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ISOLATION and CHARACTERIZATION of YEAST from Gallus Gallus DROPPINGS in KABIGERIET VILLAGE, OLENGURUONE

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ISOLATION and CHARACTERIZATION of YEAST from Gallus Gallus DROPPINGS in KABIGERIET VILLAGE, OLENGURUONE ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF YEAST FROM Gallus gallus DROPPINGS IN KABIGERIET VILLAGE, OLENGURUONE Edson Kipyegon Kemoi (Bsc. Medical laboratory science) I56/12219/09 A research thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Science (microbiology) in the school of pure and applied sciences, Kenyatta University October, 2012 ii DECLARATION I declare that the work presented in this thesis is my original work and has not been presented for the award of a degree in any other university or any other award. Kemoi Edson Kipyegon Signature…………….….. …….Date…………………………………………… We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision. SUPERVISORS Prof. Paul Okemo, Department of Plant and microbial sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya Signature………………………. Date…………………… Dr. Christine Bii, Kenya Medical Research institute, Centre of Microbiology research. Signature………………………. Date…………………… iii DEDICATION To my loving, mum Ann C. Cheruiyot and sister, Hellen Chepng‟etich. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors: Prof. Paul Okemo and Dr. Christine Bii for their professional guidance offered tirelessly in supervising the project from its inception to its completion. Thanks also go to Dr. Charles Mutai KEMRI for his advices which lead to inception of this project. Lastly my heartfelt gratitude and thanks are to all my friends and relatives for their patience, support and encouragement during the preparation of this thesis. It is impossible to mention you all by name as I would want, but to everybody else who contributed both materially and morally in one way or the other, towards the achievements made in this study thanks a lot. God bless you all. v Table of Contents DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF PLATES ........................................................................................................................................ x ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ xii CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Candida species ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Cryptococcus species .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Blastomyces dermatitidis ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Histoplasma Capsulatum ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.6 Problem statement and justification ........................................................................................................ 7 1.7 Hypothesis .............................................................................................................................................. 8 1.8.1 General objectives: ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.8.2 Specific objectives: ....................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 9 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Infections associated with Chicken ......................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Cryptococcus neoformans ..................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Cryptococcosis ................................................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Histoplasma species .............................................................................................................................. 13 2.3.1 Histoplasmosis ................................................................................................................................... 15 2.3.2 Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis ....................................................................................................... 15 2.3.3 Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis........................................................................................... 15 2.3.4 Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome ....................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Candida species .................................................................................................................................... 17 2.4.1 Candida characteristics on CHROM and Cornmeal media ............................................................... 18 2.4.2 Protein fingerprinting ......................................................................................................................... 20 2.4.1 Candidiasis infection .......................................................................................................................... 21 2.4.2 Oral candidiasis .................................................................................................................................. 21 vi 2.4.3 Pseudomembranous and Erythematous candidiasis ........................................................................... 22 2.4.4 Atrophic and Hyperplastic candidiasis .............................................................................................. 22 2.4.5 Candida- associated lesion ................................................................................................................ 23 2.4.6 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis syndromes (CMC) ................................................................... 25 2.4.7 Systemic candidiasis ........................................................................................................................... 25 2.4.8 Vaginal candidiasis ............................................................................................................................. 28 2.5 Blastomyces dermatitidis ...................................................................................................................... 29 2.5.1 Blastomycosis .................................................................................................................................... 29 2.5.2 Cutaneous blastomycosis................................................................................................................... 29 2.5.3 Pulmonary blastomycosis .................................................................................................................. 30 2.6 Saccharomyces species ......................................................................................................................... 31 2.6.1 Saccharomyces infection ................................................................................................................... 31 2.7 Geotrichum species ............................................................................................................................... 32 2.7.1 Geotrichosis ....................................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 34 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................................ 34 3.1 Study area ............................................................................................................................................. 34 3.2 Research design ...................................................................................................................................
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