Class Actinobacteria Subclass Actinobacteridae Order Actinomycetales Suborder Micromonosporineae Family Micromonosporaceae Genus Actinoplanes

Compendium of Actinobacteria from Dr. Joachim M. Wink, University of Braunschweig

Copyright: PD Dr. Joachim M. Wink, HZI - Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany, Mail: [email protected]. Compendium of Actinobacteria from Dr. Joachim M. Wink, University of Braunschweig

The Genus Actinoplanes

To the genus Actinoplanes belong 24 species Actinoplanes auranticolor, brasiliensis, campanulatus, capillaceus, consettensis, cyaneus, deccanensis, derwentensis, digitatis, durhamensis, ferrugineus, friuliensis, globisporus, humidus, italicus,ligiriensis, lobatus, missouriensis, palleronii, philippinensis, rectilineatus, regularis, teichomyceticus and utahensis . In 1987 the genus Actinoplanes was described as a union of the genera Actinoplanes, Ampulariella and Amorphosporangium by Stackebrandt and Kroppenstedt.

Produce a fine, nonfragmenting, branching mycelium. Aerial mycelium is scanty or absent. Highly colored. Diffusible pigments of various colors may be produced. Spores are produced within sporangia (spore vesicles) that are sphaerical, subsphaerical to very irregular, 3-20 x 6- 30 µm, born on short sporangiophores, or sessile, occasionally within the agar. Spores are sphaerical, subsphaerical, or short rods, variously arranged within the sporangia, where they are formed by fragmentation of the internal hyphae either directly or after one or more ramifications. Upon immersion in water, motile spores are released from the sporangia, but in some instances motility begins some time after spore release. Polar flagella are present in the motile spores.

Walls contain meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP) and glycine. D- xylose and L-arabinose are present in cell hydrolysates. Among the phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine is present, while phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, glucoseamine- containing phospholipids, and phosphatidylglycerol are absent. The main fatty acids are 15 : 0 iso, 15 : 0 anteiso, 16 : 0 iso, 16 : 1 cis 9, 16 : 0, 17 : 0 anteiso, 17 : 1 cis 9, 17 : 0, 18 : 1 cis 9 and 18 : 0.

Mesophilic or moderately thermophilic. For most, the growth temperature range is 15-35°C. The habitat is soil and decaying plant material.

Type species is Actinoplanes philippinensis.

Lit.: Couch, J. N. 1950. Actinoplanes a new genus of the Actinomycetales. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 66: 87-92

Sporangial development in Actinoplanes Tip of a palisade hypha (hy) covered by a sheath (sd) Sporangial primordium (pr) differentiated in envelope (sl), sporogenous hyphae (sh) and sporangiophore (sp) Sporogenous hyphae (sh) growing apically, branching and forming septa (se) Mature sporangium (sg) with irregulary arranged rows of spores (so) (Lechevalier & Holbert 1965, Vobis & Kothe 1985)

Forms of sporangia in the former genus Ampulariella A. regularis: cylindric to bottle like sporangium (5-14 x 8-30 µm) A. campanulatus: bell like sporangium (5-15 x 6-12 µm) A. lobatus: fan shaped, lapping sporangium (4-20 x 12-23 µm) A. digitatis: finger like sporangium (3-9 x 4-14 µm)

Genus Identity Card

Genus Actinoplanes

Wall chemotype meso-DAP, glycine (type II)

Whole cell sugar pattern xylose, arabinose (type D)

Fatty acid pattern iso C 16:0, iso C 17:0, anteiso C 17:0, iso C 18:0, C 18:0

Major menaquinone (MK) -9(H 4), 10(H 4)

Phospholipidtype phosphatidylethanolamine

Mol% G+C of DNA 72-73

Morphology branched fine substrate mycelium, spores are produced within sporangia that are sphaerical, subsphaerical or very irregular

Type species Actinoplanes philippinensis

Sporangia of Actinoplanes species isolated from soil in Scanning Electron Microscopy I Magnification: A x 500 B and C x 2.000 D x 3500

Sporangia of Actinoplanes species isolated from soil in Scanning Electron Microscopy II Magnification: A and B x 3.500 C and D x 5.000

Sporangia of Actinoplanes species isolated from soil in Scanning Electron Microscopy III Magnification: A x 5000 B and C x 7.500 D x 10.000

