Policybrief-May 05 7 6/9/05 3:50 PM Page 2

PolicyBrief-May 05 7 6/9/05 3:50 PM Page 2

June 2005 I No.1

SUMMARY Independent Task Force on President Bush has called for a new Immigration and America’s Future: immigration policy for the nation and has made immigration reform legisla- The Roadmap tion a high priority for his second term. This is a critical time, therefore, Michael Fix to think carefully about what immigra- Doris Meissner tion policies best promote the nation's Demetrios Papademetriou interests. The Migration Policy Institute (MPI) has convened a biparti- The international movement of people is a force that is san task force of distinguished leaders changing not only the United States, but also more countries than at any time in history. While the United States, with its and policy experts from key sectors of immigration heritage, has long been a world leader in wel- society to develop information, analy- coming and integrating newcomers, there is a growing gap sis, and proposals to contribute to today between our official immigration policies and realities broader immigration debates. on the ground.

In January 2004, President Bush called for a new immigra- The Independent Task Force on tion policy, and he has made immigration a high priority for Immigration and America's Future will his second term. Legislation proposing wide-ranging work during the coming year to changes in the immigration system has been introduced in Congress and additional bills may follow. This is a critical address these policy challenges: the time, therefore, to think carefully about what immigration unauthorized population, immigration policies promote the nation’s interests and to propose sound, enforcement and national security, knowledge-based reforms that advance them. labor markets and the legal immigration system, and immigrant integration. To that end, the Migration Policy Institute (MPI) has convened a bipartisan task force of leaders and experts from Background for each topic and the key key sectors concerned with and affected by immigration. policy questions the task force will The task force is being co-chaired by Spencer Abraham, address are outlined in the Roadmap. Distinguished Visiting Fellow, the Hoover Institution, and Partner institutions in the project with Lee Hamilton, President and Director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (WWIC). MPI are Manhattan Institute and the Woodrow Wilson International Mr. Abraham served as Secretary of Energy during Center for Scholars (WWIC). President Bush’s first term. As a United States senator from PolicyBrief-May 05 7 6/9/05 3:50 PM Page 3

Michigan, he chaired the Senate Judiciary 1. Upholding the Rule of Law Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Citizenship. Mr. Hamilton served The current way we apply immigration policy most recently as vice chair of the 9/11 undermines the fundamental democratic tenet Commission. He is a former member of of the rule of law. For more than a decade, Congress and chairman of the House nearly one out of every three new immigrants Committee on Foreign Affairs. settling in the United States has been unauthorized. High undocumented flows fuel deep Immigration issues are complex, with wide- resentment of our immigration policies in ranging consequences that span individual general, and create widespread skepticism rights, the rule of law, the way our cities and about the capacity of the government to labor markets operate, American competitive- administer these policies in a way that pro- ness, national security, and the unique char- motes the nation’s security and its economic acter of the United States in the world. and social interests. Immigration issues are also controversial and little consensus exists on key policy questions. Part of the explanation for this contro- The Policy Challenge versy and political division owes to the fact 1 that immigration policy debates are often • The unauthorized population. There is a large and growing population of illegal poorly informed, polarized and narrow. The immigrants in the United States. Of ambition of this task force is to inform and approximately 34 million foreign born in broaden those debates. the country, approximately 10 million (about 30 percent) are unauthorized. The The task force will focus on four key areas of rest are roughly split between citizens and United States national interest where today’s lawful permanent residents. The number immigration policy and practices are falter- grows by 400,000 to 500,000 annually. ing: (1) upholding the rule of law; (2) devel- Thus, one-third of all newcomers to the oping policies that meet immigration and United States who intend to stay do so out- national security needs; (3) managing immi- side the bounds of the law. (Mexicans gration in ways that increase the nation’s eco- account for as much as three-fifths of all nomic competitiveness; and (4) promoting the unauthorized immigrants, and as many as economic and social integration of newcom- three-quarters of all new illegal entrants.) ers. Within each of these broad thematic The system is broken and a widespread areas, the task force will examine the key pol- lack of public confidence in it reflects this icy challenges that must be addressed to state of disrepair. achieve meaningful reform. • Investments in border enforcement. MPI’s partner institutions in the project are A decade of unprecedented levels of new Manhattan Institute and the WWIC. investment in border enforcement has been

1 We use the term “unauthorized” because “unauthorized migrant” is the term used by the United States Census Bureau. This population is also referred to as undocumented immigrants, illegal immigrants, illegal aliens, undocumented aliens, and undocumented migrants.

