Geologic Field Trip to the Mojave National Preserve, California, 2016
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Geologic field trip to the Mojave National Preserve, California October 5-7, 2016 PS-RMS AAPG Field trip #5 Field trip leaders Thom Davis, Thomas L. Davis Consulting Geologist, Ventura, CA, and the Geologic Maps Foundation, Inc. Yannick Wirtz, Department of Geological Sciences California State University Long Beach Geologic field trip to the Mojave National Preserve California, October 5-7, 2016 Pacific and Rocky Mountains Sections of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) 2016 Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada Field trip #5 Field trip contacts: Thom Davis* and Yannick Wirtz** * www.thomasldavisgeologist.com; www.geologicmapsfoundation.org email: [email protected] **email: [email protected] Coordinator: Dan Sturmer ([email protected] ). Meeting Point (35.441001°,-115.673135°): The group will meet at 2:00 pm, 10/5 at the Cima Road exit (also Excelsior Mine Road) off I-15; this exit is about 25 miles from Primm that’s at the Nevada/California border, and Primm is about 40 miles south of Las Vegas. Late arrivals can meet the group at the Mid Hills Campground (35.133237°,- 115.434817°) in the Mojave National Preserve (MNP). Yes, this is a change from the original posted time and meeting place and campground. Please top-off your vehicle’s gas tank at the station at the Cima Road exit. There are no gas stations or stores within the MNP, we will be doing a fair amount of driving within the MNP (200-250 miles), and the trip ends near I-40 and there the nearest gas station is about one hour drive. In addition make sure you have food for 2.5 days camping and hiking; water is available at the campgrounds. End of the trip: The trip will end at 4:00 PM (10/7) at the intersection of the Essex Road and I-40. The field trip does not return to Las Vegas, and from the intersection it’s 1.5 hours drive to Barstow and I-15, and it’s about a 4 hours drive to Los Angeles from the intersection. If you wish to return to Las Vegas then take 1-40 west to Kelbaker Road, go north (right) on that road to Kelso, take the Kelso-Cima Road to Cima, and take the Cima Road to I-15. Vehicles and camping: Participants must provide their own transportation (high clearance vehicles recommended), all meals (including lunches), and camping gear. Camping the first night is at the Mid Hills Campground (MNP), and we will move to the Hole-in-the-Wall Campground (MNP) for the second night. Both campgrounds have water, fire pits, tables, and bathrooms. Campground costs are included in the field trip fee. Trip summary: This will be “very old school” geology where we will hike to the best outcrops and panoramic view locations. Moderate to good level hiking ability is required of the participants (5-7 miles per hike, with about 1,000 feet elevation gains). We will use published geologic maps and our own observational skills to discuss the principal geologic units of the area (Proterozoic gneissic terrane, Paleozoic strata, Jurassic and Cretaceous granitic plutons, Miocene ash and flow deposits, and Quaternary land forms and deposits), the principal faults and folds, Mesozoic structural events, and the geologic and tectonic history of the Cima Dome, Mescal Range, Ivanpah Mountains, Mid-Hills, Hole-in-the-Wall area, and the Providence Mountains. Weather and clothing: For this time of year it will be, most likely, warm by midday (upper 80s to lower 90s) but it can be very cool at night (into the 30s or 40s). Mid Hills campground is at 4400 ft and the Hole-in-the-Wall campground is at 5600 ft. This area can be windy too. Please check the weather forecast before the trip and bring what you need to be comfortable. Bring sunscreen, a hat, and sunglasses. Long pants and long sleeve shirts are best to avoid too much sunshine and the numerous plants that will stick you. Recommended for camping and hiking: This is classic car camping so bring firewood, stove, lantern, flashlight, tent (optional), sleeping bags, coolers (with your favorite beverages inside), cooking gear and eating utensils, and food for 2 dinners, 2 breakfasts, and 2 lunches. For hiking bring canteens (several), leather boots or scree gators are recommended, windbreaker, and a day pack to carry your lunch. Note: alcoholic beverages can only be consumed in the campgrounds and after the day portion of the trip is completed. Food and Beverages: Snacks and nonalcoholic refreshments will be provided on the trip, but not meals. Guidebook: Paper copies will be provided at the meet-up area. Emergency: Should an emergency occur, inform the leaders immediately. They will coordinate a response to the appropriate authorities, if needed. If you have a medical condition that should be known, please tell us in advance! Be sure to bring all necessary medications. Liability Waiver: Due to