4 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006

THE LICHENS OF NORTH CENTRAL OKLAHOMA By DARVIN WENDELL KECK

Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Oklahoma State University in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August, 1961

Over 1,000 specimens of lichens were collected at 78 collecting stations in 11 counties of North Central Oklahoma during 1959 and 1960. The objectives were to identify lichens collected in the area; to establish a record of lichen distribution for each county in the area; and to analyze the ecological relationships. One hundred eleven species and varieties were identified, representing 34 genera and 20 familiies. Species occurring in each county were Candelaria fibrosa, Parmelia bolliana, Physcia syncolla, Teloschistes chrysophthalomus, and Xanthoria candelaria. Only ten other species occurred in eight or more counties, while 64 species were found in three counties or less and 30 of these were found in only one county each. The number of species per county varied from a low of 19 in Kingfisher County to a high of 77 in Osage County. The variation was very closely correlated to the two physiographic regions of the area. The five counties largely contained in the Sandstone Hills varied between 41 and 77 species with an average of 50. The six counties in the Redbeds Plains had between 19 and 33 species with an average of 26. This variation between regions is correlated to rainfall which averages near 40 inches per year at the eastern boundary of the Sandstone Hills, but only 30 inches at the western boundary of the Redbeds Plains. Other factors, conditioned by rainfall, and also having an influence on lichen growth are the presence of trees, the kinds of rock, and the acidity of the soil.

Keck, D.W. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100044 Oklahoma Native Plant Record 5 Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006

INTRODUCTION Historical Background Other notable milestones could include the arrangement The term “lichen” was used of all known lichens under by Theophrastus (371-287 their respective genera by B.C.), in his History of Plants, to Acharius in 1803, and the use signify a superficial growth of spore characters in on the bark of trees. It classification by De Notaris referred to hepatics of the in 1846. Marchantia type rather than The discovery of the dual to the lichens as they are nature of lichens by currently understood. He Schwendener, in 1868, is did, however, describe a often considered to be the species of Roccella, and beginning of modern another of Usnea or lichenology. This discovery Alectoria, which is perhaps led to a wide variety of the earliest known reference ideas about classification. to lichens. This was demonstrated in a Lichens were alluded to by report by Fink (8) who only a few writers during conducted a survey of leading the next 2000 years. This botanists and lichenologists reflected not only the small throughout the world in an amount of study in natural attempt to analyze ideas history, but also the regarding the relationship of relative lack of economic lichen components. Ideas worth of lichens (28). expressed included the Schneider (27) in 1897 following: lichens are a wrote a history of distinct group of organisms lichenology, recognizing the and should be separated from following periods: fungi; lichens should be classified in the fungus I. From the earliest times to the end of the genera that they closely seventeenth century. resemble; and, lichens have a II. From 1694, when Tournefort, the first definite relationship to to separate lichens taxonomically from the fungi, but for convenience bryophytes, arranged plants into classes called should be kept separated from genera, to 1729. the fungi. III. From 1729, when Micheli divided Fink (9) gave his own idea lichens into different orders, to 1779. in the following statement: IV. From 1779, when Weber established “The lichen is a fungus which definite and reasoned lichen genera based on the lives all or a part of its structure of thallus and fruits, to 1825. life in parasitic relation with an V. From 1825, when Wallroth and algal host and also sustains Meyer each published works dealing with a relation with an organic or detailed morphological, ecological, and an inorganic substratum.” biochemical observations, to 1868. This idea has not been widely VI. From 1868, when Schwendener accepted, and, despite Fink’s discovered the dual nature of lichens, to 1894.

Keck, D.W. 6 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 insisting that a lichen was substances as an aid to a fungus, he never attempted lichen taxonomy. This is well to place lichens in existing illustrated by the work of fungus genera. Perhaps a Asahina (1), and by the use more widely accepted idea of chemical tests in almost was given by Imshaug (22) all keys identifying lichens. who defined a lichen as “an It is not, however, been entity capable of accepted without opposition, reproducing itself, and as indicated by the following consisting of two organisms, statement by Nearing (25): an alga and a fungus, living together in a state of Chemical dyes determine nothing, and in symbiosis, as is manifested by most cases differentiate species only from some change in the anatomy, certain artificial “Species” invented for the morphology, or physiology of purpose of being thus differentiated. In certain at least one of its cases chemicals may be suggestive and helpful, components.” but the naming of hundreds of “species” on Ideas in regard to the the basis of chemical reactions alone, is in relationship of lichen itself sufficient proof that the reactions do not components, which in turn coincide with evident relationships, that all have influenced taxonomic determinations should rest on botanical ideas, have been further characters, or else all on chemical, which last, complicated by the of course, would be absurd, but no more observance of some lichens absurd than the present mixing of the two that are apparently methods. parasitic on other plants, and even on other lichens. This likely represents an While the relationship extreme view, but does between lichens and fungi illustrate the diversity of has long been recognized, no ideas relating to the serious attempt has been classification of lichens. made to place lichens in Because of the uniqueness recognized fungus genera. of lichens, it is Other problems are related understandable that serious to growth form and to problems still exist in chemistry. Some workers make lichen taxonomy; much work no distinction on growth remains to be done before form, but a more common they can be satisfactorily approach is to separate solved. groups purely on that basis In the United States, (i.e.,“foliose”, lichen studies have been “fruticose”, “squamulose”). confined mostly to the east, Lichens are also known to north, and Pacific Coast contain a great many unique areas with the southwest chemicals, and in recent largely being bypassed. times considerable emphasis Oklahoma has barely 100 has been placed on the species reported from about chemistry of lichen one fourth of its 77

Keck, D.W. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 7 Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 counties, and no one has REVIEWOFLITERATURE attempted to do a complete floristic work for even one Previous studies involving county. Kansas had less than the lichens of Oklahoma have 40 species reported until been very limited. Only two Fearing (7) collected 163 earlier studies have been taxa including about 140 made wherein appreciable species. He suggested that numbers of lichens from this was perhaps only one Oklahoma were collected and third of the total lichens identified. in the state. Arkansas and The first of these was by Texas each has had only a Hedrick (20), who identified few species reported. This specimens that Prof. Robert compares with 245 species Stratton from Oklahoma State reported from Ohio by Wolfe University collected from (34), and 335 species Cimarron, Delaware, Harmon, reported from Washington by Johnston, Kay, Mayes, Howard (21), although McCurtain, Murray, Osage, neither suggested the work Payne, and Roger Mills was complete in those counties. These counties are states. widespread throughout the It has always been state and represent a great customary to report the diversity of habitats; substrate from which a however, no attempt was made particular lichen was to collect all the species collected. While the finer occurring in any area or details of environment were county. This study included not included, this has at 59 species. A majority of least served as a beginning these were crustose forms for ecological studies. In occurring on rocks, with recent times specific Lecidea, Caloplaca, Buellia, observations have been made and Lecanora being the genera about light, temperature, most frequently represented. humidity, and other factors The second work was by Hale in regard to various lichen (16) who collected during species, although little 1955-1956 in six contiguous work has been done on the counties in eastern Oklahoma microenvironment. as part of a study of lichens Because of the limited in the Ozarks. These counties literature on lichens in the were Adair, Cherokee, southwest, and more LeFlore, McCurtain, especially in Oklahoma, the Pushmataha, and Sequoyah. need for this present work This study involved “Macro- was seen. corticolous” lichens and included 47 species,

Keck, D.W. 8 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 primarily from the genera: THESTUDYAREA Parmelia, Physica, Usnea, Location and Size Anaptychia, Leptogium, and Pannaria. The area involved in this Since the latter study study includes the following dealt exclusively with 11 counties: Creek, Garfield, foliose and fruticose Grant, Kay, Kingfisher, lichens growing on trees, Lincoln, Logan, Noble, Osage, and the previous study dealt Pawnee, and Payne. It is largely with crustose forms, situated in North Central there was little duplication Oklahoma (Fig. 1). It is of species collected. Only near-rectangular in shape, seven species were common to and is about 115 miles long both lists, and collectively (east to west), and averages these two efforts totaled 99 95 miles wide with the species. greatest width being about In addition to these two 105 miles. It covers almost reports, a few additional 11,000 square miles which is specimens representing eight between one sixth and one other species and involving seventh of the total area of the additional counties of Oklahoma. Comanche, Noble, and Carter The area of each county, in have been reported in square miles, as computed monographs by Berry (2), from General Highway County Imshaug (22), and Thomason Maps prepared by the Oklahoma (31), and in other articles Department of Highways is as by Hale (11, 14, 15, 18). follows: This gives a total of 107 County Total Area species reported from (Sq. Mi.) Oklahoma and involves 19 of Creek 988 the 77 counties where at Garfield 1068 least some collecting is Grant 1008 known to have been done. Kay 938 Specimens reported by Kingfisher 910 Hedrick are in the herbarium Lincoln 967 at the University of Logan 771 Michigan, and those Noble 750 collected by Hale are at the Osage 2393 Smithsonian Institution. Pawnee 597 Other Oklahoma specimens are Payne 696 preserved in herbaria of the Missouri Botanical Garden, New York Botanical Garden, Physiographic Regions University of Wisconsin, and the private herbarium of C. Bruner (3) divided the area W. Dodge at St. Louis. into two physiographic regions: the Sandstone Hill region which occupies

Keck, D.W. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 9 Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 approximately the eastern 40 39oF and a mean July per cent of the area (Fig. temperature of 80o – 82o F. 2), and the Redbeds Plains. Extremes in temperature vary These regions are not from several degrees below 0oF sharply delimited; to somewhat over 100oF. There therefore, a wide zone is an average of 200-220 characterized by features of frost-free days throughout both regions is noticeable. the area (32). The Sandstone Hills region Rainfall averages vary from is composed largely of about 30 inches per year in weathered Pennsylvanian the west to 40 in the east, shales, with rough low hills with considerable year-to- of the more resistant year variation. sandstone remaining. Maximum There is also an accompanying height of these hills is 300 small increase in relative to 400 feet, although the humidity toward the east. average is much less. Large The Sandstone Hills region sandstone blocks cover the is covered with a tops and slopes of hills. transitional oak forest The broader flat-topped interspersed with grass ridges have soil of areas, while the Redbeds sufficient depth to support Plains region is primarily good plant growth. grassland, with trees usually The Redbeds Plains are confined to the flood plains composed of soft red Permian of streams (3). A vegetation clays and shales, with some map of the area taken from an thin sandstones which are Oklahoma Game and Fish usually so soft that they do Department map (Fig. 3). not prduce escarpments. This Higher rainfall and region is primarily one of humidity favor the the rolling plains where development of most lichens, hills seldom exceed 100 feet at least within the limits of in height. The slightly conditions found in the study rolling plain to the west is area. Most of the effect is in contrast to the greater apparently direct since there relief near and in the is a definite change in each Sandstone Hills region. category of the lichen flora (terricolous, saxicolous, corticolous) with a change in Climate and Vegetation rainfall. Some of the effect is perhaps related only to North Central Oklahoma has tree growth since a few a continental type of corticolous species are weather which is considered to be specific in characterized by a regard to substrate. pronounced seasonal range in There is also a correlation temperature. It has a mean between rainfall and pH, with January temperature of 34o-

