E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 104 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION

Vol. 141 WASHINGTON, THURSDAY, APRIL 6, 1995 No. 64 Senate (Legislative day of Wednesday, April 5, 1995)

THE HOUSE CONTRACT But I find myself in profound dis- CONGRATULATING THE UCONN Mr. PELL. Mr. President, 2 years agreement with several of the major HUSKIES ON THEIR NCAA NA- ago, when President Clinton marked objectives as well as the means to im- TIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP VICTORY his 100th day in office, I said the occa- plement them. These include: Mr. DODD. Mr. President, on Sunday, sion ‘‘should not be regarded as a mag- The balanced budget amendment, April 2, the University of Connecticut ical threshold for defining achievement which I opposed because it would have Huskies made history by becoming the or failure.’’ cut too much too soon. second women’s team ever The same thought applies now. This The line-item veto, which I opposed to finish an NCAA season undefeated is a logical time to take stock, but the because it yields too much congres- and win a national championship. The real measure of success can’t be taken sional power to the President and be- Huskies’ dramatic 70–64 come-from-be- for many months—not until the rest of cause it is administratively unwieldly. hind defeat of the Tennessee Volun- the Democratic process, namely the Term limitations. teers brought their final season record Senate and the President, bring their Increased defense spending. to 35–0, the best finish by any team— perspectives to bear. Reinstatement of the death penalty men’s or women’s—in the history of I give the new House leadership cred- and cuts in spending on social pro- NCAA basketball. On behalf of the citizen’s of Con- it for lots of energy and activity in the grams (such as midnight basketball) to necticut, I rise to congratulate and flush of electoral victory, but this control crime. thank this remarkable group of young should not be mistaken for definitive Tax cuts without deficit reduction. Welfare reforms without compassion. women. accomplishment. Those who watched the game on Sun- Reduced support for the United Na- The fact is the Contract With Amer- day afternoon may recall that as the ica is a contract made by Republican tions. Huskies celebrated their victory, the candidates for the House of Represent- Any reduction in support for edu- UConn pep band played Aretha Frank- atives. It is not a contract made by the cation or elimination of support for the lin’s hit song, ‘‘Respect.’’ Mr. Presi- Senate and certainly not one made by arts and humanities. dent, there simply could not have been Senate Democrats nor by the President So, Mr. President, it is far too early a more appropriate accompaniment for of the United States. to tally up score cards on a contract this long-awaited celebration. Perhaps Since the contract seems to be the made by one party in one House of the as much as any sports team in recent product of pollsters and campaign con- legislative branch. Many of us simply memory, the UConn women’s basket- sultants, it is not surprising that near- don’t subscribe to substantial parts of ball team has generated the respect ly everyone can agree with at least sev- it and don’t believe that implementa- and admiration of all who have had the eral of its objectives. But when we look tion of it in toto would be good for the privilege of watching them play. In so at the fine print of some of them and country. doing, they have reminded the citizens when we get down to the hard job of de- The streamroller needs to be slowed of Connecticut, as well as people ciding on the means for achieving down and the contract needs to be throughout the country, what college those objectives, there are bound to be pruned, modified, and in some cases athletics is all about. vast philosophical disagreements. excised. This is the role that the Sen- The Huskies’ list of accomplishments I certainly agree with the objectives ate is so admirably equipped to do. And on the court is nothing short of amaz- of fiscal responsibility, welfare reform, only when it has done so will the re- ing. On their way to the NCAA title, continued action on crime control, job vised elements of the contract be can- they broke 14 NCAA records, including creation, fairness for senior citizens, didates for Presidential consideration. most victories, longest winning streak, and promotion of family values. Then and only then, when the execu- most points, most points in a game and And I even agree with some of the tive branch has concurred, can the largest margin of victory. In addition, means proposed, such as unfunded final score be tallied. four Connecticut players—Rebecca mandate reform and capital gains tax As I said 2 years ago, the true meas- Lobo, Jen Rizzotti, Kara Walters and relief to create jobs, child support en- ure of success should be taken over the —were named to the forcement to advance family values extended timeframe of this whole proc- all-tournament team. That is the first and an increase in the Social Security ess, without drawing hasty conclusions time in history that four players from earnings limit for the benefit of senior here and now. One hundred days is only the same team have received this citizens. the first milestone of a long journey. honor.

∑ This ‘‘bullet’’ symbol identifies statements or insertions which are not spoken by a Member of the Senate on the floor.

