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Characterizing Nitrogen and Δ15n Values in the Blade Tissues of a Windward Population of Avrainvillea Lacerata, an Invasive Green Alga

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Characterizing Nitrogen and Δ15n Values in the Blade Tissues of a Windward Population of Avrainvillea Lacerata, an Invasive Green Alga CHARACTERIZING NITROGEN AND δ15N VALUES IN THE BLADE TISSUES OF A WINDWARD POPULATION OF AVRAINVILLEA LACERATA, AN INVASIVE GREEN ALGA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE UNDERGRADUATE DIVISION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MAY 2021 By TINA T. HUYNH-NGUYEN Thesis Advisor CELIA M. SMITH I certify that I have read this thesis and that, in my opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Global Environmental Science. THESIS ADVISOR ________________________________ Celia M. Smith School of Life Sciences ii DEDICATION For my sisters, Lan and Diana, who are always on my side. And for my parents, Hoa and Dang, I love you both and owe you everything. To my partner, Evan, thank you for the unconditional support and love. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I want to praise and thank the Lord for the great team of people who helped me carry out this thesis to its final form. I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to my thesis mentor, Dr. Celia M. Smith, School of Life Sciences, for imparting her knowledge and expertise in this study. She kindly opened her lab and introduced me to my fellow limu lab mates, Scott Chulakote, Scott Van De Verg, Veronica Gibson, Migiwa Kawachi, Brianna Ornelas, Nicole Yamase, and David Spafford. To Scott and Scott, thank you for writing with me during breaks and weekends. I would also like to thank my academic advisors, Dr. Michael Guidry and Dr. Craig Nelson, and my thesis reviewer, Dr. Cynthia Hunter for their guidance, support, patience, and encouragement. Regardless of the weather, several great friends assisted in the field, including Evan Kanemaru-Young, Han Quach, Kammie Tavares, Eleanor Yuan, Kealohi Sabate, Cuong Tran, Shaun Wriston, Andrew Tokuda, Mary Murro, Kaira Verdugo, and Lan Huynh-Nguyen. I am indebted to Kayli Ching, a sincere friend who cares about me so much that she will stick around late to process samples. To the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, thank you for believing in me as an undergraduate researcher. I could not have done this without your aid. Other amazing folks at The University of Hawai‘i at Manoa include: Natalie Wallsgrove from the Biogeochemical Stable Isotope Facility and Danielle Hull from the SOEST Laboratory for Analytical Biogeochemistry (S-LAB) played major roles in processing my tissue and water samples. A special thanks to James Potemra and Alison Nugent for carefully guiding me through the data analysis and writing portions of this paper. iv And most importantly, I dedicate this endeavor to all the mentors who nurtured the scientist in me: Mackenzie Manning, Wendy Kuntz, Colleen Allen, Narrissa Brown, and Florybeth La Valle. v ABSTRACT The green alga Avrainvillea lacerata was first discovered in Hawaiʻi by Brostoff in 1989. The plant is invasive, and its history has not been well documented. It has continued to proliferate along the shores of O‘ahu, and is projected to invade a quarter of all coastlines in the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) due to climate change. To understand the fundamental relationship between nitrogen (N) availability and algal growth, in opposing wet and dry seasons, A. lacerata blade tissues were sampled to examine δ15N (‰) and %N in photosynthetic tissue and compared with dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the water column at Kualoa Regional Beach Park (KBP) on the northeastern side of Kāneohe Bay. Tissue values in this study were compared with data collected from a leeward population of A. lacerata in Maunalua Bay. A. lacerata as well as other invasive algae can be used to assess the availability of sources in coastal environments. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iv Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ ix 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 10 1.1 Invasive Algae ..................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Nitrogen Sources ................................................................................................................. 12 1.3 Significance ......................................................................................................................... 13 2.0 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................ 14 2.1 Description of Kualoa Regional Beach Park....................................................................... 14 2.2 Nitrogen Content and δ15N Value Determination ............................................................... 16 2.3 Water Column Nutrient Concentration ............................................................................... 17 2.4 Analyses .............................................................................................................................. 24 3.0 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Wet Season Sampling.......................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Dry Season Sampling .......................................................................................................... 20 3.3 Nutrient Concentrations between Wet and Dry Seasons .................................................... 21 4.0 Disscussion ............................................................................................................................. 22 4.1 Seasonal Algal δ15N Values ................................................................................................ 22 4.2 Seasonal Variation in Water Chemistry .............................................................................. 24 4.3 Kualoa Regional Beach Park and Paiko Beach Comparisions ........................................... 24 5.0 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 28 5.1 Invasive Species Management ............................................................................................ 28 5.2 Nutrient Management .......................................................................................................... 28 Appendix ................................................................................................................................... 30 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................................... 35 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Seasonal variation in water chemistry at Kualoa Regional Beach Park…..…………. 22 Table 2. Mean tissue nitrogen parameters for Avrainvillea lacerata…...………………………24 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Study site at Kualoa Regional Beach Park, Kāne‘ohe Bay on Oʻahu. ......................... 16 Figure 2: Representative Avrainvillea lacerata specimens. ......................................................... 17 Figure 3: Wet season mean δ15N (‰) values in A. lacerata tissues ............................................. 20 Figure 4: Dry season mean δ15N (‰) values in A. lacerata tissues ............................................. 21 Figure 5: %N vs δ15N from field-sampled tissues of A. lacerata ................................................. 25 Figure 6: Private on-site disposal systems (OSDS) north from KBP ........................................... 29 ix INTRODUCTION Disturbances can greatly alter community composition within coastal ecosystems. Various sources of nutrient loading in coastal water bodies, including terrestrial runoff, fertilized pasture, agricultural land, polluted rivers and groundwater, and improper sewage treatment and discharge, are significant disturbances to manage. Eutrophic conditions can create a phase shift as populations of fleshy macroalgae become dominant because of excess nutrients such as inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) entering reef ecosystems (Stimson et al. 2001). Blooms can be of both indigenous or nonindigenous algae, as seen with Hypnea musciformis on Maui (Smith et al. 2002), Dictyosphaeria cavernosa in Kāne‘ohe Bay (Stimson et al. 2001), and the mats of Avrainvillea lacerata in Maunalua Bay (Peyton 2009; Minton at el. 2012). The succession of invasive algae in coastal environments may result from ecological, physiological, and reproductive characteristics. For decades, Avrainvillea lacerata (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) has been the focus of statewide concern as its distribution expanded along the shores of O‘ahu. Gradually, this perennial alga has proliferated around Oʻahu extending from Mokuleʻia in the north to the eastern side
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