Index

Abkhazia, Abkhaz xi, 61–82 passim, Basaev, Shamir 79 155, 236, 247 Bashkortostan 30, 219 Afanas’ev, Mikhail 212, 219, 260 Bazyliuk, Aleksandr 48 Afghanistan 62, 187, 236, 241, 248 , x, 21, 25, 33, Aid 79, 103–21 passim, 236 39–40, 41, 43, 46, 49–50, 51, Albania, Albanians 240, 241 52–3, 56–7, 95, 230, 232, 235, Aleksii II, Patriarch 39, 40, 46 239, 243–4 Aliev, Heydar 247 Belarusian 53 Almaty 93, 94, 95 Belgium 17 Alonso, Ann Maria 79 Belorussian Exarchate 49 Altai, Autonomous 92, 156 Belovezh’e Accord 25 America, Americans 23, 24, 79, 106, Belykov, Gennadii 94 108–21 passim, 159, 172, 209, Berger, Peter 119 213, 221, 229, 231, 239, 241, 245, Beria, Lavrentii 42 255 Berezovskii, Boris 204 Amis, Martin 258, 261–2, 264 n 28 Berliner, Joseph 123 Andrew the Apostle, Order of Andrew bin Laden, Osama 241, 249 28, 55 Black Sea Fleet 245 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) Blat xi, 11, 122–43 241 Blium, Arlen 205 n 9 Anthropology 11, 104 Bodnar, Vladimir 66 Ardov, Mikhail 199 Bolsheviks, Bolshevism 7, 174 Armed forces, army 51, 71, 73, 186 Bondarik, Nikolai 21 Armenia, Armenians 9, 61–82 Borets’kyi, Iov, Metropolitan 41 passim, 230, 234, 240, 247 Bosnia, Bosnia-Herzegovina 237, 240 Åslund, Anders 114, 115 Boycko, Maxim 115 Assembly of the Peoples of Brandenberger, David 41 Kazakhstan 93–4 Brazauskas, Algirdas 242 Astrushevich, Pavel 96 Brezhnev, Leonid x, 4, 8, 263 Australia 159 Brie, Michael 221 Azarenok, Yurii 49 Britain, British 56, 106, 149, 165, Azerbaijan, Azeris 61–82 passim, 230, 172, 178 232, 240, 247 Brubaker, Rogers 84, 97 n 2 Bukharin 257 Babayan, Samvel 71, 73 Bulgaria, Bulgarians 96 Badovskii, Dmitrii 219 Buriatiia 9, 33, 160 Baku 68, 76, 247 Buzan, Barry 63 Baltic states, Balts 42, 53, 228, 230, Bykov, Anatolii 151, 166 n 21 231, 233–4, 242–3, 250 Byzantium 51 Bank of New York 115 Barber, John 122 Canada 17, 159 Barkashov, Nikolai 21 Carnegie Centre, 217 Baroque 55 Carr, E.H. 5

266 Index 267

Castells, Manuel 126, 127–8 7, 105, 208, 233, 238, 262 Caucasus, Caucasians 21, 23, 26, 30, Commonwealth of Independent 33, 34, 35, 38 n 54, 42, 79, 88, States (CIS) 25, 28, 164, 171, 155, 156, 246–7 175, 176, 228, 230, 231, 235–50 Catholic Church, Roman Catholics passim 46, 230, 243 , Communist project 5, Censorship xii, 186–207 passim 122 Central Committee (of CPSU) 7, 188, Communist Party of Belarus 49 232 Communist Party of 242 Central Asia 42–3, 62, 84, 88, 230, Communist Party of the Russian 231, 238, 241, 246–9 Federation 44, 186, Central Asian Battalion 248 187, 258 Central Asian Economic Union Communist Party of Ukraine 48–9, (CAEU) 248 54, 244 Central Europe 22, 103, 106, 107, Communist Party of the 120, 165, 175 (CPSU) 186, 199, 257 Ceyhan 247 Confederation 68 Chechnia, Chechens 28, 30, 31, 33, Constitutions 24, 34, 65, 67, 87, 89, 34, 70, 79, 148, 155, 187, 188, 90, 173, 176, 178–80, 187, 202, 204, 211, 238–41 passim, 243, 261 212 Chernobyl’ 188, 202, 245 