insurance requirements, you must sign the liability waivers before the trip. Please return the Pacific Section and Rocky Mountain Sections of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (“AAPG PS-RMS ”) liability waivers to Dan Sturmer via email and cc me. If you do not sign the waivers, you will not be allowed to go on the trip. Geologic information on the MNP: A large amount of information and data about the geology of the Mojave National Preserve are available at various web sites: https://www.nps.gov/moja/index.htm https://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/usgsnps/mojave/mojave1.html http://digital-desert.com/mojave-preserve/geology/10.html https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2160/ http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1712d/report.pdf https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp275 Regional tectonic map showing the Mojave National Preserve (MNP); formerly the East Mojave National Scenic Area (from USGS Bulletin 2160). Note the eastern limits of various rock provinces and the abundance of east vergent thrust faults. 1st Day (Wednesday, October 5, 2016) From meet-up location drive 11.3 miles south along the Cima Road to Stop 1. Please fill-up your vehicles with gas before leaving the meet-up location. Stop 1, Teutonia Peak view stop and Cima Dome. View stop from the Cima Road, and depending on the time we will do a 2.5 mile round trip hike to Teutonia Peak area. We need to leave Stop 1 at 4:30 PM in order to be at the Mid-Hills campground by 5:30 PM; sunset is at ~6:30 PM. Present and discuss: Regional geology. Teutonia Peak (elev=5754’) an inselberg above a broad pediment. Peak consists of Jurassic Ivanpah granite while most of Cima Dome consists of Cretaceous Teutonia quartz monzonite (adamellite). View to the east of Kessler Peak (elev=6163’), Ivanpah Mountains, and New York Mountains; Kessler Peak consists of Jurassic Ivanpah granite. Late Cretaceous extension and uplift, and the East Mojave fault (Miller, et al, 1996; Wells, et al., 2005). View to the north of the Shadow Valley, Clark Mountain, and the Kingston Range; east vergent Clark Mountain thrust complex (Nelson and Burchfiel, 1979). View to the west of the Cima Dome, and beyond the Cinder Cone Lava Beds. View to the south of the Providence, Granite and Kelso Mountains, and Kelso Dunes. Cima Dome and pediment formation: A pediment is a gently sloping erosion surface or plain of low relief formed by running water in arid or semiarid region at the base of a receding mountain front. A pediment is underlain by bedrock that is typically covered by a thin, discontinuous veneer of soil and alluvium derived from upland areas. Much of this alluvial material is in transit across the surface, moving during episodic storm events or blown by wind. Pediment-forming processes are much-debated, but it is clear that rocks such as granite and coarse sandstone (and Tertiary conglomerate made up of boulders of these rocks) form virtually all pediments in the Mojave Desert. These rocks disintegrate grain-by-grain, rather than fracturing and then being reduced in grain size by alluvial transport processes. Large areas within the Mojave Desert are pediment surfaces. These pediments reflect both the antiquity of some mountain structures in the region and the persistent arid climatic conditions in the region. Perhaps the most notable pediment in the region is Cima Dome, a very broad, shield-shaped upland area within the Mojave National Preserve (below). This great, gently-sloped upland area represent a region where desert-style weathering and erosion has stripped away most of the relief to the point that the erosion keeps pace with surface weathering and that surface gradient is gentle enough to prevent gully-style downcutting. Isolated rocky hills or knobs that rise abruptly from an erosional surface in desert regions are called inselbergs. The development of pediments and alluvial fans is progressive with the uplift of mountains and subsidence of adjacent basins. Pediments reflect a relative "static equilibrium" between erosion of materials from upland areas and deposition within an adjacent basin. The slope of the landscape is gentle enough that weathering and transport of sediments from upland areas and the pediment that no significant stream incision occurs. In many areas throughout the Mojave region it is nearly impossible to see where a pediment ends and alluvial fans begin, however, geophysical data and water-well drilling shows that in many places sediment filled basins do occur adjacent to pediment areas. The impact of climate change on alluvial fans has been the focus of much research. Studies show that a period of elevated alluvial fan deposition occurred between the time of the Last Glacial Maximum (about 15,000 years ago) and the beginning of arid conditions in the early Holocene (about 9,400 years ago).