Special Paper 520 3300 Penrose Place, P.O

Geoscience for the Public Good and Global Development: Toward a Sustainable Future

edited by

Gregory R. Wessel Geology in the Public Interest P.O. Box 1135 Vashon, Washington 98070 USA

Jeffrey K. Greenberg Department of Geology and Environmental Science Wheaton College Wheaton, Illinois 60187 USA

Special Paper 520 3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140 Boulder, Colorado 80301-9140, USA 2016

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Wessel, G. R., editor. | Greenberg, Jeffrey K., editor. | Geological Society of America. Title: Geoscience for the public good and global development : toward a sustainable future / edited by Gregory R. Wessel, Geology in the Public Interest, Vashon, Washington, Jeffrey K. Greenberg, Department of Geology and Environmental Science, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois. Description: Boulder, Colorado : The Geological Society of America, 2016. | Series: Special paper ; 520 | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2016010795 | ISBN 9780813725208 Subjects: LCSH: Geology--Philosophy. | Conservation of natural resources. | Ecosystem management. | Water-supply--Management. | Sustainable development. Classification: LCC QE6 .G465 2016 | DDC 338.9/27--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016010795

Cover (Top): White (quartz), black (magnetite), and red (garnet) sands with footprints, near Lakeside, Michigan (USA), 2007. Photo by Jeffrey K. Greenberg. (Insets, from left) Copper oxide occurrence, Bolivian Altiplano, 1996. Photo by Gregory R. Wessel. Crossed geo picks, 2015. Photo by Heather Claiborne. Abandoned mine in Bolivian Altiplano, 1997. Photo by Gregory R. Wessel. (Bottom) Brazil, Serra Pelada Mine, © Sebastião Salgado/Contact Press Images.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Foreword ...... vii George H. Davis

Introduction ...... ix Gregory R. Wessel and Jeffrey K. Greenberg

FUNDAMENTALS AND FOUNDATIONS

1. Building good foundations: Skills for effective engagement in international development ...... 1 Joel C. Gill

2. The geoscientist as international community development practitioner: On the importance of looking and listening ...... 9 Stephanie C. Tubman and Rüdiger Escobar-Wolf

3. Geoethics: Ethical, social, and cultural values in geosciences research, practice, and education ...... 17 Silvia Peppoloni and Giuseppe Di Capua

4. Religious faith as a motivation in using geosciences to develop a sustainable future ...... 23 Robert S. White and Jeffrey K. Greenberg

5. Geophilanthropy, personal and public ...... 35 Jeffrey K. Greenberg

6. Beyond sustainability: A restorative approach for the mineral industry ...... 45 Gregory R. Wessel

METALS, MINERALS, AND ENERGY RESOURCES

7. Rare metals, unconventional resources, and sustainability ...... 57 Ben McLellan, Glen Corder, Saleem Ali, and Artem Golev

8. Natural graphite demand and supply—Implications for electric vehicle battery requirements . . 67 Donald W. Olson, Robert L. Virta, Mahbood Mahdavi, Elizabeth S. Sangine, and Steven M. Fortier

9. Industrial minerals and sustainability: By-products from SO2 mitigation as substitutes for mined mineral commodities ...... 79 Joyce A. Ober, Lori E. Apodaca, and Robert D. Crangle Jr.

10. U.S. Geological Survey assessment of global potash production and resources—A significant advancement for global development and a sustainable future ...... 89 Mark D. Cocker, Greta J. Orris, and Jeff Wynn

iii

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11. Elemental cycles in the Anthropocene: Mining aboveground ...... 99 Penny D. Sackett

12. Geological studies for petroleum exploration analogues in the Wahiba Sand Sea, Oman, contribute to wind energy development ...... 117 Steven G. Fryberger, Caroline Hern, and Ken Glennie

WATER RESOURCES

13. Telecoupling, urbanization, and the unintended consequences of water development aid in Ethiopia ...... 125 Stephen M. Chignell and Melinda J. Laituri

14. Summary of groundwater resources in Haiti ...... 137 James K. Adamson, Gérald Jean-Baptiste, and W. Javan Miner

15. The Maryland Coastal Plain Aquifer Information System: A GIS-based tool for assessing groundwater resources ...... 159 David C. Andreasen, Mark R. Nardi, Andrew W. Staley, Grufron Achmad, and John W. Grace

16. Appropriate geophysics technology: Inexpensive instruments for water exploration at a local level in developing nations ...... 171 James A. Clark, Richard T. Page, Ryan Franklin, Noah M. Miller, and Michael O. Morken

17. Time not wasted: How collaborative research and education help build groundwater sustainability in rural northern Uganda, Africa ...... 183 Stephanie S. Wong and Joe C. Yelderman Jr.