Keck, D.W. 10 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 the eastern part of the substrate. Observations were study area where the also made repeatedly on rainfall is greater being exposed soil and fence posts, primarily acidic and the ordinarily near the general western part being near collecting areas, but only a neutral to slightly basic. very limited number of Considerable influence is lichens were found and also exerted on the lichen collected under these flora by the pH (17), conditions. although this is more Consideration was also related to the micro- given to the size of counties environment than to the pH so that collecting stations condition of the general varied in number from four in area. Pawnee County to 15 in Osage All of these conditions County. This is double the are interrelated and minimum of two collecting therefore difficult to stations for any county by evalulate individually, but Hale (16). An attempt was there is a pronounced change made to properly distribute in the lichen flora between these stations within the eastern and western counties and between adjacent limits of the study area. counties. Over 1,000 specimens were collected and are being PROCEDURES deposited with the lichen collection in the Department Collecting stations were of Botany and Plant Pathology selected in each county, of Oklahoma State University, with desirability as a with duplicates of most of collecting site being given these being kept in the primary consideration. author’s private collection. General County Highway Maps The seasonal aspect is were used to determine the important primarily because general collecting areas; some lichens have mature then a survey of each of spores only during certain these was made to determine seasons of the year (28). a collecting station. This Collecting was done at three normally consisted of the different times: (1) from area immediately around a late May to early Auugust, stream or draw so that 1959; (2) November, 1959; and collecting could be done (3) April 1960. from trees, rocks, and Seventy-four collecting partially shaded soil since stations were visited nearly all lichens grow best including at least four on one of these sugbstrates. stations for each county Less frequently, areas were during the summer. After the collected from where rock degree of repetition was was the predominant determined to be unusually

Keck, D.W. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 11 Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 high among neighboring 6. A wooded ravine near a stations used in the summer, county road west of highway it was decided that a 99, 12 miles north of considerably smaller number Pawhuska in Osage County, of stations would sufficie May 26, 1959; November 21, during subsequent collection 1959’ April 13, 1960 periods. Twenty-one stations were visited during the 7. Along a creek in Osage fall. This included one new Hills State Park, two miles station in Kingfisher south of highway 60 in Osage County, and two stations County, May 26, 1959; April previously visited in each 14, 1960. of the other counties. 8. Sandstone bluffs near Eighteen stations including highway 99, four miles three new areas were visited southeast of Pawhuska in in the spring. This included Osage County, May 27, 1959. at least one in each county. The 78 collecting areas 9. Sandstone outcrops near are shown in Fig. 4. Their highway 20, 12 miles west of descriptions, locations, and Pawhuska in Osage County, dates visited are as May 27, 1959. follows: 10. Along Bird Creek, four 1. A wooded hillside near miles east of Foraker in highway 99, two miles Osage County, May 25, 1959. northeast of Cleveland, in 11. Along a small stream, Osage County, May 25, 1959; three miles north and two November 21, 1959. miles west of Webb City, In 2. Along a small stream, Kay County, May 27, 1959. three miles south of Wild 12. Around Phillips Lake, two Horse store in Osage miles south of Shidler in County, May 25, 1959. Osage County, May 27, 1959. 3. A wooded hillside with 13. Along the Salt Fork limestone outcrops near River, two miles south of highway 20, five miles west Lamont in Grant County, May of Skiatook, in Osage 28, 1959; November 26, 1959. County, May 25, 1959; April 12, 1960. 14. Along Deer Creek, 13 miles north of Lamont in 4. A blackjack thicket near Grant County, May 28, 1959. highway 23, two miles north of Barnsdall in Osage 15. Along Crooked Creek, County, May, 25, 1959. three miles west of Wakita in Grant County, May 28, 5. Postoak woods, one mile 1959. west of Hula Dam near highway 10 in Osage County, 16. Along a wooded draw near May 26, 1959. highway 81, one mile south

Keck, D.W. 12 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 of Medford in Grant County, 26. Postoak woods near May 28, 1959. highway 33, one mile north of Coyle in Payne County, 17. Along the Salt Fork June 1, 1959. River, two miles north of Pond Creek in Grant County, 27. Along Cottonwood Creek, May 28, 1959; November 26, three miles south and one- 1959. half mile west of Guthrie in Logan County, June 1, 1959. 18. Along the Salt Fork River, three miles north of 28. Along Bear Creek, one- Nash in Grant County, May fourth mile west of Meridian 29, 1959. in Logan County, June 1, 1959; November 28, 1959. 19. A wooded ravine, three miles southeast of 29. A wooded draw, one-half mile south of highway 105 - Hillsdale in Garfield 40 junction, three miles County, May 19, 1959. west of Tryon in Lincoln County, June 2, 1959; 20. Along Turkey Creek, November 28, 1959. three miles north of Drummond in Garfield 30. Sandstone outcrops near County, May 29, 1959. highway 40, one mile north of Warwick in Lincoln 21. Along Turkey Creek, County, June 2, 1959. eight miles southeast of Drummond in Garfield 31. Along Quapaw Creek north County, May 29, 1959; of highway 62, six miles November 26, 1959. west of Meeker in Lincoln 22. Along Wolf Creek, three County, June 2, 1959. miles southeast of Douglas 32. Postoak woods near in Garfield County, May 29, highway 18, three miles 1959. south of Chandler in Lincoln 23. Open woods near County, June 2, 1959; Breckenridge, eight miles November 12, 1959. northeast of Enid in 33. A persimmon grove, three Garfield County, May 29, miles south and one-half 1959. mile west of Avery in 24. Along Red Rock Creek, Lincoln County, June 5, eight miles north of Garber 1959. in Garfield County, May 29, 34. Postoak woods near 1959. highway 27, three and one- 25. A rocky ravine near half miles east of Shamrock highway 64, three miles in Creek County, June 5, southeast of Covington in 1959; November 24, 1959. Garfield County, May 29, 35. A rocky ravine near the 1959; April 15, 1960. Cimarron River, eight miles

Keck, D.W. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 13 Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006

northeast of Cushing in 45. Along Cooper Creek, one- Payne County, June 5, 1959. half mile south of Loyal in Kingfisher County, June 9, 36. A wooded ravine, one 1959. mile west of highway 99 near Arlington in Lincoln 46. A wooded draw, two and County, June 6, 1959; April one-half miles south of 11, 1960. highway 33, ten miles west of Kingfisher in Kingfisher 37. Postoak woods, three County, June 9, 1959. miles south and nine miles east of Stroud, in Creek 47. A wooded ravine between County, June 6, 1959. highway 33 and the Cimarron River, 15 miles east of 38. Postoak woods, five Kingfisher in Kingfisher miles south and three miles County, June 9, 1959; April east of Bristow in Creek 16, 1960. County, June 6, 1959. 48. A rocky draw, one mile 39. A wooded ravine near south of highway 74 – 33 highway 66, eight miles junction, ten miles west of northeast of Bristow in Guthrie in Logan County, Creek County, June 6, 1959. June 9, 1959. 40. Postoak woods, two miles 49. Postoak woods, two miles west of Sapulpa and one- north of Crescent in Logan half mile south of highway County, June 9, 1959; April 66 in Creek County, June 6, 16, 1960. 1959. 50. Sandstone bluffs near 41. Along Bridge Creek near highway 77, eight miles highway 51, 21 miles east north of Guthrie in Logan of Hennessey, in Logan Countyk, June 9, 1959. County, June 8, 1959; November 28, 1959. 51. Along Black Bear Creek, one mile north of Morrison 42. Along Skeleton Creek, in Noble County, June 14, seven miles east and two 1959. miles south of Hennessey in Kingfisher County, June 8, 52. Along the Arkansas River, 1959; November 26, 1959. ten miles south and three miles east of Ponca City in 43. Along Turkey Creek, two Noble County, June 13, 1959. miles west of Kingfisher in Kingfisher County, June 8, 53. A wooded draw, six miles 1959; November 26, 1959. east and three miles south of Billings in Noble County, 44. Postoak woods, two miles June 13, 1959; November 26, southeast of Dover in 1959. Kingfisher County, June 8, 1959. 54. A rocky ravine, near highway 64, five miles west

Keck, D.W. 14 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 of Perry in Noble County, of Mannford in Creek County, June 13, 1959; April 15, August 6, 1959, April 12, 1960. 1960. 55. A wooded draw, near 64. A wooded hillside, one highway 64, five miles east mile west of highway 99 and of Perry in Noble County, four miles north of Hominy June 13, 1959; April 15, in Osage County, August 6, 1960. 1959. 56. A wooded ravine, four 65. Along Gray Horse Creek, miles northeast of Ripley seven miles east of Fairfax in Payne County, June 26, in Osage County, August 6, 1959; November 24, 1959; 1959. April 11, 1960. 66. Rocky bluffs near the 57. A rocky draw near Arkansas River, five miles highway 108, four miles west of Fairfax in Osage south of Glencoe in Payne County, August, 6, 1959. County, July 7, 1959. 67. Along the Arkansas River 58. A wooded draw, two miles near highway 60, nine miles north of Maramec in Pawnee east of Ponca City in Osage County, July 7, 1959; County, August 6, 1959. November 21, 1959. 68. Along the Salt Fork River 59. Wooded draw and hillside near highway 77, five miles near highway 64, six miles northeast of Marland in Kay southeast of Cleveland in County, August 8, 1959. Pawnee County, July 7, 69. Along the Salt Fork 1959; April 12, 1960. River, two miles southwest 60. A wooded ravine near the of Tonkawa in Kay County, Arkansas River, one mile August 8, 1959. north of Blackburn in 70. A wooded draw near Pawnee County, July 7, highway 11, three miles 1959. west of Blackwell in Kay 61. Sandstone bluffs, along County, August 8, 1959. highway 15, eight miles 71. Along the Chikaskia north of Morrison, in River, two miles west of Pawnee County, July 7, Braman in Kay County, August 1959; November 21, 1959. 8;, 1959. 62. Along the Arkansas 72. Along Deer Creek, four River, five miles southeast miles northeast of Newkirk of Oilton, in Creek County, in Kay County, August 8, August 6, 1959; November 1959. 24, 1959. 73. Along the Arkansas River, 63. Sandstone bluffs near six miles south and six highway 51, two miles west miles east of Newkirk in Kay