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VerDate Aug 31 2005 05:03 May 28, 2008 Jkt 041999 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 J:\ODA15\1995_F~1\S06AP5.PT2 S06AP5 mmaher on MIKETEMP with SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBERS S5384 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 6, 1995 No less impressive than their basket- Although disparities and inequities [From the Hartford Courant, Apr. 3, 1995] ball heroics are the Huskies’ accom- between men’s and women’s programs THE BEST: IT’S PURE AND SIMPLE plishments off the court. Rebecca persist, it is clear that this law has (By Owen Canfield) Lobo, winner of numerous individual forced colleges and universities to re- MINNEAPOLIS—Glory. Really. What a brave basketball honors awarded by the examine how they allocate resources. bunch, this UConn women’s basketball team, NCAA and the Big East Conference this The law has helped ensure that schol- and a fighting bunch. year, has maintained a near-perfect arship money is available for women The NCAA Division I women’s college bas- grade point average as a political like , Pam Webber, Kara ketball championship flag will fly over the science major and was a finalist for the state university in Storrs. They should haul Wolters or Jamelle Elliott and that the it down and have it dry-cleaned every day prestigious Rhodes Scholarship. Last coaching and facilities provided to fe- just to preserve the purity of the memorable semester, seven of the 12 Husky players male athletes allow them to develop season that ended with a surging, 70–64 vic- were named to the University’s dean’s their talents to the fullest. tory over Tennessee at the Target Center. list. The Huskies wound up 35–0. That’s pure. While it is true that we may look What has touched basketball fans Hey, Connecticut, let’s have a parade. Bet throughout the country more than upon the Huskies’ success as positive you already have started planning back anything else, however, are those evidence of Title IX at work, it is also there? Wait for us, we who traveled here to qualities exhibited by the Huskies that true that their accomplishments un- watch. We’ll be home today. derscore the need for further progress UConn won all the easy ones this year, and cannot be measured by grade point then it won the toughest game imaginable, averages, records or point tallies. Any- in this area. Not all schools have made efforts to improve their women’s ath- under the most trying, challenging condi- one who saw the team play this year tions. was struck by their tremendous enthu- letic programs, and many of those that This was the time for it. Put it down as siasm for the game of basketball, their have made significant progress have one of the more dramatic and gutty perform- unwavering commitment to fair play yet to fully comply with Title IX. ances in the state’s sports history. and good sportsmanship and their obvi- What is clear, however, is that the ‘‘No way they can do it now,’’ a pessimist ous dedication to and respect for one American people, as evidenced by the said after Rebecca Lobo picked up her third personal foul and had to go to the bench to another and their coaches. immense popularity of the UConn sit out more than 11 minutes of the first In this era of season-ending strikes, women’s basketball team, are ready half. Then it was Jen Rizzotti, then Nykesha multi-million dollar contract disputes, and willing to lend their enthusiastic Sales with three personals. And Kara recruiting scandals and low athlete support to women’s collegiate ath- Wolters with two before the half ended. graduation rates, this group of women letics. UConn had to alter its game and its per- has reminded us that the term, ‘‘stu- sonnel. Emboldened, the Volunteers went up Mr. President, when the Huskies dent-athlete’’, is not just a catch- by one, by three, by five, by six. traveled to Washington earlier this phrase for college brochures. It is an ‘‘No way,’’ Joe Pessimist said. ‘‘It’s over.’’ It wasn’t over. It hadn’t even started, attainable ideal to which all college year, they waited in line outside a White House gate only to be told that friends. But you know that. You saw it, athletes should aspire, and it is what right? makes collegiate athletics so special. a scheduling mistake made it impos- sible for them to get inside. On Sun- Say it slowly and savor it: Connecticut is Mr. President, it is also important to the national champion in women’s basket- recognize what this remarkable group day, after having won the national ball. of young women has done for women’s championship, Head Coach Geno ‘‘More wins [35],’’ said , the college athletics. This year, on aver- Auriemma spoke with President Clin- 18-year-old freshman who scored 10 points, age, roughly 8,000 people attended the ton on the phone and pointed out that ‘‘than I won in my whole [Bloomfield] high women’s home games at Gampel Pavil- perhaps the next time his team trav- school career. Gosh. A perfect season.’’ eled to Washington, his players could Yes sir. A perfect season. The last word. ion, which represents a 485 percent in- Players on both teams cried at the end. It crease over the average crowd size dur- enter the White House through the always happens. There are winners’ tears and ing their 1991 Final Four season. Young front door. losers’ tears. But these winners’ tears were girls, with their hair braided like Re- The President has honored his re- different because . . . well, can you picture becca Lobo or wearing replicas of Jen quest. Jamelle Elliott crying over anything? She is Rizzotti’s number 21 jersey, watched the toughest person on the team, maybe the Mr. President, when the Huskies the team play on national television. toughest in all of women’s basketball while walk through the front door of the the game is in progress. But when this game Autograph seekers mobbed the players White House, they will not only experi- ended, while Rebecca Lobo ran in a wide before and after games, and the play- ence a great honor, but will also help