGE 22035 EAST CARROLL 22037 EAST FELICIANA 22039 EVANGELINE 22041 FRANKLIN 22043 GRANT 22045 IBERIA 22047 IBERVILLE 22049 JACKSON 22051 JEFFERSON 22053 JEFFERSON DAVIS 22055 LAFAYETTE 22057 LAFOURCHE 22059 LA SALLE 22061 LINCOLN 22063 LIVINGSTON 22065 MADISON 22067 MOREHOUSE 22069 NATCHITOCHES 22071 ORLEANS 22073 OUACHITA 22075 PLAQUEMINES 22077 POINTE COUPEE 22079 RAPIDES 22081 RED RIVER 22083 RICHLAND 22085 SABINE 22087 ST BERNARD 22089 ST CHARLES 22091 ST HELENA 22093 ST JAMES 22095 ST JOHN THE BAPTIST 22097 ST LANDRY 22099 ST MARTIN 22101 ST MARY 22103 ST TAMMANY 22105 TANGIPAHOA 22107 TENSAS 22109 TERREBONNE 22111 UNION 22113 VERMILION 22115 VERNON 22117 WASHINGTON 22119 WEBSTER 22121 WEST BATON ROUGE 22123 WEST CARROLL 22125 WEST FELICIANA 22127 WINN

23 MAINE

23001 ANDROSCOGGIN 23003 AROOSTOOK

23005 CUMBERLAND 23007 FRANKLIN 23009 HANCOCK 23011 KENNEBEC 23013 KNOX 23015 LINCOLN 23017 OXFORD 23019 PENOBSCOT 23021 PISCATAQUIS 23023 SAGADAHOC 23025 SOMERSET 23027 WALDO 23029 WASHINGTON 23031 YORK

24 MARYLAND

24001 ALLEGANY 24003 ANNE ARUNDEL 24005 BALTIMORE 24009 CALVERT 24011 CAROLINE 24013 CARROLL 24015 CECIL 24017 CHARLES 24019 DORCHESTER 24021 FREDERICK 24023 GARRETT 24025 HARFORD 24027 HOWARD 24029 KENT 24031 MONTGOMERY 24033 PRINCE GEORGES 24035 QUEEN ANNES 24037 ST MARYS 24039 SOMERSET 24041 TALBOT 24043 WASHINGTON 24045 WICOMICO 24047 WORCESTER 24510 BALTIMORE CITY

25 MASSACHUSETTS

25001 BARNSTABLE 25003 BERKSHIRE 25005 BRISTOL 25007 DUKES 25009 ESSEX 25011 FRANKLIN 25013 HAMPDEN 25015 HAMPSHIRE

25017 MIDDLESEX 25019 NANTUCKET 25021 NORFOLK 25023 PLYMOUTH 25025 SUFFOLK 25027 WORCESTER

26 MICHIGAN

26001 ALCONA 26003 ALGER 26005 ALLEGAN 26007 ALPENA 26009 ANTRIM 26011 ARENAC 26013 BARAGA 26015 BARRY 26017 BAY 26019 BENZIE 26021 BERRIEN 26023 BRANCH 26025 CALHOUN 26027 CASS 26029 CHARLEVOIX 26031 CHEBOYGAN 26033 CHIPPEWA 26035 CLARE 26037 CLINTON 26039 CRAWFORD 26041 DELTA 26043 DICKINSON 26045 EATON 26047 EMMET 26049 GENESEE 26051 GLADWIN 26053 GOGEBIC 26055 GRAND TRAVERSE 26057 GRATIOT 26059 HILLSDALE 26061 HOUGHTON 26063 HURON 26065 INGHAM 26067 IONIA 26069 IOSCO 26071 IRON 26073 ISABELLA 26075 JACKSON 26077 KALAMAZOO 26079 KALKASKA 26081 KENT 26083 KEWEENAW 26085 LAKE 26087 LAPEER 26089 LEELANAU

26091 LENAWEE 26093 LIVINGSTON 26095 LUCE 26097 MACKINAC 26099 MACOMB 26101 MANISTEE 26103 MARQUETTE 26105 MASON 26107 MECOSTA 26109 MENOMINEE 26111 MIDLAND 26113 MISSAUKEE 26115 MONROE 26117 MONTCALM 26119 MONTMORENCY 26121 MUSKEGON 26123 NEWAYGO 26125 OAKLAND 26127 OCEANA 26129 OGEMAW 26131 ONTONAGON 26133 OSCEOLA 26135 OSCODA 26137 OTSEGO 26139 OTTAWA 26141 PRESQUE ISLE 26143 ROSCOMMON 26145 SAGINAW 26147 ST CLAIR 26149 ST JOSEPH 26151 SANILAC 26153 SCHOOLCRAFT 26155 SHIAWASSEE 26157 TUSCOLA 26159 VAN BUREN 26161 WASHTENAW 26163 WAYNE 26165 WEXFORD

27 MINNESOTA

27001 AITKIN 27003 ANOKA 27005 BECKER 27007 BELTRAMI 27009 BENTON 27011 BIG STONE 27013 BLUE EARTH 27015 BROWN 27017 CARLTON 27019 CARVER 27021 CASS 27023 CHIPPEWA 27025 CHISAGO

27027 CLAY 27029 CLEARWATER 27031 COOK 27033 COTTONWOOD 27035 CROW WING 27037 DAKOTA 27039 DODGE 27041 DOUGLAS 27043 FARIBAULT 27045 FILLMORE 27047 FREEBORN 27049 GOODHUE 27051 GRANT 27053 HENNEPIN 27055 HOUSTON 27057 HUBBARD 27059 ISANTI 27061 ITASCA 27063 JACKSON 27065 KANABEC 27067 KANDIYOHI 27069 KITTSON 27071 KOOCHICHING 27073 LAC QUI PARLE 27075 LAKE 27077 LAKE OF THE WOODS 27079 LE SUEUR 27081 LINCOLN 27083 LYON 27085 MC LEOD 27087 MAHNOMEN 27089 MARSHALL 27091 MARTIN 27093 MEEKER 27095 MILLE LACS 27097 MORRISON 27099 MOWER 27101 MURRAY 27103 NICOLLET 27105 NOBLES 27107 NORMAN 27109 OLMSTED 27111 OTTER TAIL 27113 PENNINGTON 27115 PINE 27117 PIPESTONE 27119 POLK 27121 POPE 27123 RAMSEY 27125 RED LAKE 27127 REDWOOD 27129 RENVILLE 27131 RICE 27133 ROCK 27135 ROSEAU 27137 ST LOUIS