Constitutional Courts 29 Chernomydrin, Viktor 54, 113 Cornell, Svante 71 Chicherin, A.V. 179 Corruption 73–4, 145, 229 China 231, 239, 241, 247, 249 Cossacks 79, 93–4, 96 Chis¸inau˘ 68, 74, 76, 246 Council of Europe 243 Christ the Saviour Cathedral, Moscow Crankshaw, Edward 123 55 Crime, criminal groups 72–4, 145, Christianity, Christians 21, 34, 199, 173, 202, 255 250 Crimea 46, 48, 236–7, 245, 250 Chubais, Anatolii, ‘Chubais Clan’ Cuba 241 109–20 passim, 149 Cyrylo-Methodian Society 47 Chukotka 148, 156 Czechoslovakia, Czech Republic 104, Citizens, citizenship, citizenship laws 213, 239 10, 11, 17, 24, 27, 28–9, 34, 35, 90, 183, 202, 242 Dagestan, Dagestanis 28, 30, 31, 33, Civic identity, civic states 17, 18, 21, 220 24, 25, 32, 34, 47, 87, 90 Danielyan, Anushavan 71, 80 Civil Code (of the Russian Federation) Danylo of Halych 41 180 Dashnaks 234 Civil society xii, 6, 127–8, 171–85, Dawisha, Adeed 228 197 Dawisha, Karen 228 Civil War, the Russian 6 Dederer, Aleksandr 92 Civilizations (clash of) 23, 46, 50, De facto states xi, 61–80 passim 91, 230 De-kulakization 3 Civilising mission (’s) 10, 24, 91 , democratisation 111–12, Class, class struggle 10 116–17, 198, 216, 221 Clinton, Bill, Clinton Administration De-Sovietization 9 238, 247 Devaluation (see August 1998 crisis) Cohen, Stephen 7, 172, 182, 260 Dicey, A.V. 178 268 Index

Dnester Republic xi, 61–82 passim, European Union (EU) 79, 103, 106, 236, 246, 250 112, 149, 156, 173, 231, 238, 241, Donskoi, Dmitrii 39, 45 243–6 passim Dontsov, Dmytro 52 Dubin, Boris 256 Fainsod, Merle 129 Duchin´ski, Franciszek 52 Fascism 2, 4, 258 Dugin, Aleksandr 23 Far East 9 Duma 25, 27–9 passim, 50, 77, Federal Governments’ 111–12, 187, 217, 237, 239, 241 Communication and Information Dushanbe 63 Agency (FAPSI) 187 Dykov, Oleg 96 Federal Security Service (FSB) 187, 196–7, 202 Easter, Gerald 133, 134 Federalism xi, 27–9, 144–68 passim, Eastern Europe 10, 22, 103, 174, 211–16, 237–8 105, 107 Federation Council 214–15 East Kazakhstan 91, 92 Feminism 3 East Slavs, East Slavic idea x–xi, 21, Filaret, Patriarch 58 n 33 25, 28, 33, 39–60 passim Filimonov, Sergei 194 Economy, economics xi, 11, 32, 72, Finland, Finns, Finno-Ugric 23, 26, 103–68 passim, 213–14, 255–6 52, 53, 243 Education, education policy 32 First World War x, 5–6, 234 Elchibei, Abulfaz 232, 249 Fitzpatrick, Sheila 123, 141 n 29, 260 Elites 18, 20, 22, 31, 35, 50, 83, 88, Fleischer, Vera 10 89, 93, 100 n 38, 119, 217–18, Fleron, Frederic 122 220, 244, 249 Flex organizations 112–13 El’tsin, Boris 23, 24, 28, 34, 43, 109, Foglizzo, John 114 115, 119, 149, 196, 198, 202, 232, Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) 235, 237–9, 241 187, 238 Engel, Barbara 3 Foreign policy xii, 23–4, 27, 76–8, England, English (see Britain) 195, 228–53, 256 Ermalovich, Mikola 53 France, French, French Revolution Erofeev, Vendikt 199 5, 45, 107, 149, 165, 178 Erofeeva, Irina 91 Freedom House 221 