ISSN 373 - 580 X

Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 28 (l-4):77-103.1992

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BOLBITIACEAE - 30. SOME BRAZILIAN TAXA

Por ROY WATLING*

Summary Observations on the Bolbitiaceae - 30. Some Brazilian Taxa. Forty two members of the Bolbitiaceae are recorded from Southern Brazil distributed as follows: Agrocybe 11 , Bolbitius 4 and Con- ocybe 27. Of these, ten taxa have been delimited which require further study and more collections before formal recognition is made. Description are offered in several instances to allow the range of variation to be assessed for an enlarged geographical area. Microscopic details on several type specimens used in com¬ parative work are offered for the first time in addition to comments on selected Argentinian collections; line drawings of important characteristics support the text. The problems connected with the typification of Galera crispa are explored. André de Meijer has supplied an appendix tabulating the distribution of the collections within prescribed plant-communities.

PROTOLOGUE from the temperate and frigid parts of South Ame¬ rica (southern Chile, Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego; It is with great pleasure I dedicate this article to Palmer Peninsula, southern Shetlands, South At- Jorge Wright, a colleague the author has admired lantic Islands and the Pacific island of Juan for over 25 years. It is only through his help that Fernández; Singer 1969). Horak (1979) in listing , many critical collections of S American fungi have five tax3/ excluding Descolea, from Tierra del Fuego been made available. It was paramount during the territories only adds one additional species to the present study to examine Argentinian material as region xhirty sjx taxa of this family are recorded through Rolf Singer's extensive work Argentina is by ginger & Digilio (1952), 13 of which are re- a critical country with specimens holding the key corded for temperate South America as a whole; not only to nomenclatorial problems but also to aft aiso Singer, 1965. More recently Singer (1989) understanding of larger fungi as a whole, and S described seven new species from Latin America: 2 America in particular. I am also confident that fr0m Colombia,1 from Mexico, 3 from Brazil and 1 Jorge Wright, assisted by his colleagues, will gain froni Bolivia. satisfaction in that it was through his assistance André de Meijer has maintained an interest in Bra¬ zilian fungi and in so doing expanded our knowl- INTRODUCTION edge considerably, and made available to appro¬ priate experts collections of dried material. The collections described below were made It has been one such set of collections covering from June 1979 until June 1980 and from January members of the Bolbitiaceae, especially from the 1987 until June 1991 during numerous field tripé to state of Paraná in southern Brazil, that the present several areas of which the following are the most author has had the good fortune to have theoppor- important: tunity to study. The results of an analysis of this [I. the Reserva Biológica Caminó, in the municipa- material is the subject of the present paper. All the lities of Curitiba and São José dos Pinhais (see material excluding two collections were found and Rajchenberg & Meijer (1990) - area B); It is situated documented with field data by a former member in the valley of the Iguazú river, which is regularly of the Associação de Defesa a Educaçao Ambiental flooded; (ADEA) team, André de Meijer member Sociedade [II. the Fazenda São Pedro, in the municipality of de Pesquisa em Vida Selvagem e Educação Am- General Carneiro (R. & Meijer - area E); biental (S.P.V.S.). [III. the Parque Marumbi, in the Serra do Mar, a Little or nothing is known of the Bolbitiaceae of narrow mountain range along the southern Brazi- Brazil, in contrast to the thirty-seven taxa recorded lian Atlantic coast (R. & Meijer - area C); [IV. the Area de Proteção Ambiental (APA) "Bairro Taquaral", in the municipality of Itu (R. & Meijer - * Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK area A), and

77 Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot . 28 (1-4) (1992)

[V. the ¡lita do Mel, in the municipality of Para- The ecological data assembled by A. de Meijer naguá (R. & Meijer - area D). These collections during the various phases of the collecting is pre- have been supplemented with material from: i. sented in tabular form in the Appendix. Shangrilá, in Paranaguá; ii. the Parque Aquática do Clube Atlética, in Curitiba; iii. the Parque Barigui, in SPECIES LIST Curibita; iv. Capão da Imbuía, in Curitiba, and v. the Morro da Caixa da Agua, in the town of Ceno Azul, in The classification used follows Watling (1965) the municipality of the same name. and the nomenclature of entries follows Watling All the sites mentioned above are situated in the and Gregory (1981). Colours follow the Colour Paranense phytogcographical province of Cabrera chart accompanying the British Fungus Flora & Willink (1973), except the Parque Marumbi and (Henderson, Orton & Watling, 1969) or Kornerup both areas in the municipality of Paranaguá, which & Wanscher (1978). Initials for herbaria follow In- are situated in the Atlantic phytogeographical Herbariorum (Lanjouw & Stafleu, 1964). province. All are in the state of Paraná, except Itu, which is in the neighbouring state of São Paulo. AGROCYBE Following the terminology of Veloso & Goés Filho (1982), the plant communities occurring at 1. Agrocybe-cúbense (Murrill) Singer, Sydmuia 30 the collecting sites are: (1977): 201, 1978. a. Seasonal deciduous alluvial forest in the Re- 1, A-C serva Biológica Cambui, where Sebastiana commer- Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, Curitiba, soniana (Baillon) L. B.Smith & R. Downs (Euphor- on scat¬ J. tered pieces of wood outside forest; in small group, 18-II-* biaceae) dominates the tree-layer. 1980, Meijer 373 (E). CUBA, Herradura on soil in garden, b. Mixed ombrophilous forest containing Arau¬ 15-VI-1907, Earle 560 (NY) Holotype. caria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. and occurring in the Fazenda São Pedro, in the Parque Barigui and Notes: Originally introduced as Hebeloma in Capao da Imbuía. cúbense by Murrill (1917), A. cúbense ranges from c. Dense ombrophilous forest in the Parque Cuba to northeastern Argentina (Singer, 1979). A. Marumbi and on the Ilha do Mel. (The dense om- cúbense is characterised by the small size of the brophilous forest of the atlantic coast is usually basidiomes, appendiculate veil, slightly lenticular called "atlantic rain forest"). . basidiospores and lack of pleurocystidia. An d. Gallery forest in the APA "Bairro-Taquaral" analysis of Murrill's type is offered herein to cir- in areas of savanna. cumbscribe the taxon: e. Restinga, a herbaceous to arboreal vegetation Basidia 4-spored, 23-28 x 8.5-10 p.m, hyaline in on marine sands found on the Ilha do Mel. alkali solution. Basidiospores 11-13.5 x 6-7 x 7.5-9 f. Pastures in the Reserva Biológica Cambui, in Mrn distinctly compressed (lenticular to boat- the Fazenda São Pedro and in the APA "Bairro shaped), oval in face-view, elliptic in side-view, Taquaral". In all three localities dung is abundant, smooth, truncate from broad germ-pore. g. Lawns in the Parque Barigui and in the Par- Cheilocystidia abundant, fusoid-ventricose to que Aquática do Clube Atlética. These are not pas- subcylindric, 18-25 x 6-10 pm with obtuse apex, lured but mown frequently, and thus the grass neck often narrowed (2-3pm broad). Hymenophoral remains permanently short. trama with central strand of interwoven to sub- h. P/wus-plantations of the Fazenda São Pedro parallel hyphae; pileus trama of floccose, inter- and the APA "Bairro Taquaral". woven, hyaline hyphae. Pileipellis a palisadoderm The mean annual temperature varies in the of ochraceous tawny, clavate, pedicellate cells study areas from 11.5°C (at the summit of the Pico (collapsed). Clamp-connections present. Paraná, situated in the Parque Marumbi, which at In keeping with Dennis (1953) Smith (pers. 1922 m is the highest peak of southern Brazil) to comm.) was unable to find pleurocystidia but in an 22°C (in Paranaguá). The mean annual precipita- independent study of the holotype Hesler (pers. tion varies from 1300 mm(APA "BairroTaquaral") comm.) found ampulliform structures; the last au¬ to more than 4000 mm (at the Pico Paraná). High- thor's spore-data, i.e. 10-13-x 7.5-9.5 pm, except for est precipitation is during the period of December being slightly broader agrees with the present ma¬ to February and the driest period is from June to terial. August. There is no real dry season, however. The Dennis (1953) considered A. cúbense to be con¬ mean annual relative humidity of the air varies specific with A. sacchari (Murrill) Dennis (= Nauco- front 73% (APA "Bairro Taquaral") to more than ria sacchari Murrill, 1912; based on Earle 322 in 85% (at the Pico Paraná). NY). The holotype of A. sacchari. consisting of two 78 R. Walling, Bdbitiaceae - 30

40mm

C

10pm 50mm A D B

50pm E 50mm F -t

F

G f 12pm

10pm

20pm

[spmÿvÿj} O 10pm M P L P

Fig, l.~ Agrocylv: A - C, A cúbense Mcijer 373; D - H, A. cylhulriat Meijer 249; I &J, N - P, A. sororiit Mcijcr 127 & 127b; K - M, A. airfei-Meijer 288 & 288b, A, D, E, G, K & N sections of basidiomes; G, habitat sketch; B, F, J, M, & P cheilocystidia and C, H, L & O basidiospores. •

79 . Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot . 28 (1-4) (1992)

basidiomes, had the following microscopiccharac- Broussonetia, Allophylus, Cupania, Quercus and ters (Fig. 5, I-K). Phoebe to name but a few vascular plant genera, Basidia 4-spored, 20-25 x 9-10 /¿m. Basidiospores and Guzmán (1979) records it from Mexico, where 9-12 x 5-6 pm, broadly oval in face-view, elliptic in it is not recommended for food. Guzmán's obser- side-view, smooth, truncate from broad germ- vátions contrast markedly with those of authors in pore, ochraceous in water, dull ochraceous brown Europe and S America; in the latter continent it is in alkali (near 'buckthorn brown' in Ridgway, regularly eaten. In Europe it is subjected toa sche- 1912). Clteilocystidia 20-24 x 6-9(-10) pm, fusoid to me of semi-artificial cultivation (Singer, 1961) and, fusoid-ventricose, subcapitate in some; pleurocys- in the wild is found on a whole range of north tem- tidia absent. Hymenophoral traina with central perate frondose trees, eg. Acer, Fraxinus, Populus, strand of ± interwoven, pale ochraceous hyphae; Salix, Sambucas and litmus, although less com- pileus trama homogeneous, of hyaline hyphae. monly northwards. In the British Isles it is appa- Pileipellis a palisadodcrm of hymeniform, clavate- rently more southern in distribution and is most pedicellate cells (badly collapsed). Clamp-connec- frequent on Sambucus and Ulmus; in continental tions present. Europe where it has been documented even by Thus the basidiospores are slightly smaller and Dioscoredes it is most common on Populus spp. It slightly less lenticular than those of A. cúbense, and is recorded from the USSR (Singer, 1950a) and no veil is present in A. sacchari. from Afghanistan (Singer, 1969), and it is common It is doubt-ful whether the growth of A. sacchari: on introduced poplars in Kashmir (Watling & Gre- on debris of sugar cane (Saccharum) is significant gory,1981; Watling & Abraham, 1986). Records are but field observations are necessary on all these available for N. Africa (Malençon &Bertault, 1970) little known species in order to ascertain the degree and for S. Africa (Pearson, 1950) where it is very of specificity. probably introduced. In N. America it is decidedly rare, records being only available from Michigan 2. Agrocybe cylindrica (DC.: Fr.) Maire, Mem. (Kauffmann, 1918) and Nova Scotia (fide A. H. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroe 45: 106, 1938. Smith; Gourley, 1983). Fig. 1, D-H A. cylindrica is rather variable in colouration of the pileus, especially when fresh and young, the Material examined: BRAZIL Paraná, Curitiba, on dead thickness of the flesh and in the degree to which trunks or on living trees in forest, solitary or in small to pileUS-Surface splits when mature. Probably large groups, 3-XII-1979, Meijer 249, (E); ditto, 8-XII-1979, because of this in Europe and elsewhere A. cylin- Meijer 249B, (E). drica may be found in the literature under several ARGENTINA, Prov. Córdoba, Capital, on Acer negando, names; Agaricus aegeiita Briganti, Ag. pudicus Bu- 16-XI-1985, A. T. Munziker, 30513 (BAFC). Prov. Buenos lliard, are two of theearliest names and Ag. leochro- Aires, Capital Federal, on Populus nigtu L., 14-XI-1972, Des- mus Cooke and Ag. capistratus Cooke, supported champs-Rovetta, 31885 (BAFC); on Acer sp., 8-II-1971, A. by coloured illustrations, and Pholiota molliscorum Godeas, 31887 (BAFC). NEW ZEALAND, no further Cooke details, Colenso874, (K). AUSTRALIA, Victoria, on Alhero- & Massee have also been used. Other less sperma moschalus Labill, Führer, Watling 21555, (E); ditto, well known naipes in European literature include Walling 21556, (E). INDIA, Kashmir, on Populas nigra, 2tf- Agaricus strobiliformis Briganti, Ag. strobiloides Bri- IX-1978, Watling 13067, (E). HUNGARY, Budapest, Beg- gar>ti (see Fries, 1874), Ag. (Armillaria) viviani Fries giszlo, 27-IX-1963, Vzoriji (ex Bohus & Babos) (CP). (= Ag. popparello viviani; fide Singer, 1950a) and Agaricus luxurians Fries. Notes: A further collection also on a living tree Singer (1950a) considers that Agaricus was documented, but the material was not pre- . aassivelus Spegazzini (1880), Pholiota formosa served. It exhibited all the important features of the Spegazzini (1926) and P. impudica Spegazzini taxon except the pale gills; the hymenium was (1889) also refer to this fungus, as does Agaricus immature or represented the condition known in phylicigenus Berkeley from Tristan du Cunha with A. dura (Bolt.) Sing. (= A. molesta (Lasch) Singer) as the holotype, although in a bad state of preserva- var. xanthophylla (Bres.) Horak. tion, (in K). Spegazzini's fungi were described This species often occurs on wounds of living from Argentina and Brazil. standing trees1-2 metres above the ground,and on A disturbing range of variation is found in S. both dicotyledonous trees and Araucaria angustifo- ' American collections of A. cylindrica. Thus P. impu- lia (Bert.) O. Ktze. Basidiomes appear in Paraná dica from Brazil has thin-fleshed basidiomes and state from December until May. small basidiospores whereas P. crassivda from Singer & Digilio (1952) record A. cylindrica (as Argentina has strongly veiled basidiomes; both A. aegerita (Brig.) Sing.) from Argentina on Melia, forms have been recorded from Chile. Three collec- 80 R. Walling, Botbitiaoeae - 30