27139 SCOTT 27141 SHERBURNE 27143 SIBLEY 27145 STEARNS 27147 STEELE 27149 STEVENS 27151 SWIFT 27153 TODD 27155 TRAVERSE 27157 WABASHA 27159 WADENA 27161 WASECA 27163 WASHINGTON 27165 WATONWAN 27167 WILKIN 27169 WINONA 27171 WRIGHT 27173 YELLOW MEDICINE

28 MISSISSIPPI

28001 ADAMS 28003 ALCORN 28005 AMITE 28007 ATTALA 28009 BENTON 28011 BOLIVAR 28013 CALHOUN 28015 CARROLL 28017 CHICKASAW 28019 CHOCTAW 28021 CLAIBORNE 28023 CLARKE 28025 CLAY 28027 COAHOMA 28029 COPIAH 28031 COVINGTON 28033 DE SOTO 28035 FORREST 28037 FRANKLIN 28039 GEORGE 28041 GREENE 28043 GRENADA 28045 HANCOCK 28047 HARRISON 28049 HINDS 28051 HOLMES 28053 HUMPHREYS 28055 ISSAQUENA 28057 ITAWAMBA 28059 JACKSON 28061 JASPER 28063 JEFFERSON 28065 JEFFERSON DAVIS

28067 JONES 28069 KEMPER 28071 LAFAYETTE 28073 LAMAR 28075 LAUDERDALE 28077 LAWRENCE 28079 LEAKE 28081 LEE 28083 LEFLORE 28085 LINCOLN 28087 LOWNDES 28089 MADISON 28091 MARION 28093 MARSHALL 28095 MONROE 28097 MONTGOMERY 28099 NESHOBA 28101 NEWTON 28103 NOXUBEE 28105 OKTIBBEHA 28107 PANOLA 28109 PEARL RIVER 28111 PERRY 28113 PIKE 28115 PONTOTOC 28117 PRENTISS 28119 QUITMAN 28121 RANKIN 28123 SCOTT 28125 SHARKEY 28127 SIMPSON 28129 SMITH 28131 STONE 28133 SUNFLOWER 28135 TALLAHATCHIE 28137 TATE 28139 TIPPAH 28141 TISHOMINGO 28143 TUNICA 28145 UNION 28147 WALTHALL 28149 WARREN 28151 WASHINGTON 28153 WAYNE 28155 WEBSTER 28157 WILKINSON 28159 WINSTON 28161 YALOBUSHA 28163 YAZOO

29 MISSOURI

29001 ADAIR 29003 ANDREW

100

29005 ATCHISON 29007 AUDRAIN 29009 BARRY 29011 BARTON 29013 BATES 29015 BENTON 29017 BOLLINGER 29019 BOONE 29021 BUCHANAN 29023 BUTLER 29025 CALDWELL 29027 CALLAWAY 29029 CAMDEN 29031 CAPE GIRARDEAU 29033 CARROLL 29035 CARTER 29037 CASS 29039 CEDAR 29041 CHARITON 29043 CHRISTIAN 29045 CLARK 29047 CLAY 29049 CLINTON 29051 COLE 29053 COOPER 29055 CRAWFORD 29057 DADE 29059 DALLAS 29061 DAVIESS 29063 DE KALB 29065 DENT 29067 DOUGLAS 29069 DUNKLIN 29071 FRANKLIN 29073 GASCONADE 29075 GENTRY 29077 GREENE 29079 GRUNDY 29081 HARRISON 29083 HENRY 29085 HICKORY 29087 HOLT 29089 HOWARD 29091 HOWELL 29093 IRON 29095 JACKSON 29097 JASPER 29099 JEFFERSON 29101 JOHNSON 29103 KNOX 29105 LACLEDE 29107 LAFAYETTE 29109 LAWRENCE 29111 LEWIS 29113 LINCOLN 29115 LINN

101

29117 LIVINGSTON 29119 MC DONALD 29121 MACON 29123 MADISON 29125 MARIES 29127 MARION 29129 MERCER 29131 MILLER 29133 MISSISSIPPI 29135 MONITEAU 29137 MONROE 29139 MONTGOMERY 29141 MORGAN 29143 NEW MADRID 29145 NEWTON 29147 NODAWAY 29149 OREGON 29151 OSAGE 29153 OZARK 29155 PEMISCOT 29157 PERRY 29159 PETTIS 29161 PHELPS 29163 PIKE 29165 PLATTE 29167 POLK 29169 PULASKI 29171 PUTNAM 29173 RALLS 29175 RANDOLPH 29177 RAY 29179 REYNOLDS 29181 RIPLEY 29183 ST CHARLES 29185 ST CLAIR 29187 ST FRANCOIS 29189 ST LOUIS 29193 STE GENEVIEVE 29195 SALINE 29197 SCHUYLER 29199 SCOTLAND 29201 SCOTT 29203 SHANNON 29205 SHELBY 29207 STODDARD 29209 STONE 29211 SULLIVAN 29213 TANEY 29215 TEXAS 29217 VERNON 29219 WARREN 29221 WASHINGTON 29223 WAYNE 29225 WEBSTER 29227 WORTH 29229 WRIGHT

102

29510 ST LOUIS CITY

30 MONTANA

30001 BEAVERHEAD 30003 BIG HORN 30005 BLAINE 30007 BROADWATER 30009 CARBON 30011 CARTER 30013 CASCADE 30015 CHOUTEAU 30017 CUSTER 30019 DANIELS 30021 DAWSON 30023 DEER LODGE 30025 FALLON 30027 FERGUS 30029 FLATHEAD 30031 GALLATIN 30033 GARFIELD 30035 GLACIER 30037 GOLDEN VALLEY 30039 GRANITE 30041 HILL 30043 JEFFERSON 30045 JUDITH BASIN 30047 LAKE 30049 LEWIS AND CLARK 30051 LIBERTY 30053 LINCOLN 30055 MC CONE 30057 MADISON 30059 MEAGHER 30061 MINERAL 30063 MISSOULA 30065 MUSSELSHELL 30067 PARK 30069 PETROLEUM 30071 PHILLIPS 30073 PONDERA 30075 POWDER RIVER 30077 POWELL 30079 PRAIRIE 30081 RAVALLI 30083 RICHLAND 30085 ROOSEVELT 30087 ROSEBUD 30089 SANDERS 30091 SHERIDAN 30093 SILVER BOW 30095 STILLWATER 30097 SWEET GRASS 30099 TETON

103

30101 TOOLE 30103 TREASURE 30105 VALLEY 30107 WHEATLAND 30109 WIBAUX 30111 YELLOWSTONE 30113 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