semicircle with her hand in the air and the ers’ mailboxes were literally flooded ensure that the door remains open for ultimate triumph on her lips, Elliott stood with letters from fans and well-wish- flatfooted in one spot on the court and did a future generations of female athletes. ers. little public bawling. People of all ages in Connecticut and In closing, Mr. President, I want to Well, this was the time for it. There were throughout the nation caught wind of mention the names of all the UConn no more games to win, no more criticism to ‘‘Husky-mania’’ and demonstrated that players and coaches who contributed to answer and no more people to fling doubts. women’s athletics could generate every Win one like this and the job is finished. the 1995 undefeated title campaign: Time now to be human and celebrate not bit as much enthusiasm and spectator (Head Coach), Chris only with cheers and hugs and high-fives, but support as men’s. Nationwide, total at- Dailey (Assistant Coach), Tonya celebrate within yourself. That’s what El- tendance for women’s college basket- Cardoza (Assistant Coach), Meghan liott was doing, having a happy, moving lit- ball games has skyrocketed from 1.3 Pattyson (Assistant Coach), Carla tle private party inside. Expressing love for million in 1984 to 3.6 million in 1995. Berube, Kim Better, Jamelle Elliott, her teammates is what she was doing. As we look back on this spectacular Jill Gelfenbien, Kelley Hunt, Rebecca She was celebrating the perfect season the season of women’s college basketball, Lobo, Brenda Marquis, Jen Rizzotti, perfect way. it is important that we note just how The losers’ tears were not bitter ones, Missy Rose, Nykesha Sales, Pam though this was a bitter loss for Tennessee far collegiate athletic programs for Webber and . because, as Carla Berube said, ‘‘We gave women have come. Once little more I also ask unanimous consent to have them everything they could have wanted. than small, poorly-funded intramural Maybe we wanted it more.’’ printed in the RECORD an article by organizations, women’s collegiate ath- Berube, the wiry reserve who, like Sales, letic teams have begun to enjoy the Owen Canfield that recently appeared simply had to make the plays this day be- same status as the men’s teams. This is in the Hartford Courant, as well as a cause at times there was no one else, wore a due in part to Title IX of the Equal 1992 editorial by Greg Garber, Lori cap that said ‘‘National Champions’’ in bold Education Amendment Act, the 1972 Riley and Woody Anderson that was blue across the front. She sat in a chair in also printed in the Hartford Courant. the locker room, cool as ice, but her eyes legislation that guarantees women were dancing. equal opportunity in all scholastic pur- There being no objection, the mate- ‘‘You are not as big as those Tennessee suits—including sports—at schools rial was ordered to be printed in the kids,’’ a man said. ‘‘Tiffani Johnson, Vonda that receive federal funding. RECORD, as follows: Ward, Abby Conklin, Dana Johnson . . .

VerDate Aug 31 2005 05:03 May 28, 2008 Jkt 041999 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 J:\ODA15\1995_F~1\S06AP5.PT2 S06AP5 mmaher on MIKETEMP with SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBERS April 6, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S5385 they’re a lot bigger. And they’re athletes. pressed economically, women’s programs in Fairfield. Yet, its 40 female athletes are But you got some rebounds [three] and you seem unlikely to expand in the ’90s. outnumbered by male athletes by more than played some defense. You were tough.’’ ‘‘In the ’70s and ’80s, women’s athletics 5-to-1. ‘‘I’d better be tough,’’ Berube said. ‘‘I prac- expanded and left us with extravagant expec- Double standards? Clearly, there are dis- tice against Rebecca Lobo and Jamelle El- tations,’’ said Judith A. Davidson, athletic parities large and small. liott every day. I’d better be.’’ director at Central Connecticut State Uni- At the University of Connecticut, male Referee Dee Kantner is said to be one of versity in New Britain. ‘‘Now we’re in re- athletes always have been given jockstraps the best in the business, but it appeared to trenchment.’’ as a matter of courses. Not until 1990 were Connecticut people she was calling them a And yet, women are curiously quiet. Al- female athletes given sports bras. At most little too close. UConn does not have the though men outnumber women in collegiate other Connecticut schools, men are given depth of Tennessee, and coach Geno athletics by about 2-to-1 in Connecticut, the jockstraps, but women buy their own ath- Auriemma had to improvise as never before federal agency responsible for enforcing letic bras. after Lobo, Wolters and Rizzotti all got in Title IX has received no complaints about At Quinnipiac College in Hamden, the first-half foul trouble. At time all three were the state’s schools in the last two years. Na- men’s basketball coach is a full-time em- on the bench, which meant that the responsi- tionally, in two years, the agency has re- ployee; the women’s basketball coach is part bility fell to Berube, the soph, and Sales, the ceived only 20 college complaints. time. It is the same with the track program frosh. Many in college athletics do not under- at Central Connecticut State University. Did you say tough? stand their rights. And many are not as will- At Yale University’s ancient Payne Whit- ‘‘I think I got rid of my nervousness in the ing as Jaymie Hyde to fight for them. Some ney Gymnasium, women athletes still walk last game,’’ Sales said. She didn’t have to fear reprisals from those in charge. into women’s bathrooms and see urinals, mention it. She did amazing things with the Nationally, women collegiate athletes are leftovers from Yale’s pre-coed days. ball, made some astonishing championship also outnumbered 2-to-1. Some say that is This year at Central, the football and moves to the hoop, and played 33 minutes be- not because of a lack of opportunity, but a men’s basketball teams traveled to games in cause the team