tions all on introduced trees to Argentina are hou¬ 6.5) /am broad) and cystidioid cels in the pileipellis, sed in Herb. Fac. Ciencias Exactas y Nat., Buenos e.g. Herb. Musei Hist. Nat. Hungary (CP). Aires (BAFC). All are uniform in spore-size (10-) In the Southern Hemisphere some basidiomes 11-13(-14.5) -16) x 6-7(-8) /¿m, prominent 2-spored possess basidiospores with a conspicuous germ- basidia and presence of both lanceolate and vesicu- pore and characteristic ampulliform cheilo- and lose pleuro- and cheilocystidia. The presence of bi- pleurocystidia, the latter often rather numerous. porate basidiospores (BAFC 24855) might indicate Singer (1969) records collections from Argentina some instability in the population reminiscent of with lanceolate cystidia, apparently similar to that noted by Watling & Abraham (1986) in those found amongst the range of cystidial shapes Agrocybe. in A parasitica Stevenson, a taxon causing a heart In western parts of Argentina and Chile a 2- rot of several species of tree in New Zealand; see spored form of A. cylirtdrica is recorded (Singer, Stevenson, 1982. Indeed A parasitica is widespread 1969) and the present collections confirm its pres¬ and probably replaces A. cylirtdrica in New Zeal¬ ence in S Brazil. and, and possibly in some instances in Australia Unfortunately observations on this fungus are too (Watling & Taylor, 1987), although material on based on a whole series of isolated, sometimes Atlterosperinum tnoschatum l.abill. (Wat. 21555 & rather poorly documented collections except those 21556 from Victoria) differs in the larger basidi¬ from Europe. ospores,consistently 4-spored basidia, and numer¬ One can only agree with Singer (1969) when he ous pleurocystidia; it is figured by Führer (1985). indicates additional studies are urgently required. As A. cylirtdrica grows well in culture and indeed 3. Agrocybe aff. earlei (Murr.) Watling, Kezu Bull. fruits therein, it is an ideal subject for genetic stud¬ 31:591. 1977. ies parallel to those now used routinely for mem¬ Fig. 1, K-M. bers of the Armillaria mellea complex. Perhaps, as in Armillaria, by carefully correlating results from Pileus (13-) 18-19 mm, flattened, subumbonate, cultural studies with morphological studiesa.more strongly hygrophanous, striate especially at mar¬ understandable approach to A. cylirtdrica sertsu lato gin, dark 'brown' almost white or yellowish brown can be made. Although it is possible that A. cylin- when dry, smooth; veil absent. Stipe (28-) 35-45 x drica can be a cosmopolitan polymorphic taxon 1.3-1.5 mm, cylindrical, slightly swollen towards judging from studies in Coprinus (Kemp, 1976) and base, hollow, pale brown, dry, smooth, pale at Conocybe it is more likely to be a group of riiicro- apex, yellowish brown downwards; base with species which once delimited can be easily recogni¬ white mycelial strands; veil absent. Gills subdis- sed (Watling, 1976) although there may be some tant, adnate-adnexed, ± 3-4 mm broad, tobacco- problem in reconciling the biological and classical brown. Flesh concolorous with pileus and stipe species as experienced by Flynn & Miller (1990) in when fresh, drying white in pileus and rust-brown the A. praecox group. It is suggested that the diffe¬ in stipe. Basidia 4-spored, 15-30 x 7-9 pm. rence in pleurocystidial number and shape might Basidiospores (8-) 9-10.5 x 5.5-6.5(-7) pm, smooth be used in recognizing two taxa even in Europe. with strongly truncate germ-pore. Cheilocystidia The difficulty will be deciding thecorrect epithet to vesiculose, numerous, hyaline, ±10-15 pm broad; use for each taxon. pleurocystidia ± lageniform with broad venter, x 16- European basidiomes found on members of the 22 pm broad. Salicales are characterised by the rare pleurocys- Material examined: BRAZIL. Paraná, Curitiba. On soil, between grass or on naked soil, in forest; solitary or in tidia and vesiculose to ventricose cheilocystidia small groups.15-XIM979, Mcijer288; ditto, 28-1-1980, Mei- which lack apical elongate, acute appendages; this jer 288 B. JAMAICA, Castleton Gardens, Prêchew, on soil, is in parallel to material on Populus from Kashmir. 28-X-1902, Earle 230 (NY); Holotype. MARTINIQUE, on It would appear that the Kashmir collections on forest humus, 20-IX-1977, Pegler.1807 (K). this basis alone might be linked with European stocks as perhaps some of the available New Zea¬ , Notes: This isa moderately slender species with land material seem to be, e.g. CQlenso 874 (K). The a buff, striate pileus and cinnamon-brown gills. combination of cystidial characters correlated with Both collections differ from the type of A earlei in relatively small basidiospores with small, non- being tetrasterigmatic and collection 288 B is.inter¬ truncate germ-pore should be taken as represent¬ esting in that some of these basidia are particularly ing the type form. European material on other large < 50 x 17 /am. A. earlei was originally de¬ hosts, e.g. Acer, Sambucus and llltnus, have abun¬ scribed by Murrill (1912), as Naucoria earlei and has dant pleurocystidia, narrower basidiospores (4-6(- been recorded from Martinique by Pegler (1983);

81 Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot . 28 (1-4) (1992)

heoffers a full description, with which the descrip- Opto. Beni. Prov. Vaca Diez, Guayaramerin ex Cryptoga- tions Of the present material compares favoura- ™ae Yungenses et Amazonicae, 17-III-1956, Singer (BAFC b]y B2095, 30651). The author'sobservations on the type specimen are offered herein: Basidia 2-spored. Basidiospores Notes: This collection agrees with the typical 10-12.5 x 5.5-7 pm, smooth, truncate from germ- form of Spegazzini's taxon which Singer (1951) forms, f. pore, oval in face-view, elliptic in side-view ochre divided into three viz. typica, f. tetraspora and first the in water, dull dark ochraceous brown in alkali /. bispora. The is superfluous and last solutions. Cheilocystidia vesiculose mostly col¬ two are nomina nuda. In the same work Singer lapsed (and adhering together); pleurocystida scat¬ considered Naucoria cisneroi (Speg.) Sacc., a syno¬ tered, relatively abundant, ventricose with obtuse nym, and part of the type collection of N. subamara apex to subcylindric, 60-80 x 10-18 pm, hyaline or Murrill from Florida as conspecific. slightly coloured. Hymenophoral trama regular with Agrocybe coprophila (Rick) Singer is based on Brazil; however, central strand of interwoven, hyaline hyphae. Hebeloma coprophilum Rick from the had been used Pileipellis collapsed, a palisadoderm of ± pyriform epithet previously by Singer cells; pileus trama of interwoven, shortened hyphae (1945) for an Asiatic taxon. The name A. (collapsed). Clamp-connections not seen. (See Fig. 5, neocoprophila Singer was therefore later introduced A-D). to cover Rick's agaric but the concept then held confused; admission, If studies in other groups of agarics can be used was somewhat see Singer's as an indicator the 2-spored character and lack of 1978. It undoubtedly contains some elements clamp-connections are correlated; generally the 2- covering A.fimicola; see Singer, 1969. (Fig 2, J). spored form of a particular taxon has larger basidi¬ Material of both, A. neocoprohila (as A. coprophila ospores and further collections may demonstrate (Rick) Singer) and of A. fimicola have been exam¬ the autonomy of the Brazilian material. However, ined. The former certainly has dull cinnamon- Pegler (1983) has indicated his collection of the brown gills in keeping with a Hebeloma; the genus present taxon also had 4-spored basidia. The Bra¬ to which Spegazz.ini originally referred it. The ba- zilian material appears to have affinities with sidiospore range from 13-15 x 8-10 pm and the members of the A. amaralA. sororm-group, al¬ subcapitate (skittle-shaped) cheilocystidia are though this complex is characterised by rather matched by the similar but scattered pleurocysti- broad cystidial elements (Watling & Bigelow dia. The three collections of A. fimicola examined 1983); see below. ’ agree with the present material in being 4-spored, s It is not thought to be related to A. broadwayii as basidiospores 13 pm and lacking pleurocystidia. indicated by Dennis (1953), indeed there is a diver¬ The other two collections are labelled 'f. bispora' gence between his observations and the results and confirm with that epithet with basidiospores form the present study regarding the number of 13-15.5 x 10-12 pm; the shape of the cystidia in all is similar with the sterigmata and cystidia. collections very cheilocystidia either drawn off into a non-capilate obtuse to sub- head, 4. Agrocybe fimicola (Spegazzini) Singer, Lilloa capitate or are vesiculose (Fig. 2, E). A. per¬ 23: 209, 1950. fecta (Rick) Singer judging from Singer's material Fig. 2, A, B, D. (see below) may also grow on dung; it differs in the well-developed annulus and large inflated cheilo¬ 2, 1). Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, General Carneiro, • cystidia (Fig in pasture,on horse dung, 30-XI-1989, Meijer 1396 (E). During the present‘study material of A. retigera ARGENTINA, Prov. Buenos Aires: La Plata, on soil, 25- (Speg.) Singer from grasslands along a river side in VI-1967, N. Prudkin, (BAEC 30648); ditto, Longchamps, Guayara mirim was examined in connection'with amongst grasses, 3-V-1969, E. del Busto, (BAFC 30647). our delimitation of A. fimicola. The thick-walled Prov. Corrientes: Curuzú Cuatiá, 7-XI-1965, on cow dung, basidiospores 11-13 X 6-9 pm With prominent Singer S565, (BAFC 30646). germ-pore are characteristic and correlated with Also Agrocybe neocoprophila as Agrocybe coprophila (Rick) vesiculose cheilo- and pleuro-cystidia and widely Singer: spaced gills. This and one from Bolivia ARGENTINA, Prov. Buenos Abes: Necochea, on dung, collection et Amazonicae 23-IIM967, H. Buck, (BAFC 31888). Agrocybe perfecta: ex Cryptogamae Yungenses pos¬ ARGENTINA, Prov. Tucumán: Capital, onÿscattered dung, sesses 4-spored basidia. 17-V-1959, Singer T 3344, (BAFC 31892). Agrocybe retigera: Singer (1951) considers Naucoria semiorbicularis BRAZIL, Guayava mirim, Terr. Gnapore 10-III-1956, grass¬ var. lacunosa Murrill to represent this same spe¬ lands along river, Singer 1782, (BAFC 30650). BOLIVIA, cies.

82 R. Walling, Bolbitiaceae - 30

25lim

25pm

50mm, A B

L\\\ / C D n E 25pm

25pm

I 25pm F

G O 25pm J K O H L 10mm O 10pm 0

- 10 0 pm 50 M pm 0ÿ N O

Pig. 2.— Agrocybe & Boíbithis. A, B & D, A. fuñicóla, Meijer 1396; C, A. atiocystis Singer - B 4313; E, A. fuñicóla (f. bispora BAFC 30646); F & G, A. allocystis (BAFC 30645); H, A. setulosa, Duplicate 3285; I & K, A. perfecta Meijer 1372; I, A. neocoprophila (BAFC 31880); L & M, Bdbltlus variicdor Meijer 1896; N & O, B. inesosporus Meijer 1010, 1050. A & M habitat sketches and sections; B, C, E - I & O cyslidia, (f = pleurocystidia, the rest cheilocystidia); D, K & L, M & N basidiospores.