Estonia, Estonians 27, 46, 165, Frick, David 60 n 51 233–4, 241, 242–3 ‘Ethnic democracy’ 88 Gaidar, Yegor 109, 114, 239 Ethnic minorities 19, 26, 31, 33, 34, Galicia, Galicians 53 83, 94, 211, 242 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad 231, 249 Ethnic states 18, 85–6 Garkavets, Aleksandr 95, 96 Ethnicity 4, 17, 22, 30, 47, 64, 83 General Accounting Office (GAO), Euphrosyne of Polatsk 39 USA 110, 112 Eurasia, Eurasianism xii, 21, 23–4, Getty, J. Arch 7, 129, 261 26–7, 36 n 17 and 18, 43, 89, 198, Georgia, Georgians 19, 61–82 passim, 230, 231, 232, 244, 249, 250 155, 230, 231, 236–7, 240, 246–7, Eurasian Economic Community 244, 250 248 , Germans 2, 3–4, 5, 11, 41, European Bank for Reconstruction 45, 85, 87, 92, 94, 96, 99 n 32, and Development (EBRD) 112, 106, 112, 149, 172, 178, 184–5 n 9, 173 193, 258 Index 269

Gill, Graeme 129 Homo sovieticus (see Soviet identity) Gizel, Innokentii 41–2 Hokkaido University 217 Gladyshev, Vladimir 197–8 Horowitz, Donald 94 ’ 188, 190, 202 Hovannisian, Raffi 234 Glasnost’ Defence Foundation 202 Hrushevs’kyi, Mykhailo 39, 54 Glavlit 186–95 passim, 197–200, 202 Human rights 75, 238 Glazunov, Il’ya 26 Hungary 104, 107, 165, 239 Glinka, Mikhail 27 Huntington, Samuel P. 46, 230, 250 Glinski, Dmitrii 172 Gogol, Nikolai 43 Iakovlev, Aleksandr 257–8 Goldschmidt, Paul W. 190 Iaroslavl’ 53 Golosov, Grigorii 220 Ihnatou˘ski, Usevalad 52, 53 Gongadze, Grigorii 246 IMF 111–21 passim, 173 Gorbachev, Mikhail 12, 47, 164, 188, Imperialism 20–21, 34, 76, 247 198, 232, 242, 260 Incomes, real incomes 152–8 Gorbenko, Leonid 166 n 16 Informal practices (see blat) Gorenburg, Dmitry 33 Ingushetia 34, 148 Grachev, Pavel 236 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) Great Patriotic War 6, 9, 156, 255 62, 69, 77 Greek Catholic Church 49 International Committee of the Red GRU (see Main Intelligence Cross (ICRC) 67 Directorate) Internet 203 GUAM (see GUUAM) Iran 246–8 passim Gulag 2, 3, 11 Iraq 240 Gumilev, Lev 53 Islam, anti-Islamic views 30, 33, 34, Gumilev, Nikolai 189, 205 n 12 38 n 54, 62, 199, 232, 236, 241 Gusinskii, Vladimir 204 Italy, Italians 149, 155, 178, 221 GUUAM 230, 231, 240, 245–8, 250 Ivanov, Igor’ 240

Haimson, Leopold 5 Japan 112, 172 Haran’, Olexii 50 Jews 21, 148 Harvard 109–20 passim Jinjolia, Sokrat 67 Harvard Institute for International Jowitt, Ken 129 Development (HIID) 109–10, 111–12, 114–20 passim Kabardino-Balkariia 160 Harvard Interview Project 3 Kabul 248 Hay, Jonathan 112, 113, 117–18 Kaliningrad 240, 242 Hellbeck, Jochen 260 Kalmykia 33, 219 Helmer, John 113 Kapto, A 189 Hendrik, Toomas 233 Karachaevo-Cherkassiia 160, 220 Hero of Russia/the Soviet Union 28 Kazakh language 85–90 passim, Hirschman, Albert 88 98 n 9 Historikerstreit 7, 11 Kazakhstan, Kazakhs xi, 9, 27, History, historiography x, 1–12 83–100, 230, 247–9, 250 passim, 13 n 14, 26, 32, 41, 67–8, Kebich, Viacheslav 244 91, 254–65 passim KGB 187, 194, 195, 206 n 27 Hitchens, Christopher 264 Khasbulatov, Ruslan 114 Hitler 257–8 Khazar Kaganate, Khazars 45 Hoffman, Erik 122 Khlevniuk, Oleg 259, 261, 264 n 27 270 Index