needed her. lack of interest. buses with hired drivers, while coaches drove ‘‘Today I started off well and that’s always ‘‘I think every male and female athlete on all other sports teams in vans. good,’’ Sales said. ‘‘Coach hasn’t said any- campus should have the same opportuni- These slights hint at larger imbalances. thing to me [after a weak showing against ties,’’ said Carolyn Vanacore, a former phys- A recent National Collegiate Athletic As- Stanford]. He never puts the pressure on ical education department chairwoman and sociation (NCAA) study shows that: me.’’ professor emeritus at Southern Connecticut The average Division I school spends There was pressure enough in this game to State University in New Haven. ‘‘But there $849,000 on scholarships for male athletes and buckle an old colonel going under fire for the do not appear to be as many women inter- only $373,000 for women. thousandth time. But these UConn women ested in sports as men.’’ Division I schools spend nearly five times didn’t budge. Others argue that lack of women doesn’t more recruiting male athletes than women So, you go ahead and arrange the parade. necessarily mean lack of interest. athletes. Much of the spending is for recruit- The whole state will come. And let’s have ‘‘For years, athletic departments have con- ers’ and recruits’ travel. Rebecca ride in the lead limousine and be tended that women just don’t want to play Division I schools spent nearly 31⁄2 times governor for a day. She’s a straight-A polit- sports in the numbers that men do,’’ said more on men’s sports than on women’s. ical science major, you know. Lyn St. James, the president of the New Closing the gap? ‘‘Gender equity: It’s the But wait for us, will you? York-based Women’s Sports Foundation, a hot topic of the 90s,’’ UConn athletic director Glory, what a story. non-profit organization dedicated to pro- Lew Perkins said. ‘‘Everybody’s just begin- moting and enhancing sports for girls and ning to talk about it. I’ll be honest, like [From the Hartford Courant, May 24, 1992] women. many schools we don’t fully understand it. ‘‘They say, because of football, there will That’s why we’re studying it. We need to find WOMEN’S PROGRESS IN COLLEGE ATHLETICS be more men playing sports than women. out where we are.’’ (By Greg Garber, Lori Riley and Woody Perhaps there may always be a few more Even armed with the thick title IX manual Anderson) male athletes than females, but the kind of and a battery of lawyers, schools have found When Jaymie Hyde arrived at the Univer- disparity that we now see—a 70–30 ratio in that is not easy. sity of New Hampshire four years ago, she Division I schools—is due to a denial of op- For example, if numbers are awry, but a looked past the cracked public tennis courts, portunities rather than a lack of interest.’’ university determines by studies and surveys the 15-year-old uniforms that didn’t fit, and What happened at Washington State Uni- that there is no interest in a particular sport the lack of scholarships. She was just happy versity supports the point. After the school on campus, then the school may still be in to play tennis. was found in violation of Title IX, it added compliance. Then, last July, New Hampshire took that women’s soccer and crew teams. As a result, About seven years ago, a women’s softball away, too. the percentage of women athletes increased club was formed at Connecticut College. Last After the shock of the program’s elimi- from 29 to 44. spring, the 30-member club petitioned for nation wore off, Hyde did something about ‘‘If the opportunities are there,’’ St. James varsity status. The proposal was approved by it. Like so many young female athletes, says, ‘‘women will play.’’ the student advisory board but was turned Hyde, 21 of Essex, had never heard of Title IX In compliance or not? Title IX is so com- down by the administration. Athletic direc- of the Equal Education Amendment Act, the plex and unwieldy—there are 14 major cri- tor Charles Luce said lack of space on cam- law that gave women equal opportunity in teria to judge whether a school is in compli- pus for a softball field was the main reason. all scholastic pursuits, including sports, at ance—that it took 16 years of debate and The club pays to play at a public field in schools that receive federal funds. lawsuits to define the law so it could be en- Groton. She learned quickly. forced. The Office of Civil Rights (OCR) is re- Luce, who is retiring this summer, said the Led by Hyde and her mother, the 11 wom- sponsible for enforcing Title IX, and there is school does not discriminate against women en’s tennis team members hired Washington sharp disagreement over whether it has done athletes. There are more women’s teams (12) attorney Arthur Bryant and threatened to its job. than men’s (11), but 18 fewer women athletes sue the Durham University. After all, the ‘‘We had a chance to move into a period of than men, and 240 more women students school’s budget cuts didn’t affect the men’s permanent equity,’’ said Jeff Orleans, who than men overall. tennis team. helped write Title IX as a lawyer in the Civil Does this put Connecticut College out of The university capitulated. The two par- Rights Division of the U.S. General Counsel’s compliance with Title IX? Luce, who wasn’t ties reached an out-of-court settlement Office. ‘‘But there was no federal leadership sure what the participation numbers were, March 12. New Hampshire reinstated the for the colleges. It was disappointing that doesn’t think so. ‘‘We try to bend over back- team and agreed to implement a five-year there wasn’t [OCR] enforcement.’’ ward to make sure we don’t’’ discriminate. plan to upgrade its women’s athletic pro- Most of Connecticut’s colleges and univer- Under Title IX, lack of facilities or money gram. sities say they think they are in compliance are not acceptable reasons for not adding a ‘‘I hope from this whole thing that every- with the law, but no one is sure. women’s sport when there is interest and body else realizes that you don’t have to sit At the state’s 18 four-year colleges, male women are underrepresented. around and let it happen,’’ Hyde said. ‘‘We athletes outnumber female athletes almost Kathryn Reith, director of communica- didn’t know about Title IX, which is kind of two to one, 3,975 to 2,089. Yet full-time fe- tions and advocacy at the Women’s Sports funny. I sort of felt stupid.’’ male undergradutes outnumber males by al- Foundation, said the school’s decision on Title IX marks its 20th anniversary next most 2,500. softball ‘‘could be a violation.’’ Reith re- month. With regard to sports, the law insists At only two Connecticut schools—the Uni- cently produced a Title IX guide, ‘‘Playing that the ratio of male and female athletes be versity of Bridgeport and the U.S. Coast Fair,’’ for high school and college sports. proportional to that of the student body. Guard Academy in New London—is the num- ‘‘They have more than enough players, a Though some progress has been made, ber of women athletes in proportion to the demonstrated interest. The school should women in college athletics are still strug- number of students. add the team.’’ gling for equality nationally and in Con- In the state’s worst case, female students Terry Perreault, a junior softball captain, necticut. And with many colleges now hard- outnumber males at Sacred Heart University didn’t understand how Title IX could help

VerDate Aug 31 2005 05:03 May 28, 2008 Jkt 041999 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 J:\ODA15\1995_F~1\S06AP5.PT2 S06AP5 mmaher on MIKETEMP with SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBERS S5386 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 6, 1995 her club become a varsity sport. Her coach, Fifteen of the state’s 18 schools have male tors. It leaves the women’s athletic pool Deana Kiefer, doesn’t want to challenge Con- athletic directors. Nationally, there are only smaller.’’ necticut College’s administration. 57 women directors among the 860 coed col- UConn women’s basketball coach Geno ‘‘I think if we keep petitioning, we’ll get it lege athletic departments. Auriemma bristles when people say men are sooner or later,’’ Kiefer said. ‘‘I’m not going ‘‘The glass ceiling in the gymnasium ap- intruding on the women’s game. to go sue for it; what are my chances of pears to be even lower than in the nation’s ‘‘People see me in this big beautiful office being the varsity coach if I did?’’ What is business office,’’ said Brooklyn College phys- inside Gampel Pavilion and say, ‘How does compliance? There are other factors by ical education professor Vivian Acosta, a he get that?’ This is my 17th year of coach- which compliance is measured, including the leading authority on women in sports. ‘‘In ing. Those five years I coached high schools, amount and quality of equipment, locker athletics, it appears that women are being I spent working three jobs trying to do rooms, practice facilities and playing fields. carved out of the work force.’’ that.’’ When assessing compliance, an overall Six years ago, UConn associate athletic di- The early years as difficult as things seem comparison must be made between men’s and rector Pat Meiser-McKnett found herself dis- for women in athletics today, it used to be women’s programs. For example, if an - cussing the vacant athletic director’s job at worse. ant coach is provided for the men’s basket- Virginia Commonwealth University in Rich- In 1979, a patch of grass between two dor- ball team and not the women’s, a school mond with the school’s president at the mitories passed for the varsity softball field could still be in compliance if another men’s NCAA convention. The conversation took at Eastern Connecticut State University in team did not have an assistant coach. place in a hotel lobby and lasted less than 30 Willimantic. When coach Clyde Washburne At the team level, comparisons of similar minutes. Meiser-McKnett submitted a three- hit balls in practice, he had to compete with sports, such as baseball and softball, are also page letter to VCU, but was not formally errant Frisbees and footballs. valid, even if the program is balanced over- interviewed. Meanwhile, the baseball team enjoyed a all. So, if the baseball team travels by air- Months later, Meiser-McKnett was stunned state-of-the-art facility. The baseball coach plane and the softball team uses a van, that to read in The Courant that she was one of was athletic director Bill Holowaty. ‘‘I told could be a violation, depending on the dis- three finalists for the job. the athletic director, I told the president, tance traveled. ‘‘I was furious,’’ Meiser-McKnett said. ‘‘It that it wasn’t fair to my players safety-wise When University of New Hampshire admin- was so absurd. They were suing me to fill the or to me as a teacher,’’ Washburn said. ‘‘By istrators eliminated women’s tennis, they slot—I was the token female.’’ the time practice began, you were angry. It believed they were still in compliance be- VCU officials say they did not release was hard to not take it out on the players.’’ cause they also cut men’s wrestling. But Meiser-McKnett’s name as a finalist. How- Washburne, who would win four national when the tennis team threatened to sue, the ever, John Packett, a reporter at the Rich- Division III softball titles before retiring in OCR informed the school that they were out mond Times-Dispatch, says he got his infor- 1988, took it out on Eastern Connecticut in- of compliance. Since women were already mation from a university source. stead—by way of the Boston OCR. After the underrepresented in athletics, cutting one It was, Meiser-McKnett says, the Old-Boy OCR descended on Eastern and tied up the sport for each sex maintained the disparity. network at work. According to a 1988 Brook- athletic director’s and president’s office for At Yale, 36.3 percent of all athletes are lyn College study by Acosta and fellow pro- several weeks with paperwork, the money for women, based on the team rosters, while 44.2 fessor Linda Jean Carpenter, the Old-Boy a new fenced-in field and dugouts suddenly percent of Yale’s undergraduates are women. network—made up of males in power who appeared. Yet Barbara Chesler, Yale’s associate ath- aren’t willing to recognize women as Said Holowaty: ‘‘When softball saw what letic director, said her sports program would equals—is the main reason women don’t get we [baseball] had, they had to have it, too. I have been in compliance even if women’s ice hired by athletic departments. As a rule, said to Clyde, ‘Fine. I agree with you.’ But hockey had been cut, as was rumored last men have been in power longer and there are people forgot how many years it took us to spring. vastly more of them. get our field, and we did it with private Members of the ice hockey team’s alumni ‘‘Who do they look [to hire]?’’ said Linda money. It took us 11 years to get lights. You association and parent support groups con- Wooster, director of women’s athletics at don’t do it overnight and you don’t tear templated suing the university if their team Quinnipiac. ‘‘People not posing a threat, peo- down a successful program to build some- was eliminated. After consulting with the ple they’re comfortable with. It’s frustrating thing else. They got a softball field a lot OCR, Yale cut men’s water polo and wres- sometimes.’’ quicker than we got our field.’’ tling instead. In the Ivy League, all eight athletic direc- After they framed the dugout roofs, College administrators often say, ‘‘If you tors are men. Meanwhile, 13 of the 28 asso- Washburne told the OCR he was satisfied and don’t count football, we’re fairly equitable.’’ ciate athletic directors are women. Re- its investigators returned to Boston. Before Title IX took effect, the NCAA unsuc- cently, Columbia University in New York But when the complex was built, the soft- cessfully tried to exclude football from the had the chance to break up the male monop- ball players would look up through the skel- legislation. oly. eton of the dugout frame at the dark sky and Title IX makes no distinction between rev- ‘‘I was approached last year by a search say, ‘‘Isn’t this a great place to get in out of enue-producing sports, such as basketball firm about the AD’s job at Columbia,’’ said the rain?’’ It was two years before roofs were and football, and non-revenue sports such as Davidson, Central’s athletic director. ‘‘The added. cross country and swimming. four finalists were two women [including Da- At some colleges, the scramble to accom- But if football is removed, more men than vidson] and two minority men. And then, modate women led to controversy. women still participate in sports at most they decided to reopen the search. Fred Barakat, the former Fairfield Univer- schools. The University of New Haven, for ‘‘They hired a white male who fits the tra- sity men’s basketball coach, was furious to example has 147 male athletes and only 46 fe- ditional image of an AD. You can’t tell me of discover one day, in the mid-1970s, that his male athletes even when the football team those four people there wasn’t one qualified. office was literally cut in half to make room isn’t counted. I just don’t think the Ivy League is ready for for the women’s basketball coach. That means men athletes would out- a woman AD.’’ ‘‘There was no warning. I was shocked by number women athletes by 3-to-1 although Fred Knubel, director of public informa- it,’’ said Barakat, now the assistant commis- they outnumber women only 2-to-1 in the tion at Columbia, said ‘‘Davidson’s inference sioner of the Atlantic Coast Conference. student body. is incorrect. ‘‘I was on the brink of something good. I ‘‘If we’re out of whack there, we’re out of ‘‘The search for an athletic director was wanted to show recruits what other Division whack in the other areas,’’ said Debbie Chin, continuous until a consensus was reached,’’ I programs were showing recruits, like a nice New Haven’s associate athletic director. ‘‘I he said, reading from a statement. ‘‘Special office. None of us were ready for it. Coaches take the blame for this.’’ efforts were made to seek out minorities and didn’t understand it.’’ Glass ceiling drops while women are under- women. Along the way, a number of strong Now, Barakat says of equal opportunity for represented as athletes, the situation with candidates withdrew, including one woman women: ‘‘It’s here to stay and we’d better coaches and athletic program administrators who did so for personal reasons at the last dance with it.’’ is worse. While about one of every three col- moment.’’ In 1975, UConn offered 12 sports for men, lege athletes is a woman, less than one of Often, there is a smaller pool of qualified eight for women. Women’s soccer, a fledgling every four college coaches is a woman. And female applicants than male for each open sport nationwide, was not one of them. only one of every 17 athletic directors is a position. There is also a feeling among some Felice Duffy grew up in Storrs as part of a woman. women in athletic administration that large soccer-playing family. When she went Title IX does not say anything about the women are less willing to work through the to UConn and found no team, she lobbied for hiring of women coaches or administrators; low-paying low-status coaching and adminis- one. She said the administration told her ironically, it has led to a decrease in the trative positions. and the 78 members of her women’s soccer number of women in coaching. Only 65 of 139 ‘‘Men, for whatever reasons, are more will- club they would have to wait eight years for women’s teams in the state are coached by ing to take those entry-level jobs,’’ Davidson a varsity program. women. Nearly all women’s teams were said. ‘‘They will do anything they have to to Duffy didn’t have eight years. coached by women before Title IX. But when succeed. I think part of it has to do with the Realizing athletic opportunities for men the visibility and pay increased, so did men’s opportunities that are opening up for outnumbered those for women at the school, interest in applying for the jobs. women. There are more women lawyers, doc- she contacted lawyers and then-U.S. Rep.