Keck, D.W. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 15 Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006

County, August 8, 1959; the study area. Only November 21, 1959; April Candelaria fibrosa, Parmelia 13, 1960. bolliana, Physcia syncolla, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus, 74. A wooded ravine, four and Xanthoria candelaria were miles west and one mile collected in each county. south of Stillwater in Others which are widely Payne County, August 8, distributed, occurring in at 1959; October 9, 1959. least eight counties, are 75. A wooded draw near Acarospora citrina, Caloplaca highway 81, seven miles aurantiaca, Candelaria north of Enid in Garfield concolor (two varieties), County, November 26, 1959. Lecanora muralis, Parmelia reticulate, Physcia aipolia, 76. Along a rocky wooded P. ciliata, P. orbicularis, draw, one-fourth mile P. Tribacoides, and P. southwest of Tuskegee in stellaris. Creek County, April 11, A total of 64 species were 1960. found in three counties or 77. Along the side and top less, and 30 of these were of a tall rocky hill, one collected in only one county mile west of Mounds in each. Table I lists all Creek County, April 11, species found and their 1960. occurrence by counties. 78. Along a rocky draw, six miles northwest of Renfrow Corticolous Species in Grant County, April 15, Growth Forms 1960. Foliose ECOLOGY The foliose forms occurring primarily on trees, but The area studied has many occasionally on rocks, are variations in habitat. These Anaptychia granulifera, A. include timberland and heterochroa, A. hypoleuca, A. grassland, a considerable speciosa, Candelaria concolor range in average rainfall, var. concolor, C. concolor different types of rocks var. effuse, C. fibrosa, such as limestone, Collema conglomeratum, c. sandstone, and loosely subfurvum, Dermatocarpon compacted silty clay, with tuckermani, Leptogium shaded and exposed soil, and chloromelum, L. cyanescens, each having at least some Parmelia bolliana, P. species restricted to that caperata, P. haitiensis, P. particular environment. reticulate, P. rudecta, As a consequence of this Physcia aipolia, P. ciliate, diversity, few lichen P. elaeina, P. grisea, P. species are widespread in millegrana, P. orgicularis,

Keck, D.W. 16 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 P. tribacoides, P. change from a more luxuriant stellaris, P. syncolla, lichen flora in the Ozarks Pyxine caesiopruinosa, where Hale (16) collected 63 Teloschistes chrysophthalmus species, which included all (fruticose), and Xanthoria but three of the above group. candelaria. He found 47 of these in six Candelaria concolor, C. eastern Oklahoma counties. fibrosa, Parmelia bolliana, Only 11 of the 29 occur in P. reticulate, Physcia Grant, Garfield, and aipolia, P. orbicularis, P. Kingfisher counties. tribacoides, P. stellaris, P. syncolla, Teloschistes Crustose chrysophthalmus, and Crustose lichens found on Xanthoria candelaria occur trees include Allarthonia generally throughout the caesia, Buellia punctata, B. area with Parmelia bolliana schaereri, Caloplaca and P. reticulate being more aurantiaca, C. cerina, C. abundant in the east (the chrysophthalma, C. Sandstone Hills region) than microphylina, C. ulmorum, elsewhere, and Physcia Candelariella xanthostigma, aipolia, P. syncolla, and Crocynia membranacea, Xanthoria candelaria more Lecanora hageni, L. abundant in the west (the piniperda, L. subfusca, L. Redbeds Plains area). varia, Lepraria chlorine, Extreme east refers to one Graphis scripta, Pertusaria or more of Creek, Pawnee, leioplaca, P. multipuncta, and Osage counties. and P. pustulata. Westernmost refers to one or Only Caloplaca aurantiaca more of Grant, Garfield, and was found in some abundance Kingfisher counties. throughout the area, while C. Those occurring only in chrysophthalma, C. the extreme east include microphylina, Lecanora Anapptychia granulifera, A. hageni, L. varia, Pertusaria hypoleuca, Dermatocarpon leioplaca, P. multipuncta, tuckermani, Physcia and P. pustulata also millegrana, and Pyxine occurred scattered in several caesiopruinosa. counties. Caloplaca Other occurring over a microphylina occurred only in wider area, but not found in the west while the others the west are Anaptychia occurred primarily in the heterochroa, Collema east. conglomeratum, C. subfurvum, Other species were Leptogium chloromelum, L. collected infrequently but cyanescens, Parmelia indicated the following caperata, P. haitiensis, P. distributional pattern: rudecta, and Physcia grisea. Allarthonia caesia, Crocynia The 29 “macro-corticolous” membranacea, Lecanora lichens indicate the gradual

Keck, D.W. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 17 Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 piniperda, L. subfusca, Saxicolous Species Lepraria chlorine, Graphis Growth Forms scripta, Pertusaria Foliose leioplaca, P. multipuncta, Lichen species growing on and P. pustulata occurred rocks about equal the number only in the east, and growing on trees, but there Candelariella xanthostigma is a greater proportion of only in the west. crustose species. There are only a few that can properly Microhabitat be termed foliose; however, Most of the foliose forms several others which approach were found on rough bark of this form are called various woody species “squamulose” or “near- although Teloschistes foliose”. The first term chrysophthalmus and applies to small bits of Xanthoria candelaria were thallus that have the same often found on dead twigs or morphology as a foliose bark of dead trees. lichen except that it is much Crustose forms were smaller in diameter. The divided into three latter term applies to those categories: Caloplaca forms that have a poorly microphylina, Buellia developed thallus in the punctata, and B. schaereri center but are thicker and which were found n decaying lobed at the margins. fence posts or old stumps; Lichens growing on rocks in Allarthonia caesia, Lecanora the above categories are hageni, L. piniperda, L. Dermatocarpon miniatum, subfusca, Graphis scripta, Endocarpon pusillum, Heppia Pertusaria leioplaca, and P. hassei, Lecanora muralis, L. pustulata which were found rubina, Lecidea rufonigra, L. on smooth bark such as the russellii, Parmelia younger parts of hickory conspersa, P. isidiata, P. (Carya sp.), hackberry obsessa, P. stenophylla, (Celtis laevigata), redbud Physcia halei, P. subtilis, (Cercis canadensis), and red P. teretiuscula, and Rinodina oak (Quercus sp.); and oreina. Caloplaca aurantiaca, c. Lecanora muralis is the cerina, c. ulmorum, and only species that occurs Pertusaria multipuncta which throughout the area. There were found on rough bark are only a few species in the such as post oak (Quercus west but this likely reflects stellata), blackjack (Q. the extreme scarcity of rocks marilandica), cottonwood in the three westernmost (Populus deltoids), and elm counties. None of the species (Ulmus Americana). occurs primarily in the west, but Lecidea rufonigra, L. russellii, Endocarpon

Keck, D.W. 18 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 pusillum, and Heppia hassei and Sarcogyne clavus are are rather intermediate relatively widespread, but while the other species are somewhat more abundant in the found exclusively in the east. Lecanora calcarea is east. also widespread, but more According to Weaver and frequent in the west. Others Clements (33), foliose forms occurring less frequently but normally follow crustose still not confined to a small forms in a xerosere, but area are Acarospora fuscata, Oosting and Anderson (26) Caloplaca flavovirescens, and indicate that crustose forms Lecanora dispersa. sometimes decay a rock in The other species were such a way that this collected only a few times succession is not followed. each, or in a small area, Both conditions were found with the following in the study area. distribution pattern: Acarospora smaragdula, Crustose Bacidia granosa, Buellia novomexicana, B. spuria, B. The crustose rock forms stigmaea, Lecania include the following californica, Lecanora atra, species: Acarospora citrine, L. melanea, Pertusaria A. fuscata, A. smaragdula, pertusa, and Verrucaria Bacidia granosa, B. umbrina, calciseda are found only in Buellia alboatra, B. the east, while Buellia novomexicana, B. alboatra and B. vilis are retrovertens, B. spuria, B. found only in the west. Many stigmaea, B. vilis, in this group occupy an Caloplaca arizonica, C. intermediate to somewhat decipiens, C. easterly position. flavovirencens, C. lobulata, C. murorum, Candelariella vitellina, Diploschistes Types of Rock actinostomus, d. scruposus, var. scruposus, Lecania Another important californica, L. perproxima, consideration is the type of Lecanora atra, L. calcarea, rock. Those species found on L. dispersa, L. melaena, limestone are Bacidia Lecidea tesselina, granosa, Buellia alboatra, B. Pertusaria pertusa, P. vilis, Dermatocarpon velata, Placynthium nigrum, miniatum, Heppia hassei, Sarcogyne clavus, S. Lecania californica, L. pruinosa, S. simplex, perproxima, Lecanora Verrucaria calsiceda, and V. calcarea, and Verrucaria nigrescens. calsiceda. Acarospora citrine, Those found on both Candelariella vitellina, sandstone and limestone are Diploschistes actinostomus, Acaropsora fuscata, Caloplaca murorum, Endocarpon pusillum,

Keck, D.W. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 19 Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006