2 PolicyBrief-May 05 7 6/9/05 3:50 PM Page 4

Policy Brief

unable to slow the flow. Instead, it has con- and rivals foreign direct investment. tributed to people remaining in the United Remittances to Mexico, for example, are States for longer periods and arranging, projected to be in the $17 billion range this often through smugglers or other forms of year and are Mexico’s second largest flow of subterfuge, for family members to join them. hard currency next to oil. The importance of Sometimes described as “locking people remittances is even greater for smaller coun- in,” the phenomenon is in sharp contrast to tries, such as El Salvador. United States the circularity that characterized unautho- immigration policies and practices thus rized immigration from the region in the affect household survival worldwide, and past, or preceded permanent settlement in have significant foreign policy implications. the United States for a significant period. These changes in flows have coincided with sharp increases in the employment of unau- The Policy Questions thorized workers in permanent rather than seasonal jobs in a growing array of economic • Who makes up the unauthorized population? sectors and labor markets. Taken together, What policy solutions are available to the impact of these unauthorized newcomers reduce their numbers? on the economy and in many communities • What are the lessons from the legalization has been profound. While many private experience of the 1986 Immigration Reform goods and services are being produced and and Control Act (IRCA)? What are the expe- made available more cheaply, demands on riences of other nations with legalization? some public services provided at state and • Should the implications of illegal migration local levels – especially education – have for sending countries be factored into United increased community fiscal pressures. States policymaking and how?

• “Mixed” families and undocumented children. Many members of unauthorized 2. Meeting Immigration families live in mixed households, i.e., Enforcement and National households where some members have legal Security Imperatives status and others do not. One or both parents of about three million children who are The rule of law depends on many things. Two US citizens are undocumented. Another 1.6 are paramount: law enforcement that is per- million children, like their parents, are ceived to be in the public interest, and wide- themselves undocumented. To be effective, spread cooperation and participation by civil immigration reform must take into account society actors and institutions in furthering these complex social realities. law enforcement goals.

• Remittances. It is estimated that more than Until 9/11, immigration enforcement had $40 billion annually is sent by immigrants focused almost entirely on control of the land to families and communities in their native border between the United States and Mexico, countries. A large proportion of the senders where resources grew dramatically and strong are unauthorized. Remittances represent a enforcement enjoys broad bipartisan support. source of foreign exchange for growing num- But since 9/11, the new national security bers of nations that far exceeds foreign aid imperatives have placed immigration law

3 PolicyBrief-May 05 7 6/9/05 3:50 PM Page 5

enforcement within a broader context and frequently resist enforcement that concen- under increased scrutiny. Greater attention is trates on minority or ethnic groups, and many now being paid to strengthening visa employers have incentives to procure cheap issuance processes as well as screening visi- labor that outweigh the perceived threat of tors and other non-immigrants at air and land penalties. ports-of-entry. The failure to control flows of unauthorized Strengthened border enforcement has not been immigrants through employer penalties has equal to the task of curbing unauthorized immi- led to initiatives to cut access to social and gration. Although getting into the country has public services for people in the country ille- become increasingly difficult and dangerous, gally. Most of these initiatives gathered sup- once here, jobs are plentiful and there is little port in the mid-1990s. More recent expres- likelihood that prohibitions on hiring unautho- sions of this philosophy are Proposition 200 in rized workers will be enforced with great Arizona and legislation restricting eligibility enough vigor to change behavior. Our enforce- for drivers licenses. Another emerging trend ment policies, then, essentially invite people to has been the devolution of what had been take great personal risk to defeat border con- exclusive federal immigration enforcement trols in return for the payoff of ready access to authority to state and local officials. With the labor market. As long as this situation per- improved databases and information-sharing, sists, border enforcement will be unable to local law enforcement authorities increasingly override the economic laws of supply and have access to information that allows them to demand that fuel unauthorized immigration. identify aliens with criminal records or out- standing orders of deportation and to hold them for federal officials. The Policy Challenge The result has been interior enforcement • Interior enforcement. The nation’s poor strategies that are fragmented, largely ineffec- record on interior enforcement has many tive, and politically divisive. The absence of a sources. The 1986 law prohibiting the political consensus and coherent national employment of unauthorized workers is strategy to complement border controls is a based on the view that jobs are the magnet fundamental failing of the current system. for illegal immigration. But the law prohibiting hiring illegal workers is weak, • National security imperatives. resource levels for its enforcement have Immigration enforcement is an increasingly been flat since it was enacted, and employ- important element of national security poli- ment of authorized workers has not become cy in the post-9/11 era. Initiatives such as a labor standard analogous to those setting the US-VISIT program to track the entry minimum wage and hour standards, as well and exit of all foreign visitors, as well as the as occupational safety standards. The weak- incorporation of biometric information in ness of employer sanctions owes to the lack immigration documents, have become politi- of a reliable system that permits employers cally possible and are winning increased to verify work eligibility or documents and public support. At the same time, treatment the fact that fraudulent documents are of the foreign born and the need for even- readily available. In addition, communities handedness in immigration enforcement