83 Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot . 28 (1-4) (1992)

5. Agrocybe perfecta (Rick) Singer, Lilloa 25 (pers. comm.) thought this might be the closely (1951): 323, 1952. related N. amara Murrill but this has a bitter taste. Fig 2, 1, K A full discussion on these species is given by Wat- ling & Bigelow (1983). Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, General Carneiro,. on humus, in forest, 4-X-1989, Meijer1372 (E). 7. Agrocybe subpediades (Murrill) Watling, Keiu ARGENTINA. Prov. Tucumán, Capital, on scattered Bull. 31:592. 1977. dung, 17-V-1959, Singer 3344 (BAFC 31892). Also Agrocybe platensis, Pixm. Mendoza, Dplo. Maipú, 21-IV-1951, A. Ruiz Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, Paranaguá, SJian- Leal (BAFC 31891). gri-lá, in dune, on lawn on sand amongst grass, 2-IV-1991. Meijer 1903 (E). Notes: This collection agrees with the type de¬ scription and with material deposited by Singer in This material agreed in all ways with N. American and Universidad de Buenos Aires. It is characterised by European collections. the vesiculose cheilo-and pleurocystidia. Although Singer T 3344 was found on scattered dung the 8. Agrocybe underwoodii (Murrill) Singer, author (Singer, 1951) records it on soil in rainforest Sydowia 15: 69. 1961. and mountain forest amongst composite herbs in shady and herbaceous places in keeping with Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, General Cameiro, Meijer 1372. The species is based on Pboliota platen- on decaying dicotyledonous twigs and on Pirns elliolii sis Speg. var. perfecta Rick (1907). It differs from Engelm. needle-litter, 27-VI-1989, Meijer 1304 (E). CUBA, Agrocybe platensis (Speg.) Singer (= Pholiota) in the El Aunque, on rotten wood, III-1903, Underwood & Earle free not adnexed gills, rugose not smooth pileus- 1237 (NY). Holotype. surface and slightly smaller basidiospores,.10-13 x Notes:This collection agrees fully with the origi¬ (6.5)7-8 pm in A. perfecta and 11-14.5x (6.5)7-8(-8.5) nal description even to the lignicolous habitat. The pm in A. platensis. basidiospores are quite small, although they are equipped with a distinct pore. The name is based 6. Agrocybe sororla (Peck) Watling, KeivBull. 31: on Naucoria underwoodii Murrill. Examination of 592, 1977. the type material reveals the following details. (See Fig- 1, 1, J, N-P. Fig. 5, L-O). Basidia 22-25 10-11 pm, in Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, Curitiba, on soil 4-spored, x hyaline amongst dead grass, margin of forest in small groups, both water and alkali solutions. Basidiospores 8-10 x 5-VII-1979, Meijer 127 (E); ditto, 8-X-1979, Meijer, 127b 5-5'7 Pm> broadly ellipsoid, elliptic in face-viewÿ (E). slightly narrower in side-view, smooth, truncate from distinct germ-pore. Cheilocystidia 50-70 x 7.5- Notes: A. sororia was originally described by 20 /¿m, variable, ventricose with broad, obtuse Peck (1907) based on a collection found solitary to apex, hyaline,, thin-walled, smooth; pleurocystidia gregarious in open grassy places at Falmouth, abundant, ventricose 10-20 pm broad, similar to Massachusettes, USA. It was originally assigned to cheilocystidia with obtuse to broadly rounded Naucoria but now joins a group of agarics forming apex. Hymenophoral trama collapsed, not revivable. a complex in Agrocybe sect. Microsporae (seeSinger, Pileipellis a palisadoderm of hymeniform, clavate- 1978). pedicellate yellowish cells. Clamp-connections pres- The present specimens differ from the type co- ent. llection in the lack of lacunose,-subviscid pileus. A A. undenvoodii is related to A. earlei from third collection (Meijer 1351) on the waste from a Jamaica, q.v. The former differs in its habitat pref- saw-mill (Araucaria angustifolia wood-chips, Gene- erences, although this may not be totally signifi- ral Cameiro, 16-IX-1989) also agrees with the pre- cant, smaller basidiospores and less numerous and sent species although the basidiospore are slightly broader pleurocystidia. Although remains of a fi- smaller viz. 9.2-10.5 x 6-7 pm (as opposed to (9-)10- brillóse margin (veil?) are present in Meijer 280 12 x 6-8 /xm). Nevertheless the slightly farinaceous (= A. aff. earlei) such a structure is not indicated smell, mild taste, white context and rhizoids,gene- in Murrill's type description; A. underwoodii ral facies and colouring of the basidiomes ?re in also lacks velar remains On both pileus and stipe. full agreement. Indeed the rugose-scrobiculate pi- Singer (1978) describes the veil or annulus as fuga- leus of this collection is in very good accordance ceousor obsolete in the first and absent in A. under- with the type material collected by Davis, Meijer woodii.

84 R. Walling, Bdbiliaceae - 30

UNNAMED COLLECTIONS OF AGROCYBE remnants. Gills subclose to close, broadly adnate to rounded adnexed, almost triangular to strongly 9. Agrocybe sp. 1. ventricose, s 3.5 mm, yellowish brown at first, fi¬ nally reddish brown with white edge. Flesh drying Pileus 6-15 mm, circular, strongly convex not whitish in pileus, ochraceous in stipe at first then umbonate, smooth, dry, glabrous, strongly hygro- reddish brown in base but remaining white in pith. phanous, thin-fleshed, margin entire incurved, Taste mild; smell rather strong on cutting, fungoid. striate to centre, disc and striae olivaceous brown, Basidia 4-spored, hyaline, clavate. Basidiospores 8- between striae olivaceous, not velate. Stipe 40 X 1- 11 x 5.8-7 pm, ellipsoid, slightly flattened in one 2.2 mm, central, straight or bent, not flattened, face, fairly thick-walled (s 0.8 pm) yellow-brown, smooth, dry, glabrous, shining, hollow, cylindric with large germ-pore (s1.5pm broad). Cheilocysti- or slightly attenuated upwards with slightly swol¬ dia 30-40 x 6-8 /xm, lageniform with slender neck (a len base, lacking veil, concolorous with pileus-disc 15pm) hyaline; pleurocystidia abundant lageniform downwards, paler towards apex. Gills distant, with slender, tapering neck and obtuse apex, often broadly adnate, < 2.5 mm broad, greyish slightly encrusted, 50-60 x 17-25 /xm, sometimes olivaceous. Flesh concolorous with pileus; smell bifurcate, thick-walled (s 2 /xm) yellowish in water fungoid. Basidia 4-spored, some 2-spored 15-17.5 x and alkali solutions. Pileipellis hymeniform with 7.5-10 pm; sterigmata < 5 pm long. Basidiospores yellowish, slightly thick-walled, lageniform pi¬ broadly elliptic in face-view, slightly flattened in leocystidia 20-37 x 5-8 pm. side-view on one face, (9.6-) 10.5-11.4 x 7pm, thick walled, orange tawny in ammoniacal solution, Material examined: BRAZIL, São Paulo, Itu, on decayed smooth with central germ-pore. Pleurocystidia dicotyledonous branches and twigs in gallery forest,either ampulliform narrowly utriform, to lageniform or solitary or in pairs, 21-VI-1990, Meijer 1809 (E). Agrocybe vesiculose; hyaline 20-50 x 11-15.5 pm (apex 7.5-8- allocystis: ARGENTINA, Prov. Buenos Aires, Avellaneda, 9 /xm). Cheilocystidia crowded clavate-pcdicellate < Gerli, 1. 1974, M. H.Debat, (BAFC 30642); Garibaldi, on soil 20 x 6-12 pm. Caulocystidia vesiculose-clavate cells. in sunny pasture, 30-V-1949, Singer S42, (BAFC 30643); Ventana, Pileocystidia absent. Clamp-connections absent. Sierra de la 15-XI-1962, Wright Sc Singer S348, (BAFC 25289) Holotype; Bahia Samborombon, on dung, 25-XII-1965, Singer S617, (BAFC 30645). Prov. Córdoba, Material examined: BRAZIL, São Paulo, Itu, on soil in Pampa de Achala, 31-XII-1966, Singer B4313, (BAFC forest, 25-X-1987, Meijer 948 (E). 30644). Prov. Salta, Dpto. Cachi, Valle Encantado, 26-II- 1988, M. Salusso 7, (BAFC 31612). Also Agrocybe setulosa: Notes: In the field this material reminds one of a SPAIN, Madrid, Pto. Cancncia, 24-X-1984 Moreno & Barra- member of the Entolomalaceae. It is distinctive in sa, Dupl. 3825 (E). the crowded cheilocystidia and the two distinct types of pleurocystidia, one clavate and the other Notes: This species is characterised by the thick- utriform. Although this collection does not agree walled pleura- and pileocystidia which are yel¬ with any formally described taxa it is clearly rela¬ lowish in both alkali and water mounts. In this ted to A. amara; unfortunately the material is in bad character it is quite unusual and joins only a few condition and fresh specimens are required to deci¬ species of Agrocybe exhibiting this feature. The de on the diagnostic details; see A. sororia above opportunity has been taken to compare Meijer and Walling & Bigelow (1987). 1809 with the S. American A. allocystis Singer (Fig. 2 Ç, F & G) and A. setulosa Moreno & Barrasa (Fig. 10. Agrocybe sp. 2 2, H) from the Iberian Pennirisula. Both have thick- walled cystidial elements, but the results of the Pileus 13-32 mm, strongly convex with small analysis indicate that the present collection is quite umbo, becoming flat with age, strongly hygropha- distinct. The author was grateful to Dr. Moreno for nous when fresh, striate to centre, pale brown con¬ sharing his field data,etc. with me when preparing trasting with dark brown striae, becoming astriate the formal diagnosis of A. . setulosa Moreno & and on drying finally brownish yellow to sun¬ Barrasa (1984). A. allocystis has rather distinctly flower yellow, dry, glabrous/ smooth, becoming capitate cystidia with firm, thickened walls and minutely wrinkled towards centre sometimes on larger basidiospores 11-15.5(-17.5) x 7.3-9.3 (-11) drying, lacking marginal veil. Stipe 30-40 x 1.8-2.2 /xm and in A. setulosa the basidiospores are also pm, central, cylindrical, stuffed, pale yellow, mi¬ considerably larger (13-15 x 7-8(-9) pm) with elon¬ nutely white, fibrillose striate on brown back¬ gate pileocystidia similar in shape to those in the ground, darkening except at apex, smooth, dry, Conocybe pygmaeoaffinis-complex. The cheilo- and with white basal rhizoids but lacking velar pleurocystidia are more in keeping with other

85 Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot . 28 (1-4) (1992)

members of Sect. Pediadae and the flattened basi- type collection on stalks of Saccharum (with or diospores show some resemblance to those of A. without intermix of dung); the original material platysperma (Peck) Singer. (Fig 5, E, H &J). was from Tungeraluna, Ecuador but the agaric may prove to be fairly widespread in S. America. It 11. Agrocybe sp. 3 might even be suggested that this Bolbitius natu¬ rally occurs with the woodland ecosystem and that Pileus 20-33 mm, flat, probably hygrophanous the chance finding on Saccharum led to its formal but only collected dry and then astriate, uniformly description. Unfortunately Meijer 1010 is only just maize-yellow with scattered blackish spots, maturing. smooth except for minutely rugulose centre, dry, glabrous. Stipe 45-65 x 2-2.7 mm (-5 mm at base) 2. Bolbitius mexicanus (Murrill) Murrill, Mycolo- cylindrical but for clavate base, hollow, ochraceous gia 4: 332. 1912. at apex with dark brown fibrils below and median thin, dark brown, broad (1.5 mm) annulus, white Material examined: BRAZIL, São Pauto, Itu, at stem-base rhizoids at base. Gills subclose of 3-4 lengths <6 °f Typha domingensis Pers., 22-X-1987, Meijer 949 (E). ME- mm broad, adnexed, yellowish brown with paler XICO, Xuchiles near Cordoba, on decayed wood in coffee edge. Flesh pale yellow in pileus when dry, dark plantation, 17-1-1910, (NY). Holotype. brown in stipe, paler in stipe-apex. Taste mild; Notes: This with smell fungoid. Basidia 4-spored, 20-25 x 8 pm agrees MurrilTs fungus origi¬ nally described as At the turn of the cen¬ clavate-pedicellate. Basidiospores 9.5-10.5 x 5.5-6.5 Mycena. tury some American mycologists using an unusual /rm, ellipsoid, slightly flattened on one face in side- of the code introduced view, relatively thick-walled, yellow-brown in interpretation botanical ‘ in a rather to water and alkali with broad germpore. Mycena different way that generally accepted in then and now. This Cheilocystidia crowded, lageniform to utriform Europe involved Mycena being adopted for Bolbitius and not for a with ± subcapitate apex or obtuse head broader genus in the Tricholomataceae. It is known -from than ventricose part, thin-walled, hyaline in alkali Trinidad (Dennis, 1953), and solutions; pleurocystidia absent. Martinique Jamaica (Pegler, 1983). Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, General Carneiro, Examination of the type material in NY which on humus in pairs in Pinus plantation, 12-IV-1990, Meijer consists of a single pileus and stipe yields the fol¬ 1396 (E). lowing data. This collection is characterized by the annulate stipe, Basidia 4-spored (collapsed). Basidiospores basidiospores and cheilocystidia. ovoid-ellipsoid, slightly flattened on one side in side-view, rust-colour in water and alkali solu- Notes: Agrocybe alachuana (Murrill) Singer with tions, smooth, fairly thick-walled with distinct al- which this collection was compared was described though not large germ-pore, (8)9-10(-ll) x 6-7 pm. by Murrill (1943; as Pholiota) from the top of a Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia not found because rotten hardwood log at Plantera Hammock, of poor preservation of hymenium. Pileipellis Gainesville, Florida. Meijer 1596 differs in its hymeniform of pyriform cells s 10 pm broad some deeply buried or lack of pleurocystidia and rela- with pale brown walls in alkali solutions and em- tively small basidiospores. (See Fig. 5, P & Q). bedded in distinct amorphous viscid layer. B. mexicanus could be lhe same as B. inlennedius BOLBITIUS (Coker) Wall.; more studies'are required.