31 NEBRASKA

31001 ADAMS 31003 ANTELOPE 31005 ARTHUR 31007 BANNER 31009 BLAINE 31011 BOONE 31013 BOX BUTTE 31015 BOYD 31017 BROWN 31019 BUFFALO 31021 BURT 31023 BUTLER 31025 CASS 31027 CEDAR 31029 CHASE 31031 CHERRY 31033 CHEYENNE 31035 CLAY 31037 COLFAX 31039 CUMING 31041 CUSTER 31043 DAKOTA 31045 DAWES 31047 DAWSON 31049 DEUEL 31051 DIXON 31053 DODGE 31055 DOUGLAS 31057 DUNDY 31059 FILLMORE 31061 FRANKLIN 31063 FRONTIER 31065 FURNAS 31067 GAGE 31069 GARDEN 31071 GARFIELD 31073 GOSPER 31075 GRANT 31077 GREELEY 31079 HALL 31081 HAMILTON 31083 HARLAN 31085 HAYES 31087 HITCHCOCK

104

31089 HOLT 31091 HOOKER 31093 HOWARD 31095 JEFFERSON 31097 JOHNSON 31099 KEARNEY 31101 KEITH 31103 KEYA PAHA 31105 KIMBALL 31107 KNOX 31109 LANCASTER 31111 LINCOLN 31113 LOGAN 31115 LOUP 31117 MC PHERSON 31119 MADISON 31121 MERRICK 31123 MORRILL 31125 NANCE 31127 NEMAHA 31129 NUCKOLLS 31131 OTOE 31133 PAWNEE 31135 PERKINS 31137 PHELPS 31139 PIERCE 31141 PLATTE 31143 POLK 31145 RED WILLOW 31147 RICHARDSON 31149 ROCK 31151 SALINE 31153 SARPY 31155 SAUNDERS 31157 SCOTTS BLUFF 31159 SEWARD 31161 SHERIDAN 31163 SHERMAN 31165 SIOUX 31167 STANTON 31169 THAYER 31171 THOMAS 31173 THURSTON 31175 VALLEY 31177 WASHINGTON 31179 WAYNE 31181 WEBSTER 31183 WHEELER 31185 YORK

32 NEVADA

32001 CHURCHILL 32003 CLARK

105

32005 DOUGLAS 32007 ELKO 32009 ESMERALDA 32011 EUREKA 32013 HUMBOLDT 32015 LANDER 32017 LINCOLN 32019 LYON 32021 MINERAL 32023 NYE 32027 PERSHING 32029 STOREY 32031 WASHOE 32033 WHITE PINE 32510 CARSON CITY

33 NEW HAMPSHIRE

33001 BELKNAP 33003 CARROLL 33005 CHESHIRE 33007 COOS 33009 GRAFTON 33011 HILLSBOROUGH 33013 MERRIMACK 33015 ROCKINGHAM 33017 STRAFFORD 33019 SULLIVAN

34 NEW JERSEY

34001 ATLANTIC 34003 BERGEN 34005 BURLINGTON 34007 CAMDEN 34009 CAPE MAY 34011 CUMBERLAND 34013 ESSEX 34015 GLOUCESTER 34017 HUDSON 34019 HUNTERDON 34021 MERCER 34023 MIDDLESEX 34025 MONMOUTH 34027 MORRIS 34029 OCEAN 34031 PASSAIC 34033 SALEM 34035 SOMERSET 34037 SUSSEX 34039 UNION 34041 WARREN

106

35 NEW MEXICO

35001 BERNALILLO 35003 CATRON 35005 CHAVES 35007 COLFAX 35009 CURRY 35011 DE BACA 35013 DONA ANA 35015 EDDY 35017 GRANT 35019 GUADALUPE 35021 HARDING 35023 HIDALGO 35025 LEA 35027 LINCOLN 35028 LOS ALAMOS 35029 LUNA 35031 MC KINLEY 35033 MORA 35035 OTERO 35037 QUAY 35039 RIO ARRIBA 35041 ROOSEVELT 35043 SANDOVAL 35045 SAN JUAN 35047 SAN MIGUEL 35049 SANTA FE 35051 SIERRA 35053 SOCORRO 35055 TAOS 35057 TORRANCE 35059 UNION 35061 VALENCIA

36 NEW YORK

36001 ALBANY 36003 ALLEGANY 36005 BRONX 36007 BROOME 36009 CATTARAUGUS 36011 CAYUGA 36013 CHAUTAUQUA 36015 CHEMUNG 36017 CHENANGO 36019 CLINTON 36021 COLUMBIA 36023 CORTLAND 36025 DELAWARE 36027 DUTCHESS 36029 ERIE 36031 ESSEX 36033 FRANKLIN

107

36035 FULTON 36037 GENESEE 36039 GREENE 36041 HAMILTON 36043 HERKIMER 36045 JEFFERSON 36047 KINGS 36049 LEWIS 36051 LIVINGSTON 36053 MADISON 36055 MONROE 36057 MONTGOMERY 36059 NASSAU 36061 NEW YORK 36063 NIAGARA 36065 ONEIDA 36067 ONONDAGA 36069 ONTARIO 36071 ORANGE 36073 ORLEANS 36075 OSWEGO 36077 OTSEGO 36079 PUTNAM 36081 QUEENS 36083 RENSSELAER 36085 RICHMOND 36087 ROCKLAND 36089 ST LAWRENCE 36091 SARATOGA 36093 SCHENECTADY 36095 SCHOHARIE 36097 SCHUYLER 36099 SENECA 36101 STEUBEN 36103 SUFFOLK 36105 SULLIVAN 36107 TIOGA 36109 TOMPKINS 36111 ULSTER 36113 WARREN 36115 WASHINGTON 36117 WAYNE 36119 WESTCHESTER 36121 WYOMING 36123 YATES

37 NORTH CAROLINA

37001 ALAMANCE 37003 ALEXANDER 37005 ALLEGHANY 37007 ANSON 37009 ASHE 37011 AVERY

108

37013 BEAUFORT 37015 BERTIE 37017 BLADEN 37019 BRUNSWICK 37021 BUNCOMBE 37023 BURKE 37025 CABARRUS 37027 CALDWELL 37029 CAMDEN 37031 CARTERET 37033 CASWELL 37035 CATAWBA 37037 CHATHAM 37039 CHEROKEE 37041 CHOWAN 37043 CLAY 37045 CLEVELAND 37047 COLUMBUS 37049 CRAVEN 37051 CUMBERLAND 37053 CURRITUCK 37055 DARE 37057 DAVIDSON 37059 DAVIE 37061 DUPLIN 37063 DURHAM 37065 EDGECOMBE 37067 FORSYTH 37069 FRANKLIN 37071 GASTON 37073 GATES 37075 GRAHAM 37077 GRANVILLE 37079 GREENE 37081 GUILFORD 37083 HALIFAX 37085 HARNETT 37087 HAYWOOD 37089 HENDERSON 37091 HERTFORD 37093 HOKE 37095 HYDE 37097 IREDELL 37099 JACKSON 37101 JOHNSTON 37103 JONES 37105 LEE 37107 LENOIR 37109 LINCOLN 37111 MC DOWELL 37113 MACON 37115 MADISON 37117 MARTIN 37119 MECKLENBURG 37121 MITCHELL 37123 MONTGOMERY