4 PolicyBrief-May 05 7 6/9/05 3:50 PM Page 6

Policy Brief

raise difficult challenges in balancing secu- The criteria for admitting most of these legal rity and civil liberties interests. These chal- immigrants have remained the same since the lenges were dramatically illustrated in the mid-1960s. However, today’s economy is vast- immediate aftermath of 9/11, when the gov- ly different than 40 years ago, and tomorrow’s ernment targeted particular nationality economy will resemble that of the mid-20th groups with stepped-up immigration century even less. Using immigration effec- enforcement in the name of anti-terrorism tively will be key to America’s long-term eco- measures. The demands of security must nomic prosperity and competitiveness. And it also be balanced with the need to remain an will likely require some fundamental changes open society in order to protect key national in existing immigration criteria. economic and political interests – interests that are enhanced by international business The social goal of family reunification has travel and foreign student education, for driven most (about three-quarters) of perma- example. nent immigration. Increasingly, however, the promise of unification for all but the nuclear family of United States citizens (the smallest The Policy Questions group in the family visa categories) means waiting in line for many years until a perma- • What verification system should be estab- nent visa becomes available. Beyond family, most of the remaining visas are allocated lished to provide employers with a reliable, among (a) refugees/asylum seekers, (b) per- efficient system to determine the work sons who enter because of a combination authorization of prospective employees? of employment-related factors, such as meet- • Would changes in immigration policy, such ing a labor market need or the prospective as establishing a temporary worker program, immigrant’s education and skills, and (c) win- be likely to lead to more effective immigra- ners of a lottery that provides visas to persons tion control? from countries whose nationals are underrep- • What role should immigration measures and resented among immigrant groups. control play in combating terrorism?

The Policy Challenge 3. Enhancing Economic Prosperity and Social Well-Being • Unmet goals. Many families remain apart for long periods of time, sometimes for as Immigration has been a cornerstone of the long as a decade or more, even though fam- United States’ success in nation-building, eco- ily reunification is championed as a central nomic growth, and securing a competitive principle of immigration policy. These pro- advantage in the global marketplace. Today, tracted separations in turn provide an about one million persons become legal per- incentive for illegal immigration. At the manent residents (i.e., green card holders) same time, sharp declines in refugee each year. The total number of legal entries admissions over the past three years indi- can fluctuate widely by year as a result of pro- cate that the nation’s historic commitment cessing and other administrative delays. The to the human rights-based policy of refugee distribution among entry categories also fluc- protection may be eroding. Further, the tuates, but less so. immigration system does not appear to be