1. Bolbitius mesosporus Singer, Sydmvia 30 3. Bolbitius variicolor Atkinson, Studies in (1977); 219. 1978. American Fungi: 164. 1900. Fig. 2, N & O Fig. 2, L & M‘

Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, Parque Marumbi, ' Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, Curitiba, Parque rio Nhundiaguara, on dead grass-stems, 25-XII-1987, Barique, in lawn, 15-1-1989, Meijer1193 (E); Parque Aqua ti¬ Meijer 1010 (E); ditto, Parque Marumbi, on dead leaves of ca do Clube Atlética, in lawn, 21-III-1991, Meijer 1896 (E). Hedychium coronarium Koenig, 25-11-1988, Meijer 1050 (E). UNITED STATES, New York, Ithaca, in lawn, in grassy Paraná, Ilha do mel Paranaguá, on dead dicotyledonous plot, 21-V-1898, Atkinson 2355 (CUP). Holotype. trunk, 26-VIII-1989, Meijer 1330; studied by the collector. Notes: This collection agrees in all ways with Notes: These collections agree admirably with Atkinson's type material. It is now known from the the original descriptions given by Singer for the author's notes from India and Continental Europe

86 R. Walling, Bdbitiaceae - 30

(Germany and Czechoslovakia), and probably the first record of C. ambigua for Brazil and S. spurned Rea (1922) to describe var. olivaceus (see America. Watling, 1979). Reference should be made to these This species is better placed in Sect. Conocybe descriptions. and not sect. Pilosellae and as an autonomous spe- The basidiomes were found accompanied by cies, not a variety of C. siliginea (Fr.) Kühn., itself a Coprinus comatus (Müll.: Fr.) S.F. Gray and Panaeo- member of the latter section. lusfoenisecci (Pers.: Fr.) Schroet.; it occurred again (18-VI-1991) but no material was retained. In 2. Conocybe brunneola (Kiihner ex) Kiihner & North America it occurs on freely manured grass Watling, Notes Roy. Bot. Gardn. Edinburgh 38: 333, plots, margins of piles of woodland debris etc. It is 1980. a member of the B. vitellinus complex differing Fig. 3, C. &D., H. &I. primarily in the olivaceous strongly wrinkled pileus and yellow punctate stipe. The basidiospo- Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, Curitiba, 11-XI- res of Meijer 1193 contain an inclusion as recorded 1979, on dead herbaceous stem, Meijer 217(E);15-XII-1979, for Agrocybe insignis Singer. naked s0'1 in shallow track in forest, Meijer, 217b (E). Notes: C. brunneola was originally described as a 4. Bolbitius vitellinus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr., Epicrisis variety of C. mesospora Kühn. But later recognized Systematicus Mycol.: 254. 1838. as an autonomous species (Watling, 1980). It was originally found on ground amongst grass and This species has been collected on a manure occasionally under ferns in France but has been heap in São"Paulo (Itu, 24-X-1987) by Meijer (pers. found elsewhere in Europe. Because many of the comm.); material was not preserved. This taxon is sman brown-spored fungi in the genus have been widespread in Europe and has been recorded from confused in the past their distribution is poorly Trinidad (Dennis, 1953) and from Martinique known. C. brunneola has probably been recorded as (Pegler, 1983). 'Galera spartea' by western authors. These appar¬ ently are the first records for Brazil and S. America.

CONOCYBE 3. Conocybe farinácea Watling, Notes Roy. Bot. Gardn., Edinburgh 25: 311, 1964. Subgenus Conocybe Sect. Conocybe (= Farinosae pj„ 3 i & K & Mixtae) . Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, Curitiba, 2-X-1979, 1. Conocybe ambigua (Kühner ex) Watling, Notes on cow (or horse) dung, in forest, Meijer 133b (E); ditto, 9- Roy. Bot. Gardn., Edinburgh. 38: 331, 1980. XII-1979, Meijer133d (E); Curitiba, in pasture and perhaps Fig. 3, A. & B on old dung,18-XI-1979, Meijer 133c (E) possibly referable to this taxon although the basidiosporesare slightly longer Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, Curitiba, on wood¬ and broader (14-16 x 8-11 fim). UNITED KINCDOM, land debris, ? piece of wood, 9-XI-1979, Meijer 212 (E); Scotland, Perthshire, on (horse?) dung, 6-X-1960, Watling ditto, amongst humus in forest, 19-1-1980, Meijer 329 (E). 3ÿc(E) . Holotype. AFGHANISTAN, near Kabul, Scher Darwash, on earth, 13-IV-1951, Singer (MICH). The smell was not recorded but may be weak as in Meijer 133c; the epithet refers to the taste, which Notes: The mixture of lageniform and le- is farinaceous. This collection despite itssize comes cythiform caulocystidia, amygdaliform basidios- very close to the Central African C. mixta Wat. pores,and 2-spored basidia characterize this taxon. Notes: C. farinácea was described from horse C. ambigua is widespread in W. Europe and dung in Scotland but has been since found in other probably elsewhere but is possibly overlooked, parts of the British Isles and Northern Europe. It is Singer (1959) records it from Afghanistan, indeed probably widespread and adventitious having attempted to validate the name based on his own spread with cattle etc. It has been confused with C. collections on earth amongst Draba verna L. and pubescens (Gillet) Kühn., but this differs in even Veronica sp. However, judging from his material larger spores and very distinct mixture of le- there issome doubt as to this being thesame taxon, cythiform .cells and hairs on the stipe; although the It is recorded from USSR (Singer, 1950 as Conocybe latter may be found in C. farinácea in addition to siliginea var. ambigua; see C. tetraspora below). Al- many lageniform caulocystidia. though the closely related C. tetraspora is recorded Singer (1953; 1969) records several members of from S. America (Singer, 1969) this appears to be the C. pubescens group from S. America and ac-

87 Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot . 28 (1-4) (1992)

r y

25 80 45 mm mm \ F mm 1Ó|im J 10jím ) c C D B A 10jim |

V- 4 M G

H ILLIILU. K 90mm ü I L' 90mm J 30 mm M

N L \ O'?20mm o 50mm 10 Jim 50 mm 10 5 jim ao jim c 0 p Q s ,á R

10 50mm c jim 5jim 9,0 0 T o o r, uo 0 0 U V Fig. 3.-- Conocybe: A & B, C. ambigua, Meijer 212; C & D, H & I, C. launneola, Meijor 217 & 217b; E - G, L, C. pubescens, Meijer 133; I.', enlargement; J & K, C.farinácea, Meijer 133c; M & O, C. affsienncpht/lla, Meijer 81C; N, Conoa/bc sp. 1, Meijer 363; P & Q, C. magnispora, Meijer 432; R-T, C. siennophijlla, Meijer 209&81; U, C.fragilis, Meijer 1400; V, C. Icntispora, Meijer1397. A, C, E, H -J, L -N,P, R & U habitat sketches or sections of basidiomés. B,D, G, I, K, Q, S &Tcystidia (c = caulocystidia, the rest cheilocystidia). F. basidia, O & V basidiospores. 88 R. Watling, Bdbitiaceae - 30

cepts a rather broad concept for C. pubescens and C. confirm the identity. However, C. próxima was des- cryptocystis (Atk.) Singer; for discussion of the later cribed from Cerro Alto de Taficillo, Argentina on see Watling, 1980. Reference should be made to rotten wood of Alnus, Sambucus and Durnlia in entries under C. pubescens q.v.; all are members of mountain-forest, and might be expected elsewhere Sect. Conocybe (see below). in S. America. Reference should also be made to Meijer 217C (see C. aff. tetraspora below) which 4. Conocybe mesospora Kühner ex Kiihner & although originally thought to be C. proximo is now Watling, Notes Roy. Bot. Gardn. Edinburgh 38: 336. considered a distinct taxon. 1980. 6. Conocybe pubescens (Gillet) Kühner, Le Genre Material examined: BRAZIL, Parana, Curitiba, Capão da Galera: 85, 1935. Imbuía, in humus in forest 5-III-1990, Meijer 1542 (E). Fig. 3, E-G, L.

Notes: This is one of a whole group of small Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, General Carneiro, brown species of Conocybe which probably in ear- in pasture on cow dung, 30-XI-1989, Meijer 1399 (E); in lier classic works was referred to Galera spartea rough pasture, 10-IX-1979, Meijer 133 (E); Parque (Fries) Kummer; certainly Ricken's interpretation Marumbi, on horse dung in pasture, 8-X-1987, Meijer 923 would support this. A collection in Fayod's herbar- ium of Naucoria melinioides in (G) has been deter¬ mined as C. mesospora by Singer; also see Singer Notes: This species was also found on dung in (1978). the forest at Curitiba (19-1V-1980) but material was not retained. The finding of some cystidia with a short, fili¬ Meijer 133 differed in the darker leus colour and form appendage amongst the lecythiform cheilo- pi possessed ampullaceous, nori- caulocystidla to those in cystidia is not considered significant as this has lecythiform parallel C. been seen in many species of Kühner's sect. farinácea. (1969) describes C.- Farinosae when developing under certain condi¬ Singer cryptocyslis (Atk.) tions. In sect. Mixtae these, of course, are much Sing., C. pubescens and the new species G xylophila more constant, which lead Kühner to erect his new Sing.; the last has much smaller basidiospore. There is a in this and section. Bearing in mind Herregords' data (Herre- undoubtedly complex group probably cultural studies will unravel the gords, 1952) it is considered the two sections repre¬ only sent ends within a single natural group. various laxa. 7. Conocybe aff. tetraspora Singer, Beili. Nova 5. Conocybe cf. próxima Singer, Lilloa 25: 293. Hedw. 29: 209, 1969. 1951. , ,, , , Pileus 9.5 mm/campanulate (7 mm high), finely P.leus 15 mm, flattened with very low, obtuse striat0 when fresh/ rust_brown at disC/ olive.

W|th darker striae (M 6-5 YR 4/5) paler with age, base sIightl swo||on, hollow, very pale brownish smooth. Stipe 27 x 1.5 mm, blackish cylindnc, al basG/ elsewhere whitish> finely pubescent brown in lower half, reddish brown upwards and throughout. Gnh crowded, adnexed, 1.5 mm (M ye ow 2.5 Y 8/6) at apex, very slightly striate. broad/ rust.brown. Flesh whitish when dry. Basidia Gills rather close adnexed reddish yellow. Basidia 4-sporcd. Basidiospores 8.8-10 x 5-5.5 /xm, smooth clavate, pm. 4-spored, 20 x 7-8.5 Basidiospores 6.8- with germpore. Pleurocystidia absent; cheilocystidia 8.6 x 4-5 /¿m, smooth, distinctly but slightly pha- 20 x 7-9 /xm, lecythiform with capitulum 3-4 seoliform with absent; /xm germ-pore. Pleurocystidia diam. Caulocystidia mostly lecythiform (13-20 x 8 cheilocystidia 22.5-30 x 6.8-7 fim, lecythiform with /xm) intermixed with, lageniform cells with long capitulum 5-6 /xm diam. Caulocystidia lecythiform neck. Clamp connections present. intermixed withsome lageniform elements. Clamp- connections numerous. Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, Curitiba on horse (or cow) dung, in forest,8-XH-l979, Meijer 81b (E). Habitat: BRAZIL, Paraná, Curitiba on piece of wood in forest, 25-V-1980. Notes: This is undoubtedly a member of the C. ambigua group (q.v.) based on the mixture of lage- Notes: Unfortunately material was not conser- niform and lecythiform caulocystidia. It agrees in ved so it is impossible to expanded the notes and part with Singer's recently recognised taxon from 89 Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot . 28 (1-4) (1992)

Argentina (Singer, 1969; on soil amongst grass but Pileus 25 mm broad (15 mm high), conico- not on dung, Buenos Aires). campanulate, striate to disc, dark brown with light brown striae becoming non-striate, smo¬ 8. Conocybe xylophila Singer, Beili. Nova Hedzv. oth, strongly hygrophanous on drying. Stipe 70 x 3 29: 208. 1969. (7 at base) mm, cylindric with strongly swollen base, light yellow, dry, entirely pubescent. Gills Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, Curitiba, on piece of very close, narrowly adnate, strongly ascendent, 3 wood in forest,12-V-1980, Meijer 217C (E). mm broad, brown. Flesh concolorous with surfaces; smell distinctly farinaceous when cut. Ba- Notes: This is a member of the C. pubescens sidia 4-spored. Basidiospores 10-12 x 7-8 pm ellip¬ group (q.v.) but is characterised by the small ba¬ soid, thick-walled with broad germ-pore. Chei- sidiospores. Comparison should also be made locystidia lecythiform with head 3.5 pm broad; with C. proxhna Sing, which is found on wood and pleurocystidia absent. Caulocystidia numerous, discussed earlier. C. xylophila Singer was described hyphoid. from Coquimbo, Chile. Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, General Cameiro, UNNAMED COLLECTION OF SECT. FARINOSAE on soil mixed with burnt chips of wood at site of bonfire on forest-margin, 12-V-1990, Meijer 1694 (E). 9. Conocybe sp. 1 Fig. 3, N Notes:This collection differs from the type-form in the farinaceous smell and in this respect it Pileus 6.5-12.5 mm, broadly companulate, hy¬ resembles C. farinácea Wat. All other macro- and grophanous, striate when fresh, reddish yellow (M micro-characters align the collection to the C. 7.5 YR 6/8), striae strong brown, paler on drying, siliginea alliance. The habitat on disturbed soil es¬ somewhat shiny. Stipe 50 x 1.2 mm (2 mm at base), pecially in and around bonfire sites is typical of C. cylindric, with pseudorhiza, hollow, concolorous anthracophila. It is fairly widely distributed in Eu¬ with gills except for whitish, pruinose apex, appar¬ rope. ently smooth below. Gills rather close, very nar¬ rowly adnexed,one short lamellule, ± 2 mm broad, 11. Conocybe fragilis (Peck) Singer, Acta Bot. strong brown to reddish yellow. Basidia 2-spored. Komarov Acad. Sci. URSS., Series 2: 6, 438. 1950. Basidiospores 10-13 x 5-6.7 smooth, ellipsoid. /xm 3, U Pleurocystidia absent; cheilocystidia lecythiform, 20 Fig. 8.5 pm with capitulum 3.5-4.5 diam.' Caulo¬ x /xm Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná: General Carneiro, cystidia numerous, lecythiform. on humus in forest, 30-XI-1989, Meijer 1400 (E).