Name: ACTINOPLANES Authors: Couch 1950 emend. Stackebrandt and Kroppenstedt 1987 Status: Approved Lists Type species: A. philippinensis Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:244 (AL)

Name: Actinoplanes armeniacus Authors: Kalakoutskii and Kuznetsov 1964 Status: Basonym Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:244 (AL) Type strain: ATCC 15676, DSM 43125, IMET 9250 Synonym: Streptomyces armeniacus

Name: Actinoplanes auranticolor Authors: (Couch 1963) Stackebrandt and Kroppenstedt 1988 Status: New Combination Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38:328 (validation list) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Comment: new combination inadvertently omitted from List No. 26; Erratum IJSB 39:94 Type strain: ATCC 15330, DSM 43031 Synonyms: Amorphosporangium auranticolor (basonym)

Name: Actinoplanes brasiliensis Authors: Thiemann et al. 1969 Status: Approved Lists Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:244 (AL) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: ATCC 25844, DSM 43805, KCC A-0196

Name: Actinoplanes caeruleus Authors: Horan and Brodsky 1986 Status: Basonym Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 36:187 Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: ATCC 33937, DSM 43634, IFO 13939, IMET 9248, SCC 1014 Synonym: Couchioplanes caeruleus subsp. caeruleus

Name: Actinoplanes campanulatus Authors: (Couch 1963) Stackebrandt and Kroppenstedt 1988 Status: New Combination Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38:328 (validation list) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Comment: new combination inadvertently omitted from List No. 26; Erratum IJSB 39:94 Type strain: ATCC 15348, CBS 190.64, DSM 43148, IFO 12511, KCC A-0059, UNCC 65 Synonyms: Ampullariella campanulata (basonym)

Name: Actinoplanes capillaceus Authors: Matsumoto et al. 2001 Status: New Species Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 51:793 (validation list) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: IFO 16408, JCM 10268, K95-5561

Name: Actinoplanes consettensis Authors: Goodfellow et al. 1990 Status: New Species Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 40:320 (validation list) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: DSM 43942, IFO 14913, LA 97, NCIB 20027

Name: Actinoplanes cyaneus Authors: Terekhova et al. 1987 Status: New Species Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:179 (validation list) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: DSM 46137, IMET 9243, INA 1569, VKM Ac 1095

Name: Actinoplanes deccanensis Authors: Parenti et al. 1975 Status: Approved Lists Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:244 (AL) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: ATCC 21983, DSM 43806, IMET 9256, KCC A-0247

Name: Actinoplanes derwentensis Authors: Goodfellow et al. 1990 Status: New Species Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 40:320 (validation list) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: DSM 43941, IFO 14935, LA 107, NCIB 12875

Name: Actinoplanes digitatis Authors: (Couch 1963) Stackebrandt and Kroppenstedt 1988 Status: New Combination Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38:328 (validation list) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Comment: new combination inadvertently omitted from List No. 26; Erratum IJSB 39:94 Type strain: ATCC 15349, CBS 191.64, DSM 43149, IFO 12512, KCC A-0068, UNCC 33 Synonyms: Ampullariella digitata (basonym)

Name: Actinoplanes durhamensis Authors: Goodfellow et al. 1990 Status: New Species Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 40:320 (validation list) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: DSM 43939, IFO 14914, LA 139, NCIB 20041

Name: Actinoplanes ferrugineus Authors: Palleroni 1979 Status: Approved Lists Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:244 (AL) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: ATCC 29868, DSM 43807, IMET 9273, KCC A-0277

Name: Actinoplanes friuliensis Authors: Aretz et al. 2001 Status: New Species Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 51:793 (validation list) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Comment: type strain DSM 7358 is a patent strain (EP 0 629 636, Hoechst AG, 1994). The strain can be obtained from the DSMZ for scientific research by a special agreement. Type strain: DSM 7358, HAG 010964 Copyright: PD Dr. Joachim M. Wink, HZI - Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany, Mail: [email protected]. Compendium of Actinobacteria from Dr. Joachim M. Wink, University of Braunschweig

Name: Actinoplanes globisporus Authors: (Thiemann 1967) Stackebrandt and Kroppenstedt 1988 Status: New Combination Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38:328 (validation list) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Comment: new combination inadvertently omitted from List No. 26; Erratum IJSB 39:94 Type strain: ATCC 23056, DSM 43857, IFO 13912, JCM 3186, KCC A-0186 Synonyms: Amorphosporangium globisporum (basonym)

