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ECE145C: RF CMOS Communication Circuits and Systems Prof ECE145C: RF CMOS Communication Circuits and Systems Prof. James Buckwalter © James Buckwalter 1 Organization • email: [email protected] • Lecture: Girvetz Hall 1112 8-9:15 • Faq: Piazza access code: ece145c (Gauchospace?) • Please allow 24-48 hour turnaround • Computing Lab: E1 • TAs – Di Li • Office Hours: T/Th 12-1, TBD • OH Location: ESB-2205C © James Buckwalter 2 Scope: ECE 145C should • refine fundamental understanding of RF circuits and systems to analyze modern wireless technology. • present a comprehensive understanding from devices to systems. • teach applications of RF CMOS as well as III-V • analyze RF transmitter/receiver architectures. Modern cellular and RF technologies are a mash-up of communication theory and devices. One needs to understand device limitations to understand communication system limits and vice versa. © James Buckwalter 3 Topics for our class • Propagation, Noise and Distortion Budgeting • Basics of Modulation / Cellular Standards • Receiver Filtering, Mixing, and Architectures • Power Amplifiers (Linear and Nonlinear): Output power and Efficiency • High-efficiency transmitters • RF Architectures (Putting it all together) © James Buckwalter 4 Lecture Topic Lecture Topic 1 (3/31) System Perspective: 2 (4/2) System Perspective: Link Budget Interference 3 (4/7) System Perspective: EVM 4 (4/9) System Perspective: Reciprocal Mixing 5 (4/14) Mixers (1) 6 (4/16) Mixers(2) 7 (4/21) Tunable Filters (I) 8 (4/23) Midterm 9 (4/28) Tunable Filters (II) 10 (4/30) RX Architectures: Mixer First 11 (5/5) RX Architectures: Direct 12 (5/7) Power Amplifiers: Classes Sampling 13 (5/12) Power Amplifiers: Classes 14 (5/14) Power Amplifiers: Spectral Regrowth 15 (5/19) Outphasing 16 (5/21) Outphasing Modulators Modulators…Transmitters 17 (5/26) Doherty Transmitters 18 (5/28) Doherty Transmitters 19 (6/1) Envelope Tracking 20 (6/3) Midterm Transmitters Reference Material • Razavi…for now. • These notes. • Thomas Lee, Design of RF CMOS Integrated Circuits • H. Darabi and A. Mirzaei, Integration of Passive RF Front End Components in SoCs • Steve Cripps, RF Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communication Grading • In-class midterms 60% • 4-5 homeworks, laboratory 25% • Final project 15% © James Buckwalter 7 Collaboration Policy • Limited collaboration among students on the homework problems is encouraged. Such collaboration may include verbal discussion of problems, and the use of scratch paper or writing boards to discuss concepts and approaches to solving specific problems. It is also OK for students to verbally compare the final answers obtained for a given problem as a method of checking their work. The following academic honesty rules should be considered in force at all times: 1) Never show any draft of a homework solution to another student in the class until after the homework due date and after that person has handed in his/her own solution set. 2) Never look at any draft of another person's homework solution until after the homework due date and after you have handed in your solution set. 3) Never use another person's simulation files or supply your simulation files to another person until after the due date and after you have both handed in your solution sets. • If any of the above academic honesty rules are violated by any student in the course, the student will receive a failing grade for the course and the incident will be reported to the dean of the student's college, in the case of an undergraduate student, or to the assistant dean of graduate studies, in the case of a graduate student, for further administrative action. RF Wireless Systems • Communicate information reliably as quickly as possible with as little power consumption as possible. • Today RF systems are about coexistence Transmitter Receiver Coding: Try to encode error correction PA: Power Amplifier DAC: Digital to analog convertor LNA: Low Noise Amplifier Mixer: Translate signal to RF carrier ADC: Analog to digital convertor LO: Local Oscillator Coding: Look for errors and correct data PA: Power Amplifier © James Buckwalter Shannon capacity C BWlog 1 SNR • Foundation of communication theory (Shannon, 1948). • Information can be transmitted reliably at rate C. • BW is bandwidth of the RF channel. This is typically fixed by regulations/standards. • SNR is the signal-to-noise. This is where circuits play the most important role. Typically, we want high SNR with low power consumption. © James Buckwalter 10 Bands and Channels • We refer to RF bands and RF channels. • Bands refers to a collection of RF frequency spectrum that is set aside for licensed or unlicensed communication. • Channels are allocations of frequency spectrum within the band for users. – TDD/FDD multiple access of channel – E.g. Use one channel within band at a time. © James Buckwalter 11 Example: LTE-A Frequency Bands (US) • Channels can be 