Material examined: BRAZIL. Pamná, Curitiba, in forest A single specimen agrees with this disposition; on decayed wood, 8-II-1980, Meijer 363 (E). the wine-coloured pileus is very distinctive. Notes: At first sight this might be considered C. macrorhiza (Speg.) Singer described by Spegazzini 12. Conocybe cf. inocybeoides Watling, Notes (as Naucoria) from wet sandy meadows (Buenos Roy. Bot. Gardn., Edinburgh 38: 350, 1980. Aires prov., Argentina), although it has been de¬ Fig. 4, F. scribed in greater detail by Singer (1968). This ta¬ xon is, however, rather fleshy and is found in sand- Pileus 14 mm broad (6 mm high) campanulate, dune areas; the basidia are also normally 4-spored reflexed at margin, hygrophanous, dark brown and the capitulum of the cheilocystidia only 1.5-2 and finely striate to centre when fresh, becoming pm in diameter. The caulocystidia are a mixture of pale brown and non-striateon drying, smooth. Sti- lecythiform and non-lecythiform cells. C. antipus pe22 x 1.2 mm,cylindric, hollow, concolorous with (Lasch) Ktihn. also has a rooting base but the ba¬ gills, smooth; veil absent. Gills subcrowded, adne¬ sidiospores are angled. The 2-spored basidia and xed 1.8 mm broad. Basidia (l-)2(-3)-spored, elonga¬ the basidiospores are rather distinctive. te clavate, 8-8.5 pm broad. Basidiospores 11.7-15.5 x (4.8-)-6(-7) pm, smooth, distinctly although Subgenus Conocybe sect. Pilosellae slightly amygdaliform to navicular in side-view, elongate elliptic in face-view, fairly thick-walled, 10. Conocybe cf. anthracophila (Maire & Kühner sienna in water, rust-colour in alkali solutions, ex) Kiihner & Walling, Notes Roy. Bot. Gaidn., germ-pore prominent. Cheilocystidia lecythiform Edinburgh 40: 450. 1983. 18-20 x 7.5-8 pm, head 3-4 pm broad, neck < 3 pm 90 R. Walling, Bolbitiaceae - 30

10|im

50mm 6! 12-5iim 50mm -C\ B C A

D 30 F mm n 20mm © J 2Si H 50mm 25|im I K G L 5Jim[ CP u 20mm O

P© 60 ç mm N , ¿I M 20|jm . n

5(im S Q R

Fig. 4.— Conocybe: A & B Conocybe sp. 2, Mcijer 391; C & D, Conocybe sp. 4, Meijer 347; E, G, H & L, C. austrofilaris, Meijer 66IIA,177 & 66c; F, C. inocybeoides, Meijer 353; I - K, C. plicnlella, Meijer 430 & 449; M & N, C. percinda, Meijer 1089; O & P, C. mtssionum Meijer 1398;Q & S, C. sulaitipes, holotype. A, C, E - G, M, P & Q, habitat sketches or sections of basidiomes. B &0 basidiospores; D, H, I, K & L, N, R & S, cystidia (c = caulocystidiarp, pileocystidia rest cheilocystidia).

91 Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot . 28 (1-4) (1992)

long; pleurocystidia absent. Caulocystidia lageniform Although C. magnispora has large basidisopores to hair-like, non-capitate, hyaline < 20 p,m long. as the epithet suggests, it is a member of the sect. Pilosellae and not related directly to the C. pubescens Material examined: BRAZIL. Parana, Curitiba, on piece of group. wood in forest,1-II-1980, Meijer 353 (E). 15. Conocybe pilosella (Pers.: Fr.) Kühn, Le Genre Notes: This material agreed with C. inocybeoides Galera-, 92. 1935. in all microscopic characters except that the basidi- ospores are slightly shorter and correspondingly Material examined: BRAZIL. Paraná, General Carneiro,' slightly narrower. As only one rather small speci- on soil under bamboo, 20-XII-1989, Meijer 1431 (E). men was found the present disposition is accepted. It is a member of Sect. Pilosellae. Notes: This species is characterised by lageni- C. inocybeoides was originally described from form to ellipsoid elongate caulocystidia and small clayey soil amongst woodland debris on the mar- basidiospores equipped with a very small, yet dis- gin of a woodland track and in ruts of that track, tinct germ-pore. Romagnesi's interpretation (1942; as f. bispora of Galeia bulbifera Kauffman) is the same taxon, as 16. Conocybe siennophylla (Berk. & Broome) shown by Walling (1980). It was found at Armain Singer, Sydowia 9: 402. 1955. Villiers, France on a clearing amongst brambles Fig. 3, M, R-T and herbs; it has more recently been recorded by Svreik (1983) in Czechoslovakia. Material examined: BRAZIL. Paraná, Curitiba, on wood dust, in forest, 4-II-1979, Meijer 209 (E). 13. Cono'fcybe lentispora Singer, Sydowia 4: 134. 1951. Notes: This taxon has been known in Europe as Fig. 3, V Kühner's C. siliginea 'rócoltes microspores' but Sin¬ ger (1955) has shown that it is synonymous with Malerial examined: BRAZIL, São Paulo, Itu, on decayed Berkeley's Agaricus (Naucoria) siennopliyllus descri- moss-covered dicotyledonous branch, 24-X-1987, Meijeí bed from Ceylon (Berkeley & Broome, 1871); it is 950 (E); Paraná, Parque Marumbi, on soil, in forest, 2-V- considered the more thermophilic of the two forms 1990, Meijer 1666 (E). ARGENTINA, Tucumán, on naked recognised by Kiihner (1935). The second, 'récoltes soil, 27-III-1949, Singer t. 316 (MICH). Holotype. macrospores', is now known as C. kuehneriana Sin- ger. Notes: This is a small species with small basidi¬ There has been considerable confusion over this ospores of a rather unusual shape. The type mate- taxon and was at one time (Singer, 1959; Dennis, rial, consisting of a pilous and stipe, has been com- Orton & Hora, 1960) synonymised with Calcula pared with the present collections;charactersare in ,¡„cta piumbe¡ Atk / bul as demonstrated by Walling full agreement. (1980) this is not possible.Singer (1959) described a It comes close to C. hexagonospora Métrod al- form f dñemscens which coincides with Meijer's though this differs in the hexagonal basidiospores, materia, as the exsiccata has taken on a grey tinge and to C. lenticulospora Wat. on dung. when dry. The members of this complex are assig- * ned to Sect. Pilosellae. 14. Conocybe magnispora (Murrill) Singer, Although generally on soil this taxon may also Sydou’ia 4: 135. 1950. grow on dung as exemplified by two collections Fig. 3, P. & Q from Paraná, Curitiba, Meijer 81 & 81C, 21-1-1980 (E). Material examined: BRAZIL. Paraná, Curitiba, in pasture between grass,16-IV-1980, Meijer 432 (E). UNNAMED COLLECTIOS OF SECT. PILOSELLAE Notes: This species was originally described WORTHY OF COMMENT from Florida by Murrill (1943, as Galerula); Singer (1950; 1969) has recorded it from Argentina as var. 17. Conocybe sp. 2 levis Singer, (1953) and as var. striatella Singer Fig. 4, A & B (1953). The present material agrees with var. striatella although there seems to be some uncer- Pileus 6-19 mm, campanulate (4.5-12 mm high), taintyas to whether the North and South American not expanding, strongly hygrophanous, striate to material are really conspecific. The author has not 3/4 radius when fresh, yellowish red (M 5 YR 3/6) examined type material. drying paler and non-striate (M 10 YR 5ÿ6). Stipe 92 R. Watling, Boibitiaceae - 30

45-65 x 1.3-1.8 mm, hollow, cylindric, elongated Notes: This is a very interesting collection with downwards, dark reddish brown (M 5 YR 3/3) on small basidiospores which are very slightly flat¬ ground paler, yellowish red (M 5 YR 4/6) to ± tened in side-view. yellow (M9 YR 7/6) above, dry not striate entirely This is a member of Sect. Pilosellae and based on pubescent, whitish yellow below. Gills rather close, the spore-size it ought to be close to C. piloselloides adnexed, mostly 3 short gills, < 3 mm broad, yello¬ Wat. but this is characterised by the spores lacking wish brown (M 9 YR 5/6). Flesh concolorous with a germ-pore. This is in the C. siennophylla group, surfaces. Basidia 4-spored, hyaline, strongly pedi¬ i.e. ocrácea "récoltes microsporé". cellate, 30 x 12-14 /xm. Basidiospores 11.5-13.7 x 7-8 /xm, smooth, with truncate slightly lateral germ- 19. Conocybe sp. 4 pore. Pleurocystidia absent; cheilocystida 19-21 x 7-8 Fig. 4, C & D /xm lecythiform with capitulum 2.5-4 /xm diarn. Caulocystidia lageniform to hair-like. Clamp-connec¬ Pileus 12-17 mm, campanulate (7-11 mm high), tions present. strongly hygrophanous, striate when fresh, dark brown (M 10 YR 3'A /3) becoming non-striate and Paraná, Curitiba, rooted Material examined: BRAZIL. in very pale brown dry (M 10 YR 7/8'/£), brow¬ gravelly soil edge of road outside forest,15-III-1980, Meijer when (M 391 (E). nish yellow at center 10 YR 6/6). Stipe 40-47 x 1.5 mm (3 mm at base), cylindric except for Notes: This is an interesting taxon and joins C. strongly bulbous base, hollow, pale yellowish alboradicans Arnolds, C. ammophila Lge., C. antipoda brown, very pale and pruinose at apex. Gills (Lasch) Kühn. C. macrorhiza (Speg.) Singer and C. subcrowded, adnexed, 3 mm broad (M 9 YR 5/6). florae (D. Sacc.) Wat. in a group of taxa which Flesh pale yellowish brown towards base in stipe, possess an elongate, radicate stipe, although they whitish in pileus when dry. Basidia 4-spored, s 8 do not form a natural unit. In the above material /xm broad. Basidiospores (7.8) 8.5-9 x 5.6 (6.5) /xm, the greater part of the stipe is buried in the sandy smooth thick-walled, ovoid-broadly ellipsoid with soil. distinct germ-pore. Pleurocystidia absent;- cheilocys- Although rare C. antipoda is widespread in Eu¬ tidia lecythiform, with capitulum 3-3.5 /xm diam. rope, and C. macrorhiza, based on Naucoria mac¬ Caulocystidia ampullaceous or lageniform with rorhiza Speg. (from wet sandy meadows in Argen¬ narrow neck, 5-7 /xm broad. Clamp-connections tina (La Plata)) is probably more widespread, than present. present records suggest. Material examined: BRAZIL, Parana, Curitiba, on naked soil on forest path, 28-1-1980, Meijer 347 (E). 18. Conocybe sp. 3 Notes: This is a distinctive taxon even if based Pileus10 mm,campanulate (6 mm high), hygro¬ only on the dark brown pileus. The nature of the phanous, smooth, striate to centre when fresh (M caulocystidia would place this in Sect, Pilosellae, 10 YR 6/6), brownish yellow with dark yellowish indeed on spore-size it would be placed in the C. brown striae, becoming non-striate and pale pilosella-C. piloselloides complex but in this group brown on drying. Stipe48 x 1.2 (2 mm at base) mm the spores have the germ-pore replaced by an api¬ cylindric with slightly broadened base, hollow, cal hyaline spot and are relatively.thin-walled and brown (M 10 5/7) at base yellowish YR paler up¬ faintly amygdaliform. In spore morphology, on wards, non-striate but finely pubescent which we place great emphasis, it would again be throughout. Gills close, adnexed mostly 3 short within the C. siennophylla group. gills, 2 mm broad yellowish brown (M 10 YR 5/4). Basidia 4-(2-) spored, 16-17 x 8.5-9 /xm, clavate. Basidiospores 7.5-8.1(9) x 5.8-6(6.1) /xm, smooth Sect. Candidae with distinct germ-pore.Pleurocystidia absent; chei- locystidia 20-28 x 10-11 /xm, lecythiform with capi¬ 20’. Conocybe sp. 5 tulum 4-5 /xm diam. Caulocystidia ampullaceous, 6 /xm broad. Pileus 32 mm, slightly convex, already dry when collected, striate to 2/3, extreme centre Material examined: BRAZIL, Parana, Curitiba, on Wood¬ brown, around centre yellowish white, outer half land floor, in forest 18-IV-1980, Meijer 435 (E). white, dry, entirely white pubescent, smooth, lack-