18. U.S. Army–Afghan hydrological development efforts (2008–2014): An improved approach to military aid ...... 193 Alexander K. Stewart

19. Hydrophilanthropy gone wrong—How well-meaning scientists, engineers, and the general public can make the worldwide water and sanitation situation worse ...... 205 David K. Kreamer

20. Ethnogeology in Amazonia: Surface-water systems in the Colombian Amazon, from perspectives of Uitoto traditional knowledge and mainstream hydrology ...... 221 Sandra Carolina Londono, Cristina Garzon, Elizabeth Brandt, Steven Semken, and Vicente Makuritofe

ENGINEERING, PUBLIC SAFETY, AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

21. Geology applied to environmental issues for construction of the high-speed, high-capacity Treviglio-Brescia railway line in Italy ...... 233 Andrea Casazza, Cristiano Zasso, Luca Bellizzi, Franco Lombardi, and Pierpaolo Tommasini

22. Mapping of potential mineral hazards in California—Protecting public health and safety and the environment ...... 251 Chris T. Higgins, Ronald K. Churchill, John P. Clinkenbeard, Cameron I. Downey, and Milton C. Fonseca

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23. Radon research collaboration between the Kentucky Geological Survey and the University of Kentucky College of Nursing: An innovative partnership ...... 267 Bethany L. Overfield, William M. Andrews Jr., Heather Robertson, Mary Kay Rayens, and Ellen J. Hahn

24. Geological constraints on sustainable urban growth and management of the metropolis of Tehran, Iran ...... 273 Vahid Ahadnejad, Ann Marie Hirt, and Hasan Alizadeh

25. Geoscience at the confluence of human-environment interaction in Dakar, Senegal ...... 287 G. Thomas LaVanchy

GEOLOGIC HAZARDS AND RISK REDUCTION

26. Increasing resilience to earthquakes through educating community builders: Teaching earthquake-resistant building techniques in Guatemala ...... 295 David C. Greene

27. Reflections on recent recommendations on the use of science in disaster risk reduction using case studies from Bangladesh and the western United States ...... 311 Susanne Sargeant and Eric Lindquist

28. The Kashmir Basin fault and its influence on fluvial flooding in the Kashmir Basin, NW Himalaya ...... 321 Afroz Shah

29. University contributions to risk reduction following a disaster: A case study of reorienting natural hazards research efforts at San Vicente volcano, El Salvador ...... 335 Luke J. Bowman, John S. Gierke, and J. Fredy Cruz Centeno

30. A Peace Corps Master’s International program in mitigation of natural geological hazards: Student outcomes and lessons learned ...... 347 Stephanie Tubman, Essa Paterson, and John S. Gierke

31. Earthquake and landslide hazard assessment, communication, and mitigation in Kentucky . . .359 Matthew M. Crawford, Zhenming Wang, and N. Seth Carpenter

32. Improvements in shallow landslide susceptibility mapping ...... 371 William J. Burns, Ian P. Madin, and Katherine A. Mickelson

WASTE MANAGEMENT

33. Waste management practices in Nigeria: Impacts and mitigation ...... 377 David O. Omole, Solomon A. Isiorho, and Julius M. Ndambuki

34. Low-tech waste stabilization ponds in the service of the global poor: The W.A.S.T.E. program ...... 387 Kaitlyn Wallett, Jeffrey K. Greenberg, Jacob Kvasnicka, Bayard Pickens, Meagan Jackson, Christine Gamble, Chris Keil, James A. Clark, and Raymond Lewis

35. Geographic information system–based impact assessment for illegal dumping in borrow pits in Chachoengsao Province, Thailand ...... 393 Uma Seeboonruang

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36. Recycling at a higher education institution: Case study of a successful program at the University of Missouri–Kansas City ...... 407 Syed E. Hasan and Rhonda K. Johnston

MULTIAGENCY AND REGIONAL APPROACHES

37. A multiagency and multijurisdictional approach to mapping the glacial deposits of the Great Lakes region in three dimensions ...... 415 Richard C. Berg, Steven E. Brown, Jason F. Thomason, Nancy R. Hasenmueller, Sally L. Letsinger, Kevin A. Kincare, John M. Esch, Alan E. Kehew, L. Harvey Thorleifson, Andrew L. Kozlowski, Brian C. Bird, Richard R. Pavey, Andy F. Bajc, Abigail K. Burt, Gary M. Fleeger, and Eric C. Carson