Lecanora muralis, Lecidea westernmost counties, russellii, Placynthium although sterile, nigrum, and Sarcogyne unidentifiable specimens were pruinosa, while the found only a few miles away remaining 35 species in this in adjacent counties. group are confined to Coccocarpia cronia, which sandstone. also occurs on tree bases, There was a slight and Diploschistes scruposus north to south variation var. bryophila occur only in since most of the limestone the east and grow among was found in the north. mosses over sandstone. Staurothele diffractella, s. umbrina, Dermatocarpon Terricolous Species hepaticum, and Lecidea The remaining species of decipiens were found on lichens grow on soil or exposed soil, and occur only loosely compacted silty in the west. clay, sometimes being closely associated with rocks but not attached SUMMARY directly to them. Over 1000 specimens of Included are Cladonia lichens were collected in an apodocarpa, C. capitata, C. 11-county area of North chlorophaea, C. fimbriata, Central Oklahoma during 1959- C. subcariosa, C. subtenuis, 60. this included 111 species C. uncialis, Coccocarpia and varieties representing 34 cronia, Dermatocarpon genera and 20 families. Their hepaticum, Diploschistes identificfation involved the scruposus, var. bryophila, use of 24 monographic studies Lecidea decipiens, Peltigera and other taxonomic canina, Staurothele literature. Keys to various diffreactella, and S. taxa and a list of all umbrina. species are included. The The Cladonia species occur order of listing families primarily on thin, moist, follows Fink (10) with shaded soil overlying nomenclature following Hale sandstone. Cladonia capitata and Culberson (13). Families and C. chlorophaea are having the greatest number of readily found in the east species and varieties are with C. subcariosa being Physciaceae 17, Lecanoraceae restricted to a smaller area 14, Parmeliaceae 12, and also of less frequent Caloplacaceae 10, and occurrence. The other Buelliaceae 9. These five species are very infrequent families contain 56 per cent and occur only in the of all species found. Table I extreme west. No Cladonia shows the distribution by species were found in counties for each taxon. A

Keck, D.W. 20 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 tablular view of families is for a species, each substrate shown in Table II. is cited only once, and The specimens are being specimens without the deposited with the lichen substrate immediately collection of the Department of following the collecting Botany and Plant Pathology at number have the same Oklahoma State University, and substrate as the one duplicates of most of these are previously listed. Taxa in the author’s private collection. Only five species preceded by an asterisk have were collected in each county, not been previously reported while ten othrs were collected as components of the Oklahoma in at least eight counties. lichen flora. Those species Sixty-four species were among this group not followed collected in three counties or by special literature less and 30 of these were citations were not included collected in only one county in other literature pertinent each. There was a much more to Oklahoma lichens. (11, 14, luxuriant lichen flora in the 15, 16, 18, 20). east than in the west, with little north to south variation. Ecological relationships are discussed and remarks on location and habitat Pyrenulales are given for each species in Verrucariaceae the “List of Species and *Verrucaria calsiceda DC.[= V. Habitats”. calciseda DC.] is represented by Fifty-nine additions were Keck 68 on limestone, five made to the lichen flora of miles west of Skiatook, in Oklahoma. These are given Osage County. special reference in the keys. *Verrucaria nigrescens Pers. is represented by Keck 36 on LISTOFSPECIESAND sandstone, two miles HABITATS northeast of Cleveland, in Osage County, and by Keck [Ed. note: Nomenclature 1075 on limestone, six miles updated in 2006 by Douglas M. northwest of Renfrow in Ladd is in brackets] Grant County. The order of listing *Staurothele diffractella families follows Fink (10) (Nyl.) Tuck. is represented while nomenclature follows by Keck 519 on poorly Hale and Culberson (13). cemented silty clay, 15 Each number is a collecting miles east of Kingfisher in number for a specimen. These Kingfisher County. are referred to only for species which represent Staurothele umbrina (Ach.) [= S. fissa (Taylor) Zwackh] additions to the lichen Tuck. ; on flora of Oklahoma. When more poorly cemented silty clay; than one specimen is cited Kingfisher County.

Keck, D.W. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 21 Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006

Dermatocarpaceae store, and Keck 849 on *Dermatocarpon hepaticum redbud, 12 miles north of (Ach.) Th. Fr. [= Catapyrenium Pawhuska, both in Osage cinereum (Pers.) Körber, but these County. reports probably refer, at least in part, to Placidium squamulosum (Ach.) Breuss] Graphidaceae is represented by Keck 995 *Graphis scripta (L.)Ach. is on exposed soil, two miles represented by Keck 678 on west of Kingfisher in hackberry, one mile Kingfisher County. northwest of Blackburn in *Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) Pawnee County, and by Keck Mann. [reports on calcareous 939 on red oak, four miles substrates probably refer to D. northeast of Ripley in Payne muhlenbergii (Ach.) Műll. Arg.] is County. represented by Keck 76 on limestone, five miles west Lecanorales of Skiatook, in Osage Diploschistaceae County, and Keck 1056, six *Diploschistes actinostomus miles south and six miles (Pers.)Zahl.[(Ach.) Zahlbr.] is east of Newkirk, in Kay represented by Keck 16 on County. sandstone, two miles east of Cleveland, in Osage County, Dermatocarpon tuckermani and by Keck 440, 361, 536, (Rav.) Zahl.[= Placidium arboretum 584, and 672 in Creek, (Michener) Lendemer]; on post Lincoln, Logan, Noble, and oak, in Osage County. Pawnee counties, Endocarpon pusillum Hedw. respectively. [local reports probably refer to E. Diploschistes scruposus pallidulum (Nyl.) Nyl.] is (Schreb.) Norm., var. represented by Keck 374 on scruposus; on sandstone; sandstone, one mile north Lincoln, Logan, Osage, and of Warwick in Lincoln Payne counties. County, and by Keck 762 on limestone, four miles *Diploschistes scruposus northeast of Newkirk in Kay (Schreb.) Norm., var. County. bryophila (Ehrh.) Ach. [= D. muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant.] is Hysteriales represented by Keck 792 over Arthoniaceae mosses, five miles southwest *Allarthonia caesia Fw. [= of Stillwater in Payne Arthonia caesia (Flotow) Körber] is County, and by Keck 345 over represented by Keck 915 on Cladonia sp. three and one- persimmon (Diospyros half miles southwest of virginiana), five miles Tryon in Lincoln County. southeast of Oilton, in Creek County; by Keck 57 on Collemaceae (5) willow (Salix nigra), three Collema conglomeratum Hoffm.: miles south of Wild Horse on post oak; Lincoln,

Keck, D.W. 22 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 Pawnee, Lincoln, Pawnee, Galloway]; on moss-covered and Payne counties. sandstone; Creek County. Collema subfurvum (Mull. Peltigeraceae (31) Arg.) Degel. [= C. subflaccidum Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.; Degl.]; on post oak and red [probably P. praetextata (Flörke ex cedar (Juniperus Sommerf.) Zopf]; on shaded mossy virginiana); Creek, banks, usually overlying Lincoln, Osage, and Payne sandstone; Creek, Pawnee, counties. and Payne counties. *Leptogium chloromelum (Sw.) Nyl. [occurs rarely in midcontinental Lecideaceae North America; L. millegranum Sierk is Lecidea decipens (Ehrh.) Ach. more common] is represented [= Psora decipiens (Hedw.) Hoffm.]; on by Keck 614 on cedar, four open soil over Dermatocarpon miles northeast of Ripley hepaticum; Grant, in Payne County, and by Kingfisher, and Noble Keck 796 on post oak, three counties. miles south of Chandler in Lecidea rufonigra (Tuck.)Nyl. Lincoln County. [= Psorula rufonigra (Tuck.) Gotth. Leptogium cyanescens (Ach.) Schneid.] is represented by Keck Khr. [(Rabenh.) Körber]; on post 1010 on sandstone, one-half oak; Lincoln County. mile southwest of Tuskegee in Creek County. Heppiaceae Lecidea russellii Tuck. [= Psora *Heppia hassei Zahl. [= Peltula russellii (Tuck.) A. Schneid., a terricolous obscurans Nyl. var. hassei (Zahlbr.) species – these reports of saxicolous Wetmore] is represented by populations refer to Psora pseudorussellii Keck 1067 on limestone, six Timdal]; on sandstone and miles northwest of Renfrow limestone; Lincoln, Logan, in Grant County, and by and Osage counties. Keck 78 and 268 from Osage *Lecidea tesselina Tuck. [= and Garfield counties, Lecanora oreinoides (Körber) Hertel & respectively. Rambold] is represented by Keck 10 on sandstone, two Pannariaceae miles east of Cleveland, in *Placynthium nigrum (Huds.) Osage County, and by Keck S. Gray is represented by 113, 143, 871, and 880 at Keck 1075B on limestone, other locations in Osage six miles northwest of County. Renfrow in Grant County, and by Keck 1081 on loosely *Bacidia granosa (Tuck.) compacted silty clay, 15 Zahl. [= Bacidia coprodes (Körber) miles east of Kingfisher in Lettau] is represented by Keck Kingfisher County. 75 on limestone, five miles west of Skiatook, in Osage *Coccocarpia cronia Tuck. [= C. County. palmicola (Sprengel) Arv. & D.J.

Keck, D.W. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 23 Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006

*Bacidia umbrina (Ach.) County, and by Keck 392C and Bausch [= Scoliciosporum umbrinum) 663B in Lincoln and Pawnee Ach.) Arnold] is represented by counties, respectively. Keck 586 on sandstone, *Cladonia subtenuis (des seven miles west of Perry Abbayes) Evans [(Abbayes) Mattick] in Noble County. is represented by Keck 847 Cladoniaceae (16, 24) on slightly shaded soil, 12 *Cladonia apodocarpa Robbins miles north of Pawhuska in is represented by Keck 1053 Osage County. on shaded soil, 12 miles *Cladonia uncialis (L.) Web. north of Pawhuska in Osage [(L.) F.H.Wigg.] is represented by County, and by Keck 1046, Keck 1054 on slightly shaded one mile west of Mounds in soil, 12 miles north of Creek County. Pawhuska in Osage County. *Cladonia capitata (Michx.) Spreng. [= C. peziziformis (With.) J.R. Acarosporaceae Laundon] is represented by Sarcogyne clavus (Ram.) Keck 784 on shaded soil, Krmph. is represented by five miles southwest of Keck 29 on sandstone, two Stillwater in Payne County miles east of Cleveland, in and by Keck 100, 663, 998, Osage County, and by Keck and 1037 in Osage, Pawnee, 465, 289, 359, 540, 595, and Logan, and Lincoln 674 in Creek, Garfield, counties, respectively. Lincoln, Logan, Noble, and Pawnee counties, Cladonia chlorophaea (Fik.) respectively. Spreng. [possibly including or consisting of this species and/or C. *Sarcogyne pruinosa (Sm.) cryptochlorophaea Asahina and C. grayi Kbr. [=S. regularis Körber.] is G. Merr.]; on thin soil over represented by Keck 725 on sandstone; Creek, Lincoln, sandstone, seven miles east Osage, Pawnee, and Payne of Fairfax in Osage county, counties. and by Keck 271 and 1073 on *Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. limestone, in Garfield and [possibly, but not known from Oklahoma; Grant counties, these reports more likely refer to the C. respectively. chlorophaea complex (see previous entry] is represented by Keck Sarcogyne simplex (Dav.) Nyl. 388 on thin soil over [= Polysporina simplex Davies) Vězda]; sandstone, three miles on sandstone; Logan County. south of Chandler in Acarospora citrina (Tayl.) Lincoln County. Zahl.; on sandstone; Creek, *Cladonia subcariosa Nyl. [= Garfield, Lincoln, Logan, C. polycarpoides Nyl.] is Noble, Osage, Pawnee, and represented by Keck 26 on Payne counties. shaded soil, two miles east of Cleveland, in Osage