93 Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot . 28 (1-4) (1992)

ing veil. Stipe 70 x 1.5-2 mm, entirely white, with in all ways with Longyear's description from mate- bulbous base (3 mm broad), dry, entirely pubes- rial collected in the same locality one year earlier. cent, lacking veil. Gills narrowly adnexed or just In theabsence of and the known demise of the type free, subclose, lanceolate, camel brown. Flesh thin, the author proposes that this collection should be collapsing; smell none. Basidia 2-spored, hyaline, taken as the neotype. In this way the species can be Basidiospores 14.5-17 x 9.5-10.5 /xm, ellipsoid with clearly defined. This is paramount as the C. crispa - large, broad germ-pore, thick-walled (1 /xm). Chei- C. ladea complex is in need of careful study, a fact locystidia lecythiform. Caulocystidia a mixture of accentuated by the recorded distribution from filiform hairs and lageniform cells. north temperate to subtropical localities. Examina¬ tion simply of field data lendsone to consider there Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, Cerro Azul, 28-1- may be several taxa involved, a view held by 1990. Meijer 1456 (E) between grass, on soil, on hillside; Huijsman (pers. comm, in litt.) even for European Parque Aquática do Atlética, on lawn, 21-III-1991, Meijer collections. Dennis (1953) describes variants of C. 1895 (E), probably refers here. crispa from Trinidad. Notes: This is unusual agaric with an a pubes¬ Subgenus Ochmmarasmius cent pileus, 2-spored basidia, and collapsing tissue. The last character agrees with Bolbitius as do the 21. C. missionum Singer apud Singer & Digilio, the lack of bra- thick-walled basidiospore but Lilloa 25 (1952): 308. 1953 the collection in chycystidia (paraphyses) place Fig. 4, O-P Çonocybe. The pubescent white stipe suggests Sect. Candidae approaching C. crispa (Longyear) Singer. Material examined: BRAZIL. Parana, General Carneiro in It has not been possible to examine type mate¬ forest on soil, 30-11-1989, Meijer 1398 (E). rial of Galeia crispa Longyear, because unfortu¬ nately the material, which was in pickle in a teach- Notes: This species was originally described ing collection, had been discarded in a department from soil at Misiones, Argentina as the epithet sug- reorganization. This explained why verbal and gests. In view of the ornamented basidiospores the written communications had failed to locate speci- species is placed in sub gen. Ochromarasmius along mens. Alas my visit in 1974 to the cryptogamic with C. jurensis (Henn.) Singer, C. macrorhiza collection, Michigan State University Herbarium, (speg.) Singer, C. martiana (Berk. & Curt:) Singer which was made possible by Ed. Voss (University and C. radicata (Speg.) Singer all from either Cen- of Michigan), was only months too late. A phial tral or S. America and C. dumetorum (Vel.) Singer indicated by E. A. Bessey as containing the type (in (= Q laricina (Kühn.) Kühn.) from Europe. The Room 8) was no longer extant. stipe of C. missionum, however, is not as wiry as is Through the kindness of D. Harris who placed found in some of the other taxa in the subgenus; all his time and energies at my disposal it was pos- are un¡ted by the lecythiform caulocystidia. The sible to rediscover specimens of C. crispa annotated present taxon is characterised by the small size (11- by Longyear and locate other type specimens, viz. 22 mm high), densely striate, rugulose centred pi- Leptonia rosea and Pholiota fulvosquainosa the latter ieUs, reddish brown to yellowish brown pruinose published by Peck. The East Lansing Herbarium stipe and close ventricose, narrowly adnexed light contains several other collections of C. crispa, one brown gills; microscopically in Meijer 1398 the ba¬ by Hicks dated 1892 and named Galera, several by sidiospores are 7-7.5 x 4.5-4.8 pm (slightly amyg- Bessey, and one by Longyear dated September daliform in side-view) and cheilocystidia lecythi- 1900 accompanied by a description of the fungus form wjth head 4-4.5 pm. The lecythiform cau- also by Longyear and a slip saying 'nov. sp.'. A locystidia are not intermixed with filamentous or second slip in ink says 'apparently the type mate- lageniform cells. The Brazilian material agrees in rial' and signed "H.L.B." (= H.L. Barnet, a gradua- all ways with the type M 140 in MICH. te student in Mycology at the time of E.A. Bessey); An equally small agaric in subgen. Ochromaras- this slip has been emended by Bessey on two occa- mius (> ig nim high) has been collected by E. Ho- sions to read: "not the type, different date", i.e. rak at Iguazú, Argentina (6-II-1980), Horak 0247 Aug 22nd 1900; "type in rooms 8 - shelf" - see (ETHZ). This is characterised by lecythiform chei- above. Also in pencil Bessey indicates "may be to- l0.and caulocystidia (19-25 x 6-10 with head 3- potype but is not the date of the original material". 5Mni) and ellipsoid basidiospores (5-6 x 2.5-3(-3.5) Longyear's1900 material (N° 119533) consist of finely verrucose with a distinct germ-pore. four pilei and stipes, two of the former intact, the The hymeniform pileipellis also.possesses íecythi- other two fragmentary. Microscopically they agree form sometime irregularly necked pileocystidia

94 R. Walling, Bolbitiaceae - 30

4pm 15pm (J 50 mm 0 p c A 15 jim Du n 15pm 15mm

H, 'G B E F

\ 5pm J I 5pm

10pm N

M f K

f L 5pm im

Q f f (f'-i ?j W O

5 20 pm O mm P

Fig. 5.— Agrocybe: type studies. A - D, A. earlei; E - H, J, A. jÀaylyspertna; I & K, A. sacchari; L - O, A. underwoodii; P'& Q, A. alachuana. A, I & J, L & P, basidiospores; B, E & F, K, N & Q, cheilocystidia; C, H & O, sketches of holotype;D & G, basidia; M, pleurocystidia. Most habitat sketches by Andre de Meijer.

95 Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot . 28 (1-4) (1992)

similar to those found on the pilei of C. dumetorum or pileocystidia. Clamped, + encrusted, broad (Vel.) Stfre&c. hyphae are not uncommon in various Conocybe spp. as are filaments left from the primordial stage Subgenus Singerella, an unamed collection . (see subgen. Galeiella below). These fragments are easily lost in the field by abrasion with vegetation 22. Conocybe sp. 6 etc. and soil. Pileus 3-10 mm, campanulate-convex, strongly Subgenus Phollotina pubescent, dry, hygrophanous, faintly striate 3/4 to centre when wet, rust-brown with darker striae 23. Conocybe cf. austrofilaris (Singer) Watling, or dark reddish brown and between striae yel¬ Walling & Gregory, Biblio. Mycol. 82: 96. 1981. lowish red,or sometimes very dark greyish brown, Fig. 4, E, G-H & L drying pale greyish brown to yellowish with dark Pileus 11-14 mm, strongly convex with broad reddish brown centre with sparse powdery white umbo, hygrophanous, pale brown, striate when veil. Stipe 3-6.2 x 0.8-1.2 (base 2 mm) mm > fresh becoming pale brownish yellow and straight, slender, cylindric, slightly attenuated non striate on drying, smooth, lacking velar fragments. from base upwards, base often bulbous and with Stipe 50-55 x 1-1.5 mm, annulate, cylindrical, very narrow white margin sometimes with some pow¬ pale yellowish at apex, darkening downwards to dery patches higher up, dry, white, pubescent brown base, pruinose at apex, fibrillose below over throughout under lens, hollow, rather dark yel¬ a brown ground-colour; ring white on lower sur¬ lowish brown (M 10 YR 6-6/6), paler upwards 4/ face, brownish yellow above, moveable. Gills pale with apex yellowish. Gills subclose, narrowly ad- brown, narrowly adnexed. Flesh in stipe and pileus nexed, > 1.2 mm, ascendent, not exceeding pileus brown, concolorous. Basidia4-spored, clavate, x 7 not interveined, rust-brown to brownish margin pm broad. Basidiospores 9-10 (-10.5) x 5-5.5 yum, edge entire. Flesh brown, darker than yellow, with distinct but small germ-pore. Cheilocystidia surface; smell distinctly fungussy when cut. Bàsidia lageniform with short, blunt neck; pleurocystidia 17-19 x 9-9.5 pm with long sterigmata (< 4-spored, absent. Pileipellis hymeniform. Clamp-connections 3pm). Basidisopores 7.5-9 x 5.5-6 pm, ovoid in face- present. view, ellipsoid in side-view, thick-walled, with and large prominent germ-pore distinct apiculus. Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, Curitiba, on soil Pleurocystidiu absent; cheilocystidia 16-20 x 7-9 pm, between grass and amongst decomposing leaves and lecythiform with head 2-3.8 yu.m. Caulocystidia ei¬ branches, edge of forest, 8-VII-1979, Meijer 66(11); (E); ditto * ther lageniform < 8.5 pm broad or with long, 20-III-1979 & 5-IX-1979, Meijer117 (E). flexuous, hair-like appendages < 120 yum long. Pileipellis hymeniform of clavate-pedicellate to Notes: These three collections were not on wood pyriform cells 22-40 x 15-27 pm intermixed with but Meijer 66 (II) c (23-IX-1979), considered the abundant lageniform and hair-like pileocystidia. same taxon by the collector, was on a piece of very Veil of chains of fusoid to cylindrical hyphae, thin- decayed wood. This fungus fruits from March- walled 15-40 x 5-18 yum with numerous clamp- April and July-September. connections. A collection (1-III-1980) of which no material was kept differed in its larger size, sligh.tly swollen Material examined: BRAZIL. Patvná, Ponta Grossa, Vila stipe-base and campanulate pileus; it was found Velha, on horse dung, 15-VI-1984, Meijor 703 (E). on a dead trunk. C. austrofilaris is very close to the European C. filaris (Fr.) Kiihn. and in parallel to Notes: This material was incubated in the labo¬ Agrocybe semiorbicularis (Bull.) Fayod and A. broad- ratory commencing first 2-5 x 2-3 mm before ex¬ wayi't (Murr.) Singer these two also form a pair. C. panding to its final size and shape. It is intriguing austrofilaris was described from Neuquén, Argen¬ in that the pileus and stipe had fragments of veil; tina (on soil in woodland under Nothofagus dombeyi the presence of a distinct structure at the margin of (Merb.) Oerst.). the bulbous base places the collection close lo C. vaginata Wall, and C. corneri Watl. which have been 24. C. percincta Orton, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 43: described from SE Asia and C. horana Singer & 194' 1960 Hausknecht recently described from Europe. Fig. 4, M & N ' All these taxa are undoubtedly related to mem¬ bers of the C. pubescens complex whilst Meijer 703 Maltrial examined: BRAZIL, Paraná, Parque Marumbi, is closer toSect. Pilosellaeviz. no lecythiform cgulo- on dung, in pasture 19-III-1988, Meijer1089 (E).