5 PolicyBrief-May 05 7 6/9/05 3:50 PM Page 7

meeting employers’ needs. Despite years of rary and permanent immigration and complaints and reports, many employers between high and low-skilled immigration still have to jump through apparently mean- for meeting labor market needs? ingless hoops to get the workers from • How should the tradition of family reunifi- abroad that they need – hoops that do cation be upheld? not give the government a way to more effectively manage labor market-based immigration. As a result, there is broad 4. Promoting the Economic and agreement that the permanent immigration Social Integration of Immigrants system does not serve the economic growth or competitiveness interests of As a nation of immigrants, Americans have American firms particularly well. traditionally been bound by a shared commitment to democratic principles and a common • Workaround systems. As a result of the civic culture and language. The national inter- inadequacies of the permanent legal immi- est in ensuring that this shared commitment gration system, two parallel systems have remains firmly in place during this period of exploded in importance: (a) the temporary high immigration is an issue that is com- immigration system, (known as the non- pelling, but often ignored. immigrant system); and (b) illegal immigration. Temporary immigration has grown pri- marily through a series of ad hoc laws that The Policy Challenge broaden access for high-skilled immigration. Illegal immigration has flourished in • Mismatches and fiscal inequity. There large part because of a broad unwillingness is a deep mismatch between the nation’s to acknowledge the low-wage economy’s immigration and its immigrant integration increasing reliance on foreign workers. The policies. Through immigration policies, growth of these systems stems from the about one million immigrants are admitted inability or refusal of policymakers to and on track for citizenship each year. At respond to the central role immigration is the same time, the nation’s immigrant inte- playing and should play in meeting the gration policies are ad hoc, fragmentary, nation’s economic and social interests. poorly funded and fall largely to state and local governments. This mismatch raises difficult issues of intergovernmental fiscal The Policy Questions equity. Studies show that immigrants represent a net fiscal surplus for the federal gov- • How can access to the best and most appro- ernment but a fiscal cost to state and local priate foreign workers – temporary and per- governments. manent – be accomplished? • How can the interests of American workers At one level, one might ask: Why worry be preserved and advanced in the face of about immigrant integration at all? The job competition from immigrant workers and United States is a nation of immigrants and the downward pressure on wages that their the nation’s strength is based in part on the presence can exert? generational progress of waves of immi- • What is the right balance between tempo- grants. Overall, there are still gains from the

6 PolicyBrief-May 05 7 6/9/05 3:50 PM Page 8

Policy Brief

first to the second generation in incomes, • Human capital. While a large share of the English language ability, and education lev- nation’s newcomer population holds at least els. But the size of those gains differs across a college degree, many immigrants have groups, with the progress of Hispanics gen- limited educations and English language erally lagging behind that of others. skills. A recent Urban Institute study found Moreover, there are reasons to think that his- that almost half of adult immigrants in New tory may not be a perfect guide to the future York and Los Angeles were limited English and that a less laissez-faire approach to inte- proficient (LEP). The same study found a gration may be needed. higher correlation between limited English skills and hardship than between hardship and being undocumented. Despite the fact • Scale of flows. One reason for concern is that immigrants are roughly 11 percent of the scale of recent flows. Since 1990, annu- the total population, they represent 40 per- al flows have been higher in absolute num- cent of all United States workers with less bers than at any point in the nation’s histo- than a high school degree, and 75 percent ry. High flows have led to a trebling of the of workers with less than a ninth grade edu- immigrant population within a generation. cation. Today, one in nine United States residents is an immigrant. One in five children is the • Child poverty; language segregation. child of an immigrant. Looking to the labor Low human capital levels are highly corre- market, one in seven workers is foreign- lated with child and family poverty. In born, and one in five low-wage workers in 1970 poverty levels for children of immi- the country is foreign-born. Half of all new grants approximated the low levels of non- entrants to the labor market in the 1990s Hispanic whites. But by 2003 children of were immigrants. immigrants were three times more likely to be low-income than whites, with their rates • Dispersal. Recent flows are distinguished rivaling those of African-American chil- not only by their size, but also by their dren. Indeed, over half of all children of spatial dispersal. Over the past decade the immigrants are low-income. Perhaps an states with the fastest-growing immigrant equally troubling development is the sur- populations have been a group of “new prisingly high level of linguistic segregation of children of immigrants: almost half growth states” in the Southeast, the of LEP students attend schools where a Midwest, and the Rocky Mountains. These third or more of their fellow students are states often have less developed infrastruc- similarly classified. tures for settling newcomers than tradition- al receiving states and many have compar- • Weakening of historic integrating atively skeletal social safety nets. institutions. These demographic trends Moreover, the labor-driven flows to these are taking place alongside a number of states tend to be composed of younger, less broader social and institutional trends that educated immigrants who have limited also suggest that the past integration pat- English skills and are more likely to be terns may not automatically reproduce undocumented than immigrants in tradi- themselves. One has been the weakening tional receiving states. of the nation’s public schools – particular-

