O!l.m No. !018-0093 Department of the Interior Expires 05!3\/2017 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Fish and Wildlife Permit Application Form

Return to: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Type of Activity: RCIJI) QC\ '30 2015 Division of Management Authority (DMA) EXPORT/RE-EXPORT/IMPORT/INTERSTATE AND Branch of Permits, !\·IS: lA FOREIGN COMMERCE/TAKE OF ANIMALS 5275 Leesburg Pike (LIVE/ SAMPLES/PARTS/PRODUCTS) (ESA and/or CITES) Falls Church, VA 22041-3803 (circle/highlight proposed activity) 1-800-358-2104 or 703-358-2104 [2J New Application 0Rcqucsting Rc-issuancc/:\mcndmcnt of Permit#: ______

Complete Sections A orB, and C through 1-1 of this application. U.S. address may be required in Section C, see instructions lilr details. Sec attached instruction pages for information on how to mah:c your :tpplication complete and help avoid unnecessary delays.

A. Complete if applying as an individual I. a Last name Lb. First name I ,c. Middle name or initial I d_ Suffix

2 Date ofbinh {mm/dd/yyyy) 3_ Social Security No 4. Occupation 5. All11iation/ Doing business us (sec instructions)

6.u. Telephone number 6_b Altematc telephone number 6.c. Fax number 6_d, E-mail address

B. Complete if applying on behalf of u business, corporation, public agency, Tribe, or institution La Name of business, agency, Tribe, or institution I. b. Doing business as (dba) Duke University Lemur Center Duke University 2. Tax identification no 3 Description of business, agency, Tribe, or inslltution 560-532-129 Government and grant supported institution specializing in prosimian primates

4.a. Principal officer Lust name 4 b_ Principal o!liccr First name ~~ Principal officer Middle name/ initial 4,d. sumx Yoder Anne Dr. 5. Principal officer t!\lc 6 Primary contact name Director David Haring ([email protected]) 7 a. Business tek-phone number 7.b Alternate telephone number 7 c. Business fax number 7_d_ Business e-mail address 919-401-7228 919-490-5394 [email protected]

c. All upplicants complete address information I.a. Physical address (Street address, Apartment#, Suite#, or Room#; no P.O. Boxes) 3705 Erwin Rd

l.b, City I .c. State 1_d_ Zip code/Postal code I.e. County/Province l.f. Country Durham NC 27705 Durham us 2 a_ Mailing Address (include if di!rcrcnt than physical address: include name of contnct person if npp!icablc)

b. City 2 c. State 2.d. Zip codc/Postn! code 2.c County/Province 2 f. Country

D. All applicants MUST complete I. Attach check or money order payable to the U.S FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE in Ihe amount of$100 nonrefundable processing fcc. Federal, Tribal, State, and local govemmcnt agencies, and those acting on behalf of such ngcncies, are exempt from the processing fcc~ attach documentation offee e:umpt status as outlineti ill instructions. (50 CFR 13.1 !{d)) 2 Do you currently have or have you ever had any Federal Fish and Wildlife penn its? CBW 679042 Yes [2]Jfyes, list the number of the most current penni! you have held or that you are applying to renew/re-issue NoD 3 Certification. I hereby certifY that I have read nnd am familiar with the regulations contained in Title 50, Part 13 of the Code of Fetleral Regulations and the other appfiw:~s in subchapt" mso:IJ. and I ccnify that the infonnation submi!led in this application for a penni< is complete and accurate !0 the best ofrny kn~ vledgc and belief_ I ~\1ders · that n~t false statement herein may subject me to the criminal penalties of \8 U S.C 1001. 'I"'\ '~ Signaturf (in hluc in!;:) of applicant/person responsible for permit (No photocopied or stamped signatures) Date of signature (mm/dd/yyyy)

Fonn 3-200-37 Rev. 0212014 Page I of8 DUKE LEMUR CENTER IMPORT APPLICATION

1. What activity are you requesting authorization to carry out:

IMPORT

Two captive born blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur f/avifrons) are being imported from lvoloina Zoological Park, Toamasina, Madagascar to Durham, North Carolina by:

Duke Lemur Center 3705 Erwin Rd. Durham, NC 27705 Ph: 919-401-7228 Fax: 919-490-5394

2. For EACH animal involved in the proposed activity provide:

a. Scientific name and common name:

Blue-eyed black lemur (Eu/emur flavifrons)

b. Description (e.g., birth date; sex, if known; and identifying features, if any)

This application is for the importation of two (1.1) captive born blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur flavifrons). The species is included on the Duke Lemur Center's Captive-Bred Wildlife Permit #679042.

Male, lvoloina 442 "Jasmin", born 9/15/12 at Pare lvoloina, transponder: 0075B8C21 [Both parents also captive born at lvoloina Zoological Park. Sire: lvoloina 107 (SB40) "Mainly" b: 9/15/91, transponder 0001 BA685C. Dam: lvoloina 238 (SB112) "Zomaline" b:8/28/98, transponder: 000144965E.]

Female, lvoloina 455 "Jorery", born 9/13/14 at Pare lvoloina, transponder: 0007583EO, [Both parents also captive born at lvoloina Zoological Park. Sire: lvoloina 349 (SB188) "Kiady" b: 9/12/08, transponder 000114C2FO. Dam: lvoloina 296 (SB 164) "Marovavy" b: 9/7/01, transponder 0001 BB9255.]

Copies of the animals' ISIS specimen reports are attached.

Please see Attachment 1: Specimen Reports

2 3. The current location of the specimen(s) (address and country):

lvoloina Zoological Park BP 442 Toamasina (Tamatave) 501 Madagascar

4. Recipient/Sender:

If import, provide name and address of the exporter in the foreign country.

The blue-eyed black lemurs will be exported by lvoloina Zoological Park in Madagascar

lvoloina Zoological Park BP 442 Toamasina (Tamatave) 501 Madagascar

5. For each specimen born in captivity:

a. If you are the breeder of the specimen(s), please provide a signed and dated statement that includes the following:

Not applicable, animal was not born at Duke Lemur Center

b. If you are NOT the breeder of the specimen(s), provide copies of documentation showing that you acquired the animal from the breeder or documentation demonstrating the history of transactions (chain of ownership of each animal) and a signed and dated statement from the breeder or breeder's record that clearly includes the following:

i. That each animal was bred and born/hatched at his/her facility; ii. Scientific name (genus, species, and, if applicable, subspecies) and common name; iii. Birth/hatch date, and, if applicable, identification information (as described in question 2b above); iv. Name and address of the breeder's facility; and v. Location (name of facility, address, city, State/province, postal code) of parental stock.

Both animals requested in this import permit, as well as their sires and dams, were born in captivity at lvoloina Zoological Park in Madagascar.

3 lvoloina Zoological Park BP 442 Toamasina (Tamatave) 501 Madagascar

A copy of the animals' specimen reports and the specimen reports of their sires and dams is attached.

Please see Attachment 1: Specimen Reports

F. 6. For each animal/specimen taken from the wild, provide the following:

N/A

G. JUSTIFICATION FOR REQUESTED ACTIVITY

G.7. Provide a full statement justifying the proposed activity, particularly the following:

a. Purpose of Import

The purpose of this import is to contribute to a global captive propagation plan for the conservation of the critically endangered blue-eyed black lemur (Eu/emur flavifrons). This plan was developed in 2015 by representatives of the Government of Madagascar's Ministry of the Environment, Ecology, Seas and Forests (MEEMF), the American Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), the European Association of Zoos and Aquariums (EAZA), the SSP and EEP Coordinators for the blue-eyed black lemur breeding programs and the Madagascar Fauna and Flora Group. The Curator of the Duke Lemur Center (Andrea Katz) initiated and facilitated development of the cooperative plan from its inception through to the final, international agreement called "Accord of Collaboration for the Ex-Situ Conservation of the Blue-eyed Black Lemur" (described in 7.c below).

There are three captive populations of blue-eyed black lemurs worldwide- one in Madagascar (1 0 males. 8 females), one in Europe (13.12) and one in North America (17.10). These three populations have different ancestries. None of the regions, considered in isolation, is able to provide a viable captive population for the blue-eyed black lemur. Each region needs to acquire new breeding founders and increase their number of breeding animals.

A sustainable global captive population will serve as a reservoir for this species which currently is at high risk of extinction in the wild. A recent population viability assessment indicates that blue-eyed black lemurs in Sahamalaza National Park in northwestern

4 Madagascar could go extinct within 11-100 years depending on percentage of habitat destroyed by bushfires and logging which are regular occurrences in the Park (reference provided below). Although some conservation efforts are underway, including a firebreak campaign, forest patrols to control hunting and logging, and public awareness events, the wild population remains extremely fragile. At this time, the species' remaining habitat is not adequately protected to consider a reintroduction program. However with a sustainable captive population, at least the option of reintroduction is maintained for the future. Offspring born as the results of these activities will be managed in the best interest of species survival, in the U.S. through the SSP program, in Europe through EEP program and in Madagascar through national management with technical support from the SSP and EEP. (Volampeno M, Randriatahina G, Kalle R, Wilson AL, Downs C. 2015. A preliminary population viability analysis of the critically endangered blue-eyed black lemur (Eulemur flavifrons). African Journal of Ecology. doi:10.1111/aje.12213.)

The integration of ex situ and in situ conservation actions for blue-eyed black lemurs (among several other lemur species) was recommended by the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group in their 2013 publication Lemurs of Madagascar, A Strategy for their Conservation 2013-2016. The strategy includes a list of priority actions, the first point stating: "Maintain long-term viable, and genetically, demographically and phenotypically healthy captive populations of priority lemur species already in captivity, through managing them as open metapopulations ... and through improving global captive management, and promoting better integration of breeding facilities in Madagascar."

This application to import one male and one female blue-eyed black lemur from lvoloina Zoological Park, Tamatave, Madagascar, in conjunction with the associated Duke Lemur Center permit to export one male and one female from Duke Lemur Center to the Mulhouse Zoo in France, directly responds to the recommendations of the IUCN lemur conservation strategy. Additionally, in October 2015, Madagascar's government (MEEMF) approved the transfers of two unrelated captive blue-eyed black lemurs to lvoloina Zoological Park, to improve the breeding program there which is at risk from high levels of inbreeding. These in-country transfers are the direct result of the Accord of Collaboration facilitated by the Duke Lemur Center (DLC). Another significant result of the DLC-Ied meetings is that MEEMF has accepted the role as Madagascar's coordinator for the ex situ breeding program for blue-eyed black lemurs at the national level. This is the first time that the Government of Madagascar has a coordinating role for one of its lemur species, comparable to that of U.S. SSP Coordinators and European EEP Coordinators.

Background on the Duke Lemur Center

The DLC. located in Durham, North Carolina, is the only university-based facility in the world dedicated to the conservation and study of prosimian primates. The Center was founded in 1966 and over its nearly 50-year history, the DLC has housed, cared for, and made available for study nearly 4000 animals across 31 species of non-human primates including lemurs, lorises and at one point, tarsiers (together, colloquially referred to as prosimian primates). Today, it houses close to 250 individuals of 18 species, nearly all

5 are lemurs native to Madagascar. The scientific endeavors at the DLC span a remarkable array of disciplines, from behavior and genomics to physiology and paleontology. Conservation biology is a major focus and provides the conceptual and operational bridge between the living collections of the DLC and its outreach activities in Madagascar.

Please see Attachment 2: "Description of the Duke Lemur Center Facilities, Programs and Animal Management" for more detailed information.

The DLC's Conservation Work in Madagascar

The DLC has had an active Madagascar conservation program for 30 years, both in the U.S. and in Madagascar. DLC is a founding and managing member of the Madagascar Fauna and Flora Group (MFG) which is a consortium of zoos and other institutions committed to supporting conservation in Madagascar. The present DLC Curator and Conservation Coordinator directed MFG projects in Madagascar for 17 years, from 1987 - 2004 when they returned to positions based at DLC. The Curator remains a member of the MFG Executive Committee, and DLC contributions to the MFG are valued at $1 0,000/year for in-kind and direct support. MFG projects focus on community-based conservation techniques operating in the area around Betampona Natural Reserve and Pare lvoloina on Madagascar's east coast. Pare lvoloina is a regional conservation center which includes a small zoo and focuses on activities such as environmental education, sustainable agroforestry and conservation training for Malagasy students and conservation practioners. Lemur species that are priorities for captive breeding at lvoloina Zoological Park include the blue-eyed black lemur, black and white ruffed lemur, greater bamboo lemur and aye-aye. Betampona is a protected natural forest and was the site of the first reintroduction of captive born lemurs back to the wild, a collaborative DLC/MFG effort. The reintroduction has evolved into an important program of conservation research and ecological monitoring, with education and reforestation components linked to nearby lvoloina. Thanks in part to DLC financial support and MFG presence in Betampona, the reserve has been protected from illegal wood cutting and poaching of wildlife.

The DLC's newest conservation initiative in northeastern Madagascar features community-based conservation alongside research and student programs, in addition to support for Madagascar National Parks to help improve protection of lemurs and their habitat. The DLC began this project in 2012 in the SAVA (Sambava-Andapa-Vohemar­ Antalaha) region of northeastern Madagascar. This region contains over 820 square kilometers of mountainous primary rainforest in protected areas which include Marojejy National Park, home to 13 lemur species. The mission of SAVA Conservation is to encourage biodiversity conservation by supporting the livelihoods of rural people in forest-bordering communities and through collaborations with local environmental organizations and governmental institutions to promote environmental education, reforestation, freshwater fish farms, family planning, fuel-efficient cook stoves, and conservation oriented lemur research projects. The DLC's SAVA Conservation program has had a budget of $175,000-$250,000 each year since 2012.

6 Please see Attachment 3.· OLCISA VA Conservation Newsletter, July 2015.

Blue-eyed black lemurs (Eu/emur flavifrons) at the DLC

DLC has successfully held blue-eyed black lemurs since 1985. From 1986 to 2015, a total of 59 infants have been produced at the DLC, (there have also been 10 births at AZA institutions born to animals on loan from DLC), all descendants of six wild caught founders imported in 1985 and 1990. Since 2003 the only reproduction in the U.S. has been at DLC. All of the parties signatory to the Accord of Collaboration agree that DLC is the best qualified institution to receive and breed the pair of blue-eyed black lemurs from lvoloina Zoological Park. This species is included on the DLC Captive-Bred Wildlife Permit# 679042.

b. Technical Expertise of Staff

The CVs and resumes of key Duke Lemur Center animal care staff are enclosed, including the Veterinarians, Curator, Veterinary Technicians, Supervisor and lead Primate Technicians (keepers).

Please see Attachment 4: Staff CVs and resumes

c. Copies of contracts, agreements or other documents that identify persons involved and dates of activities for which authorization is being requested.

Please see Attachment 5: "Accord of Collaboration: International collaboration for ex situ conservation of the blue-eyed black lemur (Eulemur flavifrons). Key sections of the document were translated from French to English in the original document as included here.

Please also see Attachment 6. Letter of Support from the SSP Coordinator, Ms. Peggy Hoppe, Saint Louis Zoo.

The Accord was signed in June/July 2015 by the Director-General of Forests/MEEMF (Mr. Fidy Jose Andriamananoro, Antananarivo, Madagascar), the Eulemur flavifrons SSP Coordinator (Ms. Peggy Hoppe, Saint Louis Zoo) and the EEP Coordinator (Dr. Brice LeFaux, Zoo Mulhouse, France), the Chair of the AZA Prosimian Taxon Advisory Group (Ms. Christie Eddie, Omaha Zoo) and the Chair of the EAZA Prosimian TAG (Mr. Achim Johann, Rheine Zoo, Germany).

The specific transfers proposed in the two DLC permit applications- the export of one pair from DLC to Zoo Mulhouse, and the import of one pair to DLC from lvoloina Zoological Park- are listed in Article 4 of the Accord (page 4).

7 8. How activities will enhance or benefit the wild population (e.g., in-situ and ex­ situ projects)

The genetic and demographic benefits to a healthy ex situ population have been described above. Without a healthy population, the possibility to one day be able to reintroduce blue-eyed black lemurs to the wild is lost forever. The fact that three regions- the U.S., Europe and Madagascar have all agreed to work together to contribute to ex situ conservation is a truly significant achievement.

Additionally, the Accord of Collaboration specifically lists the commitments of each signatory party including those of the SSP (see Accord of Collaboration, Article 5, page 5). DLC is a full participant in the SSP and the DLC Curator also is on the Steering Committee of the Prosimian Taxon Advisory Group. Among other commitments listed in the Accord, the SSP and EEP have agreed to 1) participate in the establishment of a global conservation strategy for the species (in and ex situ); 2) encourage SSP members to financially support lemur conservation projects in and ex situ; 3) share with parks in Madagascar their experience in captive breeding techniques and if needed, to train animal care personnel in these parks.

9. If live specimens are to be held in captivity as part of the proposed activity:

a. Provide a detailed description and photos or diagrams clearly depicting the existing facilities where the wildlife will be maintained.

The enclosed photos show facilities where blue-eyed black lemurs will be housed. Also included are photos of Duke Lemur Center medical care facilities. Each animal in a group has access to at least one indoor and one outdoor enclosure. Adjoining indoor and outdoor cages all have passageways which can be open or shut to give a group access to more than one cell, hence a group of four Eulemurs will have access to four indoor and four outdoor enclosures. Animals have access to indoor cages at all times, and to both indoor and outdoor cages when temperatures are above 40F. Cells have sanitizable concrete floors, with walls consisting of concrete or vinyl coated wire mesh. Cells are furnished with a variety of shelves (for resting and feeding) and a variety of natural and artificial "branches" of varying dimensions and orientations which encourage natural patterns of locomotion around the enclosures. Interior cage measurements: 7' wide X 14' long X 1 0' high Outdoor yard measurements: 7' wide X 14' long X 1 0' high or 12' wide X 14' long X 1 0' high

Please see Attachment 7: Photos of Duke Lemur Center lemur enclosures.

b. The number of years each species has been maintained at the facility.

8 The DLC has maintained Eu/emur flavifrons since 1985 when 4 (2.2) wild caught animals were imported from Madagascar, followed by 3 (0.3) imported in 1990.

c. The number of births by year for Eulemur flavifrons for the past five years

2010: 2 (1.1) twins born 21 March 2010, both still alive 2011: 1 (0.1) born 24 April 2011, still alive 2012: no births 2013: 3 (2.1) born 24 March 2013, 27 March 2013, 30 May 2013, all still alive 2014: 2 (1.1) born 25 March 2014 and 4 April 2014, female alive, male dead. 2015: 2 (1.1) born 23 March 2015 and 26 March 2015, both still alive

d. Mortalities at Duke Lemur Center for Eulemur flavifrons for past five years, and causes of mortalities, and steps taken to decrease mortalities.

