SOCIETY BRAIN RESEARCH education, knowing how oral & written the brain works: language learning, from perception social behavior & to language, its disorders cognition & consciousness Education, literacy…

MICROSCOPIC ) FIL, ICN, ENS, SISSA… ) functional & structural INDUSTRY ) biotechnologies, CELLULAR ) spatially resolved MEDICINE man-machine ) aging , interface & ) temporally resolved drug addiction, pain, prostheses, SYSTEMS ) neurological & Information psychiatric technologies, disease… robotics, 30% medical budgets medical Instrumentation Insurances, social security… Richard Frackowiak Siemens, Bruker, Magnex… FIL, Queen Square, UCL

Diff. tensor + 1.5T,3T, 4T Mg 7T >8 channels Technology EPI on Clin. Syst. Venography EPI Real time fMRI Nav. pulses SENSE GENE NETWORKS IN BRAIN Local Human Head Gradient Coils Quant. ASL Z-shim MRI Baseline Susceptibility DEVELOPMENT & EVOLUTION ASL Spiral EPI Dynamic IV volume Current Imaging? BOLD Multi-shot fMRI Simultaneous ASL and BOLD

Correlation Analysis CO Calibration 2 KE family Methodology Motion Correction Mixed ER and Blocked cell lineage in Caenorhabditis Parametric Design Multi-Modal Mapping Chick embryo HH11 Sulston et al 1983 anatomical Surface Mapping features Baseline Volume ICA Free-behavior Designs Phase Mapping Mental Chronometry Linear Regression OTX2 GBX2 IVIM Multi-variate Mapping Event-related Deconvolution Fuzzy Clustering

BOLD models PET correlation Interpretation B dep. IV vs EV ASL vs. BOLD o Pre-undershoot PSF of BOLD TE dep Resolution Dep. Linearity mapping Extended Stim. Blood T2 Post-undershoot Metab. Correlation SE vs. GE Linearity Hidalgo- Sanchez et al. 1999 CO 2 effect Hemoglobin Optical Im. Correlation NIRS Correlation Fluctuations molecular evolution of FOXP2: Veins Inflow Balloon Model Electrophys. correlation secundary organisers in the chick a gene involved in speech & language Complex motor Hidalgo-Sanchez et al 1999 Memory Monaco, Pääbo et al 2002 Applications Language Imagery Emotion Children Motor learning Tumor vasc. Drug effects from the human genome to BOLD -V1, M1, A1 Presurgical Attention Ocular Dominance Volume - Stroke V1, V2..mapping Priming/Learning Clinical Populations the human brain D Volume-V1 Performance prediction Plasticity Face recognition

Innate and environmentally driven intellectual capacities 36 82 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 Mechelli et al 2004

NEURAL NETWORKS OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS example of reading

pure alexia Dejerine 1901 regional Cerebral Blood Flow Lassen & Ingvar 1975

monkey as a model animal

BOLD firing conscious vs non-conscious words processing Dehaene 2001 toward an integration of anatomy, functional imaging, electrophysiology & cognitive behavior comparison of fMRI & firing Logothetis 2001 Preclinical diagnosis of debilitating diseases of ageing

1 60 40

50 35 Very Large Instruments for :

30 40 25 ‹ High energy, particles physics 30 20 20 ‰ CERN… 15

10 10

0 5 CERN

1994 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1994 2003 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

2000 ‹ ‰‰‰

2001 Neuroimaging science NeuroSpin… Reasoning Experiments in animals Auditory Attention 2002 2003 Social Cognition Somatosensory Memory Motor Language Visuo spatial MS Mov. Disorders Depression Developmental Tumor Dementia Stroke Schizophrenia Epilepsy ‹ Aimed at ultra-high field MRI/MRS systems:

700 600 North America Europe ‹ 3T, 11.7T wide-bore for human studies 500 121 Wellcome Dep. Imaging Neuroscience University of Pennsylvania 97 400 Standford University 86 ‹ 11.7T (primates) and 17T (rodents) 300 MGH BOSTON 77

200 Washington University 77 70 Max Plank Leipzig 100 65 Labs 0 62 Institute of Medicine, Julich 1 9 81 1 98 2 1 98 3 19 84 1 9 85

1 9 86 University of Minnesota 65 1 9 87 1 98 8 1 98 9 19 9 0 19 91 19 92 1 9 93 1 99 4 1 99 5 1 99 6 Medical College of Wisconsin 60 1 99 7 1 99 8 1 99 9 20 0 0 20 0 1 20 02 20 03 Yale University 59 PET activation fMRI 54 Institute of Psychiatry London 54 University of Oxford National Institute of Health Bethesda 45

350 36 UCLA 30 300 Duke University, Durham 26

250 25 Institute of (ex- Wellcome dept), London University of California, Los Angeles 21 200 19 Purpan Hospital, Toulouse 150 McGill University, Montreal 18

100 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 15 University of California, La Jolla 14 50 11 Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Review articles Clinical research Methodology Basic Neuroscience Source: Biomednet, June 2003 NeuroSpin

Web site: http://neurospin.org with PDF downloads ”flyers‘, intention letters,… NeuroSpin

NeuroSpin infrastructure – Clinical suite with beds and test/examination rooms (neuropsychology, ERPs,…) – Animal care facility (transgenic mice and trained primates, surgery suits, histology, …) – Laboratories (MR physics, mechanics, electronics, molecular biology,…) – Logistics (offices, library, conference rooms,…) Multidisciplinary environment (staff: 160) – physicists, electronicians, biochemists,... – mathematicians, computer scientists, statisticians, ... – neurophysiologists, neurobiologists, neuropharmacologists, neuropsychologists, … – neurologists, psychiatrists, neuroradiologists, … 3-tiered organisation: – Resident teams – Support/service teams – International visiting teams

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