38. The role of African geological surveys in local and global development ...... 449 Gabi Schneider

39. Toward inclusive development of the Pacific region using geoscience ...... 459 Michael G. Petterson and Akuila K. Tawake

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This is a volume on geological stewardship for the good of humankind. It is a theme particularly well suited to the twenty-ﬁ rst century, where no longer can any gloss be placed on existential threats related to human populations, human communities, human enterprises, nations, and refugee populations living within fragile environments and dealing with the nexus of coupled challenges related to energy resources, mineral resources, natural hazards, water quality and quantity, and climate change. Many of us ca n recall a time (for me, the 1960s, when I was in college) where education in geology was all about core courses for the major; where applications in the private sector were mainly oil/gas and the minerals industry; and where connecting our science to society was primarily in the hands of geological surveys. Many of us in academics can recall a time (for me, as an assistant professor in the 1970s) where individual contributions in outreach were mainly captured on a short list of assignments that someone outside of the university asked us to do. The minimal and passive attention to outreach was in stark contrast to our proactive designs of responsibilities, activities, and objectives in both teaching and research. In some subtle manner, things changed between the 1970s and now. Today much of the research we carry out as academics does indeed include tangible, proactively planned outreach and service to society. This relatively newly forged level of activity had not been forced upon us per se. Instead, the shift to be more proactive in framing our profes- sional contributions to include substantive outreach may be a response to awareness that “clinical” inves- tigation and application is an essential ingredient to grasping fundamental knowledge, especially when research involves the messy realities of hazards, risks, water contamination, exploiting hydrocarbons and ore deposits, failed structures in our built environments, and all of the insidious environmental changes in the Critical Zone, i.e., the dynamic interface of bedrock, soil, water, weather, climate, atmosphere, hydro- sphere, lithosphere, ecology, and human populations. But volume editors Jeff Greenberg and Greg Wessel would argue that an important part of expansion of research and teaching to engage in impactful outreach also comes from the heart and from a serious, intelligent, informed grasp of what we as human beings and human enterprises are doing to our home here on earth. One important objective of this volume is to motivate more geoscientists to become more proactive in applying their research skills to earth environments, communities, and populations of greatest need. The papers within this volume collectively advocate the importance for everyday geoscientists to contribute in both small ways and large to improve and sustain our earth environments, while yet continuously providing to human populations the resources with which to live. Another message issuing from this volume under- scores an understanding that effectiveness in outreach requires emotional intelligence, cultural awareness, and the capacity to team with experts from other ﬁ elds and specialties as well as community leadership on the ground. The contents and emphases in this volume are consonant with one of the three challenges singled out in the National Science Foundation’s GeoVision Report (2009), namely reducing vulnerability and sustaining life. The GeoVision Report emphasizes, for example, that geohazards may now have reached their greatest historical level, given population growth, settlement patterns, and the expanding infrastructure of the built human environment. Resilience is a major theme, i.e., evaluating whether systems undergoing natural varia- tions can resist extreme or irreversible change. Similarly, the National Research Council’s listing of grand challenges in earth sciences (NRC, 2001) emphasized discovery of natural resources, characterization of

Davis, G.H. , 2016, Foreword, in Wessel, G.R., and Greenberg, J.K., eds., Geoscience for the Public Good and Global Development: Toward a Sustainable Future: Geological Society of America Special Paper 520, p. vii–viii, doi:10.1130/2016.2520(00). For permission to copy, contact [email protected]. © 2016 The Geological Society of America. All rights reserved.