15 September 2010: 6843 Harlow (18Y,4M,28D): heart disease, end stage renal disease 25 March 2011: 6248 Barrymore (22Y, 1OM, 16D): liver cancer, end stage renal disease 3 August 2011: 6395 Lamour (approx. 22 years old, wild caught animal): renal failure 20 December 2013: 6657 Foster (17Y,9M,6D): trauma 23 July 2014: 7178 Bacon (OY, 3M, 28D): ruptured intestine 29 July 2014: 6462 Redford (22Y, 4M, 16D): liver cancer

Steps taken to decrease mortalities: Although not much data is available concerning the lifespan of lemurs in the wild, it is believed that wild ring-tailed lemurs (which are similar in size to blue-eyed black lemurs) do not generally live much past 16 years of age. Older captive lemurs (over 17 years of age) are subject to a variety of diseases, such as cancer and renal failure. Regular Veterinary care, consistent provision of daily food and water no doubt prolong lifespan years beyond what it would be in the much harsher conditions in the wild. Hence most blue-eyed black lemur deaths at DLC are the result of an aging population.

In one instance a 17 year old blue-eyed black female (6657 Foster) became trapped in a malfunctioning shift door which resulted in her death. The cause of the door malfunction was a bent locking pin that was supposed to prevent the vertical shift door from releasing until disengaged by a technician. Since this accident all of the vertical shift door mechanisms at the DLC (n=140) have been out fitted with a secondary locking device that insures the vertical shift doors open or close only when operated by a technician. Additionally, Duke University has spent significant time and money to develop an electronic horizontal shift door that is still being beta tested in one of the lemur enclosures for several more months.

9 10. For shipment of live specimens, the transport conditions must comply with the CITES Guidelines for Transport of Live Animals or, in the case of air transport, with the International Air Transport Association (IAT A) live animal regulations. As such, describe:

i. The type, size, and construction of any shipping container; and

The Eulemur flavifrons will be shipped individually, in large rigid plastic pet kennel carriers (28"X20.5"X21.5") with metal doors and metal ventilation grates which have been modified to meet lATA Container requirements #31 and which are suitable for the shipment of lemurs. The DLC will provide these kennels to lvoloina Zoological Park for the shipment. Modifications include: a slatted floor firmly fixed to the base of the kennel, which will be covered with absorbent material. A branch like structure will be inserted and anchored in the kennel, suitable for animals to climb onto and/or hold for security. Industrial strength Zip ties will be securely fastened to each of the four corners of the metal kennel door to assure doors cannot be opened without dedicated cutters. Fine wire mesh will be securely fastened to all kennel doors and ventilation openings to prevent animals from reaching fingers or toes outside of the kennels. Muslin-type drapes will be secured over all doors, windows and ventilation openings to make sure animals have visual privacy.

ii. The arrangements for watering or otherwise caring for the wildlife during transport.

A plastic water bottle will be securely attached to the crate giving the lemurs access to fresh water during transport, and will be removable for refilling as needed. Sufficient amounts of primate chow will be attached to the top of the crate in a zip lock bag which will allow for the animals to be fed en route in the event of flight delay.

11. For imports of LIVE CITES Appendix-! marine mammal specimens:

Not applicable, not marine mammals.

12. For import of CITES Appendix I listed species provide information to show the import is not for primarily commercial purposes as outlined in Resolution Conf. 5.10 (www.cites.org).

The imported specimens will be utilized for captive breeding in a SSP managed population and for legitimate, noninvasive scientific studies at Duke Lemur Center. Offspring of this imported pair of Eu/emur flavifrons may, in accordance with SSP breeding recommendations, be shipped to AZA member zoological institutions for additional captive breeding for the improvement of captive genetics of this species. Individual animals might be loaned or donated to AZA institutions for these

10 purposes, but none of the imported animals, or their offspring, will ever be sold under any circumstances.

13. For export of CITES Appendix I species, provide a copy of the CITES import permit, or evidence one will be issued by the Management Authority of the country to which you plan to export the specimens.

Not Applicable, this is application for import permit.

14. If the specimen is being re-exported (e.g., exporting a specimen that was previously imported into the United States).

Not Applicable this is not a re-export.

15. All international shipment(s) must be through a designated port. A list of designated ports (where an inspector is posted) is available from http://www.fws.gov/le/designated-ports.html. If you wish to use a port not listed, please contact the Office of Law Enforcement for a Designated Port Exemption Permit (form 3-200-2).

The two blue-eyed black lemurs will be imported through the port of New York, Atlanta or another designated Port of Entry.

16. Address where you wish permit mailed (if different than page 1 ):

Please mail to address on Page 1.

17. If you wish the permit to be sent to you by means other than regular mail, provide an air bill, pre-paid envelope, or billing information:

A pre-addressed Federal Express airway bill with billing reference is enclosed.

18. Who should we contact if we have questions about the application? (Include name, phone number, and email):

David Haring, Registrar/Duke Lemur Center 919-401-7228 [email protected]

11 19. Disqualification Factor. A conviction or entry of a plea of guilty or nolo contendere for a felony violation of the Lacey Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, or the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, disqualifies any such person from receiving or exercising the privileges of a permit. Have you or any of the owners of the business, if applying as a business, been convicted or entered a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, forfeited collateral, or are currently under charges for any violations of the laws mentioned above

Yes. ___ No X

12 Report Start Daie Report End Date 1/1/1900 Specimen Report for IVOLOINA I 455 10/9/2015

Taxonomic name: Eufemur macaco flavifrons Family: Lemuridae Common name: Black lemur Order: Primates

Current information

Sex: Female Sire ID: 349 at Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna G Birth type: Captive Born Dam 10: 296 at Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna G Birth Location: Pare lvo!oina, Madagascar Fauna Group Rearing: Parent

Birthdate~Age: 13 Sep 2014 -1Y,OM,26D Hybrid: Not a hybrid Time since last Acq: 1Y,OM.26D as of report end date

Acquisition - Vendor/localld Holder Disposition - RecipienUiocal ld Date out 13 Sep 2014 Birth IVOLOINA /455

Identifier tvpe Identifier Location 13 Sep 2014 House Name JORERY 30 Sep 2015 Transponder 10 0007583EO

Date Enclosure

13 Sep 2014 cage 07

--~~ Date Sex

13Sep2014 Female

Date Rearing

13Sep2014 Parent

Date Parentis! localld Location

13 Sep 2014 Sire 349 IVOLOINA 13 Sep 2014 Dam 296 IVOLOINA

Printed: 10/9/2015 Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna Group Page 1 Report Start Date Report End Date 1/1/1900 Specimen Report for IVOLOINA I 442 10/9/2015

Taxonomic name: Eulemur macaco flavifrons Family: Lemuridae Common name: Black lemur Order: Primates

Current information Sex: Male Sire 10: 107 at Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna G Birth type: Captive Born Dam !D: 238 at Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna G Birth Location: Pare !voloina, Madagascar Fauna Group Rearing: Parent

Birthdate~Age; 15 Sep 2012- 3Y,OM,24D Hybrid: Not a hybrid Time since last Acq: 3Y,OM,240 as of report end date

Acquisition ·Vendor/local ld Holder Disposition - RecipienUiocal ld Date out 15 Sep 2012 Birth IVOLOINA /442

~~~

Date Identifier t~pe Identifier Location 15 Sep 2012 House Name Jasmin 30 Sep 2015 Transponder 10 00075BBC21

~'-''--~~~' Date Enclosure 15 Sep 2012 cage 15

Date Sex 15 Sep 2012 Male

Date Rearing 15 Sep 2012 Parent

Date Parent(sl localld Location

15Sep2012 Sire 107 IVOLOINA 15 Sep 2012 Dam 238 IVOLOINA

Printed: 10/9/2015 Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna Group Page 1 Report Start Date Report End Date 1/1/1900 Specimen Report for IVOLOINA I 107 10/9/2015

Taxonomic name: Eulemur macaco flavifrons Family: Lemuridae Common name: Black lemur Order: Primates

Current information

Sex: Male Sire 10: 44 at Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna Gr Birth type: Captive Born Dam JD: 45 at Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna Gr Birth Location: Pare lvo!oina, Madagascar Fauna Group Rearing: Parent

Birthdate~Age: 15 Sep 1991- 24Y,OM,30D Hybrid: Not a hybrid Time since last Acq" 24Y,OM,30D as of report end date

Date in Acquisition - Vendor/local ld Holder Disposition- Recipientilocalld Date out

15 Sep 1991 Birth IVOLOINA /107 I UNK

Date Identifier type identifier Location

15 Sep 1991 Global Studbook# 40 15 Sep 1991 House Name Mainly 16 Sep 1993 Transponder 10 0001BA685C

Date !vJ1!t Value Units 13Jun2009 live animal weight 2.28 kilogram 15 Jul 2009 live animal weight 2.28 kilogram 16 Aug 2009 live animal weight 2.28 kilogram 4 Dec 2011 live animal weight 2.00 kilogram

Date Note type

19 Aug 2008 Fecal check/worming Fenbendazole 150 mg PO SID x 3d 18 Oct 2008 Immobilization Ketamine 1Dmg Medetomidine 0.05mg Prolonged recovery seizures

18 Oct 2008 Laboratory results PCV48 TP: 7,8

19 Aug 2009 Fecal check/worming Coproscopic examination Pararabdonema sp.

7 Sep 2009 Fecal check/worming Balantidium coli 7 Sep 2009 Medical treatment Metronidazole 125mg PO SID x 5d

Date Enclosure 15 Sep 2005 Cage 42, quarantaine 3 Sep 2009 Cage 14

3 Oct 2009 cage 15 le groupe est transfere dans Ia cage num 15 a cause de nombre d'individus eleves. et Ia presence des petits.

~·~----- Date Sex

15 Sep 1991 Male

Date Rearing 15 Sep 1991 Parent

Date Parent{s} localld Location

15 Sep 1991 Dam 45 IVOLOINA

Printed: 10/9/2015 Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna Group Page 1 Report Start Date Report End Date 1/1/1900 Specimen Report for IVOLOINA I 238 10/9/2015

Taxonomic name: Eulemur macaco flavifrons Family: Lemuridae Common name: Black lemur Order: Primates

Current information

Sex: Female Sire ID: 184 at Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna G Birth type: Captive Born Dam 10: 45 at Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna Gr Birth Location: Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna Group Rearing: Parent Birthdate-Age: 28 Aug 1998 - 17Y,1 M,15D Hybrid: Not a hybrid Time since last Acq: 17Y, 1M, 150 as of report end date

Acquisition - Vendor/local ld Holder Disposition - Recipient/local ld Date out

28 Aug 1998 Birth IVOLOINA /238

Date Identifier t~pe Identifier Location 28 Aug 1998 House Name ZomaHne 10 Jul1999 Transponder ID 000144965E 5 Mar 2012 Regional Studbook# 112 EAZA Date IY.rut Value Units 15 Jun 2009 live animal weight 2,00 kilogram 16 Jul 2009 live animal weight 2,00 kilogram 9 Aug 2009 live animal weight 2,26 kilogram

Date Note tvpe

10 Dec 2008 Fecal check/worming lvermectin 0.04mg PO SID 14 Aug 2009 Fecal check/worming Fenbendazole 150mg PO SID x 3d 7 Sep 2009 Fecal check/worming Balantidium coli gestation suspected so no treatment

Date Enclosure

1 Apr 2008 Cage 42, quarantaine 3 Sep 2009 Cage 14 15Sep2011 cage 15

Date Sex

28 Aug 1998 Female

Date Rearing

28 Aug 1998 Parent

Date Parent(s) localld Location

28 Aug 1998 Dam 45 IVOLOINA 28 Aug 1998 Sire 184 IVOLOINA

Printed: 10/9/2015 Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna Group Page 1 Report Start Date Report End Date 1/1/1900 Specimen Report for IVOLOINA I 349 10/9/2015

Taxonomic name: Eulemur macaco flavifrons Family: Lemuridae Common name: Black lemur Order: Primates

Current information

Sex: Male Sire 10: 107 at Pare Jvoloina, Madagascar Fauna G Birth type: Captive Born Dam !0: 206 at Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna G Birth Location: Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna Group Rearing: Parent Birthdate-Age: 12 Sep 2008- 7Y,OM,28D Hybrid: Not a hybrid Time since last Acq: 7Y,OM,28D as of report end date

Acquisition -Vendor/local ld Holder Disposition ~ RecipienUiocalld Date out

12 Sep 2008 Birth IVOLOINA I 349

Date Identifier !\(~e Identifier Location

12 Sep 2008 House Name KIADY 6 Nov 2010 Transponder fD 000114C2FO 5 Mar 2012 Regional Studbook# 188 EAZA

Date ~ Value Units 16 Jun 2009 five animal weight 1.34 kilogram 15Jul2009 live animal weight 1.36 kilogram 4Dec2011 live animal weight 1.98 kilogram

Date NoteW~e

190ct2011 Fecal check/worming copra : presence d'oeufs de ca!llstoura et peut-etre un autre type de strangle

Date Enclosure

12 Sep 2008 Cage 44, cage ronde 1 Jan 2012 Cage 7

Date Sex 12 Sep 2008 Male

Date Rearing 12 Sep 2008 Parent

~~~--~ " """"""""~---" Date Parent(s) localld Location

12 Sep 2008 Sire 107 IVDLOINA 12 Sep 2008 Dam 206 IVOLOINA

Printed: 10/9/2015 Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna Group Page 1 Report Start Date Report End Date 1/1/1900 Specimen Report for IVOLOINA /296 10/9/2015

Taxonomic name: Eulemur macaco flavifrons Family: Lemuridae Common name: Black lemur Order: Primates

Current information

Sex: Female Sire 10: 184 at Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna G Birth type: Captive Born Dam 10: 45 at Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna Gr Birth Location: Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna Group Rearing: Parent Birthdate-Age: 7 Sep 2001- 14Y,1M,4D Hybrid: Not a hybrid Time since last Acq: 14Y,1M,4D as of report end dale -- Acquisition - Vendor/localld Holder Disposition • RecipienUiocal ld Date out 7 Sep 2001 Birth IVOLOINA 1296 ------~~~~~~ Date Identifier t~ge Identifier Location

7 Sep 2001 House Name Marovavy 7 Sep 2009 Transponder 10 0001889255 5 Mar 2012 Regional Studbook# 164 EAZA

-----"~ Date ~ Value Units 16 Jul2009 live animal weight 2.2 kilogram 16 Aug 2009 live animal weight 2.2 kilogram 4 Dec 2011 live animal weight 2.22 kilogram

Date Note tyge

7 Sep 2011 Reproductive behavior a mis bas a un male, separe du reste du groupe (#45 et 349) et tres bon comportement maternel