109

37125 MOORE 37127 NASH 37129 NEW HANOVER 37131 NORTHAMPTON 37133 ONSLOW 37135 ORANGE 37137 PAMLICO 37139 PASQUOTANK 37141 PENDER 37143 PERQUIMANS 37145 PERSON 37147 PITT 37149 POLK 37151 RANDOLPH 37153 RICHMOND 37155 ROBESON 37157 ROCKINGHAM 37159 ROWAN 37161 RUTHERFORD 37163 SAMPSON 37165 SCOTLAND 37167 STANLY 37169 STOKES 37171 SURRY 37173 SWAIN 37175 TRANSYLVANIA 37177 TYRRELL 37179 UNION 37181 VANCE 37183 WAKE 37185 WARREN 37187 WASHINGTON 37189 WATAUGA 37191 WAYNE 37193 WILKES 37195 WILSON 37197 YADKIN 37199 YANCEY

38 NORTH DAKOTA

38001 ADAMS 38003 BARNES 38005 BENSON 38007 BILLINGS 38009 BOTTINEAU 38011 BOWMAN 38013 BURKE 38015 BURLEIGH 38017 CASS 38019 CAVALIER 38021 DICKEY 38023 DIVIDE 38025 DUNN

110

38027 EDDY 38029 EMMONS 38031 FOSTER 38033 GOLDEN VALLEY 38035 GRAND FORKS 38037 GRANT 38039 GRIGGS 38041 HETTINGER 38043 KIDDER 38045 LA MOURE 38047 LOGAN 38049 MC HENRY 38051 MC INTOSH 38053 MC KENZIE 38055 MC LEAN 38057 MERCER 38059 MORTON 38061 MOUNTRAIL 38063 NELSON 38065 OLIVER 38067 PEMBINA 38069 PIERCE 38071 RAMSEY 38073 RANSOM 38075 RENVILLE 38077 RICHLAND 38079 ROLETTE 38081 SARGENT 38083 SHERIDAN 38085 SIOUX 38087 SLOPE 38089 STARK 38091 STEELE 38093 STUTSMAN 38095 TOWNER 38097 TRAILL 38099 WALSH 38101 WARD 38103 WELLS 38105 WILLIAMS

39 OHIO

39001 ADAMS 39003 ALLEN 39005 ASHLAND 39007 ASHTABULA 39009 ATHENS 39011 AUGLAIZE 39013 BELMONT 39015 BROWN 39017 BUTLER 39019 CARROLL 39021 CHAMPAIGN

111

39023 CLARK 39025 CLERMONT 39027 CLINTON 39029 COLUMBIANA 39031 COSHOCTON 39033 CRAWFORD 39035 CUYAHOGA 39037 DARKE 39039 DEFIANCE 39041 DELAWARE 39043 ERIE 39045 FAIRFIELD 39047 FAYETTE 39049 FRANKLIN 39051 FULTON 39053 GALLIA 39055 GEAUGA 39057 GREENE 39059 GUERNSEY 39061 HAMILTON 39063 HANCOCK 39065 HARDIN 39067 HARRISON 39069 HENRY 39071 HIGHLAND 39073 HOCKING 39075 HOLMES 39077 HURON 39079 JACKSON 39081 JEFFERSON 39083 KNOX 39085 LAKE 39087 LAWRENCE 39089 LICKING 39091 LOGAN 39093 LORAIN 39095 LUCAS 39097 MADISON 39099 MAHONING 39101 MARION 39103 MEDINA 39105 MEIGS 39107 MERCER 39109 MIAMI 39111 MONROE 39113 MONTGOMERY 39115 MORGAN 39117 MORROW 39119 MUSKINGUM 39121 NOBLE 39123 OTTAWA 39125 PAULDING 39127 PERRY 39129 PICKAWAY 39131 PIKE 39133 PORTAGE

112

39135 PREBLE 39137 PUTNAM 39139 RICHLAND 39141 ROSS 39143 SANDUSKY 39145 SCIOTO 39147 SENECA 39149 SHELBY 39151 STARK 39153 SUMMIT 39155 TRUMBULL 39157 TUSCARAWAS 39159 UNION 39161 VAN WERT 39163 VINTON 39165 WARREN 39167 WASHINGTON 39169 WAYNE 39171 WILLIAMS 39173 WOOD 39175 WYANDOT

40 OKLAHOMA

40001 ADAIR 40003 ALFALFA 40005 ATOKA 40007 BEAVER 40009 BECKHAM 40011 BLAINE 40013 BRYAN 40015 CADDO 40017 CANADIAN 40019 CARTER 40021 CHEROKEE 40023 CHOCTAW 40025 CIMARRON 40027 CLEVELAND 40029 COAL 40031 COMANCHE 40033 COTTON 40035 CRAIG 40037 CREEK 40039 CUSTER 40041 DELAWARE 40043 DEWEY 40045 ELLIS 40047 GARFIELD 40049 GARVIN 40051 GRADY 40053 GRANT 40055 GREER 40057 HARMON 40059 HARPER

113

40061 HASKELL 40063 HUGHES 40065 JACKSON 40067 JEFFERSON 40069 JOHNSTON 40071 KAY 40073 KINGFISHER 40075 KIOWA 40077 LATIMER 40079 LE FLORE 40081 LINCOLN 40083 LOGAN 40085 LOVE 40087 MC CLAIN 40089 MC CURTAIN 40091 MC INTOSH 40093 MAJOR 40095 MARSHALL 40097 MAYES 40099 MURRAY 40101 MUSKOGEE 40103 NOBLE 40105 NOWATA 40107 OKFUSKEE 40109 OKLAHOMA 40111 OKMULGEE 40113 OSAGE 40115 OTTAWA 40117 PAWNEE 40119 PAYNE 40121 PITTSBURG 40123 PONTOTOC 40125 POTTAWATOMIE 40127 PUSHMATAHA 40129 ROGER MILLS 40131 ROGERS 40133 SEMINOLE 40135 SEQUOYAH 40137 STEPHENS 40139 TEXAS 40141 TILLMAN 40143 TULSA 40145 WAGONER 40147 WASHINGTON 40149 WASHITA 40151 WOODS 40153 WOODWARD