Name: Actinoplanes humidus Authors: Goodfellow et al. 1990 Status: New Species Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 40:320 (validation list) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: DSM 43938, IFO 14915, LA 6, NCIB 20000

Name: Actinoplanes italicus Authors: Beretta 1973 Status: Approved Lists Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:244 (AL) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: ATCC 27366, DSM 43146, IMET 9251, KCC A-0165

Name: Actinoplanes liguriensis Authors: Wink et al. 2006 Status: New species Literature: Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56: Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: DSM 43865, ATCC 31048, FH 2244

Name: Actinoplanes lobatus Authors: (Couch 1963) Stackebrandt and Kroppenstedt 1988 Status: New Combination Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38:328 (validation list) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Comment: new combination inadvertently omitted from List No. 26; Erratum IJSB 39:94 Type strain: ATCC 15350, CBS 192.64, DSM 43150, IFO 12513, KCC A-0061, UNCC 72 Synonyms: Ampullariella lobata (basonym)

Name: Actinoplanes minutisporangius Authors: Ruan et al. 1986 Status: Basonym Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 36:573 (validation list) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: A-60, IMRU LL-A-60 Synonym: Cryptosporangium minutisporangium

Name: Actinoplanes missouriensis Authors: Couch 1963 Status: Approved Lists Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:244 (AL) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: ATCC 14538, DSM 43046, IMET 9249

Name: Actinoplanes palleronii Authors: Goodfellow et al. 1990 Status: New Species Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 40:320 (validation list) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: DSM 43940, IFO 14916, LA 83, NCIB 20021

Name: Actinoplanes philippinensis (Type species) Authors: Couch 1950 Status: Approved Lists Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:244 (AL) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: ATCC 12427, DSM 43019, IMET 9218

Name: Actinoplanes rectilineatus Authors: Lechevalier and Lechevalier 1975 Status: Approved Lists Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:244 (AL) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: ATCC 29234, DSM 43808, IMET 9276, KCC A-0194

Name: Actinoplanes regularis Authors: (Couch 1963) Stackebrandt and Kroppenstedt 1988 Status: New Combination Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38:328 (validation list) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Comment: new combination inadvertently omitted from List No. 26; Erratum IJSB 39:94 Type strain: CBS 193.64, DSM 43151, IFO 12514, KCC A-0062, RIA 821, UNCC 79 Synonyms: Ampullariella regularis (basonym)

Name: Actinoplanes teichomyceticus Authors: Wink et al. 2006 Status: New species Literature: Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56: Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: DSM 43866, ATCC 31121, FH 2149

Name: Actinoplanes utahensis Authors: Couch 1963 Status: Approved Lists Literature: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:244 (AL) Risk group: 1 (German classification) Type strain: ATCC 14539, DSM 43147, IMET 9252

Genus Actinoplanes Species philippinensis Subspecies Author Couch 1950

Reclassification

Status Approved Lists

Type species ATCC 12427, DSM 43019, IMET 9218

Hazard group 1

Genus: Actinoplanes FH 2232 Species: philippinensis Numbers in other collections: ATCC 12427

Morphology: G R ISP 2 good beige A SP none none G R ISP 3 good beige A SP none none G R ISP 4 good beige A SP none none G R ISP 5 good beige A SP none none G R ISP 6 good beige A SP none none G R ISP 7 good beige A SP none none

Spore chains: Spore surface: smooth Sporangia: + Fragmentation:

Melanoid pigment: - - - - NaCl resistance: 2,5 % Lysozyme resistance: pH: Value- Optimum- Temperature : Value- Optimum- 28 °C

Carbon utilization: Glu Ara Suc Xyl Ino Man Fru Rha Raf Cel + + + - + + + + - - Enzymes: Gel Cit Ure Arg Onp Trp Lys Odc VP Ind H2S + - + - - - - - + + - Comments:

Actinoplanes philippinensis A – Agar plates medium 5265, 5315, 5317 and 5323 B – Agar plates medium 5006, 5318, 5322, 5337 with and without tyrosine

Actinoplanes philippinensis C – Colony detail on medium 5265 D – Sporangium in SEM (x 7.500)

Copyright: PD Dr. Joachim M. Wink, HZI - Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany, Mail: [email protected].