19 Oct 2011 Fecal checklworming copra: presence d'oeufs de lemurico!a et peut-etre un autre type de strangle,

-~~~~ Date Enclosure 1 Apr 2008 Cage 11 15 Nov 2009 Cage 43, quarantaine 10Dec2010 cage 07

~~~~ Date Sex 7 Sep 2001 Female

Date Rearing 7 Sep 2001 Parent

-~~~ Date Parent(sl localld Location 7 Sep 2001 Sire 184 IVOLOINA 7 Sep 2001 Dam 45 IVOLOINA

Printed: 10/9/2015 Pare lvoloina, Madagascar Fauna Group Page 1 The Duke Lemur Center Description of Facilities, Programs and Animal Management (October 2015)

Staffing and Physical Plant

The Duke Lemur Center's (DLC) current staff consists of 36 full-time staff, 2 Post Docs, 2 grant­ funded full time temporary employees and 2 part-time employees.

The physical profile of the DLC has transformed dramatically in recent years. The biggest transformation has been the addition of two new animal buildings (-35,000 square feet) completed in 2011. These buildings provide state-of-the art living space for up to 150 lemurs in addition to providing direct access for some lemur groups to forested Natural Habitat Enclosures (NHEs) year round. in 2006 there were five NHEs which were used to allow various lemurs the opportunity to free range during the summer months. Today there are nine NHEs being utilized by the lemurs year round when the weather is appropriate. These two achievements have greatly improved the Center's animal husbandry and welfare efforts.

DLC Animal Collection The DLC houses only prosimian primates, primarily lemurs, and is dedicated to science, scholarship, and biological conservation through interdisciplinary research, community-based conservation and public outreach. The current DLC animal colony includes 234 animals, with 138 diumailemurs and 96 nocturnal lemurs (90), lorises (5) and bushbabies (1 ). There are also 77 DLC-owned animals on loan at 25 Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) accredited institutions. For animal acquisitions and dispositions, the DLC continues to collaborate very closely with all of the prosimian Species Survival Programs and the Prosimian Taxon Advisory Group of AZA The DLC's animal acquisition and disposition policy, approved by Duke's IACUC, requires that animals are only transferred between DLC and AZA (or potentially AALAAC) accredited institutions.

Over the past five years, the objectives underlying collection planning have been to: 1. Develop the DLC colony such that at least one species each of lemurid, cheirogaleid, indriid, lorid and galonagid clades, as well as monotypic Daubentonia, are maintained as breeding populations. ;.. Results: Successful for all but the galagos. With the rapid increase in the cheirogaleid colony (gray mouse lemurs and fat-tailed dwarf lemurs) through closely managed breeding, and with acquisition of several pygmy lorises, which have bred well, there has not been sufficient nocturnal space to also establish a breeding population of galagos. For the diurnals, good breeding populations of six lemurid species are maintained (Eulemur, Lemur, Varecia species) and of one indriid, the Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquere/i).

2. Increase the number of nocturnal prosimians for research and to establish sustainable breeding populations. :.- Results: Extremely successfuL With 43 mouse lemur births in four years (201 0-2013), we have taken this species from virtual extinction in captivity in the U.S. to a sustainable breeding population. Very selective breeding of the fat-tailed dwarf lemurs has produced 14 births in the last five years.

2 3. Establish more, large social groups of diurnal lemurs in free-range natural habitat enclosures (NHEs) for research clientele, conservation breeding, education and outreach programs.

)> Results: Successful. Over 80 diurnal lemurs of seven species free-range in nine NHEs. Groups of sifaka, blue-eyed black lemurs, ring-tailed lemurs and ruffed lemurs are the most numerous. Most NHEs house two species, some have three species. The number of free-ranging animals should remain relatively stable over the next few years.

3 ------~------Duke Lemur Center Animal Inventory October l, 2015 ------

latin Abbrev F TOTAL Latin Name Common Name - ,-__ ------M

Cheirogaleus medius Fat-tailed dwarf lemur CMED 13 10 23 Daubentonia Aye-aye DMAD madagascariensis 6 8 14 Eulemur Eulemur hybrid EUL 1 1 2 Eulemur collaris Collared brown lemur ECOL 3 2 5 Eulemur coronatus Crowned lemur ECOR 7 5 12 Eulemur flavifrons Blue-eyed black lemur EFLA 9 4 13 Eulemur maca co Black lemur EMAC 1 1 2 Eulemur mongoz Mongoose lemur EMON 7 3 10 Eulemur rubriventer Red-bellied lemur ERUB 1 2 3 Eulemur rufus Red-fronted brown lemur ERUF 1 1 2 Hapalemur griseus griseus Eastern lesser bamboo lemur HGG 1 2 3 Lemur catta Ring-tailed lemur LCAT 12 21 33 Mircocebus murinus Gray mouse lemur MMUR 26 27 53 Nycticebus coucang Slow loris NCOU 1 1 Nycticebus pygmaeus Pygmy slow loris NPYG 1 3 4 Otolemur crassicaudatus Thick-tailed greater bush baby OCRA 1 1 Propithecus coquereli Coquerel's sifaka PCOQ 14 17 31 Varecia rubra Red ruffed lemur VRUB 8 6 14 Varecia variegata variegata Black-and-white ruffed lemur vw 6 2 8 Total (ALL) 117 117 234

Blue-<>yed black lemur females (Eu/emur flavifrons)

4 Research at the OLC

The DLC accommodates all forms of non-invasive, non-harmful research. Typical fields of study include (but are not limited to) behavior, cognition, locomotion, energetics, communication and torpor physiology. All research proposals and biological sample requests require approval by both the DLC Research Committee and by Duke University's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). The DLC also maintains a large inventory of biological samples that are available for scientific study by qualified individuals (e.g. researchers) or institutions (e.g. research centers or museums).

Annually, 75-90 research projects are conducted by approximately 80 principal investigators (faculty, students and postdocs) from 30-40 national and international institutions. Undergraduates and graduate students are welcome to apply for a number of in-house awards to support research projects at the DLC.

Since its establishment in 1966, the Duke Lemur Center has accumulated detailed records for nearly 4,200 individuals from over 40 closely related yet biologically diverse prosimian primate taxa. In 2014, verified data for over 3,600 of them, representing 27 taxa, was made widely available by download at no cost through the new Nature journal Scientific Data, a peer­ reviewed open-access data journal. The large sample sizes, exact dates of events, and longitudinal data that In many cases span an animal's entire life (i.e. body weights from birth through death, reproductive and medical histories) make these datasets unique, particularly within the primate literature. The data has already been used by over 150 researchers and captive conservation managers worldwide.

5 Increasing visibility of the DLC Research Program

Since January 2013 the Duke Lemur Center has appeared in more than 100 articles in the mainstream media, including outlets such National Geographic, NBC News, Science Magazine, Discovery Channel, Scientific American, Wired Magazine, National Science Foundation News and the Los Angeles Times. Collectively these outlets reach millions of readers each month - a readership that no academic journal could achieve. What follows is a sample of the 2013-2015 media coverage of DLC research projects:

Lemur lovers sync their scents. The strength of a lemur couple's bond is reflected by the similarity of their scents, finds a recent study in Animal Behaviour led by Duke undergraduate Lydia Greene. Covered in Popular Science, the UK Daily Mail, the National Science Foundation, National Geographic, Discovery Channel and NPR's WUNC.

Parasites of Madagascar's lemurs expanding with climate change. Rising temperatures and shifting rainfall patterns in Madagascar could fuel the spread of lemur parasites and the diseases they carry, says a study in the January 2013 issue of Biological Conservation. The results will help researchers predict where disease hotspots are likely to occur and prepare for them before they hit, says University of California researcher and lead author Meredith Barrett. Read more in Duke News, Futuritv, and RedOrbit.

Personality test finds some mouse lemurs shy, others bold. Anyone who has ever owned a pet will tell you that it has a unique personality. Yet only in the last 10 years has the study of animal personality started to gain ground with scientists. Now researchers have found distinct personalities in the grey mouse lemur, the tiny, saucer-eyed primate native to the island of Madagascar. Read more in the June 2013 issue of Primates, and in Futuritv. Audubon Magazine or National Geographic Magazine.

6 Lemur babies of older moms are less likely to get hurt. A long-term study of aggression in lemurs finds that infants born to older mothers are less likely to get hurt than those born to younger mothers. The researchers base their findings on an analysis of detailed medical records for more than 240 ring-tailed lemurs that were monitored daily from

infancy to adu~hood over a 35-year period at the DLC. The study was co-authored by Marie Charpentier of the National Center for Scientific Research in France.

Lemurs' neck bling tracks siestas. insomnia. A lemur collar with a pendant is no fashion accessory. Weighing in at just under an ounce, it's a battery-powered data logger that measures light exposure and activity levels continuously over many days. Researchers outfitted twenty lemurs at the Duke Lemur Center with the special gadgets to study the animals' daily ups and downs. The results could help researchers understand the sleep disturbances common among people with Alzheimer's or other forms of dementia, and whether light therapy could help reset their internal clock for a more solid night's sleep. More in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, and in the Duke Research Slog.

Hibernating lemurs hint at the secrets of sleep. September 2013. By studying hibernation, an international research team is providing a window into why humans sleep. Observations of a little-known primate called the fat-tailed dwarf lemur in captivity and the wild has revealed that it goes for days without the deepest part of sleep during its winter hibernation season. The findings support the idea that sleep plays a role in regulating body temperature and metabolism. Covered by WUNC, National Geographic, NBC News, US News and World Report, Huffington Post, Futurity, Discoverv News and the Los Angeles Times.

7 Animal Training

The animal training program at the DLC continues to be a resource that is utilized by the husbandry, research and education departments.

Voluntary ultrasound used to confirm aye-aye pregnancy

Voluntary insulin injections trained with a diabetic ring-tailed lemur

Volunta!Y tall shave for identification of a ruffed lemur

Training sessions utilized for conditioning naive free-ranging sifaka to the Natural Habffat Enclosures

8 DLC Public Education Programs

Over 25,000 visitors come for guided tours or special programs each year. By engaging scientists, students and the public in new discoveries and global awareness, the DLC promotes a deeper appreciation of biodiversity and an understanding of the power of scientific discovery. In addition to the programs and tours at the Center, the DLC also has created partnerships with various local museums and conduct offsite presentations at these facilities.

Educational programming includes "The Leaping Lemurs! Summer Science Camp", a co-ed camp designed for rising 6th-8th graders. During the week long session students learn about all aspects of the Duke Lemur Center. Topics covered are primate evolution, natural history, research, conservation, animal welfare and husbandry.

The Junior Explorers program is designed for children ages 3-5 with the purpose of teaching them about what it is like to be a real life primatologist. This program combines education with fun parent-guided activities for the children that will motivate them to be interested in animals and science by associating learning with interactive experiences.

DLC Conservation Programs in Madagascar

The DLC continues as a managing member and active supporter of the Madagascar Fauna and Flora Group (MFG) conservation consortium. The MFG conservation programs at lvoloina and Betampona continue to expand and evolve, in particular within the realm of environmental education. The DLC's Conservtion Coordinator and Curator are closely involved as MFG advisors.

The DLC's SAVA Conservation Initiative began in 2012, and in three years has evolved into a broad based multi-faceted conservation action which focuses on the SAVA region in northeast Madagascar. Project activities and staff are funded by private donors, grants, foundations and the DLC. Many of the community-based project activities are focused on the peripheral region around Marojejy

9 National Park, a national protected area managed by Madagascar National Parks (MNP) and home to the critically endangered silky sifaka (Propithecus candidus) as well as other threatened lemur species. Most research efforts are at present directed within the national park. With time, we expect both community activities and research to expand more widely into the SAVA region, including Anjanaharibe­ Sud Special Reserve and the Antalaha area.

• Logo and Newsletter A logo was developed for DLC-SAVA CONSERVATION (DLC-SC), and is designed in such a way that it links stylistically to the DLC logo. Starting in 2012, an electronic project newsletter was started and a new issue produced every four months. All newsletter issues are available on the conservation page of the DLC web site, but are also emailed to an ever-growing list of recipients. The newsletter has proven to be an invaluable communication tool for both prospective and existing project donors, as well as to granting agencies and foundations. It has also served as an important conduit through which to keep Duke and other colleagues and collaborators informed about our conservation efforts in the SAVA region.

• Office As DLC-SC conservation activities expanded in scope, it quickly became apparent that we needed a project base of operations. With its central SAVA region location, good communications, and primary regional airport, Sambava was the logical town for such a project base. Early in 2013 an appropriate space was found in Sambava, and is now under rental contract. The rental includes a large office space, three bedrooms (one of which has been converted into a project equipment storage room), kitchen, and toilet

10 facilities. In addition to serving as office space and equipment storage, the bedrooms and kitchen allow the space to be used as housing for visiting researches and colleagues. With furniture, phone, partial air conditioning and now Wi-Fi, the space is now fully functional and is used for office work, housing, presentations and meetings.

• Vehicle As DLC-SC activities are spread across the SAVA region, paying for rental transportation has been expensive for the project. With generous contributions from Virgin United Foundation, and another private donor, a double cab pick-up truck was purchased.

• Environmental Education

~ Teacher trainings - Starting in August of 2011, the first DLC-SC activity was teacher training in methods for teaching environmental education. DLC-SC is working closely with the CISCOs (school districts) of Sambava and Andapa in transferring the teacher training program as used by the MFG for 15+ years in the Tamatave region. Experienced MFG teacher trainers were brought in to conduct the workshops, and eventually to train trainers for the SAVA region. The week-long trainings familiarize the teachers with use of a 64-page teacher's guide which was developed by MFG educators and has been authorized by the Madagascar Ministry of Education. The guide integrates environmental education into the existing curriculum at the primary school level.

In the first step of the cascade-type training, 325 SAVA region school directors and school district personnel have been trained in three separate workshops. Now that all of the school directors of the two school districts have completed the training, we were ready to begin the actual training of the teachers, which the corresponding directors will participate in and reinforce. With Symrise Vanilla/GIZ funding, 210 teachers from 29

11 schools in the Andapa CISCO participated in training workshops over the 2014 Easter holiday week.

> Marojejy NP youth group visits - DLC-SC sponsors youth group visits to Marojejy National Park, with an experienced Malagasy guide, in an effort to acquaint the students with true primary forest and the wildlife that lives there, especially the lemurs. Most youth have never seen primary rainforest that once covered the region, nor wild lemurs. The 3-4 day excursions, especially with the assistance of a quality guide, have a high impact, and are much in demand. DLC-SC has collaborated with locally based Peace Corps volunteers for some of the visits.

> Anti-bushmeat poster- In 2013 an anti-bushmeat poster was developed for DLC-SC by Madagascar-based photographer Louise Jasper, with a very carefully selected local dialect text. The objective of the poster is to make people think about hunting and eating wild animals and protection of the forests. The posters have been distributed throughout the SAVA region, with a small number being framed for key locations.

> School construction - Over 2012/2013, DLC-SC personnel oversaw construction of a school in the village of Antsahabaraoka, at an isolated location near the western boundary of Marojejy. The construction was funded by the Seacology Foundation.

The Antsahabaraoka area had become a problem area for bushmeat hunting of silky sifakas, and an agreement was reached with villagers to stop the hunting in return for construction of a school and footbridge across a river that was often not traversable due to high water. The school is now completed, furnished and in use. Such community projects are important relations-building activities for DLC-SC in important zones around Marojejy.

12 • Reforestation As in most of Madagascar, deforestation and forest degradation is a severe problem in the SAVA region. Rather than engage directly in reforestation efforts, DLC-SC works with a trusted partner to get trees back on the landscape. Through collaboration with Belgian NGO Graine de Vie (GdV), DLC-SC supports three village tree nurseries in the peripheral area around Marojejy National Park. The nurseries and planting out is managed by GdV in close collaboration with the local people. Village "dinas" (contracts) are signed ensuring the protection (not burning) and care of the areas planted in trees. In the 2012/2013 year, from the three nurseries a total of 54,900 tree seedlings were planted out, with 15,786 seedlings remaining in the nurseries. The trees raised and planted are a mix of native and non-native trees that can be useful to local people as both firewood and building materials. The total number of trees planted out by GdV in the SAVA region has now surpassed 1,000,000.

• Fish Fanning In collaboration with local native fresh water fish fanning expert Guy Tam Hyock, DLC-SC is supporting the installation of fish ponds in the area of Marojejy National Park. The objective is to reduce the impact of bushmeat hunting (of lemurs in particular) in certain zones around Marojejy that have previously been under hunting pressure, by introducing fann raised native fresh water fish, fony (Paratilapia), as a protein source. Mr. Tam Hyock provides all training and expertise to the local people involved, and helps them to create village associations before pond construction is begun. Mr. Tam Hyock also provides the fish fry.

A demonstration pond at Ambodivohitra, has been functioning long enough for fish to be harvested. In two harvests in 2013, a total of 3,806 fish were removed from the pond after an

13 initial introduction of 400 fish fry. A total of 573 (44 kilos) were eaten/sold and 2,033 were released into the nearby Matsobe River in an attempt to reestablish the fony (native to the area but now rare) in local rivers. Two other ponds at Antongodriha, on the northeastern edge of Marojejy, are finished and have had fish fry introduced, but not yet harvested. An additional three ponds are presently under construction, also near Marojejy.

As with reforestation, village dinas are being developed and signed, establishing a return to local rivers of 25% of each pond harvest, and also emphasizing adherence to fishing regulations such as fish net hole size and fishing season, to assure survival and reestablishment of fony introduced into local rivers.