41 OREGON

41001 BAKER 41003 BENTON 41005 CLACKAMAS 41007 CLATSOP

114

41009 COLUMBIA 41011 COOS 41013 CROOK 41015 CURRY 41017 DESCHUTES 41019 DOUGLAS 41021 GILLIAM 41023 GRANT 41025 HARNEY 41027 HOOD RIVER 41029 JACKSON 41031 JEFFERSON 41033 JOSEPHINE 41035 KLAMATH 41037 LAKE 41039 LANE 41041 LINCOLN 41043 LINN 41045 MALHEUR 41047 MARION 41049 MORROW 41051 MULTNOMAH 41053 POLK 41055 SHERMAN 41057 TILLAMOOK 41059 UMATILLA 41061 UNION 41063 WALLOWA 41065 WASCO 41067 WASHINGTON 41069 WHEELER 41071 YAMHILL

42 PENNSYLVANIA

42001 ADAMS 42003 ALLEGHENY 42005 ARMSTRONG 42007 BEAVER 42009 BEDFORD 42011 BERKS 42013 BLAIR 42015 BRADFORD 42017 BUCKS 42019 BUTLER 42021 CAMBRIA 42023 CAMERON 42025 CARBON 42027 CENTRE 42029 CHESTER 42031 CLARION 42033 CLEARFIELD 42035 CLINTON 42037 COLUMBIA

115

42039 CRAWFORD 42041 CUMBERLAND 42043 DAUPHIN 42045 DELAWARE 42047 ELK 42049 ERIE 42051 FAYETTE 42053 FOREST 42055 FRANKLIN 42057 FULTON 42059 GREENE 42061 HUNTINGDON 42063 INDIANA 42065 JEFFERSON 42067 JUNIATA 42069 LACKAWANNA 42071 LANCASTER 42073 LAWRENCE 42075 LEBANON 42077 LEHIGH 42079 LUZERNE 42081 LYCOMING 42083 MC KEAN 42085 MERCER 42087 MIFFLIN 42089 MONROE 42091 MONTGOMERY 42093 MONTOUR 42095 NORTHAMPTON 42097 NORTHUMBERLAND 42099 PERRY 42101 PHILADELPHIA 42103 PIKE 42105 POTTER 42107 SCHUYLKILL 42109 SNYDER 42111 SOMERSET 42113 SULLIVAN 42115 SUSQUEHANNA 42117 TIOGA 42119 UNION 42121 VENANGO 42123 WARREN 42125 WASHINGTON 42127 WAYNE 42129 WESTMORELAND 42131 WYOMING 42133 YORK

44 RHODE ISLAND

44001 BRISTOL 44003 KENT 44005 NEWPORT

116

44007 PROVIDENCE 44009 WASHINGTON

45 SOUTH CAROLINA

45001 ABBEVILLE 45003 AIKEN 45005 ALLENDALE 45007 ANDERSON 45009 BAMBERG 45011 BARNWELL 45013 BEAUFORT 45015 BERKELEY 45017 CALHOUN 45019 CHARLESTON 45021 CHEROKEE 45023 CHESTER 45025 CHESTERFIELD 45027 CLARENDON 45029 COLLETON 45031 DARLINGTON 45033 DILLON 45035 DORCHESTER 45037 EDGEFIELD 45039 FAIRFIELD 45041 FLORENCE 45043 GEORGETOWN 45045 GREENVILLE 45047 GREENWOOD 45049 HAMPTON 45051 HORRY 45053 JASPER 45055 KERSHAW 45057 LANCASTER 45059 LAURENS 45061 LEE 45063 LEXINGTON 45065 MC CORMICK 45067 MARION 45069 MARLBORO 45071 NEWBERRY 45073 OCONEE 45075 ORANGEBURG 45077 PICKENS 45079 RICHLAND 45081 SALUDA 45083 SPARTANBURG 45085 SUMTER 45087 UNION 45089 WILLIAMSBURG 45091 YORK

117

46 SOUTH DAKOTA

46003 AURORA 46005 BEADLE 46007 BENNETT 46009 BON HOMME 46011 BROOKINGS 46013 BROWN 46015 BRULE 46017 BUFFALO 46019 BUTTE 46021 CAMPBELL 46023 CHARLES MIX 46025 CLARK 46027 CLAY 46029 CODINGTON 46031 CORSON 46033 CUSTER 46035 DAVISON 46037 DAY 46039 DEUEL 46041 DEWEY 46043 DOUGLAS 46045 EDMUNDS 46047 FALL RIVER 46049 FAULK 46051 GRANT 46053 GREGORY 46055 HAAKON 46057 HAMLIN 46059 HAND 46061 HANSON 46063 HARDING 46065 HUGHES 46067 HUTCHINSON 46069 HYDE 46071 JACKSON 46073 JERAULD 46075 JONES 46077 KINGSBURY 46079 LAKE 46081 LAWRENCE 46083 LINCOLN 46085 LYMAN 46087 MC COOK 46089 MC PHERSON 46091 MARSHALL 46093 MEADE 46095 MELLETTE 46097 MINER 46099 MINNEHAHA 46101 MOODY 46103 PENNINGTON 46105 PERKINS 46107 POTTER 46109 ROBERTS

118

46111 SANBORN 46113 SHANNON 46115 SPINK 46117 STANLEY 46119 SULLY 46121 TODD 46123 TRIPP 46125 TURNER 46127 UNION 46129 WALWORTH 46131 WASHABAUGH 46135 YANKTON 46137 ZIEBACH

47 TENNESSEE

47001 ANDERSON 47003 BEDFORD 47005 BENTON 47007 BLEDSOE 47009 BLOUNT 47011 BRADLEY 47013 CAMPBELL 47015 CANNON 47017 CARROLL 47019 CARTER 47021 CHEATHAM 47023 CHESTER 47025 CLAIBORNE 47027 CLAY 47029 COCKE 47031 COFFEE 47033 CROCKETT 47035 CUMBERLAND 47037 DAVIDSON 47039 DECATUR 47041 DE KALB 47043 DICKSON 47045 DYER 47047 FAYETTE 47049 FENTRESS 47051 FRANKLIN 47053 GIBSON 47055 GILES 47057 GRAINGER 47059 GREENE 47061 GRUNDY 47063 HAMBLEN 47065 HAMILTON 47067 HANCOCK 47069 HARDEMAN 47071 HARDIN 47073 HAWKINS 47075 HAYWOOD