Khodasevich, Vladislav 189, 205 n 12 Latvia, Latvians 88, 241, 242–3 Kholodov, Dmitrii 203 Latynina, Iuliia 150 Khrapunov, Viktor 94–5 Lavrov, Aleksei 157, 159 Khristenko, Viktor 157 Law xi, 134, 171–85, 187, 199–201, Khrushchev, Nikita 4, 183, 263 210 Kiev 40, 41, 43, 50–1, 53–6 Lebed’, Aleksandr 151 Kiev Rus’, Kievan Rus’ (see Rus’) Ledeneva, Alena 11 Kiprian, Metropolitan 39 Lenin 7, 73, 189, 257, 263 Kirienko, Sergei 160 Leningrad 3, 9, 193 Kiselyova, Emma 128 Levada, Yurii 254 Kistiakovskii, B.A. 179 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Kocharian, Robert 247 (LDPR) 33 Kokh, Alfred 115 Liberalism, liberals 6, 83, 105–6, 181, Kolstø, Pål 88 230, 239 kompromat 138 Lipton, David 112 Kopystens’kyi, Zakhariia 40–1 Lithuania, Lithuanians 39, 49, 234, Korea, Koreans 85, 92, 94, 96, 99 n 235, 242–3, 249 32, 241 Luhans’k 46 Kosovo 48, 240, 241 Lukashenka, Aliaksandr 40, 49–50, Kostomarov, Mykola 47, 48, 49 239, 244 Kotkin, Stephen 7, 262, 264 n 20 Luik, Juri 234 Kovalev, Sergei 256 Lukin, Vladimir 232 Kozak, Dmitrii 167 n 36 Luzhkov, Yurii 150, 221 Kozyrev, Andrei 23, 232–3, 235–9 Lypa, Yurii 52 passim, 241, 249 Lynch, Allen 249 Krasnodar 156 Lysenko, Nikolai 21 Krasnoiarsk 151, 166 n 19 Krauchanka, Pyotr 235 Macedonia 241 Kravchuk, Leonid 231, 244–5 Magadan 152 Kryshtanovskaia, Olga 111 Magnitogorsk 259, 264 n 20 Kuchma, Leonid 40, 46, 54, 245, 246 Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) Kuibyshev 9 187 Kulikovo Field, Battle of (1380) 39, Malaniuk, Yevhen 52 43 Manning, Robert 7 Kurgan 160 Maracusta, Grigoriy 68 Kuromiya, Hiroaki 7 ‘Marriott Brigade’ 107 Kursk 39, 45, 151, 167 n 38 Marshall Plan 106 Kutafin, Oleg 29 Marx, Karl 181 Kutuzov 45 Matsuzato, Kimitaka 210, 219 Kuzio, Taras 36 n 6, 228, 230, 231 Mau, Vladimir 165 Kymlicka, Will 18, 20, 22, 35 Mazepa, Ivan 55 Kyrgyzstan, Kyrgyz 87, 90, 93, 98 n McAuley, Mary 217 5, 230, 235, 241, 244, 247–9, 250 Melkoumian, Naira 70 Memorial Society 2, 259 Lachin corridor 247 Memory 2–4, 260–1 Lad 92, 93, 95 Meri, Lennart 233 Landsbergis, Vytautas 234 Merridale, Catherine 3, 13 n 6, 261 Lapidus, Gail 218 Messianism 23 Lapina, Nataliia 218 Messner, Dirk 126 Index 271

Middle East 231 Nazarbaev, Nursultan 87–9 passim, Migdal, Joel S. 63 92–5 passim, 248 Mikhailov, Sergei 28 Nazis, Nazism 2, 3, 5, 11, 258 Milosˇevic´, Slobodan 240 Nazdratenko, Evgenii 149, 151, Minin 45 166 n 16 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Russia Nemtsov, Boris 262–3 (MFA) 232–3, 237 NEP (New Economic Policy) 262 244 Networks 126–7, 142 n 40 Molchanov, Mikhail 42–3, 56 Nevskii, Aleksandr 41 Moldova, Moldovans 46, 61–82 Nizhnii-Novgorod (aka Gor’kii) 154, passim, 230, 235, 237, 246, 249 160, 163, 193, 199, 205 n 12, Mongolia, Mongols 23, 26, 43, 52, 219 241 NGOs (nongovernmental