• Yam cultivation In an effort to reduce destructive slash and burn rice fanming in the region, DLC-SC is introduce and promote yam cultivation. Several trainings have already been carried out, and a demonstration plot of yams has been planted on land next to the demonstration fish pond. Selected cultivators from the area will be invited to observe the harvest and receive more information on cultivation techniques. They will also receive vegetative parts from which they can distribute and propagate the yams for their own use.

• High efficiency wood/charcoal stoves Early in the project history, DLC-SC collaborated with local NGO Charbon Vert (CEF) in promoting efficient wood/charcoal stoves and manufacture of non-solid wood fuel, in an effort to reduce cutting of forest wood for cooking stoves. As the compressed fuel discs have had only limited usage success, DLC-SC is now focusing on distribution of a higher quality fuel efficient stove. Unfortunately, though the new ADES stoves are of high quality and relatively low cost, transporting them from the Tana region, where they are built, is prohibitively expensive for the long tenm. DLC-SC will be exploring with appropriate local specialists the possibility of having a

14 similar high quality stove manufactured locally, in Sambava and/or Andapa. In addition to reducing wood/charcoal needs by 50%, the more efficiently burning stoves also improve local women's respiratory health by improving air quality in kitchens. Also, the thick walled stoves reduce burn incidents to children, and for those who live in town has an economic impact by reducing the amount of fuel that needs to be purchased.

• Family Planning As in all of Madagascar, the population of the SAVA region is growing at an alarming rate, steadily increasing the pressure on forests and natural resources. In hopes of reducing the growing pressures, DLC-SC has entered into a collaboration with Marie Stapes International (MSI) in the realm of family planning. MSI has years of experience in Madagascar and was already working in the SAVA region. Wrth funding support from DLC-SC, MSI has agreed to work in villages surrounding Marojejy Park that were not a part of their original plan. To date, MSI has carried out 6 "first service" visits on behalf of DLC-SC, serving 130 women, and 3 follow-up visits serving 61 women. The first service visits provide consenting women with contraception options of a 3-year implant, or an IUD, and have been attended by village women from ages 14 to 40, all already with children. The follow-up visits monitor women that have previously received implants!IUDs. All visits by MSI are canried out by MSI "ladies" (nurses) and sometimes accompanied by a doctor. The family planning service has been very well received.

• Collaboration with Madagascar National Park Service !MNPl DLC-SC works closely with MNP to improve protection of Marojejy National Park and Anjanaharibe Sud Reserve, both in the SAVA region. DLC-SC is helping to reinvigorate the village guard program by supplying the village guards with equipment - (70) raincoats and (70) rubber boots. The program is managed by MNP, with some oversight by DLC-SC.

15 DLC-SC is also supporting clear delineation of the boundary of Marojejy National Park by providing funds for signs and their installation. Clear boundaries leave no question about the location of park borders, as local people cultivate land up to the park edge.

In an unexpected development, DLC-SC is (discreetly) funding special rosewood intervention missions in and around Marojejy by MNP in coordination with other law enforcement authorities including the military. llegal cutting of rosewood in Marojejy restarted in late 2013, and as MNP had the will but no funds with which to combat the illicit cutting, the local office appealed to DLC-SC for assistance. DLC­ SC agreed to support three unannounced mission patrols around Marojejy, two of which have already been carried out and reported upon. The missions have resulted in rosewood log confiscations and arrests. The rosewood activity appears to have decreased dramatically.

DLC-SC's collaboration with MNP is an extremely important aspect of our efforts in the SAVA region, and I am pleased to report that DLC has cultivated an excellent relationship with the local Andapa office, which oversees both Marojejy and Anjanaharibe-Sud protected areas. The new local MNP office director is proving to be an excellent collaborator, and he is much less hesitant in confronting the illegal cutting and traffic of precious woods in the region.

Collaboration with Antanetlambo private reserve DLC-SC also collaborates with the private reserve of Antanetiambo near Andapa, through reforestation efforts and support of guard personnel. Antanetiambo is owned by Desire Rabary (winner of a Seacology Foundation award) and is a glowing example of a Malagasy national taking personal initiative to protect forested land. The reserve is easily accessible to the schools of Andapa, so makes a relatively easy educational day visit for the many schools in the Andapa area. Also, there is a nearby library (established and maintained by an NGO Simpona/SAVA Conservation collaboration).

The Antanetiambo area is also the location of the Ambodivohitra demonstration fish farming pond as well as the yam plantation. Mr. Rabary has generously allowed DLC-SC to use his land for these other project activities. Mr. Rabary has also welcomed Duke Engage program students

16 to work in his reserve and to stay on his property. With the addition of toilet facilities and a kitchen, the site is now more conducive to visiting researchers, and we expect future Duke Engage volunteers to be based there for a major part of their volunteer period.

Research DLC-SC supports and facilitates research of various types, both in Marojejy and in other forests of the SAVA region. In addition to continued research on the silky sifakas, of particular interest has been the recent research carried out by DLC post-doc Dr. Marina Blanco on the fat-tailed dwarf lemurs (Cheirogaleus sp.). We look forward to more of Dr. Blanco's research at Marojejy, as she has two more research visits planned. We also hope to support additional missions in the SAVA region, in the area bordering Maklra, to try to confirm presence of the greater bamboo lemur (Prolemur simus) as well as to lend support to other conservation research initiatives.

Duke connections We view DLC-SC as an excellent opportunity to involve Duke University students and faculty in conservation and other related work in the project area. To date DLC-SC has hosted and assisted several Nicholas School of the Environment students for their masters projects, four in environmental education, and one worked in Marojejy doing lemur survey transects and evaluating forest change over time. Each year from 2013-2015, DLC-SC hosted two Duke Engage students. The Engage program provides service project opportunities to Duke undergraduates, both in the US and abroad. Duke Global Health Initiative (DGHI) has also begun a collaborative project working on wildlife and human health in the region.

In May of 2013, DLC-SC Malagasy project manager Lanto Andrianandrasana came to Duke and DLC as a visiting scholar, funded by the new Duke Africa Initiative. In his first visit to the US and Duke, Lanto spent most of his time at DLC learning all about the various departments and programs. The experience was a very valuable one which advanced Lanto's understanding of "the big conservation picture" as well as of the organization for which he works.

17 ------

Duke LEMUR CENTER SAVA £0.NdS~~~~Tlq~

Extensive New Boundary Demarcation of Marojejy National Park by Dr. Erik l'alel

Since 2012 SAVA Conservation has been providing employment and raincoats to local forest guards {"CLP's or Comites Locale du Pare") who assist park rangers with forest monitoring as well as Installation of park boundary signs. 105 new metal boundary signs, as well as red paint on trees between them, have been Installed over the past few years through our program (see Map _Sfgns are_ placed at,$trategie kications around Marojejy to ciearly mark the on Page 3). In national paJ'kboul'!d..-y. northern Madagascar, -: ------local confusion about the location of park boundaries and their permanence has been reported for recently gazetted national parks such as Masoala and Marojejy as well as long standing special reserves such as Ankarana and Anjanaharibe-Sud {Gezon, 1997; Ormsby and Kaplan, 2005). insufficient boundary demarcation has contributed to the shrinking sizes of some of Madagascar's national parks and other protected areas. Marojejy National Park was fortunate to be professionally re-demarcated in 2008 by a geographer. The official "new" size of Marojejy Is 55,500 ha, which Is considerably smaller {45.5 km2) than the previous official size {60,050 ha) specified In the original decree for this protected area {Schweter, 2008). The park has a perimeter of 205 km but only 92 historic concrete boundary markers {"boumes") delimit this boundary. Some bournes are separated by as much as 9km. it Is the large areas between these original concrete markers which have been deforested In some cases. For some reserves, such as Masoala National Park, the exact size and boundary seems to be unclear even now since very different sizes have been published {for the terrestrial protected areas on the peninsula), e.g. 220,500 ha {IUCN and UNEP-WCMC, 2015), 230,000 VOL. 4, NO. I PAGE 2

Ertensive New Boundary Demarcation of !rlaroj~iY Nat'l Park Coutiuued

(Ormsby and Kaplan, 2005}, 210,000 ha (Kremen eta!., 1999). The difference between the lowest and highest Masoala estimate Is considerable at 20,000 ha or 200 km2 which Is larger than Ankarana or Amber Mountain National Parks or nearly 7 times the size of Betampona Reserve. In fact, considerable deforestation has been documented Inside Masoala since 2009, when the last political crisis began (Allnutt et al., 2013}. Clear and thorough boundary demarcation has been frequently reported as an effective management strategy for national parks and reserves around the world. So long as the boundary regions are not contested by local communities, Improved demarcation can prevent future conflict, while providing jobs and demonstrating that conservation Is active and present in even very remote areas of a reserve. One landmark study in the journal Science examined park effectiveness in 93 protected areas across 22 tropical countries. Anthropogenic threats, such as land clearing, selective logging, fire, and hunting, were significantly minimized by the extent of boundary demarcation as well as density of park rangers, probability that violators would be apprehended and receive sanctions, as well as direct compensation to local communities if impacted by a protected area (Bruner eta!., 2001). Similarly, Gibson et al. (2005) evaluated effectiveness of forest management practices across 12 countries and found that regular forest monitoring and enforcement of park rules (such as boundary lines) were the most Important factors for successful protected area management. The Marojejy National Park Director and staff echo these sentiments and have been extremely enthusiastic about SAVA Conservation continuing this program in Marojejy National Park.

Allnutt, T. F., Asner, G. P., Golden, C. D., & Powell, G. V. (2013). Mapping recent deforestation and forest disturbance In northeastern Madagascar. Tropical Conservation Science, 6(1), 1-15. Bruner, A. G., Gullison, R. E., Rice, R. E., & Da Fonseca, G. A. {2001}. Effectiveness of parks In protecting tropical biodiversity. Science, 291(5501), 125-128. Gezon, LL. (1997) Institutional structure and the effectiveness of Integrated conservation and development projects: case study from Madagascar. Human Organization 56(4): 462-470. Gibson, C. C., Williams, J. T., & Ostrom, E. {2005}. Local enforcement and better forests. World Development, 33(2), 273-284. IUCN and UNEP-WCMC (n.d.), The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) [On­ line]. Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net [Accessed 10/05/2015]. Kremen, C., Razafimahatratra, V., Guillery, R. P., Rakotomalala, J., Weiss, A., & Ratslsompatrarivo, J. S. (1999). Designing the Masoala National Park In Madagascar based on biological and socioeconomic data. Conservation Biology, 13{5), 1055-1068. Ormsby, A., & Kaplin, B. A. {2005). A framework for understanding community resident perceptions of Masoala National Park, Modogoscor. Environmental Conservation, 32{02}, 156-164. Schweter, M. {2008}. Clarification de Ia limite du Pare National de Marojejy. Association pour Ia Gestlon des Aires Protegees/KfW. Pare National de Marojejy. 43 pp.

JULY lOIS VOL. 4, NO. I PAGE 3

Rtlensive New Boundary /Jemarcation of Marojejy Nal'l Park rimrinued

Boundary Sign Placement Marojejy National Park- May, 2015

• Andrallanjo

14

Andrabm:u1na

Marojejy National Park ·-

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Kilometers

49'40'E 49'5G'E

JULY 2015 VOL. 4, NO. I PAGE <4

New Member Joins SAVA Conservation Team SAVA Conservation Is pleased to announce that In January of this year, Louis Joxe Jaofeno ("Joxe"), joined the Sambava-based project team. Joxe Is not an unknown to the project, as in the past he has been hired for by-the-task contract work, mostly for English teaching and environmental education. As DLC-SC environmental education programs grow, and as Lanto has become busier with other aspects of the project, the decision was made to bring Joxe on In a full time role. Joxe's primary responsibility lies with environ­ mental education, but he also helps out with other activities such as family planning and trainings In yam cultivation. Joxe Is originally from Cap Est region, which Is the eastern most point of the Island of Madagascar, and found In the northeast adjacent to Masoala National Park. His older brother worked for WWF In Marojejy about 12 to 15 years ago, before the reserve was gazetted as a national park. Joxe frequently visited his brother during this time and be­ came quite familiar with the reserve and the local community of Manantenlna, near the park entrance. In fact, Joxe was among the first group of students from the Alliance Fran­ calse In Andapa that visited Marojejy. After finishing his high school diploma In Andapa, he attended the University of Diego for five years, where he studied English and tourism. He completed his Bachelor's Degree ("Ucense") and nearly finished his Masters ("Maltrlse"). Towards the end of 2011, he re­ ceived an opportunity to visit the University of Western Ontario In Canada where he lived and studied for several months, as well as surviving his first ever bliuard and sub-zero temperatures I More recently, he worked for more than two years as the Director of the i Regional Tourism Office in Sambava (ORT), a post with considerable responsibility. Joxe Is married and has one son who Is two years old.

JULY 2015 ------

VOL. 4, NO. I PAGE 5 Supporting Medical Training Programs to Help Newborn Infants by Dr. Erik l'at~l

As part of our "Population, Health, and Environment" (PHE) Program, SAVA Conservation supports a variety of human health projects, such as family planning, In villages near Marojejy National Park. Recently, we sought to ex­ pand our health program to newborn Infant care, since neonatal mortality is rather high In Madagascar: 21 new­ born Infants die within the first month after birth per 1000 births. This Is higher than the global neona­ tal mortality rate (20), and much higher than the USA (4), but stili considerably less than west and central Africa (35) (WHO, 2013). Approximately 26% of neonatal deaths In developing countries are due to asphyxia or difficulty breath­ Ing which can actually be prevent­ ed, saving babies, If health care workers have sufficient training and resuscitation equipment. In some cases, Infants may appear to be dead and not breathing but can still be resuscitated. In May of this year, we were de­ lighted to host Or. Alison leaf and her husband Dr. Andrew Wilkinson. They are both Professors and Neo­ natologists (Pediatricians that spe­ cialize In newborn Infants) from England who organized and taught several "Helping Babies Breathe" (HBB) training courses to doctors and nurses In Sambava and Andapa. It Is only because of their tremendous drive and passion for Madagascar and neonatal health that these trainings were a huge success. We thank them greatly I Below we ask Dr. leaf and Dr. Wilkinson some questions about the HBB Trainings:

1) What Is the "Helping Babies Breathe" Training Program? Helping Babies Breathe Is a neonatal resuscitation course for use In resource-limited settings. it was developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics, laerdai-Giobal health, United Nations, USAID and other organisations on the premise that assessment at birth and simple newborn care are things that every baby deserves. The steps taught In HBB can save lives and give a much better start to many babies who struggle to breathe at birth and alms to meet the needs of every baby born. Helping Babies Breathe emphasizes skilled attendants at birth, assessment of every baby, temperature support, stimulation to breathe, and assisted ventilation as needed, all within "The Golden Minute" - the first minute after birth. It addresses one of the three main causes of neonatal mortality and has been widely taught and Implemented In many countries. This website can provide more Information: h!!:.!tiL www.heiplngbabiesbreathe.org/

2) Why was It Important to conduct trainings In the SAVA region? Madagascar has made a great commitment to reducing maternal and child mortality In line with the Millennium Development Goals (4 and 5), and the more recent WHO 'Every Newborn Action Plan'. However It Is a large country

JULY 2015 VOL. 4, NO. I PAGE 6

Supporting Medi~:al Training Programs to Help Newborn Infants Continurd

and resources are limited, so that even with considerable international funding, not ail regions can be reached with current maternal/child health programs. So far SAVA region has not been included in projects to deliver training in emergency newborn care. HBB can be taught in a relatively short time, and participants can then be supported to train others in simple but effective life-saving manoeuvres.

3) Were the trainings largely successful and well received by the local medical community? We have run two courses- one in Sambava and one in Andapa. Each course has had 12 participants, including doctors, nurses and midwives, from both public and private hos­ pitals, as well as the Level 2 Health Centers - 'CSBs'- within each town. The courses were very well re­ ceived: partici­ pants were keen to learn and as­ sessments showed an im­ provement in knowledge and skills. in each town we gave additional in- struction to sev­ Dr~~Alf~_ Leaf and h~~ h~band. Dr. Andrew Wilkinson eral participants, selected by the Regional Minister for Health, to enable them to train others. Course mate- rials and resuscitation equipment were given to ail participants, and each hospital was provided with a training kit.

4} What are your hopes and concerns for the future? We hope that an Increased level of knowledge and skills, together with wider availabil­ ity of simple but effective equipment, will reduce the number of unnecessary newborn deaths in this region. We also hope that the training will be cascaded to others, particular­ ly those responsible for maternity care in more rural and isolated settings, where access to health care is particularly limited. We appreciate that on-going support would be valu­ able to ensure skills are maintained, but hope that our designated trainers will be able to do this, and that we can continue to support them from a distance, or ideally through fur-

JULY2015 VOL.

by Dr. Erik l'alel

It Is with great pleasure that we an­ nounce the completion of the first Master's Thesis by a Malagasy student on the criti­ cally endangered silky slfaka. On April 24, Mr. Manltra Fabien Rajaonarlson was awarded a Dlpl6me d'Etudes Approfondles (D.EA) from the Department of Animal Biology at the University of Antananarivo. The title and abstract of his thesis are pub­ lished below, and resembles our co­ authored poster at the Proslmlan Congress (2013). Manltra has become a regular par­ ticipant on SAVA Conservation research projects. He has not only worked with me right, in Marojejy In Maklra and Marojejy on silky slfaka pro­ jects, but also closely assisted former Duke University Masters Student Jennifer Moore, as well as DLC post-doc Dr. Marina Blanco. He has earned a reputation for working In some of the most challenging and remote field sites I He hopes to pursue a PhD, and we look forward to working with Manitra In the future.