119

47077 HENDERSON 47079 HENRY 47081 HICKMAN 47083 HOUSTON 47085 HUMPHREYS 47087 JACKSON 47089 JEFFERSON 47091 JOHNSON 47093 KNOX 47095 LAKE 47097 LAUDERDALE 47099 LAWRENCE 47101 LEWIS 47103 LINCOLN 47105 LOUDON 47107 MC MINN 47109 MC NAIRY 47111 MACON 47113 MADISON 47115 MARION 47117 MARSHALL 47119 MAURY 47121 MEIGS 47123 MONROE 47125 MONTGOMERY 47127 MOORE 47129 MORGAN 47131 OBION 47133 OVERTON 47135 PERRY 47137 PICKETT 47139 POLK 47141 PUTNAM 47143 RHEA 47145 ROANE 47147 ROBERTSON 47149 RUTHERFORD 47151 SCOTT 47153 SEQUATCHIE 47155 SEVIER 47157 SHELBY 47159 SMITH 47161 STEWART 47163 SULLIVAN 47165 SUMNER 47167 TIPTON 47169 TROUSDALE 47171 UNICOI 47173 UNION 47175 VAN BUREN 47177 WARREN 47179 WASHINGTON 47181 WAYNE 47183 WEAKLEY 47185 WHITE 47187 WILLIAMSON

120

47189 WILSON

48 TEXAS

48001 ANDERSON 48003 ANDREWS 48005 ANGELINA 48007 ARANSAS 48009 ARCHER 48011 ARMSTRONG 48013 ATASCOSA 48015 AUSTIN 48017 BAILEY 48019 BANDERA 48021 BASTROP 48023 BAYLOR 48025 BEE 48027 BELL 48029 BEXAR 48031 BLANCO 48033 BORDEN 48035 BOSQUE 48037 BOWIE 48039 BRAZORIA 48041 BRAZOS 48043 BREWSTER 48045 BRISCOE 48047 BROOKS 48049 BROWN 48051 BURLESON 48053 BURNET 48055 CALDWELL 48057 CALHOUN 48059 CALLAHAN 48061 CAMERON 48063 CAMP 48065 CARSON 48067 CASS 48069 CASTRO 48071 CHAMBERS 48073 CHEROKEE 48075 CHILDRESS 48077 CLAY 48079 COCHRAN 48081 COKE 48083 COLEMAN 48085 COLLIN 48087 COLLINGSWORTH 48089 COLORADO 48091 COMAL 48093 COMANCHE 48095 CONCHO 48097 COOKE 48099 CORYELL

121

48101 COTTLE 48103 CRANE 48105 CROCKETT 48107 CROSBY 48109 CULBERSON 48111 DALLAM 48113 DALLAS 48115 DAWSON 48117 DEAF SMITH 48119 DELTA 48121 DENTON 48123 DE WITT 48125 DICKENS 48127 DIMMIT 48129 DONLEY 48131 DUVAL 48133 EASTLAND 48135 ECTOR 48137 EDWARDS 48139 ELLIS 48141 EL PASO 48143 ERATH 48145 FALLS 48147 FANNIN 48149 FAYETTE 48151 FISHER 48153 FLOYD 48155 FOARD 48157 FORT BEND 48159 FRANKLIN 48161 FREESTONE 48163 FRIO 48165 GAINES 48167 GALVESTON 48169 GARZA 48171 GILLESPIE 48173 GLASSCOCK 48175 GOLIAD 48177 GONZALES 48179 GRAY 48181 GRAYSON 48183 GREGG 48185 GRIMES 48187 GUADALUPE 48189 HALE 48191 HALL 48193 HAMILTON 48195 HANSFORD 48197 HARDEMAN 48199 HARDIN 48201 HARRIS 48203 HARRISON 48205 HARTLEY 48207 HASKELL 48209 HAYS 48211 HEMPHILL

122

48213 HENDERSON 48215 HIDALGO 48217 HILL 48219 HOCKLEY 48221 HOOD 48223 HOPKINS 48225 HOUSTON 48227 HOWARD 48229 HUDSPETH 48231 HUNT 48233 HUTCHINSON 48235 IRION 48237 JACK 48239 JACKSON 48241 JASPER 48243 JEFF DAVIS 48245 JEFFERSON 48247 JIM HOGG 48249 JIM WELLS 48251 JOHNSON 48253 JONES 48255 KARNES 48257 KAUFMAN 48259 KENDALL 48261 KENEDY 48263 KENT 48265 KERR 48267 KIMBLE 48269 KING 48271 KINNEY 48273 KLEBERG 48275 KNOX 48277 LAMAR 48279 LAMB 48281 LAMPASAS 48283 LA SALLE 48285 LAVACA 48287 LEE 48289 LEON 48291 LIBERTY 48293 LIMESTONE 48295 LIPSCOMB 48297 LIVE OAK 48299 LLANO 48301 LOVING 48303 LUBBOCK 48305 LYNN 48307 MC CULLOCH 48309 MC LENNAN 48311 MC MULLEN 48313 MADISON 48315 MARION 48317 MARTIN 48319 MASON 48321 MATAGORDA 48323 MAVERICK

123

48325 MEDINA 48327 MENARD 48329 MIDLAND 48331 MILAM 48333 MILLS 48335 MITCHELL 48337 MONTAGUE 48339 MONTGOMERY 48341 MOORE 48343 MORRIS 48345 MOTLEY 48347 NACOGDOCHES 48349 NAVARRO 48351 NEWTON 48353 NOLAN 48355 NUECES 48357 OCHILTREE 48359 OLDHAM 48361 ORANGE 48363 PALO PINTO 48365 PANOLA 48367 PARKER 48369 PARMER 48371 PECOS 48373 POLK 48375 POTTER 48377 PRESIDIO 48379 RAINS 48381 RANDALL 48383 REAGAN 48385 REAL 48387 RED RIVER 48389 REEVES 48391 REFUGIO 48393 ROBERTS 48395 ROBERTSON 48397 ROCKWALL 48399 RUNNELS 48401 RUSK 48403 SABINE 48405 SAN AUGUSTINE 48407 SAN JACINTO 48409 SAN PATRICIO 48411 SAN SABA 48413 SCHLEICHER 48415 SCURRY 48417 SHACKELFORD 48419 SHELBY 48421 SHERMAN 48423 SMITH 48425 SOMERVELL 48427 STARR 48429 STEPHENS 48431 STERLING 48433 STONEWALL 48435 SUTTON

124

48437 SWISHER 48439 TARRANT 48441 TAYLOR 48443 TERRELL 48445 TERRY 48447 THROCKMORTON 48449 TITUS 48451 TOM GREEN 48453 TRAVIS 48455 TRINITY 48457 TYLER 48459 UPSHUR 48461 UPTON 48463 UVALDE 48465 VAL VERDE 48467 VAN ZANDT 48469 VICTORIA 48471 WALKER 48473 WALLER 48475 WARD 48477 WASHINGTON 48479 WEBB 48481 WHARTON 48483 WHEELER 48485 WICHITA 48487 WILBARGER 48489 WILLACY 48491 WILLIAMSON 48493 WILSON 48495 WINKLER 48497 WISE 48499 WOOD 48501 YOAKUM 48503 YOUNG 48505 ZAPATA 48507 ZAVALA