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natural hazards, rendering geoscience support to engineering, and ecosystem management with adaptation to environmental changes. I personally have noted that when grand challenges in earth sciences are identi- fi ed by committee and panel experts drawn broadly from across disciplines, the challenges are always ones explicitly linked to outreach to society, i.e., translation of fundamental science to the good of society. Thus this volume, which urges geosciences onward for the public good, for global development, and toward a sustainable future, is indeed tightly aligned with future directions envisioned in grand challenges. A fl avor of the points of emphasis in this volume can be appreciated through phrases that, to my way of thinking, leap from the titles and abstracts. First we recognize that the volume goes beyond scientifi c objectives and discoveries to emphasize that sustainable successes as geoscientists in the outreach arena are brought about through thoughtful human approaches and innovative preparation: building good foundation skills for effective engagement; cultural understanding, diplomacy, community mobilization and participation; importance of looking and listening when functioning as an international community development practitioner; ethical, social, and cultural values in geosciences research, practice, and education; geophilanthropy as service rendered through volunteering time and expertise or by materially supporting geology- related projects; sustainable living through restorative impacts; equipping communities for sustainable resource management; spending time participating in local education; improved approaches to military aid; consideration of regional norms, customs, mores, and traditions; benefi ting from ethnogeology; educating adaptable, interculturally competent geoscientists; expanding scientifi c capacity within communities; and even religious faith as motivation in developing a sustainable future. A second insight derives from points of emphasis on breadth of the research/outreach opportunities, domestically and abroad: improving disaster risk reduction, natural resource management, access to protected water resources, and infrastructure development; fi nding rare metals; exploiting unconventional

deep-ocean resources; securing practical industrial minerals; using byproducts from SO2 mitigation; mining above ground; discovering optimum locales for exploiting wind energy; effecting water access, sanitation, and security; discovering groundwater resources; dealing with degraded water quality and environmental contamination; addressing mineral hazards and public health, including radon exposure; planning urban development and land use; addressing drought and its consequences; designing structures with resilience in the face of earthquakes; reducing risks stemming from natural disasters, including earthquakes, landslides, ﬂ ooding; and managing waste, in part through recycling. Traction will come from our geosciences graduates. Geosciences graduates today enter a world where potential applications of their training are enormously broad. Graduates can cast their eyes on a variety of potential career pathways, e.g., into the metals, minerals, and energy industries; or into teaching in K-13, community colleges, colleges, and universities; or into public service within state or federal surveys; or into consulting ﬁ rms or government agencies to address mitigation of natural hazards. But are we prepar- ing our graduates for grasping that these career pathways cannot be viewed—as they once were—as being completely separate and isolated from one another? Are we allowing our graduates to see that these paths, taken together, have a linked responsibility to pay attention to the public good, global development, and a sustainable future through overall stewardship of our earth environments and our human communities? Have we in any way revealed to our graduates the enormous opportunities and challenges that lie at the interface of science and public policy? Will our graduates be prepared to help subdue the extreme polarization that American society currently is experiencing at the interface of energy and climate, or at the nexus of natural resources and the environment? Can we emphasize to our graduates what I attempted to emphasize in my GSA Presidential Address?: Find the place where your deepest passions intersect the world’s compelling needs! And do it soon. George H. Davis Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona

REFERENCES CITED NSF (National Science Foundation), 2009, GeoVision Report: Unraveling Earth’s Complexities through the Geosciences: NRC (National Research Council), 2001, Basic Research Opportu- Washington, D.C., National Science Foundation, Advisory nities in Earth Science: Washington, D.C., National Academy Committee for Geosciences (George H. Davis, Chair), 39 Press, 168 p. (available at http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9981/ p. (available at http://www.nsf.gov/geo/acgeo/geovision/ basic-research-opportunities-in-earth-science). nsf_ac-geo_vision_10_2009.pdf).

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The challenge of doing geoscience for the public good is not for the faint-hearted. It requires an ability to imagine what a better world might be like and a concern for the future of others as well as your own descendants. It requires that you value benefi ts that will be gained in the future, some of which may be aes- thetic, environmental, or cultural, over those benefi ts (typically fi nancial) that may be more immediate but are also short-lived. It also requires some level of savvy in dealing with those who do not share these priori- ties. Consider for a moment the amount of organization and planning that is necessary to mount a long-term campaign to address a problem that cannot be solved easily or solved within the lifetimes of those starting the campaign. It is much easier, for example, to open a new motel than it is to set up a temporary encampment for the homeless. You don’t see people protesting the opening of new motels. The challenge of doing geoscience for development that is truly sustainable is even more diffi cult. Except for a few short-lived attempts, we humans until now have failed to confi ne our actions and our growth to levels that would prevent long-term environmental degradation and minimize human suffering. Instead, we have chosen to become the most successful invasive species on the planet, fueled largely by burning the remains of creatures who came before us, to the immediate detriment of all other species and to the future detriment of our own kind. We began the fossil-fuel era innocently enough, but it is soon time for it to be succeeded, and that will take a high level of determination and state-of-the-art science and technology led by ethical motivations. We also must reconsider our current economic systems. They have failed to overcome the inequitable distribution of food and other resources, giving birth to those two children of mankind so feared by Charles Dickens, as revealed by the Ghost of Christmas Present: Ignorance and Want (Dickens, 2006, p. 62, fi rst published in 1843). We see their offspring today in the form of political and religious extremism, refugee crises, starvation, and millions of war dead. It should be clear to almost everyone that we can’t continue down this same road. That is not to say that the problems we have (and are about to encounter) are obvious. Far from it. It is probably accurate to say that the majority of people alive today have an incomplete appreciation of the nature and signifi cance of the environmental changes we are experiencing. The Syrian civil war, for example, was recently called the “fi rst climate-change confl ict” (Holland, 2015), but news coverage and public opinion have focused on religious, sectarian, and political differences leading to the confl ict and have failed to recognize the impact of larger- scale environmental changes and the resulting social and economic impacts. Ironically, in order to solve our environmental crises, we also need to address root causes that are social and political, including atomization and inequality. Atomization refers to “the disconnections that reduce incentives or ability to cooperate, generate information, and share information among people who signifi - cantly affect one another” (Lipow, 2012, p. 1). It is a weakening of our ability to act collectively rather than as self-interested individuals. Inequality (Dickens’ “Want”) occurs when few receive the benefi ts while many pay the costs. Followers of the current American political scene need look no further to see excellent examples of the effects of both. The good news is that with advances in science and technology has come the realization that “We have met the enemy, and he is us” (Kelly, 1972). We now have options for dealing with this situation, and we can