Feeding Ecology and Behavior of Proplthecus candldus (Grandldler, 1871) Inhabiting the Andaparaty Forest In the Maklra Natural Park In northeastern Madagascar

Man/tro Fabien Rajaonar/son Memolre Pour L'obtention du Dlplome d'Etudes Approfondles (D.E.A.) University of Antananarivo, Department of Animal Biology

A dietary and behavioral study of Propithecus cond/dus was conducted In the Andaparaty forest In the Maklra Natural Park In northeastern Madagascar, from July to November 2011. Similar work had been conducted In Maro­ jejy National Park but this Is first long term study of this species outside of Marojejy. The Andaparaty group of five Individuals Inhabits a low elevation and partially disturbed habitat approximately 30km northeast of Maroantsetra and just north of the Antalnambalana River. This Is the southern-most group of silky slfakas In Madagascar. Meth­ ods Included focal animal sampling, recording of GPS points and establishment of botanical plots. P. cand/dus was found to be a follvorous seed-predator which consumed 70 different plant food species In 34 plant families. Their most preferred food was "Mampay" (Cynametra sp.) [Fabaceae] which comprised 22% of their feeding time. Inter­ estingly, this food has never been documented In the diets of silky slfakas In Marojejy. Seasonal differences were found In the consumption of seeds, fruits, and leaves. Resting (62.98%) and feeding (28.50%) comprised most of the activity budget but seasonal changes were significant. Scent marking and grooming were frequent social behaviors, and while aggression rates were quite low, the adult female dominated the group during feeding contexts ("female feeding priority"). The home range of this group is the largest known for P. candid us, and one of the largest of any slfaka In Madagascar: 100% Minimum Convex Polygon Is 98.6ha; 95% Kernel method Is 67.8ha and 50% kernel is 21.8ha. The elevations occupied by this group (235m to 56Sm asl) are the lowest ever documented for this species. These results Illustrate the flexibility of P. cand/dus and provide new Information about their ability to cope with habitat disturbance.

JULY201S VOL. 4, NO. I PAGE 8

ANew Collaboration Begins with Professor Dr. Tsilavana llAVELOMANANA: Assessing Wild Freshwater Fish Diversity and Conservation

by Dr. Erik !'aiel and Charlie \Velrh Contrary to early accounts of "depauperate lchthyofauna", Madagascar's native fresh­ water fish diversity is now recognized as truly Impressive and consistent with the large size of the island. At last count, 143 native species of freshwater fish exist In Madagascar in 54 genera and 21 families. Endemism at the species level is high and esti­ mated between 60 to 90% (Sparks and Stiassny, 2003). Unfortunately, freshwater fish are among the most heavily threatened groups of animals In Madagascar. The Intro­ duction of non-native species, particularly predatory Asian snakehead (Channa macu/ata), has wreaked havoc on na­ tive species. In their classic review, Benstead et al. (2003) point out that "As anyone who has collected fish in Mada­ gascar can attest, it is extremely difficult to locate a body of water, no matter how Isolated, where the catch is not dominated by exotic species" (p. 1109). Deforestation also has numerous deleterious effects on rivers, such as In­ creased sedimentation due to erosion, reduced insect as­ semblages resulting In less food for fish, and changes in water temperatures. A third major threat Is overfishing, the impacts of which " ... have largely been Ignored until recently ... " (p. 1109). The extensive use of chemically treated mosquito nets with very tiny holes for fishing, has devastated native fish communities by killing even infants and juveniles. We are very excited about our latest collaboration with Professor Dr. Tsliavana RAVE­ LOMANANA, an ichthyologist (fish specialist) and Professor at the University of Antanana­ rivo. We recently supported his expedition to the Bemarivo and Androranga Rivers, two of the largest rivers In the SAVA region. We recruited him to assess fish and Invertebrate diversity in these large waterways as well as to assess the general health of these systems and conservation threats. He and his assistant, Fetra ANDRIAMBELOMANANA spent most of the month of December (2014) seining and sampling In the above mentioned rivers and some of their tributaries. In ali, the team documented 22 taxa of fish in their aquatic biological Inventory. Of those taxa, 7 species are endemic to the region, 6 species are nonnative exotics, and the remaining 9 species are native to Madagascar, but also exist In other regions of the coun­ try. Importantly, three of the native species found (Bedatia mara}ejy, Mesapristes elan­ gatus and Paretrap/us palyactis) are threatened with extinction and have been designated as "vulnerable" by the IUCN. The species diversity overall was disappointing but not sur-

JULY 2015 VOL. -4. NO. I PAGE 9 ANew Collaboration Begins with Professor /Jr. Tsilavana RAVELOMANANA t:vntinued prlslng, considering the above mentioned three threats to fish diversity. Notably, no 'fony', (Paratilap/a sp.), were found, which Is Important Information for us with relation to project supported fish farming of Paratilapia- an activity that Includes release of the farm raised fony Into local rivers. No Paratilap/a have yet been released by SAVA Conserva­ tion Into the Bemarlvo nor Androranga river systems. Plans are already In the works to engage Dr. Tsilavlna to survey rivers into which project sponsored releases of farm raised Paratilapla have occurred. Such evaluation Is essential in order to assess the success of the releases.

References

Sparks JS, Stiassny MU. 2003. Introduction to the freshwater fishes. Pages 849-863 In Goodman SM, Benstead JP, eds. The Natural History of Madagascar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Benstead, J.P., Patrick, H., Gattolllat, J. L, Glbon, F. M., Loiselle, P. V., Sartori, M., ... & Stiassny, M. L (2003). Con­ serving Madagascar's freshwater biodiversity. 8/ascience, 53(11), 1101-1111.

JULY lOIS VOL. <4, NO. I PAGE 10

Supporting Lemur Projects with the School for International Training (SIT) in Marojejy

by Dr. Erik l'alel Over the past several years, SAVA Conservation has supported several undergraduate research projects on wild silky sifakas with students from the School for In­ : teroational Trajnjng's (S!Tl 'Bjodjyersjty and Natural Be: . source Management Course'. Based In Fort Dauphin (Taolagnaro) In southeastern Madagascar, this four month study abroad course Is one of the oldest and most renowned undergraduate programs in Madagas­ car. In addition to coursework and language training, all students conduct an Independent study project during their final month. Past students hosted by SAVA Con­ servation Include Brandon Semel. Nomln Lyons, and Perri Sheinbaum who conducted research projects on silky slfaka diet, ranging, and grooming, respectively. Many of their students continue on to Masters and PhD programs. In February, several Marojejy guides who started their own nature reserves in the SA­ VA region, (Desire Rabary and Jackson) were invited to speak to SIT students in Taolag­ naro at their main office. The students showed considerable Interest and a thought pro­ voking discussion ensued. SAVA Conservation Is pleased to participate In SIT's training for potential conservation professionals, and we look forward to continued collaboration.

_left to right ~ra:Pllin. Janvierr ~estor;-Guy. and SIT Stud~!'t Perri Sheinbaiuri, .lt­ -Marojej}' I

JULY 201S VOL. 4, NO. I PAGE I I Whose Mouse Lemur Is It? Goodman's or MacArthur's? It May Be Mittermeier's ... by Dr. Marina Blanco

As someone who has spent several months over several years looking at mouse lemur faces (and genitalia), at two eastern rainforest sites (Ranomafana and Tslnjoarivo forests), I felt confident enough to embark on a new chal­ lenge, to capture and identify mouse lemurs from northeastern Madagascar, specifically at Marojejy National Park and at Anjanaharibe Sud Special Re­ serve. Truth be told, however, no expert eye can easily tell rainforest mouse lemur species apart. Descriptions usually include details such as: "brownish-reddish dorsal coat, yellowish-creamy ventral coat, lnterocular white strlpe_.body mass of 40 or 50 g". There are several problems with these descriptions: color coat may differ between juveniles and adults, even among adults in the same population. Also, some characteristics are too general and shared among species. Body mass varies among age/sex groups, but also between seasons. For Instance, adults may put on some ex­ i M...ilna.•s fl~l.~ ....,,.,.nt,Cmtn"'J H~nk:rlri;;.l • ., trom':t&_e_,Siologt: o'Gpart~ tra weight and store fat in their tails and body prior ;, inent _at (~EA reciplent)t_with one_ of the to the winter season; moreover, male body masses ~ --~-ed ~ustrfemun:. differ significantly depending on whether their tes­ tes are developed or not prior to/during the reproductive season (note: testes are regressed most of the year but can •grow" as large as their brain, for reproductive purposes). The cryptic morphological nature of mouse lemurs contrasts with their great genetic variability, which makes them a difficult, yet Interesting case for evolutionary studies. The story of mouse lemurs is one of relatively recent and rapid adaptive radiation. in fact, mouse lemurs (Microcebus) are unique in that they are present in basically ail forest types, including degraded environments and close to villages, where no other lemurs may exist. Yet, geo­ graphic isolation, partly due to recent forest fragmentation and habitat loss, has "precipitated" genetic diversifica­ tion among small populations, many of which are cornered to the brinks of extinction. Thus, whereas as a group mouse lemurs are almost omnipresent, some of them (species) may be condemned to disappearance soon after their scientific discovery. Why would we care about species then? As "evolutionary units", species perpetuate heritable traits (by virtue of reproductive members passing on those traits), many of which are a reflection of environmental "fine tuning" -called adaptations when those traits are a result of selection. Or also by chance, as only a subset of individuals survive and mate and there is a probabilistic tag to traits passing on due to sampling error. Thus, some mouse lemurs may be able to tolerate dry winters (using stored fat to produce metabolic water), cold nights (reducing metabolism and energy demands by using torpor), reproduce earlier and faster (differential response to photoperiod and expression of polyestry), rely more on sugars than lipids (diet changes across sites and seasons), live longer (some aged individuals showing Alzheimer's-llke symptoms and other neurodegeneratlve conditions similar to those in humans). A comprehensive sampling pro­ gram including genetic, ecological, and environmental data will be needed to understand how much of the mouse lemur genetic repertoire will be lost as a result of local extinction. Ultimately, examining the genetic structure and diversification across populations will help us tell the tale of mouse lemur biogeographic history, using paleocli-

JULY 2015 VOL. 4, NO. I PAGE 12

lVhose Mouse Lemur Is It? l'ontinurd

matic, geological and other environmental data. And perhaps non-intuitively, they may even help conservation biologists design forest corridors that will help not only the mouse lemurs, but also their larger bodied relatives.

Mouse Lemur Expeditions

Thanks to funding provided by the new Duke Tropical Conservation Initiative (DTCI), I am leading a team of Malagasy colleagues to discover where mouse lemurs occur In un­ documented localities, particularly areas where scientists suspect that forests are both fragmented and critical for lemur dispersal in the face of climate change. During the first expedition, our team chose a low elevation area (less than 300m) on the southeast­ ern side of Marojejy National Park using Google Earth. This targeted area was expected to have relatively warm temperatures during winter and display mild seasonal variation. We drove from Sambava for about 1.5 hours and were dropped off at Mandena, a small village close to the MNP small kiosk. From there, we hiked for approximately 2 hours through rice paddies and crossing streams countless times before reaching the boundary of the Park. We set up camp nearby the boundary of "Borne 67", fighting off mosquitos and getting ready ahead of a threatening storm. At this location we captured three mouse lemurs, two females and one male. For our second expedition, almost a month later, we went to Camp lndrl, within Anjanaharlbe Sud Special Reserve, southwest of Marojejy National Park. After 1.5 hour-drive from the town of Andapa, we were dropped off at the village of Andaslbe where porters were gathered to take our provisions. After a 1.5 hour hike on a broad trail (actually a national road), we arrived at the village of Be­ fingotra for lunch. About 2 hours later, hiking on the same main road, we arrived at Camp lndri (1000 m), where we were rewarded with news that a new shower and toilet facility had been recently built with support from Lemur Conservation Foundation. At this location we captured 8 mouse lemurs, mostly juveniles.

So, what was the verdict?

In my field notes, on many occasions, I wrote things like "looks just like Goodman's mouse lemur (M. lehilahytsara) from Tslnjoarivo, brownish-reddish, etc. Two candidate species had been identified In nearby areas In northeastern Madagascar and they had, as expected, general descriptions. One possibility was M. mitterrneieri, already reported from other areas at Anjanaharibe Sud Special Reserve. This Is described as the smallest rainforest mouse lemur, -40g, with dorsal coat light reddish-brown to rust, ventral coat whitish-brown, among other traits. The second option was M. macarthur!!, which Is de­ scribed as a large mouse lemur, -s3g, reddish-brown dorsal fur, with rufous head turn­ Ing orange on the cheeks among other traits. This species was located at Anjlahely, southeast of Marojejy National Park, where it was found In sympatry with M. mlttermel­ erl. Unfortunately, or I should say expectedly, our captured mouse lemurs ranged in size 1

JULY 2015 VOL. 4, NO. I PAGE 13 lf'hose Mouse Lemur Is II? umrinurJ from 38 g Uuvenlles) to 69 g (adult female with a fat tall) and fitted descriptions of both species when coat color and general size was taken Into consideration. Overall, Marojejy Individuals were larger In size than Anjanaharibe Sud mouse lemurs, so we could, In principle, say M. macarthurll may be present in the former and M. mittermeleri In the latter, but that Is a barely-educated guess at this point, without having the genetic Information. Personally, I found It Intriguing that mouse lemurs at the Marojejy low elevation site were ready to mate again In early April (the first estnus In females generally occur In September or October depending on species and sites) as evidenced by a vaginal opening and a vaginal swelling of captured females (vagina remains sealed except during the short estrous periods) but adult mouse lemurs In Anjanaharlbe Sud were showing evidence of tall fattening In anticipation of periods of prolonged tor­ por. Thus, at least some individuals at Anjanaharlbe Sud cut reproductive season short and remain Inactive most of the winter season relying on stored fat. These are just examples of a variety of strategies mouse lemurs can display under different environmental conditions, and that's why they hold the title of most "ecologically flexible" lemurs out there. For anybody Interested In the genetic results of these expeditions, however, I'll be gMng updates as soon as samples are analyzed.

JULY lOIS VOL. <4, NO. I

New Reforestation Project in Sambava with RANOALA

SAVA conservation has been planting 30,000 to 45,000 trees each year In the SAVA region. Most of our reforestation projects are taking place In villages near Marojejy National Park. However, community leaders In Sambava have emphasized how little reforestation Is occurring near the city Itself. Aside from the many environmental benefits of planting trees (mitigating global warming and erosion and more), there Is growing urban demand for wood planks for construction and char­ coal. In Madagascar, charcoal provides nearly 90% of the energy used for cooking in urban households (Montagne et al., 2010). Approxi­ mately 18 million cubic meters of wood is uti­ lized as fuel wood each year In Madagascar, of which about half is used for charcoal (Meyers et al., 2006). Locally, demand In Sambava is contributing to illegal selective logging inside Marojejy, particularly In the Andratamarina region of northeast Marojejy. The price of charcoal has increased steadily In the SAVA region, as the vast majority of char­ coal is produced In one location near Antalaha and distributed by truck 80km to Sambava and nearly 200km to Andapa. Most of the charcoal In this region comes from Mandrorofo (Trachy/oblum sp.) trees, a native species. However, increasingly non-native species such as Acacia and Mango are used for charcoal as demand increases. Fortunately, the Malagasy reforestation organization RANOALA (translates as "water t and forest") is newly based In Sambava Itself. RANOALA was founded by Mr. Jean Pascal Josoa or "Pascal" (see picture above) In 2010. After finishing a very successful career In politics, he wanted to focus more on his passion for planting trees, and completed profes­ sional training as a certified tree nursery technician. He served as Sambava's elected mayor twice, Deputy three times, and later served in the federal government as the Chief of the Province and the Vice-President of the National Finance Assembly. He says he chose to start RANOALA because he became aware of climate change and was ready to leave politics. RANOALA has grown quickly - In just five years, Pascal has established five tree nurseries and has planted nearly 60,000 trees. Last year SAVA Conservation was approached by the well-known Ravelo(randramena family for assistance in reforesting some of their land outside Sambava. We chose to part- ______, !

JULY 1015 VOL. 4, NO. I PAGE 15

New Reforestation Project in Sambava with RAN0,4LA c~mtinued ner with RANOA LA to reforest 4.1 hectares (10.1 acres) of their barren land just outside of the city. During rainy sea­ son, between January and March 2015, nearly 8000 trees were planted, including 4000 Acacia, 2000 Mandrorofo, and 1700 Mango trees. it has only been a few months, but It is encouraging to see that many of the young seedlings are doing well, particularly the Acacia which grows remarkably fast (see photo below). Our biggest challenge now is battling the many weeds which have cropped up! We look forward to working with RANOALA more In the future and hope that such reforestation efforts will be imitated by other owners of degraded land in the SAVA region.

References

Meyers, D., Ramamonjisoa, 8., seve, J., Rajafindramanga, M. and Burren, c. (2006). 'Etude sur Ia consommation et Ia production en prodults llgneux'. Jariala/USAID. Montagne P. et al. (2010). Arina, le charbon de bois a Madagascar: entre demande urbalne et gestion durable. An­ tananarivo, Cite, 187 p.

JULY lOIS VOL. <4, NO. I PAGE 16

~--" ""'""'ft- ¥~'"'""""" ..,_, __, ~ """""-· "'"""" _,_."""' ,.,.,., '"'-"'~ "'""' _, ~= =<>...... , ~ ..,.,

"· \ ANew Environmental Education Tool

by l:harli~ \Vclrh

The training of primary school teachers of the SAVA region in use of the Teacher's Manual for Teaching Environmental Education has been a pillar of the SAVA Conservation environmental education program since the beginning of the project. In recent years, SAVA Conservation has been collaborating with GIZ/Symrlse on various environmental education activities, Including the teacher trainings. GIZ Is an International development branch of the German government, and partners with Symrlse, a global supplier of fragrances and flavorings, Including vanilla. GIZ and Symrlse have formed an alliance In an effort I to improve the human condition and put In place environmentally sensitive and sustainable practices In the SAVA region. They have supported the creation of an environmental education tool known as the Kit Mad' ere, which can be used by primary school teachers as a visual aid. The kit is made to be easily portable, and has many velcro type removable attachments (see photos). As with the Teacher's Manual, trainings are carried out for the kits by a trained team, and SAVA Conservation education personnel participated In and helped to organize the trainings. Two separate Kit Mad' ere trainings took place In Feb. and March of this year, and eventually the Kit trainings will be Integrated Into the Teacher's Manual trainings. We are very pleased to be collaborating with GIZ/Symrise in the critically Important realm of environmental education.