Montevideo Convention on Rights organisations) 104, 128, 183, and Duties of States (1933) 65, 218 66 ‘Non-Russian nationalities’ 20, 21, Morningstar, Richard L. 118–19 28, 31–5 passim Moscow, Muscovy 9, 10, 11, 23, 32, North Atlantic Council 245 35, 39, 40, 51, 52, 55, 109, 148, North Ossetia 160 149, 150, 152, 157, 193, 219, 236, Nostalgia 2, 42, 43, 123 242, 259, 260 Novgorodtsev, P.I. 179 Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) Oliinyk, Borys 47, 49 233 Omsk 160 Müller, Max 52 Oral history 3, 13 n 9 Multiculturalism 27 Organization for Economic Multi-national states 18, 34, 83, Cooperation and Development 88 (OECD) 144, 151 Muslims 26, 28, 30, 34–5, 38 n 54, Organization for Security and 84, 219, 231, 238, 250 Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Myths, mythology 19, 35, 42–3, 62, 77, 87, 90, 93, 237, 238, 242, 44–6, 53–5, 67–8 244, 246, 249 Orthodoxy, Orthodox religion 26, Nagorno-Karabakh, Nagorno- 34, 41–3, 44, 45, 46, 48, 51, 199, Karabakh Republic 61–82 230, 231, 237–8 passim, 234, 247, 250 Otunbayeva, Roza 235 Nations, national identity, Ovsiannikov, Viktor 94 nationalism x, 17, 19, 20, 22, 31, 34–5, 56, 70, 83–4, 88–9, Paperno, Irina 259, 260 229–30 Parasitism 130–1 National Republican Party 21 Party for the Union of Ukraine, Nation-states, nation-state building Belarus and Russia 48 17–19, 22 Party of One Kievan Rus’ 48 National Bolshevism 41 Party of One Rus’ 48 Nationalizing policy, nationalizing Party of Slavonic Unity of Ukraine states 18, 19, 36 n 5, 84 48 Nativism 56 Party of Rus’-Ukrainian Union 48 NATO 231, 237–41 passim, 243–5, Passerini, Luisa 4 247–8, 255 Passports 27, 30, 33, 90 272 Index

Patronage 11, 100 n 38, 122–43 Revolution, the Russian (1917) 1, passim, 218 5–6, 7, 10, 179 Pavlodar 90 Rigby, T.H. 129 Pavlov, Aleksandr 94 Ries, Nancy 11 Pazniak, Zenon 53 Romania, Romanians 229, 246 Pegg, Scott 64, 66 Romanovs 6 Pekhtin, Vladimir 186 Rose, Richard 164 Pelevin, Viktor 10 Rostov-on-Don 9 Pereiaslav, Treaty of (1654) 44 Rossiiskii or rosiiskii, pan-Russian 2, 9, 12, 19, 47, 123, 171, identity 17, 19, 21, 22, 28, 40–2, 256, 257, 263 43, 46, 230 Peter the Great 28, 45, 55 Ruble, Blair 53 Petrov, Nikolai 215 Rukh 244–5 PMR – Pridnestrovyan Moldovan Rule of law xi, 134, 171–85 passim Republic (see Dnester Republic) Rus’ 21, 39–40, 44, 46, 47, 55 Podlubny, Stepan 260 Rushdie, Salman 199 Poland, Poles 45, 48, 104, 105, 107, Rus’-Ukraine (Ukraine- Rus’) 39, 55 229, 238, 239, 243 Russia, Russians, Russian identity x, Polats’ka-Rus’ 49 4, 6, 9, 10, 17–38 passim, 39–57 Poltava, Battle of (1709) 55 passim, 83–100 passim, 105, 107, Pope 40, 48 128, 230, 235 Popular opinion, public opinion 11, Russian Block (Ukraine) 48 32–4, 35, 197, 216, 254–5 Russian Federation 17–27 passim, Posadskaya-Vanderback, Anastasia 3 30–35, 62, 63, 177 Post-Soviet x, 1, 42, 43, 66, 130–4, Russian culture 10, 17, 183 208, 260 23, 32 Post-Communist, Post-Communism 10, 