7 PolicyBrief-May 05 7 6/9/05 3:50 PM Page 9

ly its urban schools – as springboards for The Policy Questions mobility and integration. Another is the restructuring of the labor market, with a • What should the federal government’s fiscal decline in manufacturing jobs, a weaken- obligation be to state and local governments ing of the bargaining power of workers, that provide services and benefits to immi- and the shrinking of sectors that once grants admitted under federal immigration offered a bridge from low-wage work to the law? middle class. • Does the nation need a more coherent language policy – one that embraces both the • Limited access to the safety net. Policy issue of English language acquisition on the developments may also make integration part of the immigrant and the access that less certain. Following the enactment of the public institutions should offer to non- 1996 welfare and illegal immigration reform English speakers? laws, social rights, including access to the • To what degree should the country actively social safety net, have increasingly been promote naturalization and citizenship? based on citizenship rather than legal pres- • Should federal means-tested public benefits ence. Immigrants arriving after 1996 – now and work supports – like Medicaid, the almost half of the total legal immigrant pop- State Child Health Insurance Program, ulation – are subject to the most severe TANF and Food Stamps – continue to be restrictions. The impacts of these curbs essentially conditioned on citizenship? have been felt not only by legal immigrant • Are schools responding to state and federal adults, but also by citizen children in policies promoting standards-based instruc- “mixed status” families. (Seventy-five per- tion, especially the requirements of the No cent of the children of immigrants live in Child Left Behind Act, in ways that families where one or more children is a cit- strengthen their capacity to teach newcomer izen and one or more adults is a non-citi- and LEP children? zen.) Children of immigrants experience higher levels of hardship and poor health than children of natives. Nonetheless, they Conclusion are much less likely to receive benefits than the children of natives and are twice as Immigration is becoming of increasingly likely to be uninsured. At the same time, greater economic, political, and social impor- the nation’s antipoverty policies, which have tance to America’s future. The reform process been driven by the goals of promoting mar- must lead to an overall mix and balance of riage and work and reducing benefit use, immigration provisions that will allow immigra- have been an imperfect policy fit for immi- tion to continue to make critical contributions grant families – families that, when com- to America’s success as a nation, while meeting pared to low-income, native-born families, the higher standards of security and service have high marriage and work rates and low that the American public is demanding. levels of benefit use.

8 PolicyBrief-May 05 7 6/9/05 3:50 PM Page 10

Policy Brief

List of Members As of May 3, 2005 Jeff Flake, (R) Member of Congress, Arizona Co-Chairs: Fernando Garcia, Executive Director, Border Network for Human Rights Spencer Abraham, Distinguished Visiting Fellow, Hoover Institution, former Secretary of Bill Ong Hing, Professor of Law and Energy and Senator (R) from Michigan Asian American Studies, University of California, Davis Lee Hamilton, President and Director, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Tamar Jacoby, Senior Fellow, Manhattan Scholars. Former Vice Chair, 9/11 Institute Commission and Member of Congress (D) from Indiana Juliette Kayyem, Lecturer in Public Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government Director: at Harvard University; former member of the National Commission on Terrorism Doris Meissner, Senior Fellow, Migration Policy Institute, former Commissioner, Edward Kennedy (D), Senator, United States Immigration and Naturalization Massachusetts Service (INS) John McCain (R), Senator, Arizona Members: Janet Murguia, President and CEO, National T. Alexander Aleinikoff, Dean of the Law Council of La Raza Center and Executive Vice President for Law Center Affairs, Georgetown University; former Leon Panetta, Co-Director, Leon and Sylvia General Counsel, United States Immigration Panetta Institute for Public Policy, California and Naturalization Service (INS) State University at Monterey Bay; former Chief of Staff to the President; former Director; Howard Berman, (D) Member of Congress, Office of Management and Budget (OMB) California Steven J. Rauschenberger, (R) Senator, Jeanne Butterfield, Executive Director, state of Illinois; President-elect, National American Immigration Lawyers Association Conference of State Legislatures; Deputy (AILA) Republican Leader and former chairman, Illinois Senate Appropriations committee Oscar A. Chacón, Director of Enlaces América, Heartland Alliance for Human Robert Reischauer, President, Urban Needs and Human Rights Institute; former Director, Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Lee Culpepper, Senior Vice President of Government Affairs and Public Policy, Kurt L. Schmoke, Dean, Howard University National Restaurant Association School of Law; former Mayor, Baltimore, MD

Thomas J. Donohue, President and CEO, Frank Sharry, Executive Director, National United States Chamber of Commerce Immigration Forum