96 R. Walling, Bolbitiaceae - 30

Notes: This species, originally described from 6.5 /xm, relatively thick-walled, broad, non-trun- the British Isles, is characterised by 2-spored ba- cate germ-pore; 4-spored basidia; cheilocystidia sidia, although examination of the type material in abundant, hyaline, lageniform with long cylindric (K) indicates that there is a small proportion of 4- neck 50-55 x 12-13 (apex 6.5-8 /xm). However, ac- spored basidia. Meijer 1089 is therefore placed here cording to the collector the material was intriguing despite the fact that the basidia are predominently in that the pileus appeared to be ornamented with 34 spored. The type locality was a heap of rotting finely appressed, pure white flocci composed of straw but it is well known in ruderal areas hyaline, cylindric, smooth, thin-walled hyphae 3- throughout Europe. The slight variation recorded 5(-6) /xm broad. Examination of the pileipellis in comes within the circumscription of the taxon. thin section only showed long pileocystidia and hyphae from the innermost part of the pileus-tra- Subgenus Galerella ma which had been pushed out between the plicae as the pileus matured. 25. C. plicatella (Peck) Kühner, Le Genre Galera Singer (1986) has indicated that there is consid¬ 137. 1935 erable variation in C. plicatella in S. America and Fig. 4, 1-K the present study confirms this especially when European collections are incorporated into the Material examined: BRAZIL,, Parana, Curitiba, amongst study. Bolbitius luteolus Lasch as described by Ric- grass in small groups, in pasture, 15-IV-1980, Meijer 430a ken (1912) is considered a synonym of Peck's aga¬ (E); General Cameiro, on decayed dicotyledonous twigs in ric and examination of forest; in small group, 20-XII-1989. herbarium collections of various authorities suggests that such a concept , Notes: The pileus is viscid in wet weather but was widely held. However, more careful studies soon dries; it is then often impossible to revive the are required to ascertain what Lasch (1829) really hymeniform pileipellis. This species has been re- bad wbon erecting the species. corded from South America bySinger (1986) under The wbite P°cci emain a mystery at the moment the name Galerella vlicatella (Peck) Singer; the gene- but itmust 00 borne in mi"d that Singer (1951)’ has ric separation is based on the membranaceous pi- described C. subvelata Sing, (in sect Candidae leus which splits at maturity, lack of veil and long- subgen. Conocybe) from Tucumán, Argentina with necked cheilocystidia (27-60 x 11-14 /xm, with neck vc*ar fragments; here the paravela ngiocarpic de¬ 3.5-6 /xm). These characters are considered by Wat- velopment is expressing itself toa slight degree but ling (1965) to be an example of the reticulum of not enouSh to form a ring or appendiculale veil as features within a wider concept of the genus Co- in subgen. Pholiotlna. nocybe. It has been recorded from Europe and N. America (type locality: Sterling, New York) alt- Subgenus Piliferae hough apparently it is no where common. The fragile rather ephemeral basidiomes may cause it 26. Conocybe cf. sulcatipes (Peck) Kühner, Le to be easily overlooked. It would appear to prefer Genre Galera: 127. 1935. warm mesophytic grasslands. Fig. 4 Q-S

Notes. A very interestingcollection: Paraná, Par- Pileus < 7 mm broad, campanulate-convex, thin anaguá, 3-VI-1990, Meijer 1781 (E), which can only brownish yellow at centre, pale yellow a) margin, be referrablè to C. plicatella was found on a dicoty- dry, weakly striate-sulcate. .Stipe 14 x 1.5 mm, ledonous twig in the forest. Its resemblance to a slightly attenuated upwards, hollow, white, rust- Bolbitius or Pluteolus was indicated by the collector, brown at base, pruinose at apex becoming smooth; • Pileus 18 mm, convex, strongly striate when fresh veil absent. Gills subclose, very narrowly adnexed to centre, camel-brown between slightly paler to free, 1 mm broad, almost white at first. Flesh striae, slightly plicate, humid but not viscid, centre concolorous, reduced. Basidia 4-spored, clavate 11 not rugose. Stipe 30 x 1.8 mm, slightly attenuated x 6 /xm. Basidiospoies '6.7-8 x' 4.5-5 /xm, smooth, from base to apex, hollow, pure white, not yellow- elliptic in side-view, rust-brown in water and ing at base, dry, minutely pubescent throughout ammoniacal solutions, with broad germ-pore. under lens, veil lacking. Gills very close, slightly Cheilocystidia 24-50 x 14-20 /xm lageniform with ventricose, narrowly adnexed, camel-brown. Flesh either long cylindric neck (6-7 /xm broad) or short- thin; smell indistinct. ened neck, and some almost utriform; pleurocys- The microscopicfeaturesagreed with a member tidia absent. Caulocystidia numerous with long of the C. plicatella group, viz. basidiospores 8-9 x 6- neck, similar to cheilocystidia. Pileipellis hymeni-

97 Bol. Soc. Argent. Bol . 28 (1-4) (1992)

form with pileocystidia similar to those at gill- close, ventricose narrowly adnate, c. 3 mm broad, margin. light brown. Flesh concolorous with surfaces: smell indistinct. Basidia clavatc, 15-17 x 5-6.5 /xm, hyaline Material examined: BRAZIL. Paraná, on decaying trunk sometimes developing brown Contents on drying. in forest, 10-V-1980, Meijer 449 a (E). UNITED STATES. Basidiospores 4.5-5.5 X 3-5 pm ellipsoid, non-reni- New York, East Berne, on pile of buckwheat bran in wood, form, smooth, distinctly pigmented in mounts, VIII-1881, Peck (NY). Holotype. germ-pore absent. Cheilocystidia davale, hyaline, x 8-10 broad; pleurocystidia absent. Habitat: on This species is recognised by the ba- fim ellipsoid decayed dicotyledonous branch; gregarious. sidiospores and the shape of the cheilocystidia those of C. which in some respects resembles pli- Malerial examined: BRAZIL, São Paulo, Itu, in forest, 21- catella and with which taxon it was at first con- VI-1990, Meijer 1810 (E). fused. One frequently finds in wilderness woods species normally terrestrial in W European coun- This is a very interesting collection within tries are found instead growing on very rotten subgen. Piliferae coming close to C. utriformis Or- trunksand woody debris. I he apparent difference ton. Generally members of this subgenus possess in habitat of the S American collection is at our lageniform cystidia or are ventricose with an apical present knowledge acceptable. prolongation. The davale cheilocystidia and small Little has ever been published on the micro- basidiospores lacking a germ-poreare very distinc- scopic characteres of the type collection of this aga- tive. ric described by Peck (1884) (UC), consists of 3 mounted specimens, a primordium and seven ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS fragmentary basidiomes, a fact now rectified. Basidia 4-spored, 12-17 x 6-7 /xm, davale, hya¬ Thanks are offered lo workers in ADEA and SPVS; the line. Basidiospores ellipsoid in face-view, slightly collector involved in the Inventory wishes to take the op- porlunity to express his sincere gratitude to his amygdaliform in side view, (7-)8-9 X 4.5-5 pm, colleagues lo Drs. Clavis R. S. and Prof. smooth, with small apiculus and quite prominent particularly Borges Bigardía and his wife, Mrs. E. K. Koehler-Bigarella, for providing in water, in J. germ-pore, rust-brown darker ammo-. accommodation and working facilities in what is an ex¬ niacal solutions. Cheilocystidia abundant, promi¬ tremely difficult and very tight financial budget for ADEA. nent, 25-40 x 5-8 pm, with neck < 17 pm long and The author wished to thank the curators of the herbaria at head 2.5-3.5 (-5) /xm, lageniform with long or short k, MICH and AFC for the loan of appropriate material; he neck and obtuse head, hyaline, lacking crystalline would also like to thank Mrs. Evelyn Turnbull for her or mucous caps; pleuroci/stidia absent. Caulocystidia assitance during this study. similar to those on margin 25-30 pm long but sha¬ pe generally less defined and head sometime even BIBLIOGRAPI IY larger and medium swelling more pronounced. ., , b.. . , BERKELEY, M. & BROOME, C. E. 1871. The Fungi of Piletpelhsn.,b. ... .hymemform of pedicellate„ / vesiculoso J. „ b J. , ...... rc mm Ceylon. /. him. Soc. XI: 494-567. broad; X cells, 16 pm pdeocxjstldia (20-)30-55 10-12 BESSEY, E. A. 1944. Studies upon Galera crispa. Pap. Mich. pm similar in shape to those on gill-margin, with Aaui Arts Sci & u.tlc,s 29 (1943). M3 well-developed neck, hyaline or many with brow- CABRERA, A. L. & WILLINK, A. 1973. Biogeografía de nish basal region. Clamp-connections present. América Latina. Ser. Biología, Monografía n. 13. Or¬ ganización de Estados Americanos. Prog. Reg. Des. UNNAMED COLLECTION OF SUBGEN. Piliferae Cien!, y Teca., Washington-102 pp. DENNIS, R. W. G. 1953. Les Agaricales de L'Ile de la Trin- One collection comes close to members of ité: Rhodosporae-Ochrosporae. Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr.‘ subgen. Piliferae but because of its unique combi¬ 69: 145-198. nation of characters must be considered distinct. FLYNN, T. & MILLER, O. K. Jr. 1990. Biosystematics of Agrocybe molesta and sibling species allied loAgrocybe 27. Conocybe sp,7 praecox in North America and Europe. Mycol. Res. 94(8): 1103-1110. Pileus 3-13 mm, convex, not expanding, FRIES, E. M. 1874. Hymenomyceles Europaei, Uppsala, 755 pp. strongly striate for to disc hygrophanous, 3/4 way FUHRER B 1985 A ion lo AustmVmn fungi, The when fresh striae dark brown between light fwld Five Mile Press., Victoria 162 PP. brown, drying ochraceous, smooth, dry,*lacking COURLEY, C. 0.1983. An Annotated Index of the Fungi of veil. Stipe 10-20 x 1-1.5 mm, central, cylindric, so¬ Nova Scotia. Proc. Nova Scotia Inst. Science. 32 (2/3): lid, much paler than pileus, brownish orange, 75-294. smooth, dry, minutely Striate, lacking veil. Gills GUZMAN, G. 1979. Identificación de LosFtonges. Editorial 98 R. Watling, Bolbitiaceae - 30

Limusa Mexico. 236 pp. 1950 a. Naucoria Fries and affinitive genera in the HENDERSON, D. M., ORTON, P. D. & WATLING, R. 1969. USSR. Acta Inst. Bat. Komarov. Acad. Sci. URSS, Series British Fungus Flora: Agarics & Boleti. Introduction, 2, 6: 402-498. Edinburgh 58 pp. 1950 b. Type Studies on Basidiomycetes - IV, Ulloa 23: HERREGORDS, M. 1952. La villosité chez les Conocybes 147-246. de la section Capitatae (Kühner), Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 1951. New & interestingspecies of Basidiomycetes III. 68: 252-262. Sydowia 4 (1950): 130-157. HORAK, E. 1979. Fungi, Basidiomycetes Agaricales y Gas- 1953. The Agarics of the Argentina Sector of Tierra teromycetes Secotioides. Flora Cnjptogamica de Tierra del Fuego and limitrophous regions of the Magalla¬ del Fuego. 11 (6) 524 pp. nes area. Sydowia: 7: (1951): 206-265. KAUFFMAN, C. H. 1918. The Agaricaceae of Michigan. Vol. 1955. Type studies on Basidiomycetes. VIII. Sudowia 1, Lansing, Michigan. 924 pp. 9: 367-431. KEMP, R. F. 0. 1976. Oidial homing and the taxonomy and 1961. Mushrooms and Truffles, New York 272 pp. speciation of Basidiomycetes with special reference 1962, Diagnoses Fungorum Novorum Agaricalium II. to Coprinus. Biblio. Mycol. 61: 259-276. Sydowia 15 (1961): 45-83. KORNERUP, A. & WANSCITER, J. H.1978. Methuen Hand- - 1965. Interesting and new Agaricales from Brazil. book of colour, 3rd ed. D.Davey. Alas. Inst. Micol. Univ. Recife, 2: 15-59. LANJOUW, J. & STAFLEU, F. A. 1964. Index Herbariorum - 1968.Sand-dune inhabiting Fungi of the South Atlan¬ Part 1. Regnum Vegetabile 31: 1-251. tic coast from Uruguay to Bahia Blanca. Mycopath. & LASCH, W. G. 1829. Enumerado Hymenomycetum Plea- Myc. appl. 34: 126-143. torum Marchiae Brandenburgicae, nondum in Floris 1969, Mycoflora Australis. Beih. Nova Hedw. 29: 1-405. Nestatibiif Nominatorum, cum Observationibus in 1978. Interesting & new species of Basidiomycetes Cognitoset Novorum Descriptionibiis. Linnaea 4: 518- from Ecuador I. Nova Hedw. 29: 1-98. 553. 1979. Keys for the identification of the species of Aga¬ MALENÇON, G & BERTAULT, R. 1970. Flore cíes ricales II. Sydowia 31 (1979): 193-279. Champignons Superieurs du Maroc. Tmv. Inst. Sci. 1986. Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy Ed. 4. Koeltz, Cheriflen, Ser. Bot. 32. 601 pp. Koeningstein, 981 pp. MORENO, G. & BARRASA, J. M. 1984. Agrocybe setulosa - - 1989. New taxa and new combinations of Agaricales. sp. nov. en España (Bolbitiaceae, Agaricales). Cryptog. Diagnoses Novorum Agaricalium IV. Fieldiana Bol. Mycol. 5: 101-107. 21: 1-133. MUNSELL, A. IT. 1954. Colour chart. Munsell ColourCom- SINGER, R. &DIGILIO, A. P. L. 1952. Pródromo de la Flora pany. No pagination. Agaricina Argentina. Lilloa 25: 1-461. MURRILL, W. A. 1912. The Agaricaceae of Tropical North SPEGAZZINI, C. 1880. Fungi Argentini. Anales Soc. America-V. Mycologia 4: 72-83. Científica Argentina 9: 273-285. 1917. Notes & Brief Articles p.p. Mycologia 9: 320 1889. Fungi Puiggariani. Bol. Acad. Cieñe. Córdoba 11: 1943. Additions to Florida Fungi. Mycologia 35: 529- 381-414. 537. 1926. Observaciones y adiciones a la Micologi'a Ar¬ PEARSON, A. A. 1950. Cape Agarics and Boleti. Tmns. Br. gentina. Bol. Aaid. Cieñe. Córdoba. 28: 311. Mycol. Soc. 33: 276-316. STEVENSON, G. 1982. A pa-rasitic member of the Bolbi¬ PECK, C. P. 1884. Thirty-fifth Annual Report. New York- tiaceae. Agrocybe parasitica sp. nov. New Z. J. Forest. 27: State Mus. Nat. Hist. 35: 125-164. . 130-133. 1907. New Species of Fungi. Bull. Toney Bot. Club 34: SVRCEK M. 1983. New or uncommon Agaricales from 97-104. Bohemia. Ceská Mycol. 37: 212-236. PEGLER, D, N. 1983. Agaric Flora of the Lesser Antilles. VELOSO, IT. P. & G-FILHO, L. 1982. Fitogeografia brasi- Kew Bull. Additional Series 9. London 668 pp. leuira; classificaçao fisionomico-ecologica da vegeta¬ RAJCHENBERG, M & de MEIJER, A. A. R. 1990. New and ção neotropical. Boletim Técnico do Projeto Rodambrasil, noteworthy Polypores from Parana and Sao Paulo £er. Vegetaçao 1: 85 pp. States, Brazil. Mycotaxon 38: 173-185. WATLING, R. 1965. Observations on the Bolbitiaceae 2. A REA, C. 1922. British Basidiomycelae, Cambridge, 799 pp. Conspectus of the Family. Notes Roy. Bot. Gardn. Ed¬ RICK, J. 1907. Contributio ad monographiam Agari- inburgh 26 (3): 289-323. cacearum et Polyporacearum Brasiliensium. Broteria 1975. Studies in Fruit-body Development in the Bolbi¬ 6: 7-92. tiaceae and the implications of such work. Noixr Hedw. RICKEN, A. 1912. Die Bldlterpilze, Leipzig. 480 pp. 51:319-358. RIDGWAY, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature, 1976. An analysis of the taxonomic characteres used Washington D.C. 44 pp. in defining the species of the Bolbitiaceae. Biblio. Mycol. ROMAGNESI, H. 1942. Description de quelques especes •61: 11-53.' d'Agarics ochrosporès. Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 58: 121- 1979. British Fungus plora: Agarics & Boleti. Vol. 3 149. Bolbitiaceae. Edinburgh 139 pp. SINGER, R. 1945. Cortinariaceae novae ex minus cognatae • - 1980. Observations on the Bolbitiaceae. 19. Notes Roy. Not. Syst. Sect. Crypt. Inst. Bot. Akad. Sci. URSS. 5 Bot. Card. Edinburgh 38: 331-344. (1941): 92-100. WATLING, R. & ABRAITAM, S. P. 1986. Observations on