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, or 20 MHz. How many channels exist in each band? © James Buckwalter 12 Available Bandwidth • RF spectrum is valuable. Verizon paid $5B for 22 MHz between 746-757 and 776-787 nationwide. • Spectral efficiency quantifies how many bits are packed into 1 Hz of bandwidth C SE = = log2 (1+ SNR) BW • In reality, the modulation “spreads” over more than one hertz and degrades this ideal value without signal processing. © James Buckwalter 13 Digital Modulation • BPSK – mI(t) = {-1, 1} • QPSK – mI(t) = {-1, 1} – mQ(t) = {-1, 1} • QAM – E.g. 16-QAM – mI(t) = {-3, -1, 1, 3} – mQ(t) = {-3, -1, 1, 3} © James Buckwalter 14 Transmission of Modulated Signal Modulation means that large power variations can occur in the output waveform! © James Buckwalter 15 Digital Modulation (cont) I 3, 1,1,3 Q 3, 1,1,3 22 P3 3 3 18 22 P2 1 3 10 22 P1 1 1 2 1 Pavg = (4×18 + 8×10 + 4×2) = 10 16 © James Buckwalter 16 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio • PAR or PAPR: Ratio of the peak power for the waveform relative to the average power. • For 16-QAM P 18 PAPRpeak 2.5 dB Pavg 10 • PAPR increases for “filtered” signals. • Big PAPR is a problem for energy-efficient circuits. © James Buckwalter 17 PAPR and Dynamic Range • Unfiltered Modulation • PAPR increases (dramatically for filtered signals) Modulation Number of PAPR Dynamic Range % data at % data Symbol Power highest above Levels power average power 16-QAM 3 1.8 2.5 dB 9 9.5 dB 25% 25% 32-QAM 5 1.7 2.3 dB 17 12.3 dB 25% 50% 64-QAM 9 2.3 3.7 dB 49 16.9 dB 6.3% 50% 256-QAM 32 2.7 4.2 dB 225 23.4 dB 4.6% 45% © James Buckwalter 18 Signal-to-Noise Ratio • QPSK Illustration E = m2 t + m2 t s I ( ) Q ( ) • Energy-per-bit • Noise d = 2Es Eb SNR Ebno No E No E = s b M More on this next lecture © James Buckwalter 19 Signal-to-Noise, SNR • Ebno - Energy per bit directly effects bit error rate • 10-6 is generally acceptable for wireless • 10-12 is generally acceptable for wireline ¥ -x2 æ ö 1 2N E P = e o dx = Qç b ÷ = Q SNR e ò ç N ÷ ( ) 2p E è o ø b 1 ¥ -t2 Q(x) = ò e 2 dt 2p x © James Buckwalter 20 Spectral Efficiency and Distortion BW • Wideband signals passing through a nonlinear circuit cause spectral energy to “spill” outside of bandwidth. • Signal processing can eliminate the energy leakage into neighboring bands but greatly increases the peak to average ratio. © James Buckwalter 21 Distortion Contributions In-band distortion: AM-AM (gain) compression, AM-PM compression BW Out-of-band distortion BW © James Buckwalter 22 Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio • Compare the power of the signal in-band against the power leaking into adjacent bands. P( f + BW ) ACLR = o P( fo ) © James Buckwalter 23 Tradeoffs • Modulation – Higher-order QAM, higher capacity. • Peak-to-average ratio (PAPR) – Higher PAPR, more distortion (in band and out of band) • SNR – Higher SNR, higher capacity • We want circuit solutions that offer the highest SNR, the lowest distortion, and the lowest power consumption possible. Summary of Digital Communication • We want to transmit as many bits per second as possible. • I/Q are two orthogonal spaces to transmit information. • As more bits are transmitted per second, more SNR is required to achieve the same BER. • We guarantee circuit performance in terms of EVM. This is the ultimate measurement. © James Buckwalter 25 PROPAGATION AND LINK BUDGETS Propagation Pt r Gt Pt p(r) = 2 4pr • How much of the transmit power reaches the receiver? • Power density, p(r) • Received power Pt Pr = Gt 2 Ar 4pr • Gt is the transmit antenna gain, Ar is the receiver area © James Buckwalter 27 Friis Transmission Equation 2 Pr PG t t G r 4 r • Gr is the receive gain and λ is the wavelength of the RF signal. This gain basically depends on the size of the antenna (geometry) and type of antenna c • Remember l = f • 2 The path loss is æ 4prö L = èç l ø÷ © James Buckwalter 28 Path Loss • Gt and Gr are the antenna gains. If the antennas are isotropic radiators, Gt = Gr = 1. • Higher frequencies have inherently more loss • A popular way to express the Friis Transmission Equation is 2 æ l ö P = P + G + Gæ 4+p2r0ölog r t tL = r 10 ç ÷ èç l ø÷ è 4prø © James Buckwalter 29 Example Path Loss • What is the wavelength at – 800 MHz? 2.4 GHz? 60 GHz 37.5 cm, 12.5 cm, 5mm • What is the path loss over 1m at – 800 MHz? 2.4 GHz? 60 GHz -30 dB, -40 dB, -68 dB • Now, what is the path loss over 1km at – 800 MHz? 2.4 GHz? 60 GHz -90 dB, -100 dB, -128 dB © James Buckwalter 30 Antenna Gain • Gain is the product of radiation efficiency and the directivity of the antenna Gant =hant D æU ö D = 4p ç max ÷ è Prad ø Radiation Pattern in Azimuth/Elevation Umax = Bo 2p p Prad = ò ò U (q,f)sinq dq df 0 0 © James Buckwalter 31 Example: Lossless Antenna Gain • Short dipole: 1.76dB • Half-wave dipole: 2.15dB • Horn: 10-20dB • Parabolic: 40-50dB © James Buckwalter 32 Antenna Model • Antenna converts incident power to a voltage source with impedance, Zs.
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