9 PolicyBrief-May 05 7 6/9/05 3:50 PM Page 11

Debra W. Stewart, President of the Council of Ex Officio Graduate Schools; former Vice Chancellor and Dean of the Graduate School at North Carolina Thor Arne Aass, Director General, Department State University of Migration, Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development, Norway C. Stewart Verdery, Jr., Principal at Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti, Inc., and Adjunct Fellow, Malcolm Brown, Assistant Deputy Minister, Center for Strategic and International Studies Strategic Policy and Communications, Citizenship (CSIS); former Assistant Secretary, Department of and Immigration Canada Homeland Security (DHS) Jean Louis De Brower, Director Immigration John Wilhelm, President, Hospitality Industry and Asylum, European Commission Directorate of UNITE HERE General for Justice, Freedom and Security

James W. Ziglar, Managing Director and Chief Geronimo Gutierrez, Undersecretary for North Business Strategist, UBS Financial Services, Inc.; America, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mexico former Commissioner, United States Immigration Representatives of the Departments of Homeland and Naturalization Service (INS) Security, State, and Labor and the Domestic Policy staff of the White House About the Authors

Michael Fix Michael Fix is Vice President and Director of Studies at MPI. His work focuses on immigrant integration, citizenship policy, immigrant children and families, the education of immigrant students, the effect of welfare reform on immigrants, and the impact of immigrants on the US labor force. Mr. Fix, who is an attorney, previously served as a Principal Research Associate at the Urban Institute, where he directed the Immigration Studies Program from 1998 through 2004.Throughout the course of his career at the Urban Institute, his research focused on immigrants and integration, regulatory reform, federalism, race, and the measurement of discrimination. Mr. Fix is a member of the National Academy of Sciences’ panel on the redesign of the US citizenship test. He served as a member of the Immigration Task Force of the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, and on the Committee on the Health and Adjustment of Immigrant Children of the National Research Council. Mr. Fix also chaired the Working Group on Social Rights and Citizenship of the Migration Policy Institute’s Comparative Citizenship Project. Between 1986 and 1988, Mr. Fix was a consultant to the Rockefeller Foundation’s Equal Opportunity Program. His recent publications include A Profile of the Low Wage Immigrant Labor Force; as well as Overlooked and Underserved: Immigrant Students in US Secondary Schools; and All Under One Roof: Mixed Status Families in an Age of Reform. His past research explored the implementation of employer sanctions and other reforms introduced by the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. Mr. Fix received a JD from the University of Virginia and a BA from Princeton University. He did additional graduate work at the London School of Economics.

10 PolicyBrief-May 05 7 6/9/05 3:50 PM Page 12

Policy Brief

Doris Meissner Doris Meissner is a Senior Fellow at the Migration Policy Institute and the former commissioner of the US Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). She contributes to MPI’s project on national security and immigration and conducts policy research on international migration and development, and immigration policymaking in an era of globalization. Ms. Meissner served as INS commissioner at the US Department of Justice from October 1993 to November 2000. Her impressive accomplishments included reforming the nation’s asylum system; creating new strategies for managing US borders in the context of open trade; improving services for immigrants; managing migration and humanitarian crises firmly and compassionately; and strengthening cooperation and joint initiatives with Mexico, Canada, and other countries. She first joined the Department of Justice in 1973 as a White House Fellow, serving as special assistant to the attorney general. Following that appointment, she became assistant director of the Office of Policy and Planning, then executive director of the Cabinet Committee on Illegal Aliens. In 1977 she was appointed deputy associate attorney general. She served as acting INS commissioner in 1981 and then as executive associate commissioner until 1986 when she left government service to join the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. In 1989, Ms. Meissner founded the Endowment’s International Migration Policy Program, which evolved into the Migration Policy Institute in 2001. She left the Carnegie Endowment in 1993 when President Bill Clinton tapped her to serve as INS commissioner. After leaving government in 2000, she returned to the Carnegie Endowment as a senior associate in the Global Policy Program. Ms. Meissner is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin, where she earned both her BA and MA degrees.