Keck, D.W. 24 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 *Acarospora fuscata (Nyl.) plittiana Erichsen, and the sandstone Arn. [(Schrader) Arnold] is substrate cited here indicates a similar represented by Keck 82 on possibility]; on sandstone; Creek limestone, five miles west and Payne counties. of Skiatook, and Keck 2 on *Pertusaria pustulata (Ach.) sandstone, two miles east Duby is represented by Keck of Cleveland, both in Osage 415 on post oak, three and County, and Keck 1033, 659, one-half miles east of and 642 in Lincoln, Pawnee, Shamrock in Creek County, and Payne counties and by Keck 368, 128, 669, respectively. and 269 on various woody *Acarospora smaragdula (Wh.) species in Lincoln, Osage, Th. Fr. is represented by Pawnee, and Payne counties Keck 40 on sandstone, two respectively. miles east of Cleveland, in *Pertusaria velata (Turn.) Osage County, and by Keck Nyl. is represented by Keck 368 and 653 in Lincoln and 1028 on sandstone, one mile Pawnee counties, northwest of Ripley in Payne respectively. County.

Pertusariaceae Lecanoraceae *Pertusaria leioplaca Lecanora atra (Huds.) Ach. [= (Ach.)DC. [DC.; this report may Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner]; on include or consist of P. paratuberculifera sandstone; Creek County. Dibben, which is locally common on hardwoods in the eastern portion of the *Lecanora calcarea (L.)Smrft. study area] is represented by [=Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Mudd; local Keck 13 on blackjack oak, reports may include or consist of A. two miles east of contorta (Hoffm.) Kremp.) is Cleveland, in Osage County, represented by Keck 66 on and by Keck 464, 382, 573, limestone, five miles west and 611 on various woody of Skiatook, in Osage species in Creek, Lincoln, County, and by Keck 270, Noble, and Payne counties, 1070, 531, 558, and 905 in respectively. Garfield, Grant, Logan, Noble, and Pawnee counties, Pertusaria multipuncta respectively. (Turn.) Nyl.; [= P. multipunctoides Diben] on *Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) blackjack oak, post oak, Rohl. [= (Pers.) Sommerf.] is and hickory; Creek, represented by Keck 240 on Lincoln, Osage, and Payne cement, three miles counties. southwest of Hillsdale in Garfield County, and by Keck Pertusaria pertusa (L.) 538, 582, and 728 on Tuck.[North American reports of this sandstone, in Logan, Noble, taxon are based on misidentifications; several pre-1980 Missouri specimens and Osage counties determined as this species are actually P. respectively.

Keck, D.W. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 25 Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006

Lecanora hageni Ach.; [= L. Lecanora varia (Ehrh.) hagenii (Ach.) Ach.]on hickory, Ach.[(Hoffm.) Ach.; almost certainly hackberry, persimmon, pecan refers to L. strobilina (Sprengel.) Keiffer]; (Carya illinoensis), red on hickory, persimmon, post cedar, and various oaks; oak, plum (Prunus sp.), Creek, Kay, Lincoln, Noble, birch (Betula nigra), and Payne counties. redbud, ash, and cedar; Creek, Kay, Lincoln, Osage, *Lecanora melaena (Hedl.) Pawnee, and Payne counties. Fink is represented by Keck 38 on sandstone, two *Lecania californica (Zahl.) miles east of Cleveland, in Fink is represented by Keck Osage county. 71 on limestone, five miles west of Skiatook, in Osage Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) County. Rabh.; on sandstone and limestone; Creek, Garfield, *Lecania perproxima Kay, Logan, Noble, Osage, (Nyl.)Zahl. is represented Pawnee, and Payne counties. by Keck 1015 on sandstone, one-half mile west of *Lecanora piniperda Kbr. [Brodo et al. (2001) restrict the range of Meridian in Logan County. this taxon to boreal North America and *Candelariella vitellina the Rocky mountains] is (Ehrh.) Mull Arg. [(Hoffm.) Műll. represented by Keck 414 on Arg.]; on sandstone; Creek, post oak, three and one- Garfield, Lincoln, Logan, half miles southwest of Noble, Osage, Pawnee, and Avery in Lincoln County, Payne counties. and by Keck 853 on redbud, 12 miles north of Pawhuska *Candelariella xanthostigma in Osage County. (Pers.) Lett. [(Ach.) Lettau] is *Lecanora rubina (Vill.) represented by Keck 188 over Ach. [= Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (Sm.) Physcia sp. on cottonwood, Zopf] is represented by Keck two miles south of Lamont in 117 on sandstone, 12 miles Grant County. north of Pawhuska in Osage County, and by Keck 948 and Parmeliaceae 686 in Noble and Pawnee Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) counties, respectively. [(Dicks.) Stein.] Arn. Var. concolor; on elm, soapberry, Lecanora subfusca (L.) Ach. (Sapindus drummondii), red [= L. allophana Nyl., but probably refers cedar, hackberry, willow, to L. hybocarpa (Tuck.) Brodo]; on birch, mulberry (Morus hackberry, persimmon, red rubra), post oak, and oak, hickory, redbud, ash blackjack oak; Creek, (Fraxinus americana), and Garfield, Grant, Kingfisher, red cedar; Creek, Kay, Logan, Noble, and Osage Lincoln, Osage, Pawnee, and counties. Payne counties.

Keck, D.W. 26 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 *Candelaria concolor northeast of Ripley in Payne (Dicks.) Arn. var. effuse County, and by Keck 418, (Tuck.) Merr. & Burnh. is 348, and 841 on post oak or represented by Keck 982 on black jack in Creek, Willow, three miles Lincoln, and Osage counties, southeast of Hillsdale in respectively. Garfield County, and by Parmelia isidiata (Anzi) Keck 323 on elm and 899 on Gyel.; on sandstone; Logan, bois-d’Arc in Logan and Noble, and Pawnee counties. Pawnee counties, respectively. Parmelia obsessa (Ach.); [= Myelochroa obsessa (Ach.) Elix & Hale]; Candelaria fibrosa (Fr.) on sandstone; Creek County. Mull. Arg.; on most woody species and on sandstone; Parmelia reticulate (Tayl.)[= Creek, Garfield, Grant, Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Kay, Kingfisher, Lincoln, Choisy]; on blackjack oak, Logan, Noble, Osage, post oak, redbud, elm, red Pawnee, and Payne counties. cedar, and sandstone; Creek, Kay, Kingfisher, Lincoln, Parmelia bolliana Mull. Logan, Noble, Osage, Pawnee, Arg.; [= Punctelia bolliana (Műll. Arg.) and Payne counties. Krog and/or Punctelia graminicola (de Lesd.) Egan]; on most woody Parmelia rudecta Ach. [Punctelia species and on sandstone; rudecta (Ach.) Krog; may also include Creek, Garfield, Grant, Punctelia missouriensis G. Wilh. & Ladd]; Kay, Kingfisher, Lincoln, on blackjack oak and Logan, Noble, Osage, sandstone; Lincoln, Osage, Pawnee, and Payne counties. and Payne counties. Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach.; Parmelia stenophylla (Achl.) [= Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale Heug. [= Xanthoparmelia and/or F. baltimorensis (Gyeln. & Fơriss.) viriduloumbrina (Gyeln.) Lendemer]; on Hale; blackjack oak, sandstone; Osage County. sandstone, and thin soil overlying sandstone; Creek, Caloplacaceae Lincoln, Osage, and Payne *Caloplaca arizonica Rudolph counties. non Magn. [possibly C. subsoluta (Nyl.) Parmelia conspersa Zahlbr.] is represented by Keck (Ehrh.)Ach.[= Xanthoparmelia 94 on sandstone, two miles conspersa (Ach.) Hale; may refer to other north of Barnsdall in Osage isidiate taxa of Xanthoparmelia, with a county, and by Keck 1007 and dark lower cortex, such as X. mexicana 813 in Logan and Pawnee (Gyeln.) Hale]; on sandstone; counties, respectively. Creek and Osage counties. Caloplaca aurantiaca *Parmelia haitiensis (Hale)[= (Lightf.) Th. Fr.[= C. Parmotrema hatiense (Hale) Hale] is flavorubescens (Huds.) J.R. Laundon]; represented by Keck 944 on on most woody species; sandstone, four miles Creek, Garfield, Grant, Kay,

Keck, D.W. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 27 Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006