-mental Education Co•ordilnator,Joxe, --~and B~no, alt :Nfd~fthe~-~ _- _ I

JULY 1015 VOL. of, NO, I PAGEI7

ANew Environmental Education Tool Conrinued

JULY2015 VOL. 4, NO. I PAGE 18 Closing Comments People are often surprised to learn how much of DLC's conservation work in the SAVA Is community-based and human oriented. There exists a broadly held misconception that conservation in a biodiversity­ rich country, such as Madagascar, means project personnel spend the majority of their time in forests and natural areas. Although biological research is certainly a critical element of SAVA Conservation, a high percentage of our project team's time is spent with people at all levels and sectors of the community. The team works with educators, conservation professionals, cultivators, villagers Interested In fish farming. government officials, tourism, health, etc. Some areas don't seem to relate to conservation at all, such as one might think for our support of the Helping Babies Breathe (HBB) Initiative (see article on page 5). However, as Erik mentions In his HBB article, the Population, Health and Environment (PHE) approach to conservation Is gaining momentum as a path to establishing sustainable conservation, and we believe it to be a very strong strategy. To remove humans from the conservation equation is to fail to consider a very important part of almost any environment or ecosystem where humans exist. HBB Is but one way that SAVA Conservation can help to Improve the lives of people in the SAVA community, and In so doing also take a step towards protecting precious forest habitat, which benefits both humans and animals alike.

JULY lOIS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

NAME I POSITION TITLE Katz, Andrea Susan Curator, Living Animal Collection __..:...______----i I Duke lemur Center

EDUCATION/TRAINING

INSTITUTION AND LOCATION I DEGREE MMIYY FIELD OF STUDY J (if applicable)_

-University l B.S. - Zoology I j I I A. Personal Statement

I have worked in the field of lemur conservation and captive management for over 30 years, both at the Duke lemur Center (DLC} and in Madagascar. Currently Curator of the DLC, my primary responsibilities are to plan and manage breeding and housing for the DLC's approximately 235 prosimian primates. I coordinate our breeding programs with national and international priorities for conservation breeding, partnering with other accredited institutions and zoos. I represent the DLC in a leading role in the Prosimian Taxon Advisory Group and Species Survival Plans where our staff our viewed as the top experts in prosimian husbandry, breeding management and veterinary care.

Given the DLC's tripartite mission of research, education and conservation, all which affect collection planning, I communicate closely with other departments, on issues and activities ranging from strategic planning to day-to-day operations and animal care. I plan for our collection so that our animals are maintained to the very best of our ability, taking into account breeding and research goals for each species, their needs, social behavior, and reproductive biology, as well the health and breeding status of every individual. I review our institutional collection plan annually, to keep colony growth in line with available housing and human resources, to be sure that highest standards of housing and care can be met.

One of the DLC's most unique and important assets is our network of natural habitat enclosures, multi­ acre forest enclosures where lemurs free-range throughout most of the year. I also manage our free­ ranging program, to provide a diversity of species and social groups for research use. This includes development of husbandry and parturition protocols, and standard operating procedures for animal care in the free-range enclosures.

Additionally I am responsible for breeding management of the DLC's mouse lemur and dwarf lemur colonies. When we imported nine young captive-bred mouse lemurs from France-· I developed animal care and management protocols for both breeding and birth seasons. These protocols have been successfully applied, leading to over 90% pregnancy rate of females bred, and 100% infant survival in the DLC mouse lemur colony during the first three years of colony growth -

B. Positions and Honors

Positions and Employment

Curator, Living Animal Collection, Duke Lemur Center Madagascar Program Specialist, Duke Lemur Center Conservation Coordinator, Duke Lemur Center and Technical Advisor, Madagascar Fauna Group. Tamatave, Madagascar Colony Supervisor, Duke Lemur Center :.:. .· : .. :,:.:.... :. :, .:.:. . :. .: .:::. ~:, ; .. :.:·.:.::.·: .:• . ;. ::.. ·. . .; .:: ...;, . ::.:.: :. .:: .::.::,:;;,. ,. :.:L::,:>.::.·.:.:·.::.::,. .., .:,·.. · .. ·...... :., . .. .. ·:. .: :: :: ,;.:. .~ :.:.::: :.:. ...: .\. ... :.:: .::.:·:. .:.: ·:. .. :.. ::.::.: ·:. .: .: ::.: ...... ,.,;.'::~; ·.:~: .~:(:, .• :. .

Supervisor, Duke Lemur Center Primate Technician, Duke Lemur Center

Other Experience and Professional Memberships

Husbandry Advisor, Prosimian Taxon Advisory Group Executive Committee and Board Member, Madagascar Fauna Group Steering Committee Member, Prosimian Taxon Advisory Gruop Institutional Representative and Advisor, all prosimian Species Survival Plans

Honors

·:· ~chevalier de I'Ordre National", awarded by the President of Madagascar- ·:· ~certificat de Bonne Conduite", awarded by the President of the Province of Toamasina (Tamatave), Madagascar - •:• ~ certificat de Merite sur ieSActivites Environnementale~rded by the Director of the Environment, Water and Forests, Toamasina, Madagascar-

C. Selected Peer-Reviewed Publications

• Welch, C.R. and Katz, A.S. (1992). Survey and census work on lemurs in the natural reserve of Betampona in eastern Madagascar with a view to re-stocking. Dodo, Jersey Wildlife Trusts 28: 45-58. • Britt, A.; Welch, C.; Katz, A. (1998). First release of captive-bred lemurs into their natural habitat. Lemur News 3: 8-1 1. • Britt, A.; Welch, C.; Katz, A. (2000). Ruffed lemur release. Lemur News 5: 36-38. • Britt, A.; Welch, C.; Katz, A. (2001). The impact of Cryptoprocta ferox on the Varecia v. variegata re­ stocking project at Betampona. Lemur News 6: 35-37. • Britt, A. ; Welch, C.; Katz, A. (2002). The release of captive-bred black and white ruffed lemurs into the Betampona Reserve, eastern Madagascar. /UCN Reintroduction News 21: 18-20. • Britt, A; lambana, B.R.; Welch, C.R.; Katz, A. (2003). Re-stocking of Varecia variegata variegata into the Reserve Naturelle Integrate de Betampona. In The Natural History of Madagascar, eds. S. Goodman and J.Benstead. Univ. of Chicago Press, pp. 1545-1551. • Katz, A. and Welch, C.R. (2003). Pare lvoloina. In The Natural History of Madagascar, eds. S.Goodman and J. Benstead. Univ. of Chicago Press, pp. 1555-1559. • Britt, A. ; Welch, C.; Katz, A. (2003). Can small, isolated primate populations be effectively reinforced through the release of individuals from a captive population? Biological Conservation 115: 319-327. • Britt, A.; Welch, C; Katz, A.; lambana, B.; Parton, 1.; Junge, R. ; Crawford, G.; Williams, K.; Haring, D. (2004). The re-stocking of captive-bred ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) into the Betampona Reserve: methodology description and recommendations. Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 635-657. • Durrell, L; Anderson, D.; Katz, A.; Gibson, D.; Welch, C.; Sargent, E.; Parton, I. (2007). The Madagascar Fauna Group: what zoo cooperation can do for conservation. In Zoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for Conservation? eds. A. Zimmerman, M. Hatchwell, L. Dickie and C. West. Cambridge University Press, pp. 275-286. ,: ·~~.

D. Research Support

• Katz (PI) Planet Foundation

Environmental Education and Outreach in eastern Madagascar.

The project supported the on-going DLC/Madagascar Fauna Group education program at Pare lvoloina, Madagascar. Activities included environmental education for youth and training of teachers, sustainable agroforestry training for local villagers, and capacity building for Malagasy conservation professionals and decision-makers.

• Katz (PI) Margot Marsh Foundation

The Aye-Aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) of Madagascar- Linking captive conservation and field research to enhance understanding and to support species survival.

The principle project objectives were to a) determine the feasibility of monitoring aye-ayes via secondary signs; b) begin a base line "data-set" for comparative measures of species' abundance throughout its range; c) provide conservation biology training for Malagasy student(s); and d) stimulate professional exchange regarding captive aye-aye husbandry and management.

• Welch (PI) National Geographic Conservation Trust

Integrated Conservation Management of the Betampona Natural Reserve

Support for a multi-year program to return endangered, captive-born black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) to the wild and to conduct long-term research on the released lemurs' adaptation and reproduction in the wild. The restocking project included increased protection of the reserve, surveys and field research on variety of taxa, educational opportunities and training for Malagasy students and local residents, and employment opportunities, micro-development, teacher training and educational outreach in surrounding villages.

• Katz (PI} Madagascar Fauna Group

Pare lvoloina: The Development of a Multi-Faceted Conservation Center in Eastern Madagascar

Annual grants supported improvements to animal enclosures, salaries and training for Malagasy personnel, veterinary and husbandry supplies, library materials, research activities, fi eld equipment environmental education programs and local community events. This program was undertaken and implemented in collaboration with the Government of Madagascar. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Provide the follOWing infonnetion fer the Senior/key personnel and other significant comrlbutors. Follow tills format for each person. DO NOT EXCEED FOUR PAGES.

NAME Williams.. Cathy Vopat Director of Animal Health, Duke Lemur Center eRA USER (credential, e.g., agency login)

with bBCCa/ttuiute or other ii!itie1PrGfeulonsl education, suc:h 83 nuraing, Include Po~ldoctcral ltaining and

A. PERSONAL STATEMENT As the Sen.ior VeteriharJ~n for the Duke Lemur Center, r experience overseeing and participating in r~eall;h programs u~ing prqsimian species. My tile Duke Lemljr Center and serving as a representative on the Duke Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee have prepared me fe>r making slgniflcaht contributions to the proposed study in terms of data collection, experimental design, and assuring a high level of oversight regarding animal well-being is achieved in the process. My work at the Lemur Center h.as foc~se~ on proyiding .st~te of ~he art .medical care for these unusual primates, defining previously unrecognized diseases that the different species cjevelop in captivity and researching improved methods for performing anesthesia and monitoring animals during research protocols. The proposed project is extremely exciting as it operis neW doors to learning about the complicated physiological procesSeS regulating hibernation in primates, The research has the potential to lay the foundations for developing novel approaches for tr~ating cancer, obe5ity, and severe trauma injuries in humans. . In ~ddition, the non-invasive methods proposed in the project serve as a model for future approaches to primate research in other disciplines. · ·

B. POSITIONS AND HONORS

I · Small Anl~nd Surgery University, College of Veterinary Medicine, .._.. Research Associate, Immunology of Transplant and Graft Rejection, Duke University Medical Cel)ter; Department ()f Hem.atol()gy/bncology, Durham, NC. Ass.ociate Clinical Veterinarian, Park Veterinary Hospital and Pets Emergency Treatment Service, Durham, NC. · Clinical Staff Veterinarian, Duke University Primate Center, Duke University, Durham, NC. Senior V~erinarian, Duke Lemur Center (previously Duke University Primate Center) Duke University, DurhaJ:Il, NC. Veterinary Consultant, Lemur Conservation Foundation, Vice Chair, Institutional Animal Care and Use 1"''''"'r,.,,... , Durham, NC. Adjunct Assistant Professor of Zoological M,.,.,,,.u University College of Veterinary Me:Oic.ine, Dept. of C.linica.l Sciences, Prosimlan Biomedical Consultant, ~inerals SA

PHS 39812590 (Rev. 06109) Page~ Continuation Format Page ......

, ;, , . ' '''•• , , .; .;, .;: • .:., ; • •• :,:.. ~ : : ,. , . :,:•• : •. ~,,.'.,, I, ... I , , , .•~. , , ;,.·,r. •• >• :.,.. ·_.,o. .: ~'• ;,,. 0• 0 ,,,:. : , ,;, , ,; ~;,;, :. :: :, , : ,.:; :.,~ ,; ,:• .::•• , , :,:,, .';;, :•,, ; ·,,: ·, : .:. ~,: ~,:,. ;, :.:.. : . ~~:. :. : . : , " : • • • ;» ; ...... :. " • • ':...... : ... :! ...... ;.• :•. ;~,:;·, ,:.,.. :.~:,:. :,. ~ " ..., ...... , ...., .::.,::.:. ,:, :~. . .· :::.:; .... ~ ...... : .: .., :.:.. ·: • •; .,,.:. ~:.;,.

Primary Member, Duke University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Member, American Association of Zoological Veterinarians. Veterinary Advisor, Prosimian Taxon Advisory Group of ical Association. Consulting Veterinarian, Lemur Conservation Foundation ,

moria! Scholarship for academic achievement. Performance. Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of

honors, B.S. degree, University of Alpo Scholarship for academic achievement.

C. SELECTED PEER~REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS {in chronological order) Campbell JL, Eisemann JH, Williams CV, Glenn KM, 2000. Description of the gastrointestinal tract of five lemur species: Propithecus verreauxi coquereli, Varecia variegata, Hapalemur griseus, and Lemur catta. American Journal of Primatology 52:133-142. Campbell JL, Williams CV, Eisemann JH, 2002. Fecal inoculum can be used to determine the rate and extent of in-vitro fermentation of dietary fiber sources across three lemur species that differ in dietary profile: Varecia variegata, Eulemur fulvus, and Hapalemur griseus. Journal of Nutrition 132:3073-3080. Williams CV, Steenhouse JL, Bradley JM, Hancock Sl, Hegarty BC, Breitschwerdt EB, 2002. Naturally occurring Ehrlichia chaffeensls infection in two prosimian primate species: ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata). Emerging Infectious Diseases 8: 1497-1500. Da Sliva AJ. Caccia c. Williams CV, Won KY. Nace EK, Whittier C , Pienlazek NJ, Eberhard ML, 2003. Molecular and morphologic characterization of a Cryptosporidium genotype identified in lemurs. Veterinary Parasitology 111: 297·307. Williams CV, Glenn KM, Levine JF, Horne WA, 2003. Comparison of the efficacy and cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine-based anesthetic protocols in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 34: 163-170. Britt A, Welch C, Katz A, lambana B. Porton I, JungeR, Crawford G, Williams CV, Haring D, 2004. There­ stocking of captive bred ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) into the Be1ampona Reserve: methodology and recommendations. Biodiversity and Conservation 2004. 13: 635-657. Campbell JL, Williams CV, Eiseman JH, 2004. Characterizing gastrointestinal transit time using barium impregnated polyethylene spheres (SIPS). American Journal of Primatology 64:309-321. Campbell JL, Williams CV, Eiseman JH, 2004. The use of total dietary fiber across four lemur species, Propithecus verreauxi coquereli, Hapalemur griseus griseus, Varecia variegata, and Eulemur fulvus: Does fiber type affect digestive efficiency American Joumal of Primatology 64:323-325. Glenn KM, Campbell JL, Rotstein 0, Williams CV, 2006. A retrospective evaluation of the incidence and severity of hemosiderosis in a large captive lemur population. American Journal of Primatology 68: 369- 381. Williams CV, Glenn KM, Campbell JL, 2006. Comparison of serum iron, total iron binding capacity, ferritin, and percent transferrin saturation in nine species of apparently healthy captive lemurs. American Journal of Primatology, 68:1-13. Williams CV, Junge RE , and Stalis I. Evaluation of iron status in lemurs by analysis of serum iron and ferritin concentrations, total iron binding capacity, and transferrin saturation. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association. 2008. 232(4):578 ~585 . Junge RE, Dutton CJ , Knightly F, Williams CV, Rasambainarivo FT. and Louis EE. Comparison of biomedical evaluation for white-fronted brown lemurs (Eulemur fufvus albifrons) from four sites in Madagascar. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2008. 39(4): 567-575. Charpentier, M.J.E., Williams, C., and Drea. C.M. Inbreeding depression in ring-tailed lemurs {Lemur catta): Genetic diversity predicts parasitism, immunocompetence, and survivorship. Conservation Genetics. 2008. 9:1605-1615. Remick AK, Van Wettere AJ, and Williams CV. Neoplasia in Prosimians: Case Series from a Captive Prosimian Population and Literature Review. Veterinary Pathology. 2009. 46: 746-n2. Zadozny LM, Williams CV, Remick AK, Cullen, JM. Spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma in captive prosimians. Veterinary Pathology. 2010. 47 {2): 306-311.

PHS 398/2590 (Rev. 06109) Page 36 Continuation Format Paga Yamashita N, Tan, CL, Vinyard CJ, Williams C. Semi-Quantitative Tests of Cyanide in Foods and Excreta of Three Hapalemur Species in Madagascar. American Journal of Primatology. 2010. 72:56-61

Cullen JM, Hong HL, Williams CV, Zadrozny L, Otstot JT, Solomon GG, and Sills RC. H-ras consensus sequence and mutations in primary hepatocellular carcinomas of lemurs and !arises. Veterinary Pathology. 2011. 48(4}: 868-874. (DOl: 10.1177/0300985810388526} Pacheco AM, Battistuzzi FU, Junge RE, Cornejo OE, Williams CV, Landau I, Rabetafika L, Snounou G, Jones-Engel L, and Escalante M. Timing the origin of human malarias: the lemur puzzle. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2011, 11:299. (doi:1 0.1186/1471-2148-11-299). Klopfer, P., Krystal. A., Williams, C. and Yoder, AD. Neuroethology: do hibernating primates sleep? Nova Acta Leopoldina. 2012. NF 111, Nr. 380 Ramsier MA, Cunningham AJ, Moritz GL, Finneran JJ, Williams CV, Ong PS, Gursky-Doyen SL and Dominy NJ. Primate communication in the pure ultrasound. Biology Letters. 2012. 8(4):508-511. Taufik E, Fukuda K, Senda A, Saito T, Williams C, Tilden C, Eisert R, Oftedal 0, Urashima T. Structural characterization of neutral and acidic oligosaccharides in the milks of strepshirrhine primates: greater galago, aye-aye, Coquerel's sifaka, and mongoose lemur. G/ycoconj J. 2012. 29:119-134.

D. COMPLETED RESEARCH SUPPORT • Prosimian Biomedical Survey: An evaluation of disease prevalence and health status of wild populations of lemurs in Madagascar. Conservation International • Validation of Methods to Evaluate Iron and Trace Mineral Status in Lemurs. Purina Mills, LLC/Mazuri • Capacity Building in Conservation Medicine: Supplemental Training for a Malagasy Veterinarian. St. Louis Zoological Park Field Conservation Program • Food resource partitioning among sympatric Bamboo Lemurs (Hapalemur species): behavioral, mechanical, and morphological correlates. NSF • The Neurobiology of Sleep and Hibernation in Fat-Tailed Dwarf Lemurs. Provost's Common Fund, Duke University

PHS 39812590 (Rev. 06/09) Page_;rr Continuation Format Pago BJOGR.A.P!iiCAL Si:{ETCH Provide lne foHOYiing Information for the 5eiliorll<:ant contributors. Follow lhis·format for each pers~m. DO NOT EX(;EEO FOUR PAGES.

S~hopler, Robert L Staff Veterinarian eRA COMMONS NAME (credential, e.g., agency login)

FIELD OF STUDY Zoology Veterinary Medicine

Epidemiology

A. PE~SQNAI.,. STATEMENT

I have Peen a veterinarian at the Duke Lemur Ge11ter for I} year~ and .have assisted with the maintenance, anestnesi;a, surgery a·nd general m.edical CC3re of t~!3 20 species of prosimians kept there. I have also assisted with research using C:heirogaleus med~IJS (Fat~tailed Dwarf lemurs) and Microcebus murinus (Mouse leml.Jrs), lr:Jch,u;ting, m9.~t re<:entiy a~.\:llstlng with the pilot MRI studies in both species. I am e~c.lted about the possibility of expC!ndrng the .Duke Lemur Center's colony in both of these speci~~ and lpok forward to assisting in that endeavor for years to come.

B. POSITIONS AND HONORS

Compa~a l pra

Associate Professor1 -._;nivE!r.sity • Researched Camel Trypanasomiasls in Camels of the region • Chief Surgeon for Regional Veterinary Services of Eritrea Veterinarian, farm & companion animal practice, ~eterinary Hospital,-