Wessel, G.R., and Greenberg, J.K., 2016, Introduction, in Wessel, G.R., and Greenberg, J.K., eds., Geoscience for the Pub- lic Good and Global Development: Toward a Sustainable Future: Geological Society of America Special Paper 520, p. ix–xi, doi:10.1130/2016.2520(000). For permission to copy, contact [email protected]. © 2016 The Geological Society of America. All rights reserved.

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begin to transition entire societies, if not our entire species, to a different way of living. We can consciously direct our own evolution to craft a better world, at a time in history when it is desperately needed. But there are many of us who are still without access to adequate natural resources or a safe and healthy environment. At the same time as we are designing our life in the twenty-fi rst century and planning for the twenty- second, we have to address the needs of those still stuck in the nineteenth. Geoscientists have a role to play in both tasks; it may be the latter role that comes most naturally, but our participation in the former is just as important. It is the need to address both tasks that led us to envision this volume. We two editors originally met at the 2013 GSA Annual Meeting where we each chaired similar sessions: T80, Geology for the Common Good: Sustainable Resources for the 21st Century (Wessel), and T82, Geoscience and International Devel- opment (Greenberg). In 2014, we joined and co-chaired the GSA session T143, Geoscience for the Public Good: Toward a Sustainable Future. We both confess a deep desire to see our broader profession become a leading agent of healing and responsible progress. The times demand a greatly increased focus in profes- sional care about a livable planet. Readers deserve both encouragement and an apology for the articles in this volume. Herein is a collection of diverse topics, all united in the theme of applied geoscience. The many authors serve to educate and inspire, but the wide variety of contributions may frustrate some readers because the collection is unorthodox compared to most GSA Special Papers. Our motivation in providing such a volume is not academic but altruistic on a rather grand scale. As such, no single subject receives exhaustive analysis. Much more might have been included with many of these papers, but all provide excellent overviews of individual efforts that together represent the types of approaches we must take to address sustainability and global development. Dealing with sustainable development is, after all, somewhat like eating an elephant. It’s best to attempt it one bite at a time. We’ve grouped like papers together in topical sections. Our fi rst section, Fundamentals and Founda- tions, looks at some big-picture issues that affect us all: The kinds of skills we need to engage effectively with people everywhere, how we are to act as ethical scientists, the reasons that we should undertake good works, and a discussion of how religion (of all types) provides ample motivation to address sustainability and global inequities. Given that so many world events today are infl uenced by religion as a dividing force, we think it is telling that we are addressing religion in this volume as a unifying force. Discussing religion in any sense is atypical for a scientifi c publication but totally appropriate here. The last paper in this section is equally bold in its proposal for how to address sustainability overall and through the mining industry, concluding that although we are not doing enough, there is light at the end of the tunnel and it is not necessarily a train headlamp. Our second and third topical sections address the topics that are most frequently associated with geologists: mineral resources and water resources. In Metals, Minerals, and Energy Resources, the papers address unconventional sources of some commodities, the future demand for some resources, and the remarkable assertion that most of the metal resources available within human grasp are already bound up in our infrastructure. Only one of the papers addresses some aspect of energy: a fascinating account of research under- taken with an oil-related goal in mind that was found to apply just as well to renewable energy resources. It is clear that the Metals, Minerals, and Energy Resources section could be expanded exponentially and still fail to address all mineral and energy resources. It is for that reason that we are considering a future project to examine many more mineral resources in greater depth, to provide a window into why these minerals are needed, and to predict where we might fi nd them in the future while coincidentally improving our sustainability record. Papers in the third topical section, Water Resources, address water availability in both developed and developing nations, but from very different perspectives. In developed nations, it is not water availability that is the problem so much as it is management and protection of existing (usually adequate) resources. In developing countries, it is frequently lack of access to potable water that is the entire problem; without adequate supplies of safe drinking water, development in any form is stymied. For example, here in the United States it is easy to forget that human settlement and growth is dependent upon access to water. That is why population centers, both historic and prehistoric, are located where they are. In lands where the development potential is marginal at best, it is frequently so because access to water is limited, and climate change will only exac- erbate this problem. It is for that reason that most of the papers in this section deal with water availability in areas that bear more than their share of civil strife and poverty; still, the need for clean water is universal.