49 UTAH

49001 BEAVER 49003 BOX ELDER 49005 CACHE 49007 CARBON 49009 DAGGETT 49011 DAVIS 49013 DUCHESNE 49015 EMERY 49017 GARFIELD 49019 GRAND 49021 IRON 49023 JUAB 49025 KANE 49027 MILLARD 49029 MORGAN

125

49031 PIUTE 49033 RICH 49035 SALT LAKE 49037 SAN JUAN 49039 SANPETE 49041 SEVIER 49043 SUMMIT 49045 TOOELE 49047 UINTAH 49049 UTAH 49051 WASATCH 49053 WASHINGTON 49055 WAYNE 49057 WEBER

50 VERMONT

50001 ADDISON 50003 BENNINGTON 50005 CALEDONIA 50007 CHITTENDEN 50009 ESSEX 50011 FRANKLIN 50013 GRAND ISLE 50015 LAMOILLE 50017 ORANGE 50019 ORLEANS 50021 RUTLAND 50023 WASHINGTON 50025 WINDHAM 50027 WINDSOR

51 VIRGINIA

51001 ACCOMACK 51003 ALBEMARLE 51005 ALLEGHANY 51007 AMELIA 51009 AMHERST 51011 APPOMATTOX 51013 ARLINGTON 51015 AUGUSTA 51017 BATH 51019 BEDFORD 51021 BLAND 51023 BOTETOURT 51025 BRUNSWICK 51027 BUCHANAN 51029 BUCKINGHAM 51031 CAMPBELL 51033 CAROLINE 51035 CARROLL

126

51036 CHARLES CITY 51037 CHARLOTTE 51041 CHESTERFIELD 51043 CLARKE 51045 CRAIG 51047 CULPEPER 51049 CUMBERLAND 51051 DICKENSON 51053 DINWIDDIE 51057 ESSEX 51059 FAIRFAX 51061 FAUQUIER 51063 FLOYD 51065 FLUVANNA 51067 FRANKLIN 51069 FREDERICK 51071 GILES 51073 GLOUCESTER 51075 GOOCHLAND 51077 GRAYSON 51079 GREENE 51081 GREENSVILLE 51083 HALIFAX 51085 HANOVER 51087 HENRICO 51089 HENRY 51091 HIGHLAND 51093 ISLE OF WIGHT 51095 JAMES CITY 51097 KING AND QUEEN 51099 KING GEORGE 51101 KING WILLIAM 51103 LANCASTER 51105 LEE 51107 LOUDOUN 51109 LOUISA 51111 LUNENBERG 51113 MADISON 51115 MATHEWS 51117 MECKLENBURG 51119 MIDDLESEX 51121 MONTGOMERY 51123 NANSEMOND 51125 NELSON 51127 NEW KENT 51131 NORTHAMPTON 51133 NORTHUMBERLAND 51135 NOTTOWAY 51137 ORANGE 51139 PAGE 51141 PATRICK 51143 PITTSYLVANIA 51145 POWHATAN 51147 PRINCE EDWARD 51149 PRINCE GEORGE 51153 PRINCE WILLIAM

127

51155 PULASKI 51157 RAPPAHANNOCK 51159 RICHMOND 51161 ROANOKE 51163 ROCKBRIDGE 51165 ROCKINGHAM 51167 RUSSELL 51169 SCOTT 51171 SHENANDOAH 51173 SMYTH 51175 SOUTHAMPTON 51177 SPOTSYLVANIA 51179 STAFFORD 51181 SURRY 51183 SUSSEX 51185 TAZEWELL 51187 WARREN 51191 WASHINGTON 51193 WESTMORELAND 51195 WISE 51197 WYTHE 51199 YORK 51510 ALEXANDRIA CITY 51515 BEDFORD CITY 51520 BRISTOL CITY 51530 BUENA VISTA CITY 51540 CHARLOTTESVILLE CITY 51550 CHESAPEAKE CITY 51560 CLIFTON FORGE CITY 51570 COLONIAL HEIGHTS CITY 51580 COVINGTON CITY 51590 DANVILLE CITY 51595 EMPORIA CITY 51600 FAIRFAX CITY 51610 FALLS CHURCH CITY 51620 FRANKLIN CITY 51630 FREDERICKSBURG CITY 51640 GALAX CITY 51650 HAMPTON CITY 51660 HARRISONBURG CITY 51670 HOPEWELL CITY 51678 LEXINGTON CITY 51680 LYNCHBURG CITY 51690 MARTINSVILLE CITY 51700 NEWPORT NEWS CITY 51710 NORFOLK CITY 51720 NORTON CITY 51730 PETERSBURG CITY 51740 PORTSMOUTH CITY 51750 RADFORD CITY 51760 RICHMOND CITY 51770 ROANOKE CITY 51775 SALEM CITY 51780 SOUTH BOSTON CITY 51790 STAUNTON CITY 51800 SUFFOLK CITY

128

51810 VIRGINIA BEACH CITY 51820 WAYNESBORO CITY 51830 WILLIAMSBURG CITY 51840 WINCHESTER CITY

53 WASHINGTON

53001 ADAMS 53003 ASOTIN 53005 BENTON 53007 CHELAN 53009 CLALLAM 53011 CLARK 53013 COLUMBIA 53015 COWLITZ 53017 DOUGLAS 53019 FERRY 53021 FRANKLIN 53023 GARFIELD 53025 GRANT 53027 GRAYS HARBOR 53029 ISLAND 53031 JEFFERSON 53033 KING 53035 KITSAP 53037 KITTITAS 53039 KLICKITAT 53041 LEWIS 53043 LINCOLN 53045 MASON 53047 OKANOGAN 53049 PACIFIC 53051 PEND OREILLE 53053 PIERCE 53055 SAN JUAN 53057 SKAGIT 53059 SKAMANIA 53061 SNOHOMISH 53063 SPOKANE 53065 STEVENS 53067 THURSTON 53069 WAHKIAKUM 53071 WALLA WALLA 53073 WHATCOM 53075 WHITMAN 53077 YAKIMA