Relief Veterinarian -Founderi Director: .. Founder/Executive trector: Center Adjunct Associate Profesl)or at State University Staff Vetednarian, Duke Lemur Center

USDA Certified North Carolina Vet~rlnary Board License #2290

Exterhshlp at Volunteered ooing wild life work Fo.unding bQarct member, Wildlife Rehabilitators of••••• Member, Animal Care and Management Advisory Committee Page 33 Continuation Fonnat Pago .... ••'•••• •-"'' ',' • • • ' .. ; ,:,.:; ~ ~:.:;.: ,:~;;:.: ;;, ::~.-.: ,,: .:,;.,.,: " : ,:,:. ',•• · •, •, ' ·" ', ' ." .". :.-, : .; • ' " ': ,:.-..';. ,:, .: ,.:; :~; ;,, :~; .. ;: ; . ,;; ; .;,;.,::: , :,;: ~ ;, • • '.'., ,. • '• ' " '•••• • ,;, :~·. :. ; ..:: ,:;,;, ::,•; ...... ~ ·'•v•<• ·•. .. ; .:. :. :· ;,:. ·.,·. ;. ;; . .,.;, ' :.· .. .•:. :.. : . :. : .,.·. .. ~.. ~ .:...... ; : ...... : ... .. "'. . ... '· ...... :.·.:...... · ..

Member of the Scientific Research Committee for the Duke Lemur Center Veterinary consultant on numerous projects carried out at Duke Lemur Center Primary Member.-lnstitulional Animal Care & Use Committee •••

C. SELECTED PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS 1. Schopler. RL; Hall. AJ; Cowen, P Public veterinary medicine: Public health - Survey of wildlife rehabilitators regarding rabies vector species JAVMA-Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Nov 2005; 227 {10): 1568-1572. 2. Charles-Smith, LE; Cowen. P; and Schopler, RL .Environmental And Physiological Factors Contributing To Outbreaks Of Cryptosporidium In Coquerel's Sifaka (Propithecus Coquereli) At The Duke Lemur Center: 1999-2007 Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 41(3}: 438-444, 2010 3. Krystal AD; Blan co, MB: Dausman,KH; Faherty,S; Klopfer, PH: Schopler, RL, Yoder, AD. Sleep, Temperature, and Oxygen Consumption During Torpor and Spontaneous Arousals In a Hibernating Primate [In press}

D. RESEARCH SUPPORT • Co-in nary support) for The neurophysiology of sleep and torpor in the fat-tailed dwarf lemur • (Co-investigator) Raccoons as possible disease reservoirs for lemurs at the OLC, -

PHS 398/2590 {Rev. 06109) Page 34 Contlnuatlon Format Page

..... "';'•;" ·;.-:-"... .. ---··-----·-··---. . EDUCATION

MS University Biology.

BS University of Wildlife Ecology.

AS -Community College, Zoo Animal Technology.

EXPERIENCE

Primate Technician Supervisor. Duke Lemur Center. Oversight of the animal husbandry department including colony management under the direction of the curator and staff management and training of the Primate Technicians, coordinating veterinary and research departments to align with the needs of colony, maintenance of food and departmental supplies.

Animal Technician 1. Duke Lemur Center. Work includes husbandry and maintenance of the entire animal collection.

Instructor/Zoo Keeper. Zoological Society Joint position with the education and animal care department. Responsibilities included outreach and in-classroom programs (Elementary and Pre-K science, wildlife and ecology education), animal care and husbandry of all animals in the Children's Zoo collection. This was a varied collection of arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, all of which were handled daily by staff members for public "close-ups" and "Ecology Theater" presentations.

Biologist.~esearch Group. Work included monitoring all. wildlife within restoration areas inside of- National Park; fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Responsible for collecting and analyzing data and also using GPS and GIS to collect and analyze data for animals and plants in the vicinity. :. .; :. : .:. ·. .:, · . ...·... , ...; ... , ...... ~ -· ,:... .: .:. ; ..: .. .,,. .;. ~.. ..:. ·.;.;..: ; :.· .:::.. .~ ::. :.:: .. -~· :.·. :.. :, ..: ' ..: . .., .....: ., ..; ' ..' . ·.:, .: ...... ~:,: . .•.: : ::.:~. ..: :.·.~ :. ::.· .. ; . ...: : , ..: ~:.: ·.:; . : ....; .,: . :. : ..:, . ..• .: ,•.: •.•,<>••'• ,, ,.: •: •'' ,., ; ,;.; . ',: .: .:·.~.:,:...... ~::.:.,, ,: , :, ,_, ••: ••, .,_:,..,.:,,;.:: • • : ;:::: ,; ,; , "' :.,:.,,.::M: ::. •' ~• ,:,:,:,; .• ~ :.:;;::,,::,:;. , ;.,,~ ~~.. ••N

Bioloeical Consultant. Work included monitoring wa~ passerines, Hardwood bird species and mammals in a-­ mangrove and marsh restoration site. In addition, Work included monitoring endangered small mammals in an area be· restored to native hammock by the Park Service in Biannual sampling and reports.

Biological Consultant. Work included monitoring endangered small mammals in an area · restored to native hammoc~ Park Service in · reports due to -Park Service, U.S. and-Game and Fresh Water Fish

Masters research. Monitoring of small mammal Park for a movement st~sity of two endangered species in ~ Research included GPS and GIS mapping of the area, analysis of habitat attributes and species monito ri n~·cVicw and Spatial Analyst GIS sof tware. Supervisor: ---

Research Assistant. Monitoring of endangered habitat evaluation (including GIS mapping) · - and Wildlife Service. Supervisors:

l Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation Pro University Biological f ield Station, Group research focused on primate ecology and effects of selective logging on forest regeneration and wildlife populations. Individual Duiker ante lation · ·

Overseeing all levels of students in program and teaching introductory coursework. Responsible for entire animal collection (including exotic birds, mammals and reptiles) and student population on weekend shifts.

Supervisor- Animal D Duties included managing a staff of 8 employees, maintaining animal collection, meeting with breeders and maintaining good customer relations. - Zoo Keeper. - Zoo, ,· "'·" ·. ...

Work with upper apes (lowland gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans), gibbons and various new and old world monkeys. Procedures included - daily husbandry and behavioral studies. Zoo Keeper. Responsibilities included husbandry and maintenance of all types of exotic birds, mammals and reptiles.

Zoo Keeper Internship. -Zoo, Educational - Program including animal management experience. PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS Vice Chair of the Ruffed Lemur SSP Program Prosimian Ta.'<.on Advisory Group Member Ruffed Lemur List Serve Manager

PUBLICATIONS

Christopher Sasso and Britt Keith (1999). The first record of Crvptotis parva from the Florida Keys. American Midland Naturalist. Vol 14 1, No 2, p 411

Amy E. Zanne, Britt Keith, Colin A Chapman, Lauren J Chapman (200 I). Protecting terrestrial manunal communities: potential role of pine plantations. African Journal of Ecology. 39(4); 399-401

Britt Keith and Michael S Gaines (2002). Using GIS to evaluate available habitat for two rodent species on North K,.n Largo, Florida. Florida Scientist. Vol 65, Issue 2, p I 26-133 A. Zoology,~niversity,-

DUKE LEMUR CENTER Primate Technician II- • Perfonn daily husbandry duties and record observations relevant to health and behavior for a variety ofprosimian primate species. • Perfonn or aid in routine medical procedures such as administering medications, physicals, emergency procedures, and collection of biological samples. Apply humane restraint, and record and document data. • Create and provide environmental enrichment for various lemur and loris spe~cJe:s. • Adhere to the • - dedicated one week to observe and study the husbandry of the Gray mouse lemur ( Microcebus murinus) at the Laboratoire 0' Ecologic Generate in Brunoy, France under the direction of Martine Perret, director ofthe institution. • Train new staff, including but not limited to, primate technicians, technician assistants, Duke University work study students, and volunteers to perform daily animal husbandry tasks in compliance with Duke Lemur Center SOPs. • Use operant conditioning to train various prosimian primate species in to order to enhance animal husbandry as well as providing environmental enrichment. • North American Regional Studbook keeper for the dwarf and mouse lemurs, species include the Gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) and Fat-tail dwarflemur (Cheirogaleus medius). • Supervise husbandry technician team on weekends and assist Technician Supervisor with ~am during the work week. • ----worked with SA VA conservation in Madagascar assisting with observations and habituation of the western lesser bamboo lemur (Hapalemur occidentalis) located in Antanetiambo nature reserve.

Research • Performed and recorded daily observations pertaining to health, well-being and behavior of cynomologous and rhesus macaques in fam ily groups as well as single and pair housed individuals. • Perfonned routine medical procedures such as administering medications, physicals, maintaining sterile conditions while assisting in surgical procedures, observing animals post­ surgery for complications, and perfonning minor surgeries independently. • Provided environmental enrichment for cynomologous and rhesus macaques. • Adhered to the • • .... ·. .:...... ; ...: :... , ..\ :.. , '; ,.;,:.;.: ...: .. , ...· .;. .::. : .. : ..;; .. .,:;,~ ·. .~ :~:... : ...: .. ~ . ::... :· .. .:... : ·.:. .;:,:.::., .., ;,:;.,;~ ...... :~ ;, ·.::,;.;.; :; ...... :::.:.. ::. .:.: . : ... ·. ... ·, ...... , ·... .·.: : ...: .:.. :, .. ..;;, : ::·. :.::~·-.,·. ;.;.. , ~ . ~:. ;;,';.,. ': :.,: .:, .:·::.. :.:.:.:... : :... ; ...... ,:... .:· :.. :.:,:;.. ;, ·, ...... ;, ,.. .

Study Technician, Primate and Canine Toxicology, • Directed project to develop environmental enrichment for cynomologous and rhesus macaques. • Conduct and assist in studies evaluating the impact of experimental phannaceuticals on primates and canines. • Apply humane restraints, administer test materials, monitor animal health and behavior, collect biological samples, record and document data, euthanize laboratory animals. • Conduct studies accordi to standard res includi Laboratory Practices, and other agency and company gu • Maintain laboratory facilities and equipment in compliance with the

Veterinary Assistant • Assisted in performing medical procedures on small domestic animals, conducted standard analyses of diagnostic samples, maintain sterile conditions while assisting in surgeries. • Maintained accurate records documenting procedures and prescribed medications. • Perfonned routine procedures, including dental cleaning and post-surgical recovery, independently. • Performed analyses of blood samples using standard laboratory equipment: centrifuge, Vet Test and Vet Analyst.

Laboratory Assistant • Assisted in preparation of lepidopteran and coleopteran species. • Maintained plant and insect species data using Microsoft Excel

• and identi fication of fish and macro invertebrate species in the Rappahannock and Goose Creek watersheds in Northern Virgin ia. • Assessed streams using the Index of Biological Integrity and the NRCS Stream Assessment Protocol. PROFESSIONAL SUMMARY

A compassionate, dedicated, a.nima.l care professional wilh more. than ten years' experience in the wildlife conservation industry. St~:engths in al1 animal care a~pects ariel tea.m management. A highly-driven individual with a proven track record of successfi..iUy providing world-class care for anhnals while developing team members.

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Duke Lemur Center- Primate Technician II

• Supervise and lead a staff of II animal care professionals in the absence of Supervisor resulting in animals receiving best in class care. • Work with veterinarian staff when needed, aiding in animal restraint and administering medication. • Train staffmemb~rs on animal handling, to ensure safety for both animal and staff. • Perform scheduling of vacation and holid~y work shifts for primate technician staff. • Coordinate weekly produce order et1Suring animal diets meet specifications. • Facilitated lee I .:,. . ,. ~ I usbandry and breedirig at the- Inter·national Aye-aye Conference in

• Served <15 animal care team point ofcontact on weekends and holidays a-; needed. • Serv~ as Member ofthelntensive Care Unit (ICU) and infant care team ensuring critical care animals receiyedround-the clock C?lfe a~ n.eeded. • Coordinate volunteer team ensuring all ~imal areas have sufficient husbandry coverage. • Performed feeding, cleaning, enrichment, training, and observation resu]tjng in all species receiving quality care. • Inspect, cqnstruct, & maintain housing and natural habitat enclosurt:.S including electric fences, on a daily basis providing safe and secure animal enclosures. • Catch and restrain animals for vet procedures and research projects providing a safe and lower stress experience for primates. • Designs exhibH enclosures with branches & enrichment providing stimulation & naturalistic behaviors. • Train volunteers & . new staff in the husb::mdry of animals enabling consistent high-quality animal care. • Facilitate VIP and public tours providing guests with an overview on primate species and conservation initiatives impacting lemurs. • Transported five Aye-ayes (Daubentonia Madagascariensis) to several zoos educating primate keepers on the very specific husbandry and handling of the species.

~nimal Hospital - Veterinarian Technician ......

·. .: :...... :.:.. .. ; .. .. : ..... ·~· ... ·;~:.:·.•.. :.~::. :;.~;.; :. ...:~ .::.. :: ...... : .. ..; .. ;;,.;;... .":::;.-,,;... : . ~ ..~ .. ~~~ ::.-.::.... -.; ...: ; ... .: .. .., ...... ,...... , ... : ... ·.. :.·.:.. : ..... ;.·,.:,-.:;...... :.. .. .-.. ::.:. .:. :·. :.::. .: .:::.-:.: ... -...... :..... - ....

• Assisted three veterinarians in animal clinic operations. • Assisted with anesthesia and emergency surgery. • Administered shots, vaccines, blood draws, and other necessary procedures. • Served as a liaison between doctors and clients. • Performed all duties pertainLr1g to restraint, medication, and monitoring of patients.

-Zookeeper

• Maintained daily care and maintenance of exotic animals including: primates, hoof stock, various mammals, ratites, birds of prey, parrots, and reptiles. • Maintained daily records on the observations of animals. • Prepared individualized diets and other enrichment for all artimals. • Active in animal capture and restraint. • Educated the public via tours and outreach programs.

VOLUNTEER EXPERIENCE Zoo - Volunteer! Mammal Keeper Assistant

• Provided daily care to large African mammals, felines, and birds. • Maintained and repaired enclosures.

Rescue Sanctuary - Volunteer

daily care to large fel ines. • Cleaned, fed, and shifted African lions, tigers, and panthers.

EDUCATION A.s!>·ociate ofS cience- Zoo A ~ ~ommunity Col lege__..

O FESSIONAL CERTIFICATIONS

~~ ----. . --.. · - - - -· ~---· - -_8 .. . - ~' . ._ · -- --: ------.- .. - ...... :--; Jennifer Justen

OBJECTIVE A Veterinary Technician career with an exciting and challenging zoological facility that will allow me to apply the skills ga incd through my education and previous Cl\j)erience while contributing a strong work ethic, team oriented attitude, and friendly cus tomer service.

EDUCATION Bachelor of ences "itb a minor in Business Administration, graduated - The University •Coursework try, , Calculus, Fnvironmental Studies, Ecology, G.-::ology, Oceanography, Evolution, Aquatic Ecology, Conservation Biology, Environmental Policy, Spanish, Principles of Marketing, Law and Social Thought, Fundamentals of Accounting, International Business, Financial Management, and Business Technology.

~Science in Veterinary Technology, graduated ~nimal Technology, USA •Courscwork includes Medical Tcnninology, Medical Math, Ollicc Management, Veterinary Science I-IV, Anatomy & Physiology 1-11, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Large Animal Medicin e, Avian/Exo tic Animal Medicine, Microbiology, Parasitology, Hematology, Sterile Technique, Pharmacology, Radiology, Oinical Chemistry, Anesthesia, Pre-Clinical, and Large Animal Pre-Clinical.

EXPml~CE Veterinary Technician I Duke Lemu r Center Durl1am, NC • Provide exemplary veterinary care for the entire colony, including routhine physical e>ams, anesthetic monitoring, medication administration, and emergency medical care. • Communicate effectively within the veterina ry department, with othcrlacility depanments, the public, and \\ith outside institutions. • Manage volu nteers and work-study students with regards to hiring, training, and supervising.

nimal Technology

• Skills acquired include client education, proper restraint techniques,performance of physical examinations, perfonnance of ocular diagnostic tests, perfonning fecal analysis, giving injections, taking and processing radiographs, handling ofavian and reptile species, large animal handling, running blood analysis, adminis tering and monitoring anesthesia, and proper documentation rules.

Intern Elephant Foundation

• Assistthcvcterinlll)' stafl'with elephant care, including treatment ofabs cesscs, broken tushes,and other minor wounds. Maintain excellent cleanliness of office, medication preparation, and perfonn target training. • Provide friendly assistance to guests, mahout-;, and administrative staff.

• Perfbnn venipuncture and diagnostic tests including fecal analys~~ . urinalysis, and blood analysis, in addition to taking radiographs, monitoring anesthesia, and assis tin g in s urgical procedures. Provide thorough client education, excellent animal care, and implementing proper restraint techniques. • Assist the veterinarian and veterinary team in any necessary capacity . :.:... . :. '·.. ; ...... ,: ; .: ,.:.. ::. ·. ·.. ·... ; .:,.~;...... , .. , .., ... . ·:.. : : .:.,: :,:.,:..;.,.·~·.:.. : .:.:.,:, : : ..: :.;... ,. .,: .; .. ;,.,:, ... , .· .::.:,:;. ;;.:,' ' ' ' ' ::: :.:::.::.::.. ·.. -.::. •·' ·,..:.:, ;. .:.·. ,;;.; ' ,•,.,,.,' .. , .,,; • ·. ·... ;,·,: ;;.,'.:~:·.:. ,. ; ;;, ~.:., • '' .,:,;;,;,;,:: .;;.,. ;;.,"·. .~ ;, ;,~;;. ; •' ' • • ,., ;.:,.:.. :.~ ;,;;.,:;.;..: ,:. ;,..,. ·.;.·.,,.u;, . .

Manage and supervise kennel technician staff, including scheduling and assessing job perlormance. • Maintain excellent care of all boarded animals and cleaning kennels with attention to safety. • Assisting the veterinarian and veterinary technicians with rcstmint, handling of hospitalized animals, and giving medications.

Provided friendly , competent, and helpful client education regarding nutrition, treatment, and health concerns. Performed blood tests including CBC, provided effective rcs trnintlor treatment, and assisted with patient monitoring. Dispensed medication with attention to proper labeling und directions.

• Monitored anesthesia during s urgical procedures fo r zoo animals and alerted the veterinary s taff to any signs of distress. • Sterilized surgical instrume nts und managed patient specimens. Processed radiogmphs and le arned how to develop lilms that are easy to read.

• Cared for injured wildli fe at a center !or wildlife conservation and rchubilitation education. • Answered phones and intcmctcd srmolhly with visitors. • Supervised daily volunteers including assigning duties and providing in ilmnation about the facility and animals. • Administered medicat io ns and \Vatchcd lor any adverse reactions.

• Prepared daily feed in a high-volume, zoo aquatic environment. • Cleaned and maintained tanks to assure proper care of aquatic species and an appealing presentation to the public. • Assisted the Aquarium Keepers with providing proper nutrition for the species and public education.

' t ' •

*l have a current pre-exposure rabies v

Licensed Veterinary Technician/Supervisor ~eterinary Hospital­ • Technician/Assistant Supervisor o Assist with training of new employees and maintain training manuals • Assist veterinarians with restraint during exams • Maintain treatments requested by the veterinarian for non-hospitalized and hospitalized patients including giving injections subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous • Educate clients about medications, vaccines, and procedures • Prepare and dispense prescriptions requested by the veterinarian • Maintain patient files (paper and electronic records) and controlled drug logs • Perform sample collection including drawing blood, urine and fecal collection, needle aspirates, and skin scrapings • Perform laboratory testing including blood tests, fecal analysis, urine analysis and cytologies • Perform other diagnostic tests including blood pressure tests, digital radiographs, tonometry, fluorescein eye stain, and Schirmer tear tests • Prepare patients and equipment for surgery including drug calculations, placement of intravenous catheters, induction and intubation of patients, maintain and monitor anesthesia during procedures and recovery of patients after anesthesia • Perform cleaning and sterilization of surgical instruments • Perform dental prophylaxis and dental radiographs • Maintenance of in-house laboratory, dental, radiography, autoclave, and anesthesia equipment •:.:. : •• : ,,:, _.'A,, :, • ; .,, : , "• .... • • '' ', ;, ':, •, :: .-. ,. :.. . ', •,,;; ;,A'/,. ~.;,;, .., ;.: ::;.~·.:;.; ., ::.A•v~: ..: .•:.-...:.: •,.:, ..; :, ::".; .:::; ;,, ::,:;... ; ;:;. ': .•:~ ~; :.:.,~:. ; ' :-;•,,•, •;,, ::, ·,;,.,:,:,.;,~ ~:. :, :, ~ : :, :. : ...· .:; .: ••.:~.:. ~: .•, : ..: ::.::.:. ~ : ~ :•,,,,:. .. ;; ,~ ~~~: ::••• :•• ., ,, ' .....:. • ,;;:•• •.::. .:: ; ' : ::.:::•. : ,,• •••• :.:; ;;;,,: :: :: .~:. •.;A•:.:.• •