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The fourth section, Engineering, Public Safety, and Urban Development, includes papers that address aspects of another major emphasis of geologists and geological engineers, that of development construction and planning for urban development. Two of these papers (Higgins et al. and Overfi eld et al.) describe efforts to map and mitigate geologic impacts to public health from widely distributed rock and soil types, which could just as easily have been included in the Geologic Hazards and Risk Reduction section that follows. The potential overlap between these two sections is quite signifi cant, but we have arbi- trarily restricted geologic hazards to include only volcanic, seismic, and landslide hazards. A number of other geologic hazards are not represented in this volume (subsidence from groundwater withdrawal, karst-related hazards, mine collapse, expansive clays, etc.), which suggests that a wider consideration of geologic hazards is warranted in a future publication. Waste Management is a topic that has not been associated with geology until relatively recently. How- ever, the four papers presented in this section illustrate quite clearly just how important an understanding of surfi cial processes and shallow stratigraphy is to the sequestration, treatment, and disposal of human- generated wastes of all types. Just as geologists are critical to the location and exploitation of raw materials used in manufacturing, so are they critical to the proper disposal of the manufactured products when they reach the end-of-life stage. The last three papers we place into the category of Multiagency and Regional Approaches because all three illustrate quite well the cross-border and inter-state nature of geologic investigations. Two papers, one by Schneider and one by Petterson and Tawake, demonstrate that sustainability and global development are best viewed on an international scale because of the interconnectedness inherent in our modern world. The paper by Berg et al. similarly shows that the geologic history of our planet had no respect for boundaries cre- ated by mankind. The Berg et al. paper also must break a record for the number of state and national agencies represented in one research effort. In this case, the 16 authors represent two nations, 9 American states, and a total of 11 state and federal agencies (including one agency in Canada). If nothing else, this paper proves that people can organize themselves into wide networks that effectively address specifi c needs. We’ll need a lot more cooperation like that in the future. We opened this Introduction with the statement that the challenge of doing geoscience for the public good is not for the faint-hearted. Geoscientists can count themselves as some of the most adventurous and self-reliant people on the planet, so faint-heartedness is not a question with us, but this kind of work is not accomplished by individuals acting alone. We shoulder the responsibility to do our individual parts, but critical to success overall is our ability to cooperate on a wider scale and across more boundaries than we have ever attempted before. We must use good science to collaborate and coexist. We also must be open to chang- ing ourselves (the few) to accommodate the needs of the many. And we must fi nd ways to help everyone imagine and create a better world for all of our children. The authors in this volume have taken a bite of the metaphorical elephant. If you haven’t already, we challenge you to do the same. Gregory R. Wessel and Jeffrey K. Greenberg

REFERENCES CITED -change-confl ict-but-it-wont-be-the-last/ (accessed Dec- ember 2015). Dickens, C., 2006, A Christmas Carol and Other Christmas Kelly, W., 1972, Pogo: We Have Met the Enemy and He Is Us: Books: Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 438 p. New York, Simon and Schuster, 127 p. Holland, J., 2015, Syria may be the fi rst climate-change confl ict, Lipow, G.W., 2012, Solving the Climate Crisis through Social but it won’t be the last: Nation, v. 27, October, http://www Change: Santa Barbara, California, Praeger/ABC-CLIO, .thenation.com/article/syria-may-be-the-first-climate LLC, 297 p.

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