99 Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot . 28 (1-4) (1992)

lhe Bdbitiaceae 26. Bdbitiaceae of Kashmir with par¬ WATLING, R., LITTLEELOWER, S. R. & LEELA VATI1Y, ticular Reference to the Genus Agrocybe. Nova Hedw. K. M. 1988. Observation on the Bolbitiaceae 27 b. Bdbi- 42 (2-4): 387-415. tius & Conocybe in India with Particular Reference to WATI.INC, R. & BIGELOW, H. E. 1983. Observations on the State of Kerala. Advances in Mycology, Ed. Rawla, the Bolbitiaceae- 22. Mycolaxon 17: 377-397. G. S., Chandigarh. WATLING, R. & GREGORY, N. M. 1981. CensusCatalogue WATLING, R. & TAYLOR,G. M.1987.Observationson the of World Members of the Bolbitiaceae. Biblia. Myco[ 82. Bolbitiaceae: 27a. Preliminary account of the Bolbi¬ 224 pp. tiaceae of New Zealand. Biblio. Mycd.. 117, 60 pp.

APPENDIX

Table 1.— List of species of Bolbitiaceae of Parana State, grouped by the vegetation and substrate types

General comments: a) If hosts are known these arc mentioned. b) When a number is given after species name, material from the referred vegetation or substrate type has been preserved in E and been examined by Watling. The numbers correspond to collection numbers in Herbarium de Meijer. Where no number is given material was not preserved and has only been studied by de Meijer.

A. VEGETATIONAL TYPES a. In seasonal deciduous alluvial forest (in our particular case: the forest in the flood plain area of the Iguaçu river):

Agrocybe aff. earlei (288-288B) Conocybe cf. próxima Agrocybe cúbense (373) Conocybe siennophylla (209) Agrocybe cylindrica (249+249B) Conocybe cf. sulcalipes (449) Conocybe ambigua (212+329) Conocybe xylophila (217C) Conocybe austrofilaris Conocybe cf. inocybeoides (353) (66(II)+66(II)c+l17) Conocybe sp.1 (363) Conocybe brunneola (217-217B) Conocybe sp. 3 (435) Conocybe plicatclla (430) Conocybe sp. 4 (347) b. In mixed ombrophilous forest (forest with Araucaria angustifdia):

Agrocybe cylindrica Conocybe lentispora (1397+1430) Agrocybe perfecta (1372) Conocybe mesospora (1542) Agrocybe underwoodii (1304) Conocybe missionum (1398) Conocybe austrofilaris Conocybe pilosella (1431) Conocybe brunneola Conocybe plicatclla (1432) Conocybe fragilis (1400) Conocybe sp. 4 c. In dense ombrophilous forest (in our particular case: the dense Ombrophilous forest of the Atlantic coast, known as "Atlantic rain forest"):

Bolbilius mesosporus (1010+1050+1330) Conocybe lentispora (1666) Conocybe brunneola Conocybe plicatclla (1781) d. In gallery forest in area of savanna:

Agrocybe sp.1 (948) Conocybe lentispora (950) Agrocybe sp. 2 (1809) Conocybe sp. 7 (1810) e. In restinga (forest on marine sands):

(no species of Bdbitiaceae)

100 R. Walling, Bdbitiaceae - 30

f. In fields, grassy margins to woods. Strictly coprophilous species excluded

Agrocybe sororia (127+127B) Conocybe cf. farinácea (133C) Conocybe sp. 5 (1456) Conocybe plicatella (430) Conocybe magnispora (432)

& In unmanured lawns

Agrocybe subpediades (903) Bolbitius variicolor (1193+1896) (lawn on dune sand) Conocybe lactea complex (1895)

B. SUBSTRATE TYPES

a. On standing trunks

Agrocybe cylindrica (dicotyledons and Araucaria angustifolia)

b. On lying, dead trunks:

Agrocybe cylindrica (249B) Conocybe austrofilaris Bolbitius mesosporus (1330) Conocybe plicatella (449) c. On living tree roots (buried or exposed):

Agrocybe cylindrica (249) d. On branches (over 10 mm diam):

Agrocybe sororia Conocybe brunneola Agrocybe sp. 2 (1809) Conocybe lentispora (1666) Conocybe austrofilaris Conocybe sp. 7 (1810) e. On twigs (less than 10 mm diam):

Agrocybe cúbense (373) Conocybe brunneola Agrocybe underwoodii (1304) Conocybe plicatella (1432+1781) Agrocybe sp. 2 (1809) Conocybe cf. próxima Bolbitius mesosporus (dicotyledoneous Conocybe xylophila (217C) twigs and bamboo culms) Conocybe austrofilaris (117) (also on dead leave petioles of palm Syagrus romanzojfiana (Cham.) Glassman) f. On wood chips:

Agrocybe sororia (1351) (wood chips of Araucaria angustifolia) g. On humus in forest:

Agrocybe perfecta (1372) Conocybe lentispora (950+1397+1430) Agrocybe sp. 1 (948) Conocybe mesospora (1.542) Agrocybe sp. 3 (1596) . Conocybe missionum (1398) Conocybe ambigua (212+329). Conocybe pilosella (1431) Conocybe fragilis (1400) Conocybe siennophylla (209) h. On herbaceous material (specified):

Agrocybe underwoodii (1304) (Pinus elliottii- leaf litter) Bolbitius mexicanus (949) (Typlui liomingensis stem bases) Bolbitius mesosporus (1010+1050) (dead leaves of Conocybe brunneola (dead grass stems) grass and of HeJychium coromrium)

101 . Bol. Soc. Argent. Bol . 28 (1-4) (1992)

i. On soil - tracksides, disturbed soil, paths, etc:

Agrocybe aff. earlei (288+288B) Conocybe sp. 2 (391) Conocybe cf. anthracophila (1694) (on burnt ground) Conocybe sp. 4 (347) Conocybe austrofilaris (6611) And also most of the species mentioned above for fields Conocybe brunneola (217B) and lawns

j. On dungor freshly manured soil:

Agrocybe fimicola (1396) (horse) Conocybe pubescens (133+923+1399) (cow and horse) Bolbitius vitellinus (on manure heap) Conocybe aff. siennophylla (81+81C) (horse) Conocybe farinácea (133B+133D) (cow and horse) Conocybe aff. tetraspora (81B) (cow) Conocybe percincta (1089) (horse) Conocybe sp. 6 (703) (horse)

Table 2.— Number of species of macrofungi, Agaricales and Bolbiliace.ae respectively, found in different types of vegetation, substrates and organisms in Paraná State

total total number of number species A) VEGETATION TYPES: of hours Bolb. Bolb.1 of field macro¬ Agari¬ Bolbi- /mac. /Aga- collecting fungi* cales liaceae fungi rical

- in seasonal deciduous alluvial forest 150 350 210 15 ' 4 7 - in mixed ombrophilous forest 120 360 200 12 3 ' 6 - in dense ombrophilous forest 110 530 290 4 1 1 - in gallery forest in savanna 30 203 90 4 2 4 - in restinga 25 134 60 0 0 0 - in outer sea-dunes 20 23 « 19 ** 1 ** 4 5 - in grasslands (pastured or not, flooded or not) 35 68 54 12 18 22 - in Pinus-plantations 105 110 ”* 63 »** 2 *** 2 3 - others 25 x x 0 0 0

Total 620 1035 617 43 4 7

B) SUBSTRATE TYPES (SELECTED)

- - on dung 43 28 7 16 25 - - on burnt sites 16 11 1 6 9

C) ORGANISMS:

- on tree ferns (trunks, leaves) 24 18 0 0 0 - on Araucaria angustifolia (wood, leaves, cones) 51 26 2 4 8 t on bamboo (culms, leaves) 67 38 1 1 3 - on Typha domingensis (stems, leaves) 7 5 1 14 20 - on bananas (Musa spp.) (trunks, leaves) 7 4 0 0 0 - on Hedychiuin coronarium (stems, leaves) 14 12 1 7 8 - on palms (trunks, spathes, leaves) 57 29 1 2 4

* This concept of "macrofungi" includes all Basidiomycetes except rust and smut fungi, all well visible Ascomycetes (larger than 1 mm) and also some conspicuous Deuteromycetes. Conspicuous Myxomycetes are also included. ** The given number is exclusive of species that occur on wood. *** The given number includes only species that occur on Pinus, or substrates derived from Pinus.

102 R. Watling, Bolbitiaceae -30

Table 3.-- Fruiting periodicity and range of vertical distribution of Bcilnliaoene in Parana State

Altitude (Alt.): varies in Paraná State from sea level to 1922 m (the top of the Parana Peak, which is the highest spot in southern Brazil) 01 = 0 - 100 m 20 = 1900 - 1922 m Fruting periodicity (Per.): 1 12 = January to December —year = all year

Alt. Per. Alt. Per.

Agrocybe Conocybe cúbense 08-09 2 cf. inocybeoides 08-09 1-2 cylindrica 08-09 12-5 lactca group 08-09 3-4 aff. earlei 08-09 12-2 lentispora 06-10 10-5 fimicola 08-09 11-12 magnispora 08-09 4-5 perfecta 08-09 9-10 mesospora 09-09 3-4 sororia 08-09 6-10 missionum 08-09 11 subpediades 08-09 12-2 pereineta 03 2-3 underwoodli 08-09 6-7 pilosella 08-09 12 sp.1 (948) 06-07 10-11 pi ica tel la 01-09 12 sp. 2 (1809) 06-07 6-7 cf. próxima 08-09 5 sp. 3 (1596) 08-09 4 pubcscens 08-12 9-4 Bolbitius siennophylla 06-10 year

mesosporus 01-10 year v cf. sulcatipes 08-09 5 mexicanus 06-07 10-11 aff. tetraspora 08-09 12-5 variicolor 08-09 1-7 xylophila 08-09 5 vitellinus 06-07 10-11 sp.1 (363) 08-09 2 Conocybe sp. 2 (391) 08-09 3 ambigua 08-09 11-1 sp. 3 (435) 08-09 4 cf. anthracophila 08-09 5 . sp. 4 (347) 08-09 9-2 cf. austrofilaris 08-09 3-9 sp. 5 (1456) 08-09 1-2 brunneola 06-11 year sp. 6 (703) 08-09 6 farinácea 06-09 year sp. 7 (1810) 06-07 6 fragilis 08-09 11-12

103