Demetrios Papademetriou Demetrios Papademetriou is President of the Migration Policy Institute, the successor to the International Migration Policy Program of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Dr. Papademetriou’s work concentrates on (1) evaluating the adequacy of US policies and administrative structures and practices in meeting important US policy objectives; (2) the migration policies and politics of most member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); (3) borders and migration issues in North America; and (4) immigrant settlement and integration issues domestically and internationally. Dr. Papademetriou is also the Co-Founder and Chair Emeritus of “Metropolis:An International Forum for Research and Policy on Migration and Cities.” From 1991-1996, Dr. Papademetriou served as Chair of the Migration Committee of the Paris-based OECD. From 1988 to July 1992, Dr. Papademetriou was Director for Immigration Policy and Research at the US Department of Labor and Chair of the Secretary of Labor’s Immigration Policy Task Force. Dr. Papademetriou has taught at the University of Maryland, Duke University, the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research (Political Science), and the American University (as a scholar-in-residence). He has published nearly 200 works on the immigration policies of the United States and other advanced industrial societies, the impact of legal and illegal immigration on the US labor market, the relationship between international migration and development, the management of international borders, the US-Mexico and US-Canada border (and migration) relationships, and immigrant integration policies.

11 1400 16th Street NW Suite 300 Washington, DC 20036

202 266 1940 202 266 1900 (fax) www.migrationpolicy.org

www.migrationinformation.org

www.migrationpolicy.org

please visit MPI’s online bookstore. online MPI’s visit please

www.migrationinformation.org.

MPI website at http://www.migrationpolicy.org/ITFIAF/index.php. To order copies, order To http://www.migrationpolicy.org/ITFIAF/index.php. at website MPI

nomto orewbst,at site, web Source Information Further information on these publications can be found in a special section of the of section special a in found be can publications these on information Further

produces the Migration the produces Immigration and America’s Future. America’s and Immigration

prepared by the Pew Hispanic Center for MPI’s Independent Task Force on Force Task Independent MPI’s for Center Hispanic Pew the by prepared vrmr nertdwrd MPI world. integrated more ever

An additional report on unauthorized immigrants in the United States has been has States United the in immigrants unauthorized on report additional An

ties that migration presents in an in presents migration that ties

Betsy Cooper, Research Assistant, Migration Policy Institute Policy Migration Assistant, Research Cooper, Betsy

to the challenges and opportuni- and challenges the to

Demetrios G. Papademetriou, President, Migration Policy Institute, and and Institute, Policy Migration President, Papademetriou, G. Demetrios

By Stephen Yale-Loehr, Adjunct Professor of Law, Cornell University, Cornell Law, of Professor Adjunct Yale-Loehr, Stephen By demand for pragmatic responses pragmatic for demand

Secure Borders, Open Doors:Visa Procedures in a Post-September 11 Era 11 Post-September a in Procedures Doors:Visa Open Borders, Secure I

levels. It aims to meet the rising the meet to aims It levels.

By Deborah Waller Meyers, Policy Analyst, Migration Policy Institute Policy Migration Analyst, Policy Meyers, Waller Deborah By

the local, national, and international and national, local, the

One Face at the Border: Behind the Slogan the Behind Border: the at Face One I

migration and refugee policies at policies refugee and migration

Rutgers University-Newark Rutgers

development, and evaluation of evaluation and development, By Rey Koslowski, Associate Professor of Political Science, Political of Professor Associate Koslowski, Rey By

Real Challenges for Virtual Borders:The Implementation of US-VISIT of Implementation Borders:The Virtual for Challenges Real I The institute provides analysis, provides institute The

By Kevin Jernegan, Associate Policy Analyst, Migration Policy Institute Policy Migration Analyst, Policy Associate Jernegan, Kevin By movement of people worldwide. people of movement

Backlogs in Immigration Processing Persist: Immigration Fact Sheet Fact Immigration Persist: Processing Immigration in Backlogs

dedicated to the study of the of study the to dedicated

itnuse rfso fItrainlLw nvriyo Virginia of University Law, International of Professor Distinguished

partisan, non-profit think tank think non-profit partisan,

By David A. Martin, MPI Nonresident Scholar and Warner-Booker and Scholar Nonresident MPI Martin, A. David By

The Unauthorized Population: Data Analysis and Policy Implications Policy and Analysis Data Population: Unauthorized The MI sa needn,non- independent, an is (MPI) I

The Migration Policy Institute Policy Migration The Upcoming MPI publications on US immigration reform include: reform immigration US on publications MPI Upcoming

MORE FROM MPI: FROM MORE PolicyBrief-May 05 7 6/9/05 3:50 PM Page 1 Page PM 3:50 6/9/05 7 05 PolicyBrief-May