Kingfisher, Lincoln, Logan, County, and by Keck 220, Noble, Osage, and Payne 757, 510, 410, and 576, counties. primarily on fence posts and dead wood, in Grant, Kay, Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh.) Th. Kingfisher, Lincoln, and Fr.; on elm and cottonwood; Noble counties, Garfield and Grant respectively. counties. Caloplaca murorum (Hoffm.) *Caloplaca chrysophthalma Th. Fr.; [= C. saxicola (Hoffm.) Nordin Degel. [while this taxon is frequent in (may represent misidentification)] the region, it is a corticolous species] on is represented by Keck 462, sandstone and limestone; 748,835,689, and 308 on Garfield, Osage, and Payne various woody species in counties. Creek, Kay, Osage, Pawnee, *Caloplaca ulmorum Fink [(Fink) and Payne counties, Fink] is represented by Keck respectively. 233 on cottonwood, three *Caloplaca dicipiens miles southeast of Hillsdale (Arn.)Jatta. [(Arnold) Blomb. & in Garfield County, and by Forss.] is represented by Keck 178, 746, 521, 417, and Keck 583 and 597 on 155 on elm, cottonwood, and sandstone, seven miles west dead wood in Grant, Kay of Perry in Noble County. Kingfisher, Logan, and Osage counties, respectively. *Caloplaca flavovirescens (Wulf.) D.T. & S. is Teloschistaceae (30) represented by Keck 4 on Teloschistes chrysophthalmus sandstone, two miles east (L.) Th. Fr.; on various of Cleveland, in Osage woody species especially County, and by Keck 432, dead twigs; Creek, Garfield, 1012, and 568 from Creek, Grant, Kay, Kingfisher, Lincoln, and Noble Lincoln, Logan, Noble, counties, respectively. Osage, Pawnee, and Payne *Caloplaca lobulata counties. (Floerke) Hellb. [(Flörke) de Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Lesd.]is represented by Keck Arn. [possibly Xanthomendoza fulva 92 on sandstone, two miles (Hoffm.) Søchting or Xanthomendoza fallax north of Barnsdall in Osage (Hepp) Søchting]; on various County, and by Keck 376, woody species, especially 527, and 814 from Lincoln, bark of dead trees; Creek, Logan, and Pawnee counties, Garfield, Grant, Kay, respectively. Kingfisher, Lincoln, Logan, *Caloplaca microphylina Noble, Osage, Pawnee, and (Tuck.) Hasse is Payne counties. represented by Keck 278 on mulberry, eight miles north of Garber in Garfield

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coniferous substrates (possibly Buelliaceae (22) Amandinea sp.?)] is represented *Buellia alboatra (Hoffm.) by Keck 509 and 513 on dead Th. Fr.[= Diplotomma alboatrum (Hoffm.) Flotow, possibly including or wood, one-half mile south of consisting of D. venustum (Körber) Loyal, in Kingfisher County. Körber] is represented by Keck Imshaug (22) lists this 1079 on limestone, six species as boreal, and miles northwest of Renfrow reported only from states in Grant County, and by bordering Canada. Keck 1065 in Garfield Buellia spuria (Schaer.) County. Imshaug (22) lists Anzi; on sandstone; Osage this species as occurring County. in several northeastern and midwestern states extending *Buellia stigmaea Tuck. [= B. no farther south than maculate Bungartz?] Is represented Colorado. by Keck 882 on sandstone, two miles east of Cleveland, *Buellia novomexicana B. de in Osage County, and by Keck Lesd. [= B. tyrolensis Körber] is 439 and 711 in Creek County. represented by Keck 2 on Imshaug (22) lists this sandstone, two miles east species from several of Cleveland, in Osage southern states but not County, and by Keck 593 on farther west than Missouri. sandstone and 86 on limestone in Noble and *Buellia vilis Th.Fr. is Osage counties, represented by Keck 67 on respectively. limestone, five miles west of Skiatook, in Osage Buellia punctata (Hoffm.) County. Imshaug (22) lists Mass. [= Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) this species only from North Coppins & Scheid.]; on sandstone Dakota and Colorado. and dead wood; Garfield, Grant, Osage, Pawnee, and Rinodina oreina (Ach.) Mass. Payne counties. [=Dimelaena oreina (Ach.) Norman]; on sandstone; Osage and Pawnee *Buellia retrovertens Tuck. counties. is represented by Keck 581 on sandstone, seven miles Physciaceae (23) west of Perry in Noble *Pyxine caesiopruinosa County, and by Keck 675 (Tuck.) Imshaug [possibly P. from Pawnee County. Imshaug subcinerea Stirton] is represented (22) lists this species as by Keck 702 on red oak, five occurring from Texas, New miles southeast of Oilton, Mexico, and Colorado in Creek County. Imshaug westward to the coast. (23) lists this species as *Buellia schaereri Dnot. [may occurring only from several represent misidentifications; this is a Gulf Coast states. boreal taxon that is restricted to

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Physcia aipolia (Ehrh.) Noble, Osage, and Payne Hampe [(Ehrh. Ex Humb.) Fűrnr.]; on counties. various woody species; Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl.; Garfield, Grant, Kay, on various woody species and Kingfisher, Lincoln, Logan, sandstone; Creek, Garfield, Noble, Osage, Pawnee, and Kay, Kingfisher, Lincoln, Payne counties. Logan, Noble, Osage, Pawnee, Physcia ciliata (Hoffm.) and Payne counties. DR.[= Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hoffm.) *Physcia syncolla Tuck. [= Moberg] ; on soapberry, elm, Hyperphyscia syncolla (Tuck ex Nyl.) Kalb] cottonwood, post oak, and is represented by Keck 1041 ash; Garfield, Grant, Kay, on hackberry, one mile west Lincoln, Noble, Osage, of Mounds in Creek County, Pawnee, and Payne counties. and by Keck 197, 737, 480, Physcia elaeina (Sm.) A. L. 383, 319, 556, 156, 645, and Sm. [= Hyperphyscia adglutinata 635 on various woody species (Flörke) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt]; on from Garfield, Grant, Kay, cottonwood and hickory; Kingfisher, Lincoln, Logan, Garfield, Grant, and Osage Noble, Osage, Pawnee, and counties Payne counties, respectively. Physcia grisea (Lam.) Zahl. [probably Physconia leucoleiptes (Tuck.) Physcia teretiuscula (Ach.) Essl.]; on blackjack oak, Lynge [= P. dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau; post oak, hickory, and elm; possibly Speerschneidera euploca (Tuck.) Creek, Lincoln, Noble, and Trevisan or Physcia subtilis Degel.]; on Osage counties. sandstone; Creek County. *Physcia halei Thomson is Physcia tribacoides Nyl.; represented by Keck 816 on [possibly P. americana G. Merr.] on sandstone, eight miles post oak, blackjack oak, north of Morrison, in elm, hackberry, persimmon, Pawnee County, and by Keck red cedar, and sandstone; 115, 134, and 875 from Creek, Grant, Kay, Lincoln, Osage County. Logan, Osage, and Payne counties. Physcia millegrana Degel.; on birch; Osage County. Anaptychia granulifera (Ach.) Mass.; [= Heterodermia granulifera Physcia orbicularis (Neck.) (Ach.) W.L. Culb.] on post oak; Poetsch. [= Phaeophyscia orbicularis Osage County. (Necker) Moberg, but probably other sorediate species including P. adiastola Anaptychia heterochroa Vain.[= (Essl.) Essl, P. insignis ) Mereschk.) Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevisan]; Moberg, P. pusilloides (Zahlbr.) Essl. or on various oaks, hickory, P. rubropulchra (Degel.) Essl.]; on and sandstone; Creek, various woody species and Lincoln, Osage, Pawnee, and limestone; Creek, Garfield, Payne counties. Kay, Kingfisher, Logan,

Keck, D.W. 30 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 Anaptychia hypoleuca (Muhl.) *4. Culberson, William L. Vain. [= Heterodermia hypoleuca 1955. A Guide to the Literature on the (Muhl.) trevisan]; on post oak Lichen Flora and Vegetation of the United and red oak; Creek and States. U.S.D.A. Agri. Res. Osage counties. Service. Plant Disease Anaptychia speciosa (Wulf.) Epidemics and Identification Section. Mass. [= Heterodermia speciosa Beltsville, MD. Special (Wulfen) Trevisan]; on sandstone; Payne County. Publication 7:1-54. 5. Degelius, Gunnar. 1954. The Lichen Genus Collema in Europe. Lichenes Imperfecti Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12 Leprariaceae (2):1-499. *Lepraria chlorina Ach. 6. Evans, A. W. 1930. The [= Chrysothrix chlorina (Ach.) J.R. Cladoniae of Connecticut. Trans. Laundon, but probably Chrysothrix Conn. Acad. Arts and candelaris (L.) J.R. Laundon] is Sciences. 30:357-510. represented by Keck 1052 on 7. Fearing, O. S. 1952. birch, in Osage Hills State Preliminary Study of the Taxonomy and Park in Osage County. Ecology of Kansas Lichens. Univ. *Crocynia membranacea Kans. Sci. Bull. 35:543- (Dicks.) Zahl. [probably 575. Lepraria lobificans Nyl.] is 8. Fink, Bruce. 1911. The Nature represented by Keck 307 on and Classification of Lichens—I. Views and post oak, one mile north of Arguments of Botanists Concerning Coyle in Payne County, and Classification. Mycologia. by Keck 422, 353, 315, 562, 3:231-269. and 140 on various oaks or 9. Fink, Bruce. 1913. The Nature sandstones from Creek, and Classification of Lichens—II. The Lincoln, Logan, Noble, and Lichen and Its Algal Host. Osage counties, Mycologia. 5:97-166. respectively. 10. Fink, Bruce. 1935. The Lichen flora of the United States. Univ. of SELECTEDBIBLIOGRAPHY Mich. Press, Ann Arbor. *General works not cited in text 11. Hale, Mason E., Jr. 1952. Studies on the Lichen Rinodina Oreina in 1. Asahina, Y. 1954. Chemistry of North America. Bull. Tor. Lichen Substances. Tokyo. Bot. Cl. 79:251-259. 2. Berry, E. C. 1941. A 12. Hale, Mason E., Jr. 1955. Monograph of the Genus Parmelia in Xanthoparmelia in North America I. The North America, North of Mexico Parmelia Conspersa-Stenophylla group. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Tor. Bot. Cl. 28:31-146. 82:9-21. 3. Bruner, W. E. 1931. The 13. Hale, Mason E., Jr. and Vegetation of Oklahoma. William L. Culberson. Ecological Monographs. 1956. A Checklist of the Lichens of the 1:100-188. United States, Canada, and Alaska. Castenea. 21:73-105.