VerDate Aug 31 2005 05:03 May 28, 2008 Jkt 041999 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 J:\ODA15\1995_F~1\S06AP5.PT2 S06AP5 mmaher on MIKETEMP with SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBERS April 6, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S5387 Christopher Dodd, D-Conn., and finally filed Mr. President, contemporary writers, role model is not a blight but a privi- a Title IX complaint. After a year of club pundits, and philosophers have long be- lege. It is a privilege for her to be af- status and a year of ‘‘trial varsity’’ status, moaned the absence of leadership fig- forded the opportunity to showcase her Duffy got her varsity team and became an ures worthy of our emulation and ado- array of talents, and it is a privilege All-American. Duffy now coaches the Yale women’s soc- ration. Young Americans are frus- for us watch her and urge others to fol- cer team, which loses to UConn’s nationally trated by athletic heroes who fail to low her lead. ranked program every year. lead exemplary lives off the playing In closing, Mr. President, I ask unan- In the early 70s, most women were simply field, politicians who seem focused imous consent that an article written content to play sports for the first time. solely on their re-election prospects or by Ira Berkow that was printed in the Whatever accompanied that new-found privi- movie stars whose real-life personas lege—scholarships, practice uniforms, new New York Times be printed in the equipment—was more than most expected. pale in comparison to those of the RECORD. characters they portray on screen. In At Trinity, for instance, coach Robin [From the New York Times, Mar. 3, 1995] Sheppard’s field hockey team happily ac- Rebecca Lobo, however, America has cepted castoff football jerseys as their first found a role model that not only meets UCONN CAN COUNT ON LOBO uniforms in 1974. our expectations, but exceeds them. (By Ira Berkow) Originally, colleges and secondary schools Ms. Lobo’s accomplishments on the MINNEAPOLIS.—Rebecca Lobo’s parents were given six years, until 1978, to comply basketball court are well known. On hadn’t spoken with her before the game, the with the 1972 law, but progress was slow. her way to leading the Huskies to an game yesterday afternoon that would decide Then, Title IX lost most of its punch in 1984, the N.C.A.A. women’s national basketball when the Supreme Court ruled that the law’s undefeated season and national cham- championship between Connecticut and Ten- protection extended only to programs di- pionship, Lobo averaged 17 points, 10 nessee. rectly receiving federal funding, not to the rebounds, 3.5 blocked shots and 3.7 as- institution as a whole. sists per game. She was named a first ‘‘We rarely do talk with her beforehand,’’ It wasn’t until 1988 that the Civil Rights team All-American and the national said her mother RuthAnn, in section 129 of Restoration Act, spearheaded by then-U.S. player of the year, and, despite having the Target Center arena. ‘‘But we can guess how she’s feeling: anxious.’’ Sen. Lowell P. Weicker Jr., R-Conn., and fel- to sit out much of the first half with A couple of hours later, with 28.9 seconds low Sen. Edward Kennedy, D-Mass., put the three fouls, sparked the dramatic sec- teeth back into Title IX. left in the game, RuthAnn and her husband, An awakening Before this year, school offi- ond half come-from-behind victory Dennis, were the obviously anxious ones, as cials would get their hands slapped for dis- over Tennessee in the NCAA champion- they leaned forward in their seats. Becca, as criminating against women. ship game. they call her, was stepping to the free-throw But this past February, the Supreme Court Her accomplishments in the class- line. It was perhaps the single most impor- sent a strong message to schools who prac- room are equally impressive. As a po- tant moment in their daughter’s brilliant tice discrimination. For the first time, the litical science major, Ms. Lobo has athletic career—no, her brilliant college ca- justices agreed to permit a plaintiff to re- maintained a 3.63-grade point average reer. cover monetary damages in a Title IX case. After all, Rebecca Lobo, the 6-foot-4-inch A young woman from Georgia said she was and was a nominee for the prestigious Rhodes scholarship. She was also senior forward with the French braid and the forced into a sexual relationship by a male determined demeanor, the player who athletic coach and economics teacher while named a first team Academic All- sparked a 70–64 victory in the championship she was a high school student. A lower court American both this season and last. game to complete an undefeated season, is had refused to allow her to seek damages. Yet what sets this talented young Connecticut’s basketball version of