54 WEST VIRGINIA

54001 BARBOUR 54003 BERKELEY 54005 BOONE

129

54007 BRAXTON 54009 BROOKE 54011 CABELL 54013 CALHOUN 54015 CLAY 54017 DODDRIDGE 54019 FAYETTE 54021 GILMER 54023 GRANT 54025 GREENBRIER 54027 HAMPSHIRE 54029 HANCOCK 54031 HARDY 54033 HARRISON 54035 JACKSON 54037 JEFFERSON 54039 KANAWHA 54041 LEWIS 54043 LINCOLN 54045 LOGAN 54047 MC DOWELL 54049 MARION 54051 MARSHALL 54053 MASON 54055 MERCER 54057 MINERAL 54059 MINGO 54061 MONONGALIA 54063 MONROE 54065 MORGAN 54067 NICHOLAS 54069 OHIO 54071 PENDLETON 54073 PLEASANTS 54075 POCAHONTAS 54077 PRESTON 54079 PUTNAM 54081 RALEIGH 54083 RANDOLPH 54085 RITCHIE 54087 ROANE 54089 SUMMERS 54091 TAYLOR 54093 TUCKER 54095 TYLER 54097 UPSHUR 54099 WAYNE 54101 WEBSTER 54103 WETZEL 54105 WIRT 54107 WOOD 54109 WYOMING

130

55 WISCONSIN

55001 ADAMS 55003 ASHLAND 55005 BARRON 55007 BAYFIELD 55009 BROWN 55011 BUFFALO 55013 BURNETT 55015 CALUMET 55017 CHIPPEWA 55019 CLARK 55021 COLUMBIA 55023 CRAWFORD 55025 DANE 55027 DODGE 55029 DOOR 55031 DOUGLAS 55033 DUNN 55035 EAU CLAIRE 55037 FLORENCE 55039 FOND DU LAC 55041 FOREST 55043 GRANT 55045 GREEN 55047 GREEN LAKE 55049 IOWA 55051 IRON 55053 JACKSON 55055 JEFFERSON 55057 JUNEAU 55059 KENOSHA 55061 KEWAUNEE 55063 LA CROSSE 55065 LAFAYETTE 55067 LANGLADE 55069 LINCOLN 55071 MANITOWOC 55073 MARATHON 55075 MARINETTE 55077 MARQUETTE 55078 MENOMINEE 55079 MILWAUKEE 55081 MONROE 55083 OCONTO 55085 ONEIDA 55087 OUTAGAMIE 55089 OZAUKEE 55091 PEPIN 55093 PIERCE 55095 POLK 55097 PORTAGE 55099 PRICE 55101 RACINE 55103 RICHLAND 55105 ROCK

131

55107 RUSK 55109 ST CROIX 55111 SAUK 55113 SAWYER 55115 SHAWANO 55117 SHEBOYGAN 55119 TAYLOR 55121 TREMPEALEAU 55123 VERNON 55125 VILAS 55127 WALWORTH 55129 WASHBURN 55131 WASHINGTON 55133 WAUKESHA 55135 WAUPACA 55137 WAUSHARA 55139 WINNEBAGO 55141 WOOD

56 WYOMING

56001 ALBANY 56003 BIG HORN 56005 CAMPBELL 56007 CARBON 56009 CONVERSE 56011 CROOK 56013 FREMONT 56015 GOSHEN 56017 HOT SPRINGS 56019 JOHNSON 56021 LARAMIE 56023 LINCOLN 56025 NATRONA 56027 NIOBRARA 56029 PARK 56031 PLATTE 56033 SHERIDAN 56035 SUBLETTE 56037 SWEETWATER 56039 TETON 56041 UINTA 56043 WASHAKIE 56045 WESTON

132

APPENDIX B

NUMBER OF EXECUTIONS BY STATE BY TIME PERIOD

1608- 1700- 1800- 1866- 1900- 1936- 1973- 1992- ST 1699 1799 1865 1899 1935 1972 1991 2002 TOTAL ------

AL 0 0 262 133 197 116 8 17 733 AK 0 0 0 4 5 3 0 0 12 AZ 0 0 1 25 46 32 0 22 126

AR 0 0 29 202 158 89 2 22 502 CA 0 5 111 127 239 227 0 10 719 CO 0 0 6 30 37 28 0 1 102

CT 12 16 17 16 46 19 0 0 126 DE 2 8 7 20 18 7 0 13 75 DC 0 0 12 28 47 31 0 0 118

FL 0 0 16 30 118 150 26 27 367 GA 0 18 84 223 343 282 14 12 976 HI 0 0 1 6 37 5 0 0 49

ID 0 0 3 14 6 3 0 1 27 IL 0 1 50 93 157 47 1 11 360 IN 0 0 33 26 41 31 2 7 140

IA 0 0 9 4 17 15 0 0 45 KS 0 0 7 9 1 40 0 0 57 KY 0 8 122 92 123 79 0 2 426

LA 0 61 142 135 204 90 19 7 658 ME 1 7 7 6 0 0 0 0 21 MD 15 43 65 74 55 57 0 3 312

MA 99 102 55 24 49 16 0 0 345 MI 2 5 5 0 0 1 0 0 13 MN 0 0 42 17 7 0 0 0 66

MS 0 0 26 81 128 116 4 2 357 MO 0 0 49 126 66 44 5 50 340 MT 0 0 1 31 36 3 0 2 73

(CONTINUED)

133

NUMBER OF EXECUTIONS BY STATE BY TIME PERIOD

1608- 1700- 1800- 1866- 1900- 1936- 1973- 1992- ST 1699 1799 1865 1899 1935 1972 1991 2002 TOTAL ------

NE 0 0 0 14 16 4 0 0 34 NV 0 0 3 17 18 23 5 7 73 NH 0 6 5 10 2 1 0 0 24

NJ 8 76 35 55 143 44 0 0 361 NM 0 0 9 30 28 6 0 0 73 NY 8 167 156 155 408 236 0 0 1,130

NC 0 131 133 112 207 201 3 15 802 ND 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 0 8 OH 0 1 44 85 188 120 0 5 443

OK 0 0 3 36 62 31 1 50 183 OR 0 0 21 33 50 18 0 2 124 PA 1 202 108 185 443 101 0 3 1,043

RI 4 44 4 0 0 0 0 0 52 SC 0 93 127 143 165 113 3 24 668 SD 0 0 0 9 5 1 0 0 15

TN 0 4 69 83 101 78 0 0 335 TX 0 0 41 221 258 235 38 238 1,031 UT 0 0 5 7 18 13 3 3 49

VT 0 1 6 11 5 3 0 0 26 VA 10 386 481 96 223 81 11 73 1,361 WA 0 0 3 20 46 36 0 4 109

WV 0 6 37 21 63 28 0 1 156 WI 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 WY 0 0 0 6 11 5 0 1 23

TL 162 1,391 2,453 2,928 4,646 2,909 145 635 15,269

The temporal divisions displayed in this table for illustrative purposes are general historical eras. These can be broadly defined as: 17th century; 18th century; 19th century through the Civil War; 19th century after the Civil War; early 20th century, through 1935 (the year in which the largest number of U.S. executions occurred); mid-20th century (1935 through 1972, the year of the Furman vs. Georgia decision); and post-1972.

134