Keck, D.W. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 31 Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006

14. Hale, Mason E, Jr. 1956. 24. Luttrell, E. S. 1954. The Chemical Strains of the Parmelia Cladoniaceae of Virginia. Lloydia. Conspersa-Stenophylla Group in South 17:275-306. Central United States. Bull. 25. Nearing, G. G. 1947. The Tor. Bot. Cl. 83:218- Lichen Book. Published by the 220. author, Ridgewood, New 15. Hale, Mason E., Jr. Jersey. 1956. A Note on Lichenes Americani 26. Oosting, H.J. and L. E. Exsiccati, fascicle I. The Anderson. 1937. The Vegetation Bryologist. 59:41-43. of a Barefaced Cliff in Western North 16. Hale, Mason E., Jr. Carolina. Ecology. 18:280- 1957. Corticolous Lichen Flora of the 292. Ozark Mountains. Trans. Kans. 27. Schneider, Albert. 1897. Acad. Sci. 60:155-160. A Text-Book of General Lichenology. 17. Hale, Mason E., Jr. Wm. N. Clute and 1957. Lichen Handbook. Company, Binghamton. Smithsonian Institution 28. Smith, Annie L. 1921. Washington, D. C. Lichens. Cambridge Univ. 18. Hale, Mason E., Jr. Press, Cambridge. 1958. The Status of Usnea 29. Snyder, L.C. 1917. Geography Diplotypus in North America. The of Oklahoma. Okla. Geol. Bryologist. 61:247-248. Survey. Bull. 27:1-325. 19. Hale, Mason E., Jr. 30. Thomson, John W., Jr. 1959. New or Interesting Species of 1949.The Teloschistaceae of Wisconsin- Parmelia in North America. The Papers on Wisconsin Lichens III. Amer. Bryologist. 62:20-21. Midl. Nat. 41:1-68. 20. Hedrick, Joyce. 1930. 31. Thomson, John W., Jr. Lichens from the State of Oklahoma. 1950. The Species of Peltigera of North Papers Mich. Acad. America, North of Mexico. Amer. Sci., Arts, and Midl. Nat. 44:1-68. Letters. 12:101-110. 32. United States Department 21. Howard, Grace E. 1950. of Agriculture. 1941. Lichens of the State of Washington. Yearbook of Agriculture. Univ. of Wash. Press, Climate and Man. (Washington, Seattle. D. C.) Gov’t. Printing 22. Imshaug, H. A. 1951. The Office: 1165-1174. Lichen-forming Species of the Genus 33. Weaver, John E. and Buellia in the United States and Canada. Frederick E. Clements. Univ. Microfilms Publ. 1938. Plant Ecology. McGraw- 2607, Ann Arbor, Hill Book Co., New York: Michigan. 66-68. 23. Imshaug, H. A. 1957. The 34. Wolfe, John N. 1940. A Lichen Genus Pyxine in North and Catalog of the Lichens of Ohio. Ohio Middle America. Trans. Amer. Biol. Sur. Bull. 36:1-50. Micros. Soc. 76:246- *35. Zahlbruckner, A. 1922- 269. 40. Catalogus Lichenus Universalis. Leipzig. 10 vol.

Keck, D.W. 32 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 TABLEI SPECIESOCCURRENCYBYCOUNTIES r e d h l s n e i l e k i t f o n e e e e e f n g c a l g n n e r a y n n g b a w y r a r a i i o o s a a C G G K K L L N O P P Acarospora X X X X X X X X citrine A. fuscata X X X X X

A.smaragdula X X X

Allarthonia X X caesia Anaptychia X granulifera A. heterochroa X X X X X

A. hypoleuca X X

A. speciosa X

Bacidia granosa X

B. umbrina X

Buellia X X alboatra B. novomexicana X X X

B. punctata X X X X X

B. retrovertens X X

B. schaereri X

B. spuria X

B. stigmaea X X C G G K K L L N O P P

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B. vilis X

Caloplaca X X X arizonica C. aurantiaca X X X X X X X X X X

C. cerina X X

C. X X X X X X chrysophthalma C. decipiens X

C. X X X X flavovirescens C. lobulata X X X X

C. microphylina X X X X X X

C. murorum X X X

C. ulmorum X X X X X X

Candelaria X X X X X X X concolor var. concolor C. concolor X X X var. effusa C. fibrosa X X X X X X X X X X X

Candelariella X X X X X X X vitellina C. xanthostigma X

Cladonia X X apodocarpa C G G K K L L N O P P

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C. capitata X X X X X

C. chlorophaea X X X X X

C. fimbriata X

C. subcariosa X X X

C. subtenuis X

C. uncialis X

Coccocarpia X cronia Collema X X X X conglomeratum C. subfurvum X X X X

Crocynia X X X X X X membranacea Dermatocarpon X X X hepaticum D. miniatum X X

D. tuckermani X

Diploschistes X X X X X X X actinostomus D. scruposus X X X X var. scruposus D. scruposus X X var. bryophila Endocarpon X X pusillum Graphis scripta X X C G G K K L L N O P P

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Heppia hassei X X X

Lecania californica X L. perproxima X

Lecanora atra X

L. calcarea X X X X X X X

L. dispersa X X X X X

L. hageni X X X X X

L. melaena X

L. muralis X X X X X X X X

L. piniperda X X

L. rubina X X X

L. subfusca X X X X

L. varia X X X X X X

Lecidea X X X decipiens L. rufonigra X X

L. russellii X X X

L. tesselina X

Keck, D.W. 36 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 r e d h l s n e i l e k i t f o n e e e e e f n g c a l g n n e r a y n n g b a w y r a r a i i o o s a a C G G K K L L N O P P Lepraria X chlorine Leptogium X X chloromelum L. cyanescens X

Parmelia X X X X X X X X X X X bolliana P. caperata X X X X

P. conspersa X X

P. haitiensis X X X X

P. isidiata X X X

P. obsessa X

P. reticulata X X X X X X X X X

P. rudecta X X X

P. stenophylla X

Peltigera X X X canine Pertusaria X X X X X X leioplaca P. multipuncta X X X X

P. pertusa X X

P. pustulata X X X X X

P. velata X C G G K K L L N O P P

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Physcia aipolia X X X X X X X X X X

P. ciliata X X X X X X X X

P. elaeina X X X

P. grisea X X X X

P. halei X X

P. millegrana X

P. orbicularis X X X X X X X X

P. stellaris X X X X X X X X X X

P. subtilis X X

P. syncolla X X X X X X X X X X X

P. teretiuscula X

P. tribacoides X X X X X X X

Placynthium X X X nigrum Pyxine X caesiopruinosa Rinodina oreina X X

Sarcogyne X X X X X X X clavus S. pruinosa X X X e r a y n n g b a w y r a r a i i o o s a a C G G K K L L N O P P

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S. simplex X

Staurothele X diffractella S. umbrina X

Teloschistes X X X X X X X X X X X chrysophthalmus Verrucaria X calsiceda V. nigrescens X X

Xanthoria X X X X X X X X X X X candelaria

Total species 44 29 24 21 19 45 32 33 77 41 42

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TABLEII TABULARVIEWOFTHEFAMILIES Species and Families Genera subordinate taxa Verrucariaceae 2 4 Dermatocarpaceae 2 4 Arthoniaceae 1 1 Graphidaceae 1 1 Diploschistaceae 1 3 Collemaceae 2 4 Heppiaceae 1 1 Pannariaceae 2 2 Peltigeraceae 1 1 Lecideaceae 2 6 Cladoniaceae 1 7 Acarosporaceae 2 6 Pertusariaceae 1 5 Lecanoraceae 3 14 Parmeliaceae 2 12 Caloplacaceae 1 10 Teloschistaceae 2 2 Buelliaceae 2 9 Physciaceae 3 17 Leprariaceae 2 2 TOTALS 20 34 111

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Keck, D.W. 42 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 TAXONOMICTREATMENT Keys to Various Taxa

Key to Classes, Orders, and Families 1. Thallus of more or less definite form, usually with ascocarps. Ascolichenes 1. Thallus of entangled hyphae, without ascocarps ...... Lichenes Imperfecti Ascolichenes 1. Hymenium produced in a perithecium ...... Pyrenulales 1. Hymenium produced in an apothecium 2. Thallus rudimentary; apothecia irregular, linear or oblong...... Hysteriales 2. Thallus commonly well developed; apothecia more or less round or cuplike ...... Lecanorales

Pyrenulales 1. Thallus crustose...... Verrucariaceae 1. thallus squamulose or foliose...... Dermatocarpaceae

Hysteriales 1. Apothecia without an exciple ...... Arthonicaceae 1. Apothecia with an exciple...... Graphidaceae

Lecanorales 1. Phycobiont a species of Myxophyceae 2. Thallus squamulose to foliose, taking its form from that of the phycobiont ...... Collemaceae 2. Thallus foliose to granulose; not taking its form from the phycobiont 3. Thallus large, plainly foliose . . . . . Peltigeraceae 3. Thallus smaller, somewhat foliose to granulose 4. Spores many per ascus ...... Heppiaceae 4. spores 8 per ascus ...... Pannariaceae 1. Phycobiont a species of Chlorophyceae 5. Apothecia with both thalloid and proper exciples.... Diploschistaceae 5. Apothecia with either thalloid or proper exciple, but not with both 6. Thallus two-fold, having both squamules and podetia.. Cladoniaceae 6. Thallus otherwise 7. Spores brown 8. Thallus crustose to scaly ...... Buelliaceae 8. Thallus foliose ...... Physciaceae 7. Spores hyaline 9. Spores very large, commonly up to 200 microns

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long ...... Pertusariaceae 9. spores smaller 10. Thallus plainly foliose to fruticose 11. Thallus generally small, yellowish in color Teloschistaceae 11. Thallus larger, not yellowish. Parmeliaceae 10. Thallus crustose to squamulose, or near foliose 12. Spores minute, many per ascus ...... Acarosporaceae 12. Spores larger, usually eight per ascus 13. Apothecia with proper exciple ...... Lecideaceae 13. Apothecia with thalloid exciple 14. Apothecia usually yellowish, spores usually one-septate with cells polar Caloplacaceae 14. Apothecia rarely yellowish, spores non-septate, septate, or muriform, but not polar ...... Lecanoraceae

Lichenes Imperfecti The only family representing this group is Leprariaceae.

Keck, D.W. 44 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 6, Number 1, December 2006 KEYTOGENERAANDSPECIES

Pyrenulales Verrucariaceae 1. Spores non-septate...... 1. Verrucaria 1. Spores muriform...... 2. Staurothele

1. Verrucaria 1. Thallus grayish-white ...... V. calciseda 1. Thallus brownish or greenish to black . . . . V. nigrescens

2. Staurothele 1. Spores two per ascus ...... S. umbrina 1. Spores eight per ascus ...... S. diffractella

Dermatocarpaceae 1. Spores non-septate ...... 1. Dermatocarpon 1. Spores muriform...... 2. Endocarpon 1. Dermatocarpon 1. Thallus umbilicate, foliose ...... D. miniatum 1. Thallus adnate, squamulose 2. Squamules round with elevated margins, not contiguous D. hepaticum 2. Squamules lobed and overlapping...... D. tuckermani 2. Endocarpon The only species representing this genus is E. pusillum.