Frank Many believe this decision will encourage athlete apart is not just her athletic or Merriwell, Eleanor Roosevelt and Larry Bird more women to file Title IX complaints. academic accomplishments, but her all rolled into one. For the last two seasons, ‘‘Now,’’ said Donna Lopiano, executive di- care for and commitment to her team- she has been first-team all-American. In her rector of the Women’s Sports Foundation spare time, the political science major has and a Southern Connecticut graduate, ‘‘all mates and her fans. been a candidate for a Rhodes scholarship. the major civil rights issues are at the begin- As Connecticut Head Coach, Geno ning of a new cycle. People are trying again Auriemma is quick to point out, Rebec- She epitomizes the women’s game, because to get homosexual, racism, sexism issues on ca’s greatest weakness as a player is for the most part the women are truly schol- the table. I see that as a national trend.’’ that she is too unselfish and too un- ar-athletes, not just jocks majoring in eligi- To upgrade the women’s program at Tem- bility with dreams only of slam-dunk high- willing to grab the spotlight. Foremost lights in the pros. ple University in Philadelphia, athletes pur- in her mind is her connection and re- And she is part of a game that is substan- sued a Title IX lawsuit through the courts sponsibility to her team, a trait which for almost a decade. Female basketball play- tially different from the men’s game, one in ers at the College of William & Mary in Wil- is shared by all her fellow Huskies and which egos seem to meld into the concept of liamsburg, Va., and the University of Okla- which is undoubtedly the source of the team, and which makes the game so sat- homa in Norman threatened lawsuits to keep their great success. isfying for a basketball fan. their teams from being cut. Mr. President, beyond Rebecca And this moment on the free-throw line Like New Hampshire’s Hyde, they took Lobo’s athletic and academic accom- was what one dreams about, or sweats over. matters into their own hands. Still, women plishments lies her ability and willing- Lobo’s Huskies were up by 3 points, 65–62. like Hyde remain in the minority. ness to reach out to her numerous fans She has a one-and-one: if she makes the first ‘‘I had one athlete say the other night, she gets a second. ‘Title 19, or whatever . . .’ It makes me sad,’’ and admirers. Along with her team- mates, Rebecca made it a point to chat If she misses either, Tennessee is still in said Quinnipiac’s Wooster. ‘‘Kids in this day the game. and age expect these opportunities.’’ with fans and sign autographs for an hour after each game. Despite being Now, Lobo bounces the ball and looks up at f the rim. overwhelmed by letters, she has de- It had been a long, long day for Lobo, a day TRIBUTE TO COLLEGE BASKET- voted hours of her time to personally BALL STAR, REBECCA LOBO in which she quickly picked up three fouls answering each and every piece of cor- and played just eight of the 20 minutes in the Mr. DODD. Mr. President, I rise to respondence she has received, and she first half, scoring just 3 points. pay tribute to Rebecca Lobo, who this has been a regular at summer basket- And when undefeated Connecticut went year led the University of Connecticut ball camps and clinics, where she has into the locker room at halftime, the team women’s basketball team to an patiently worked with aspiring basket- was losing by 38–32. It was only the second undefeated season and a national ball stars of all ages. time this season that UConn was behind at championship. I have already spoken at Mr. President, Rebecca Lobo has re- the half, the first being last week in the East length about the team’s accomplish- minded people of what being an ath- regional final, when it came back from a 7- ments—its 35 to 0 perfect record and its lete, a student, and a human being is point deficit to beat Virginia. dramatic come-from-behind national all about. She has struck a balance and Could the Huskies do it again? championship victory. I want to take a harmony between her goals and those Lobo returned to the lineup for the start of this opportunity, however, to focus on of the people around her. In this day the second half, though she still seemed away from the action, affected by her fouls. Rebecca Lobo, whose tremendous ath- and age, when millionaire athletes de- But her teammates were keeping the team in letic skill and personal character have fiantly proclaim on television commer- the game: Jen Rizzotti, the guard who was captured the imagination of people cials that they are not role models, Re- aptly described as being all ponytail and throughout the Nation. becca Lobo reminds us that being a knee guards, stole a pass, hit a drive;

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