• Inventory Manager o Maintain in-house inventory of all prescription drugs, special order prescriptions, controlled drugs, retail items, food and office supplies

Advanced Veterinary Medicine,- • Rotated through Emergency, Internal Medicine, Ophthalmology, Oncology, Surgery and laboratory departments • Assisted with emergency triage and care, preparation of surgical patients and monitoring of anesthesia during surgery, ophthalmologic examinations, chemotherapy treatments, and handling of patients during ultrasounds, endoscopy, and radiography procedures

• Trained and mentored new employees including developing and maintaining t raining manuals • Created and ed ited accounts on the Xybion data collection system • Resolved problems and questions for laboratory personnel related to the Xybion system

Study Technician II

• Monitored animal health and welfare of non-human primates and can ines, including feeding and enrichment • Ensured studies were conducted according to SOPs and government regulations • Conducted study management, dat a collection and data organization • Completed blood, urine and fecal sample collections • Administered medications as directed by protocol or the staff veterinarian • Monitored anesthesia for non-human primates during surgical and medical procedures • Completed tuberculosis testing and quarant ine procedures on non-human primates

Education Associate of Applied Sciences in Veterinary Technology nity College

Bachelor of Arts in Biological Sciences, Economics Minor University o-

Certifications and Skills Registered Veterinary Technician in the state Licensed Veterinary Technician in the state Laboratory Animal Technician (LAT) Certification Assistant Laboratory Animal Technician (ALAT) Certification

Proficient in Avimark and Zims. Experienced with MedArks and Microsoft Office .

...... ···:·:·:··::··:":. Accord de Collaboration

Collaboration internationale pour Ia conservation

ex situ du lemur aux yeux turquoise {Eulemur flavifrons)

International collaboration for ex situ conservation of the blue eyed black lemur

(Eulemur flavifrons) entre Le Ministere de I'Environnement, de I'Ecologie, de Ia Mer et des Forets (MEEMF) du Gouvernement de Ia Republique de Madagascar The Ministry of the Environment, Ecology, Seas and Forests (MEEMF) of the Government of Madagascar d'une part et Le Programme de Species Survival Program (SSP) du lemur aux yeux turquoise, Eulemur flavifrons, SSP de I' Association Americaine des Zoos et Aquariums Le Programme d'Eievage Europeen (EEP) du lemur aux yeux turquoise, Eufemur flavifrons, EEP de !'Association Europeenne des Zoos et Aquariums (EAZA) d'autre part,

II est convenu de ce qui suit : It is agreed as follows:

Article 1 : Contexte

Le lemur aux yeux turquoise (Eulemur flavifrons) est une des 25 especes de primates les plus menacees au monde (IUCN, 2012). Elle est classee en danger critique d'extinction sur Ia lisle rouge de I'IUCN et est une espece prioritaire dans le plan d'action de conservation des lemuriens du

1 Species Specialist Group des prosimiens de I'IUCN (Schwitzer et al, 2013). Dans Ia nature son aire de repartition est peu restreinte, le rendant particulierement vulnerable. Elle s'etend du fleuve Andranomalaza au nord au fleuve Maeravano au sud, dans Ia region de Sofia, au nord-est de Madagascar (Rabarivola et al, 1991). II a ete redecouvert en 1983 (Koenders et al, 1985) et connait depuis Iars des mesures de protection in situ, par Ia creation de Ia reserve de biosphere en premier lieu (2001) puis du pare national de Sahamalaza -Nosy Radama par le MNP en 2007. Depuis 25 ans, I' Association Europeenne pour I' Etude et Ia Conservation des Lemuriens (AEECL), qui regroupe des pares zoologiques et des universites, accompagne le MNP dans le travail de conservation et de recherche sur te terrain en soutenant aussi Ia conservation communautaire depuis 2009. Malgr€ ce statu! et des mesures deja prises, les menaces pesent toujours de plus en plus sur les populations sauvages de lemur aux yeux turquoise. Une etude nkente a calcuh~ le risque d'extinction a 11 ans (Volampeno et al, 2015).

Le plan d'action pour les lemuriens de I'IUCN (Schwitzer et al, 2013) prevail de pouvoir soutenir les populations sauvages par des renforcements de populations telles que les translocations depuis des centres d'€:!evages en captivit€ (conservation ex situ).

!I existe trois populations de l€:murlens aux yeux turquoise en captivitE dans le monde : a Madagascar, en Europe et en Amerique du Nord. Ces trois populations connaissent des evolutions differentes mais aucune n'est en tant que telle viable a moyen terme (voir TDR). Jusqu'a present a Madagascar, seulles animaux au Pare lvoloina/MFG ont reproduit mais des individus apparentes. There are 3 captive populations of blue-eyed black femurs worldwide- one in Madagascar, one in Europe and one in North America. These three populations have different ancestries but no single one of them is viable even for the mid-term, Up tif! now in Madagascar, only the animals at Pare fvo!oina have reproduced but the animals are related.

Article 2 :Justification a. Analyse sommaire par region de Ia situation des populations captives des lemurs aux yeux turquoise:

Madagascar

Taille de Ia population: 10 Males et 7 Femelles dans le Studbook International plus 1 Femelle a Lemuria Land Nombre d'institutions : 2 Programme d'etevage: Plan d'elevage deja en place au Pare lvoloina; Programme d'elevage au niveau national en eours de developpement avec /'integration des animaux du Pare Tsimbazaza et eventuellement /es autres pares Breeding plan in place at lvo/oina; breeding program at national/eve! in development, with the goal to integrate animals at PBZT and the other pares into the program Analyse demographique: Population avec des animaux encore assez jeune, 1-2 b€b€s par an au Pare lvoloina Analyse genet/que : Faible diversite genetique et forte consanguinite due au Iaible nombre de fondateurs (5) et d'institutions

2 Low genetic diversity and high inbreeding due to low number of founders and institutions Correction et besoin : Reduire Ia consanguinite; diminuer le surplus d'lvoloina; developper un programme d'elevage pour mieux gerer Ia reproduction aux deux pares (et dans le cas, aux nouvelles institutions a I' avenir) Decrease inbreeding and surplus at lvofofna; develop a breeding program to better manage reproduction in the 2 Pares and at other institutions that may be involved in the future

Toille de Ia population : 13 males et 12 femelles Nombre d'institutions : 7 Programme d'elevage: Programme europeen d'Eievage, EEP (cf.analyse en TDR), Prosimian TAG de I'EAZA Analyse demographique : Population vieillissante avec 6 naissances par an dent peu survivent; protocole d'elevage a Ia main et de socialisation des jeunes en cours Aging population with 6 births per year but few survive; hand-rearing and socialization protocol for infants in development Analyse genet/que : Faible diversite genetique due au manque de fondateurs; taux de consanguinite faible Low genetic diversity due to lock of founders; low inbreeding Correction et besoin : Necessite de nouveaux fondateurs et d'ameliorer Ia survie des jeunes Need for new founders and need to improve infant survival Amerique du Nord

Taille de Ia population : 17 males et 10 femelles Nombre d'institutions : 11 Programme d'elevage: Plan de Survie d'especes, SSP (cf.analyse en TDR), Prosimian TAG de I'AZA Analyse demographique : Population vieillissante; sex ratio biaise en faveur des males; une seule institution assure Ia reproduction Aging population; sex ratio biased towards mafes; reproduction only at one single institution Analyse gemitique : Faible diversite genetique, coefficient d'apparente augmente Correction et besoin : Necessite de nouveaux fondateurs Need for new founders

b. Approche Globale

En resume, aucune region n'est, prise isolement, en mesure d'offrir des populations viables dans les pares zoologiques pour le lemur aux yeux turquoise. Les besoins pour assurer un futur aux populations captives different selon les regions concernees. L'Europe et !'Amerique du Nord doivent acquerir de nouveaux fondateurs reproducteurs. Madagascar connart un manque de plan d'elevage qui lie taus les pares (lvoloina, Tsimbazaza, Lemuria Land) et de ce fait les individus a lvoloina ant

3 une forte consanguinite. Toutes les regions doivent augmenter leur nombre de reproducteurs effectifs.

In summary, none of the regions, considered in isolation, is able to provide a viable captive population for the blue·eyed black lemur. The needs to assure a viable future for the captive populations differ by region. Two regions should acquire new breeding founders- Europe and North America. Madagascar lacks a breeding program that finks ail the pares (currently Pare lvaloina, Pare Tsimbazaza, Lemuria Land), and because of this the lvoloina animals have a high level of inbreeding. All the regions should increase their number of breeding animals.

Article 3 : Objet

Les institutions suscitees souhaitent participer a Ia conservation du lemur aux yeux turquoise (Eulemur flavifrons), par des actions d'aide a Ia reproduction en captivite. Cet accord de collaboration est etabli pour promouvoir des relations etroites entre le MEEMF, I'EEP (EAZA), et le SSP (AZA), qui s'engagent a coordonner leurs efforts pour Ia conservation et l'€1evage en captivit€ du l€mur aux yeux turquoise (Eulemur flovifrons).

The institutions party to this accord wish to contribute to the conservation of the blue~eyed black lemur, by actjons supporting captive breeding. This accord of coffaboration has been established to promote close relations between the MEEMF, the EEP (EAZA), and the SSP (AZA) who commit to coordinate their efforts for the conservation and captive breeding of the blue"eyed black femur (Eufemur flovifrons).

Article 4 : Domaine d'Execution

Pour cette approche globale : For this global approach : I' Amerique du Nord (SSP) fournit 1 couple reproducteur a I'Europe (EEP)pour renforcer le nombre de fondateurs et de ce fait ameliore Ia diversite genetique et augmente le nombre de reproducteurs. Le couple est transfere du Duke Lemur Center, USA au Zoo Mulhouse, FRANCE. North America (SSP) will provide 1 breeding pair to Europe {EEP} to increase the number of founders, therefore improving genetic diversity and increasing the number of breeding animals. The pair will be transferred from the Duke Lemur Center to Zoo Muihouse. Madagascar fournit uncouple reproducteur a I'Amerique du Nord (SSP) pour augmenter le nombre de fondateurs et de reproducteurs. le couple est transfere du Pare lvoloina au Duke lemur Center. Madagascar will provide 1 breeding pair to North America (SSP) to increase the number of founders and breeding animals. The pair will be transferred from Pare lvo/aina to the Duke Lemur Center, Le MEEMF facilite les echanges des individus entre le Pare Tsimbazaza (PBZT) et/ou Lemuria Land a lvoloina pour eviter Ia reproduction consanguine et pour demarrer un programme d'elevage a Madagascar en integrant les autres institutions. The MEEMF will facilitate that Pare Tsimbozaza and/or Lemuria Land will transfer individuals to Jvo!oina to avoid inbreeding, and to begin a breeding program in Madagascar which includes the other institutions.

4 II faut noter que ces echanges ne peuvent se limiter a ceux proposes et que dans le futur d'autres echanges devront s'operer entre /es regions.

It should be noted that the exchanges should not be limited to just those proposed, and in the future other exchanges should be conducted between the regions because these will not suffice.

Article 5 : Engagements

Commitments:

MEEMF: • reste proprietaire des animaux et de leurs descendants wilt retain ownership of the animals and their descendants • s'engage a faciliter les transferts de lemur aux yeux turquoise entre le Pare d'lvoloina et le SSP (AZA), et entre le PBZT et/ou Lemuria Land et le Pare d'lvoloina (MFG) y compris les demarches administratives y afferentes: autorisation de recherche, de transfer!, permis d'exportation, d'importation des individus, exoneration de toutes taxes de douanes, etc ... commits to facilitate the transfers of blue-eyed black lemurs between Pare lvoloina and the SSP, and between PBZT and/or Lemuria Land and Pore lvoloina, including the administrative procedures required: authorization of research, of transfer, export and import permits for the individuals, exoneration of custom taxes, etc • s'engage a faciliter Ia mise en place d'une strategie de conservation pour l'espece (in et ex situ) commits to facilitate the establishment of a conservation strategy for the species {in and ex situ) • accepte que les populations des pares a Madagascar scient incluses dans les analyses demographiques et genetiques de Ia population captive mondiales pour une gestion internationale de l'espece, agrees that the populations of the pares in Madagascar will be included in the demographic and genetic analyses of the global captive population for an international management of the species • accepte a tenir informes I'EEP (EAZA) et le SSP (AZA) du developpement de Ia population captive a Madagascar (naissances, deces, transferts) ogreesto keep EEP and SSP informed of the development of the captive population in Madagascar (births, deaths, transfers)

SSP (AZA):

• s'engage a fournir au moins uncouple de lemur aux yeux turquoise a I'EEP (EAZA)

commits ta provide at least one couple of blue-eyed black lemurs to the EEP • s'engage a tenir informe le MEEMF du developpement de Ia population captive du SSP (AZA) commits to keep MEEMF informed of the development of the captive population of the SSP • s'engage a participer a Ia mise en place d'une strategie globale de conservation de l'espece (in et ex situ) commits to participate in the establishment of a global conservation strategy for the species (in and ex situ) • Encourage les membres du SSP a soutenir financierement des projets de conservation de h~muriens in et ex situ wflf encourage SSP members to financially support lemur conservation projects in et ex situ

s • s'engage a envoyer un rapport annuel au MEEMF sur les projets de conservation soutenus par les membres du SSP commits to send an annual report to MEEMF about the conservation projects supported by the members of the SSP • s'engage a envoyer un rapport annuel aux MEEMF et les pares partenaires a Madagascar sur Ia population captive du lemur aux yeux turquoise du SSP (AZA), eta partager avec ces pares son experience sur les techniques d'€1evage de l'esp€ce en captivit€ et si besoin a former le personnel animalier desdits pares commits to send an annuaf report to the ME EMF and the partner pares in Madagascar on the status of the SSP population of blue-eyed black lemurs, and to share with theseparcs their experience on captive breeding techniques, and tf needed, to train animal care personnel in these pares

EEP (EAZA)

• s'engage a tenir informe le MEEMF du developpement de Ia population captive de I'EEP (EAZA)

commits to keep MEEMF informed of the development of the captive population of the EEP • s'engage a participer a Ia mise en place d'une strat€gie globale de conservation de l'espece (in et ex situ) commits to partJ'cipate in the establishment of a global conservation strategy for the species (in and ex situ) • Encourage les membres de I'EEP a soutenir financierement des projets de conservation du lemur aux yeux turquoise will encourage EEP members to financially support conservation projects for the blue-eyed black lemur • s'engage a envoyer un rapport annuel au MEEMF sur les projets de conservation soutenus par les membres de I'EEP commits to send an annual report to MEElVJF about the conservation projects supported by the members of the EEP • s'engage a envoyer un rapport annuel aux MEEMF et !es pares partenaires a Madagascar sur Ia population captive du lemur aux yeux turquoise de I'EEP (EAZA), et a partager avec ces pares son experience sur les techniques d'€1evage de l'espece en captivit€ et si besoin a former le personnel animalier desdits pares commits to send an annual report to the MEEMF and the partner pares in Madagascar on the status of the EEP population of blue-eyed black lemurs, and to share with these pares their experience on captive breeding techniques, and if needed, to train animal care personnel in these pares

Article 6 : Duree

Le present accord est conclu pour une duree de 5 ans a partir de Ia date de sa signature. II est renouvelable par consentement mutuel. En cas de denonciatlon par une des parties, les autres doivent etre notifiees par ecrit 3 mois avant !'expiration de I' accord.

The present accord is agreed upon for the duration of 5 years from the date of its signature. It is renewable by mutual consent. In the case of denunciation by one of the parties, the others must be notified in writing 3 months before the expiration of the accord.

6 Le JH•nonru!l a~:; .,l!itiltJtll,n;; p.Ut£-aq_ff'~~ e!

fl•t ;J"',,},•tL" ,' , .. ,,,,,,,, .u;c:~IIPI>~ ,trt> b':.thd t•· fV.,i'~l ../'"l..f 1111 ''• I, ' JIJI•'IUll'•ll1r;•,fU!!11

cr.alt, Proslrrlao iaxun AdVIHoty Grouo, AZA

7 ~ Saint Louis Zoo """ Animals Always"' One Government Drive Sr. Louis, '110 6.3110-1395

(314) 781·0900 tax (314) 6~7-7969 October 20, 2015

Jeffrey P. Bonner, Ph.D. D::ma Brmn1 President & CEO To Whom It May Concern,

The Blue-eyed Black Lemur Species Survival Plan (SSP) of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums supports the transfers of a male and female blue-eyed black lemur (Eu/emur flavifrons) from lvoloina Zoological Park in Madagascar to Duke Lemur Center (DLC) in Durham, North Carolina, United States, and a male and female blue-eyed black lemur from DLC to Mulhouse Zoo in Mulhouse, Haut-Rhin, France.

The United States, Europe and Madagascar have established an accord of collaboration with the Government of Madagascar (GOM) on behalf of the blue-eyed black lemurs living in zoos and private captive wildlife parks in Madagascar as well as the animals living in zoos in the US and Europe. The accord is an agreement by all parties to cooperate in specific activities for the survival of the species ex situ and in situ. The initial steps for establishing an inter-regional program include a recommendation for a pair to transfer from Madagascar to the United States, a pair to transfer from the United States to Europe and for multiple animals to move between institutions in Madagascar. These proposed transfers are of young breeding animals to establish new breeding pairs and improve genetic diversity and demographic structure of the populations in the three regions. This collaboration is significant because it represents the first steps towards global management of this species.

Duke Lemur Center is an excellent choice for receiving the breeding pair of individuals from Madagascar. They have been instrumental in maintaining the breeding population here in the United States and assisting other institutions in maintaining successful breeding pairs. DLC has had 59 blue­ eyed black lemur infants born since 1986 and started housing them in 1984 including 5 of the founders brought to the United States. Mulhouse Zoo in France has been instrumental in maintaining the breeding population in Europe. They have housed 29 blue-eyed black lemurs since 1984 including 6 of the founders brought to Europe. Both institutions are very knowledgeable in basic care for the species and specialized care of breeding females and infants.

In the best interests of the breeding program for blue-eyed black lemurs, I strongly recommend the transfer of the animals listed in the permits from lvoloina Zoological Park to DLC and from DLC to Mulhouse Zoo. Please feel free to contact me if you need any additional information or have any concerns.

Sincerely, yr,r.~~~~~: / p''' Peggy A. • ppe/0 Blue-eyed Black Lemur SSP Coordinator Saint Louis Zoo One Government Drive Saint Louis, MO 63110 [email protected] (314\646-4507

··~··

DLC satellite treatment room

. ·.· · •..; : '£;:~·::·:: . :>: :-. . ··.". . . ·::;.:- :- ~. ··~ ·: :..... ·... ·.... . =~ ..::_._ -___ ...... ~

······ · ·-······-· -~------

;_,.: ·.. · __, _. ::(::; ·

.· \ ·.::· ·. ·.. :: ~·· . .~ : ·-~ .: .... ~... ·.· .. ·· · ' · , ·At.itho rl~e d ·s•r•nA''"" '

SlOZ 081~0 000~

...... : · : :~~- -~· .. ·-:.. .· · . .· -· '"_'_.--:·".. ·~· -:~~-'= :··:.·?· . ·_:_:_.-.:~:~ .- :' ~ ::_~_-: : .·: :· .·· .· ·:·.