Hysteriales Arthoniaceae The only genus representing this family is Allarthonia and the only species is A. caesia.

Graphidaceae The only genus representing this family is Graphis and the only species is G. scripta.

Lecanorales Collemaceae 1. Cortex of interwoven hyphae...... 1. Collema 2. Cortex plectenchymatous...... 2. Leptogium 1. Collema 1. Thallus isidiate ...... C. subfurvum 2. Thallus without isidia ...... C. conglomeratum 2. Leptogium 1. Thallus brown to black, lobes crenate. . .. L. chloromelum 2. Thallus bluish-slate colored, lobes entire . . L. cyanescens

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Heppiaceae The only genus representing this family is Heppia and the only species is H. hassei.

Pannariaceae 1. Thallus with lower cortex wanting...... 1. Placynthium 1. Thallus with lower cortex...... 2. Coccocarpia 1. Placynthium The only species representing this genus is P. nigrum. 2. Coccocarpia The only species representing this genus is C. cronia.

Peltigeraceae The only genus representing this family is Peltigera and the only species is P. canina.

Diploschistaceae The only genus representing this family is Diploschistes. 1. Proper exciple thick, radiately striate. . .D. actinostomus 1. Proper exciple thin, minutely toothed 2. Apothecia often 1 mm across, on soil and rocks. .... D. scruposus var. scuposus 2. Apothecia usually 0.3 mm or less, on moss and Cladonia sp...... D. scruposus var. bryophila

Lecideaceae 1. Spores non-septate ...... 1. Lecidea 1. Spores septate ...... 2. Bacidia 1. Lecidea 1. Thallus crustose ...... L. tesselina 1. Thallus squamulose 2. Squamules brownish to green on the edge . . L. rufonigra 2. Squamules whitish on the edge 3. Apothecia blackish...... L. decipiens 3. Apothecia reddish-brown ...... L. russellii 2. Bacidia 1. Spores acicular...... B. umbrina 1. Spores fusiform ...... B. granosa

Cladoniaceae The only genus representing this family is Cladonia. 1. Podetia extremely short or absent...... C. apodocarpa 1. Podetia longer 2. Podetia repeatedly branched, squamules evanescent 3. Podetia dichotomously branched...... C. subtenuis 3. Podetia variously branched, but not dichotomous.... C. uncialis

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2. Podetia little branched, squamules persistent. 4. Podetia cup-shaped or trumpet-shaped 5. Podetia granular...... C. Chlorophaea 5. Podetia with fine, dusty soredia . . . C. fimbriata 4. Podetia not forming cups 6. Fruits at least twice as broad as the podetia... C. capitata 6. Fruits barely broader than the podetia ..... C. subcariosa

Acarosporaceae 1. Apothecia with thalloid exciple ...... 1. Acarospora 1. Apothecia with proper exciple ...... 2. Sarcogyne 1. Acarospora 1. Thallus whitish-yellow to green...... A. citrina 1. Thallus brown 2. Aeroles lobed, margins elevated ...... A. fuscata 2. Aeroles entire, margins depressed . . . . A. smaragdula 2. Sarcogyne 1. Apothecia pruinose ...... S. pruinosa 1. Apothecia not pruinose 2. Apothecia 0.2-1.0 mm. across, red when wet. . S. simplex 2. Apothecia 0.7-2.0 mm. across, not red when wet S. clavus

Pertusariaceae The only genus representing this family is Pertusaria. 1. Spores four per ascus...... P. leioplaca 1. Spores one or two per ascus 2. Fruiting knobs sorediate ...... P. multipuncta 2. Fruiting knobs esorediate 3. Fruiting knobs postulate, some finally opening into a disk...... P. pustulata 3. Fruiting knobs not postulate, or if postulate, then not opening into a disk 4. Spores one per ascus...... P. velata 4. Spores two per ascus...... P. pertusa

Lecanoraceae 1. Thallus yellow ...... 1. Candelariella 1. Thallus not yellow 2. Spores aseptate...... 2. Lecanora 2. Spores septate ...... 3. Lecania 1. Candelariella 1. Thallus persistent; on rocks...... C. vitellina 1. Thallus evanescent; on trees...... C. xanthostigma

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2. Lecanora 1. Epithecia intensely black ...... L. atra 1. Epithecia variously colored, but not black 2. Thallus aerolate to squamulose...... L. rubina 2. Thallus crustose or near-foliose 3. Thallus near-foliose...... L. muralis 3. Thallus crustose 4. Apothecia 0.1-0.25 mm. across. . . . . L. piniperda 4. Apothecia somewhat larger to much larger 5. Apothecia pruinose 6. Spores subglobose, 9-15 microns wide .... . L. calcarea 6. Spores ellipsoid, 406 microns wide ...... L. hageni 5. Apothecia not pruinose 7. Apothecia yellowish to greenish ...... L. varia 7. Apothecia light brown or darker 8. Thallus evanescent ...... L. dispersa 8. Thallus persistent 9. Apothecia light brown, exciples persistent. . . . . L. subfusca 9. Apothecia dark brown to blackish, exciples often disappearing...... L. melaena 3. Lecania 1. Apothecia pruinose ...... L. californica 1. Apothecia not pruinose ...... L. perproxima

Parmeliaceae 1. Thallus and apothecia yellow; spores many per ascus. . . . 1. Candelaria 1. Thallus and apothecia rarely yellow; spores eight per ascus 2. Parmelia 1. Candelaria 1. Exciple fibrillose below...... C. fibrosa 1. Exciple not fibrillose 2. Thallus reduced to granulose squamules, or passing into a powdery crust ...... C. concolor var. effusa 2. Thallus granulose on margins only ...... C. concolor var. concolor 2. Parmelia 1. Soredia present 2. Medulla yellowish ...... P. obsessa 2. Medulla white 3. Soredia on upper surface ...... P. caperata 3. Soredia marginal ...... P. reticulata

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1. Soredia absent 4. Isidia present 5. Thallus yellowish-green...... P. isidiata 5. Thallus bluish or gray 6. Upper surface with white dots . . . . . P. rudecta 6. Upper surface without white dots. . . P. haitiensis 4. Isidia absent 7. Thallus yellowish-green 8. Thallus tightly adnate ...... P. conspersa 8. Thallus loosely attached ...... P. stenophylla 7. Thallus bluish to gray...... P. borreri

Caloplacaceae The only genus representing this family is Caloplaca. 1. Thallus sorediate 2. Soredia dull orange to blackish. . . . . C. microphylina 2. Soredia yellow 3. Thallus smooth and continuous . . . C. chrysophthalma 3. Thallus distinctly aerolate ...... C. decipiens 1. Thallus esorediate 4. Thallus lobed at the margins 5. Exciple moderately thick and somewhat elevated. . . . C. murorum 5. Exciple thin and not elevated...... C. lobulata 4. Thallus not lobed at the margins 6. Apothecia yellow, exciples whitish . . . . C. ulmorum 6. Apothecia orange, exciple dull gray to yellow-green or orange 7. Exciple distinctly yellowish-green. . C. aurantiaca 7. Exciple gray or orange 8. Exciple gray, thallus well developed, areolate. . C. arizonica 8. Exciple orange, thallus scanty 9. Apothecia crowded, angular, spores slightly curved...... C. flavovirescens 9. Apothecia scattered, circular, spores not curved...... C. cerina

Teloschistaceae 1. Thallus fruticose...... 1. Teloschistes 1. Thallus foliose...... 2. Xanthoria

1. Teloschistes The only species representing this genus is T.chrysophthalmus. 2. Xanthoria The only species representing this genus is X. candelaria.

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Buelliaceae 1. Apothecia with proper exciples ...... 1. Buellia 1. Apothecia with thalloid exciples ...... 2. Rinodina 1. Buellia 1. Spores three-septate ...... B. alboatra 1. Spores one-septate 2. Thallus of well-developed areoles 3. Areoles olive-brown...... B. novomexicana 3. Areoles greenish-gray to ashy 4. Hypothallus scanty or obsolete. . . B. retrovertens 4. Hypothallus black, prominent 5. Exciple white initially, then turning darker. .. B. stigmaea 5. Exciple black...... B. spuria 2. Thallus not areolate 6. Hypothecium colorless...... B. vilis 6. Hypothecium brownish 7. Hymenium colorless throughout. . . . . B. schaereri 7. Hymenium brown above...... B. punctata 2. Rinodina The only species representing this genus is R. oreina.

Physciaceae 1. Medulla yellow to salmon-colored...... Pyxine 1. Medulla white 2. Lower cortex well developed...... Physcia 2. Lower cortex poorly developed or wanting. . . Anaptychia 1. Pyxine The only species representing this genus is P. caesiopruinosa. 2. Physcia 1. Thallus esorediate 2.Thallus tightly adnate throughout. . . . . P. syncolla 2. Thallus loosely adnate 3. Lobe tips thin and somewhat elevated . . P. aipolia 3. Lobe tips thickened and turned down 4. Whitish to gray, apothecia usually pruinose, on trees...... P. stellaris 4. Dark gray to blackish, apothecia not pruinose, on rocks...... P. halei 1. Thallus sorediate 5. Soredia in capitate patches on the upper surface 6. Thallus under two cm. across, brownish, appearing crustose...... P. elaeina 6.Thallus up to five cm. across, grayish, definitely foliose 7. Soredia white to pale blue . . . . . P. tribacoides 7. Soredia grayish-green...... P. orbicularis

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5. Soredia along margins, and sometimes on the upper surface, but not in capitate patches 8. Thallus pruinose ...... P. grisea 8. Thallus not pruinose 9. Lobes thin, flat, and often raised at the margins P. millegrana 9. Lobes more or less rounded over the top with tips touching the substrate ...... P. subtilis

3. Anaptychia 1. Thallus sorediate 2. Hypothallus distinctly yellow...... A. heterochroa 2. Hypothallus gray to blackish ...... A. speciosa 1. Thallus esorediate 3. Thallus isidiate ...... A. granulifera 3. Thallus without isidia...... A. hypoleuca

Lichenes Imperfecti Leprariaceae 1. Thallus often zonate, grayish-green ...... 1. Crocynia 1. Thallus never zonate, bright yellow ...... 2. Lepraria 1. Crocynia The only species representing this genus is C. membranacea. 2. Lepraria The only species representing this genus is L. chlorine.

Keck, D.W.