17, 19, 21, 24, 17, 19, 109, 134, 140 27, 34, 85–7, 98 n 5, 181, 245 Post-modernism 22 ‘Russian idea’ 25, 34 Post-war, post-war era 1, 8 Russian national symbols 27–9, 34–5 Popov, Vladimir 213 Russian National Unity 21 Pozharskii 45 Russian Orthodox Church 21, 28, Primakov, Yevgenii 31, 77, 204, 34, 46–50 passim, 55 238–40 Russian Party 21 Primordial, primordialism 22, 32, Russian peacekeepers 77 68 Russian Privatization Centre 112, Primorskii krai 216 115 Pris˘tina 240 Russians abroad, Russian minorities Purges, Great Purges 6–7, 258, 261 19, 21, 29, 84–8, 91–7 passim, Putin, Vladimir 28–9, 34, 46, 56, 77, 230, 238, 242–3, 245 115–16, 144, 145, 148, 157, 165, Russification 19, 95 187, 204, 214, 215, 240–1, 243–6 Russkaia obshchina (Kazakhstan) passim, 250, 255, 256 93–4, 96 Russkii, ethnic Russian identity 25, Rakhmonov, Immomali 63, 236 230 Ransel, David 3 Russophones, Russian-speakers 19, Reddaway, Peter 171 21, 29, 84–8, 245 Regions, ‘regionology’ xii, 37 n 33, Ruthenia, Ruthenian identity 39, 144–68, 208–27 40–1 Index 273

Rutskoi, Aleksandr 45, 236 Solnick, Steven 212–13 Rybnitsa (steel factory) 74 Solodin, Vladimir 190 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr 44, 91, 258 Sachs, Jeffrey 109, 113, 114 Soros, George 114 St. Michael’s Monastery of the Golden Sovereignty 65–9 Domes 55 South Ossetia 61–82 passim, 236, St. Nicholas Church 55 247 St. Petersburg 33, 109, 115–16, 148, Soviet ideology, mythology x, 3, 8–9, 154, 157 22, 41–2, 45, 49 St. Sofiia 54 Soviet identity x, 4, 8–9, 10, 19, 23, Sajudis 234 28, 34, 45, 48, 49, 50, 52, 89, Sakha-Iakutiia 33, 34 259–60 Sakhalin 166 n 19 Soviet Interview Project 3 Samara 156, 157, 163, 164 Soviet Slavic project 41–2 Saudargas, Algirdas 234 Soviet society 1–12, 123–4, 127–8, Save The Children 79 176, 186 Schapiro, Leonid 5 Spiridon, Metropolitan 40 Secessionism, separatism 31, 34, Spruyt, Hendrik 230 61–82 passim, 90, 98 n 4 Stalin, Stalinism xii, 2, 4, 5, 6–9, 10, Second World War 1, 5, 8–9, 39, 41, 11, 13 n 15, 41, 44, 123, 232, 50, 95, 106, 221 254–65 passim Serbia, Serbs 237, 240 Stankevich, Sergei 23–4 Sergei of Radonezh 39 Stark, David 134 Sevastopol 237, 240, 245 Starodubrovskaia, Irina 165 Shamba, Sergei 67 START-2 Treaty 241 Shatalin plan 176 State-building 70–1, 175 Sheriff Group, (Dnister Republic) 73 Stavropol 156 Shevardnadze, Eduard 75, 246–7 Stepanakert 69, 73 Shevchenko, Taras 54 Stoner-Weiss, Kathryn 219 Shlapentokh, Vladimir 125 Sturza, Vasiliy 65 Shleifer, Andrei 109, 110, 117, 118, Sudakov, Guril 26 144 Susha 69 Shulman, Stephen 47 Summers, Lawrence 110, 118 Shushkevich, Stanislau 243–4 Suvorov 45 Siberia 9, 91, 233, 243 Sviatoslav, Count 45 Sik, Endre 125 Sverdlovsk 154, 157, 211, 218, 220 Slavophiles 26, 231 Svoik, Piotr 91, 95 Slavic Council of Belarus 49 Sweden, Swedes 45, 114, 149 Slavs 21, 23, 26, 47, 50, 51–3, 56, 79, Switzerland, Swiss 17, 93, 171 85, 89, 92, 231 Symonenko, Petro 48 Slovakia, Slovaks 107 Smirniagin, Leonid 215 Tajikistan, Tajiks 62–4, 98 n 5, 230, Smirnov, Igor 79 236–7, 244, 247–9 Smith, Anthony D 56 Tallinn 243 Smith, Graham 27, 31–2 Tarasiuk, Borys 246 Smolensk 151, 244 Tashkent Treaty (1992, aka Collective Snegur, Mircea 69 Security Treaty) 231, 244, 248, Social-Liberal Union (SLOn) 48 250 Sokolov, Sasha 190 Taliban 241, 248, 249 274 Index

