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EVALUATION OF A SCHOTTKY BARRIER INFRARED CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICE. Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hudson, Leland Ray. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/09/2021 19:38:36 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/274692 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. 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Other University Microfilms International EVALUATION OF A SCHOTTKY BARRIER INFRARED CHARGE-COUPLED DEVTCE by Leland Ray Hudson A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the COMMITTEE ON OPTICAL SCIENCES (GRADUATE) In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 198 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted In partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited In the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department of the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: DA*. 14 f EUSTACE L. DERENIAK ^ Date Professor of Optical Sciences ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to the faculty and staff at the Optical Sciences Center, especially my advisor, Dr. Eustace L. Dereniak, for the Initial suggestion of the topic and for his continued support and guidance. In addition, I would like to express my gratitude to the other members of my committee, Drs. James C. Wyant and James M. Palmer, who reviewed my efforts and made helpful suggestions to the final manuscript. I am very grateful to the Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, California, for sponsoring me on a fellowship and in particular for the support given to me by Matt Anderson, Head of Fuze and Sensor Department. I would also like to sincerely thank Lang Brod, who was always willing to assist with suggestions and mounting hardware in a professional manner, Jerry DeBell for his administrative assistance, and Marty Gronberg for hours of patience while operating the software. A special note of gratitude belongs to Norm Foss of Honeywell, who supplied the IRCCD and spent many moments on the telephone helping me get their device operational, and also to the Rome Air Development Center in Hanscom, Massachussetts for providing the funding for the development of the CCD test facility, and to Ben Capone in particular, who eagerly made suggestions. Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to Nancy Arora, who so graciously typed the final manuscript in such a timely manner. ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vi LIST OF TABLES xi ABSTRACT x 1. Introduction 1 2. Background 3 3. Theory 15 * - *• The Schottky Barrier Detector Array 15 Operation 15 Construction . 17 Responsivity 19 Quantum Efficiency 21 Uniformity 24 Basics of CCD Signal Processor 27 Operation 28 SCCD Versus BCCD 31 Charge Transfer 36 Charge Transfer Efficiency 39 Conversion Efficiency 46 Noise 46 4. The Honeywell Device 54 Architecture 54 Specifications 57 Construction 60 Circuit Description 63 Operation 67 Output Multiplexer Waveforms and Voltages 67 AC Waveforms 68 Array Waveforms and Voltages 68 DC Voltages 68 AC Waveforms 68 iv V TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 5. Evaluation of the Honeywell FPA 75 The Test Facility 75 Dewar 79 Measurements 85 Preamp Gain 87 Conversion Efficiency/Full Well Capacity 87 Data 92 Charge Transfer Efficiency 92 Electrical CTE (Output MUX) 95 Data 95 Optical CTE (Vertical Shift Registers) 99 Nonuniformity 99 Test Conditions 99 Data 100 Noise 100 Test Conditions 100 Data 102 Average 102 Analysis 103 6. Summary and Conclusions 107 APPENDIX A: Timing Block for 2793 Waveforms 109 REFERENCES 116 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 2.1. Focal plane array hybrid circuit construction 6 2.2. Cutoff wavelengths for various Schottky barrier technologies^ . 11 3.1. Basic operation of a SBD 16 3.2. The basic Schottky barrier sensor cell construction ... 18 3.3. Typical responsivity curves 23 3.4. IR focal plane array performance 26 3.5. Two-phase N-channel charge-coupled devices 29 3.6. Charge transfer direction 30 3.7. Two-phase clocking 32 3.8. Basic MOS capacitor 33 3.9. SCCD basic cell 35 3.10. BCCD basic cell 37 3.11. Effect of charge transfer loss after n gate transfers . 41 3.12. Potential barrier between gates due to inter-electrode gap 45 3.13. Noise sources in a system using a CCD 48 4.1. Architecture of a 32x64 PtSi array 55 4.2. Readout organization of IR image 56 4.3. FPA transfer gate timing 58 4.4. Schottky barrier sensor cell 61 vi vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) Figure Page 4.5. Cross-sectional diagram of monolithic PtSi FPA 62 4.6. Schematic of FPA showing inputs and output 64 4.7. Output circuitry of FPA 66 4.8. Output multiplexer waveforms, (a) 4im» (b) (c) <(>Rg, and (d) VFZM. All voltages are 0 to 12 V. Time base: 2 ys/DIV 69 4.9. Array waveforms, (a) 4>isr> 0>) <^2SR> ^ VFZSR' and (d) ^1* pulses are 0 to 12 V; Time base: 0.1 ms/DIV 70 4.10. Array waveforms, (a) $-ja vertical scale 2 V/DIV, 0>) <I>1SR» and ,I,2SR* ^lSR and •lSR are 0 to 12 V pulses. Time base: 0.2 ms/DIV 71 4.11. Array waveforms, (a) $2SR> (*>) and <)>2m* All waveforms are 0 to 12 pulses. Time base: 0.5 us/DIV. 72 4.12. Video output of 300 K background 74 5.1. Charge transfer device testing facilities 76 5.2. Typical timing diagram 78 5.3. Photograph of test facility 80 5.4. Honeywell FPA mounted on cold finger 81 5.5. The Dewar system showing (a) radiation shield and filter . 82 5.5. The Dewar system showing (b) Ge window 83 5.5. The Dewar system showing (c) Ge lens system 84 5.6. Preamp gain test configuration 88 5.7. Plot of preamp gain versus Vgg 89 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) Figure Page 5.8.