Tatars 45, 53, 85, 96 Ulrich, Herbert 2–3 Tatarstan 28, 30, 33, 62, 155–8, 211, Ul’ianovsk 150, 152, 160, 164 220 UNESCO 235 Tbilisi 68, 75, 76, 77 Union (party) 48 Television, Russian 204 Union of Cossacks of Semirech’e Tereshchenko, Sergei 94 93–4 Ter-Petrosian, Levon 234, 247 Union of Right Forces 263 Terror, the (see Purges) United Energy Systems (UES) 160 Terrorism 206 n 34, 229, 241, 245, United Kingdom (see Britain) 249 United Nations (UN) 62, 67, 79, 232, Three Bogatyrs 45 235, 237 Tikhon, Father 46 Agency for International Timasheff, Nicholas 7 Development (USAID) 110, 117, Tiraspol 61, 73 118 Tishkov, Valerii 22, 25, 34 United Tajik Opposition (UTO) 63 Tiumen 148, 150, 156, 167 n 28 Unity (Edinstvo ) 186 Tkachenko, Oleksandr 48 ‘Urals Republic’ 211 Tolstov, Serhii 50 USA (see America) Tolz, Vera 42 Ushakov 45 7, 8, 182 Ushtobe 94 Toth, Istvan Janos 125 Ust-Kamenogorsk 91, 92 Transactorship 109–12, 114–20 Uzbekistan, Uzbeks 9, 98 n 5, 230, passim 231, 240, 247–9, 250 Transdnistria (see Dnister Republic) Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus- van der Stoel, Max 93 Asia (TRACECA) 245 Vasnetsov, Viktor 45 Treisman, Daniel 144, 213 Veselovka 40 Trotskii 257 Victims, victimhood 11, 14 n 28 Tsars, Tsarist era 20, 28, 91, 181, 182 Victory Day 9 Tucker, Robert C 13 n 15 243 Turkey, Turks, Turkic identity 23, 26, Vincent, Norman 11 45, 52, 53, 88, 219, 230, 231, 232, Viola, Lynne 7 246 Vladimir, Prince (see Volodymyr, Turkmenistan 230, 247–9 Prince) Tula 155 Vladivostock 151 Tuva 33, 34 Volga, Volgograd 52, 160, 203 Volodymyr, Patriarch 46, 55 Uighurs 94 Volodymyr, Prince of Kiev 39, 45, Ukraine, Ukrainians x, 9, 21, 25, 27, 46, 54 33, 39–57 passim, 95, 96, 99 n 23, 104, 107, 110, 114, 230, 232, Webber, Mark 228 234–5, 236–7, 240, 243, 244–6, Weiner, Amir 8 249, 260 Welfare 10 Ukrainian National Assembly (UNA) – West, Western scholars xi, 1, 3, 6–7, Ukrainian Self-Defence Union 8–9, 17, 103–21 passim, 171, 172, (UNSO) 40, 51–2 174, 182, 208, 210–11, 216, 222, Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kievan 230, 238, 246, 255, 261 Patriarchate) 55, 58 n 33 Western Europe 18–19 Ukrainian People’s Republic 54 Woodruff, David 144 Index 275

World Bank 110, 111, 172 Zaitsev, Boris 189, 205 n 12 World Trade Organization (WTO) Zakareishvili, Paata 75 248 Zanardi, Louis H. 110 Zhirinovskii, Vladimir 25, 237, 238 Xinjiang 249 Zhukov, Georgii 45 Ziugnaov, Gennadii 44, 45, 49, 238, Yaroslav the Wise 53–5 239, 258 Yugoslavia 213, 240, 255 Zlatkis, Bella 160 Yushchenkov, Sergei 258 Zlenko, Anatoliy 234–5, 246