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The Ukraine Crisis and Media Systems: Comparison of UK and Russian Media Coverage Thesis Submitted in Accordance with the Requir The Ukraine crisis and media systems: Comparison of UK and Russian media coverage Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy By Zixiu Liu September 2019 i Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... i List of Tables............................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................. ix List of Abbreviations................................................................................................... xi Abstract ...................................................................................................................... xii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... xiii Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Research Rationale ................................................................................................... 2 Original Contribution ............................................................................................... 5 Structure of the Thesis .............................................................................................. 7 Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................... 11 Media Systems and War Coverage ............................................................................ 11 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Media and Democracy ...................................................................................... 13 1.2.1 Five functions of the media in democracy. ................................................ 13 1.3 The Media Systems .......................................................................................... 21 1.3.1 The political contexts: liberal vs. hybrid regimes. ..................................... 21 1.3.2 The media systems of liberal democracies. ............................................... 23 1.3.3 The media systems of hybrid regimes. ...................................................... 29 1.4 Media and Conflict ........................................................................................... 34 1.4.1 The manufacturing consent thesis.............................................................. 36 1.4.2 The CNN effect theory. ............................................................................. 53 1.4.3 Media coverage of the Ukraine crisis. ....................................................... 64 1.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 71 Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................... 72 British and Russian Media ......................................................................................... 72 ii 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 72 2.2 British Media: Liberal Model ........................................................................... 73 2.3 Russian Media: Statist Commercialised Model ............................................... 77 2.3.1 Major transformations in media industry from 1990s to 2000s. ................ 79 2.3.2 Economic and political factors. ................................................................. 83 2.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 86 Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................... 87 The Ukraine Crisis ..................................................................................................... 87 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 87 3.2 The Ukraine Crisis ............................................................................................ 87 3.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 94 Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................... 95 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 95 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 95 4.2 Theoretical Backgrounds .................................................................................. 97 4.2.1 Qualitative analysis .................................................................................... 98 4.2.2 Framing analysis. ..................................................................................... 100 4.3 The Case Study – The Ukraine Crisis ............................................................ 117 4.4 The Sample ..................................................................................................... 118 4.4.1 The choice of periods. .............................................................................. 118 4.4.2 The choice of media sources. ................................................................... 122 4.4.3 The choice of keywords. .......................................................................... 126 4.5 The Implementation in the Case of Ukraine................................................... 127 Step 1: Producing a coding scheme. ................................................................. 127 Step 2: Collecting data. ..................................................................................... 128 Step 3: Analysing data. ..................................................................................... 130 Step 4: Analysing the results. ........................................................................... 131 iii 4.6 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 133 Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................. 134 Findings – Russian Media ........................................................................................ 134 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 134 5.2 Press Attention ............................................................................................... 135 1st period: 30. 11. 2013 – 26. 02. 2014. ............................................................ 135 2nd period: 27. 02. – 20. 03. 2014. .................................................................... 136 3rd period: 21. 03. – 17. 07. 2014. ..................................................................... 138 4th period: 18. 07. 2014 – 28. 02. 2015. ............................................................ 139 5.3 Framing of the Ukraine Crisis ........................................................................ 140 1st period: 30. 11. 2013 – 26. 02. 2014. ............................................................ 140 2nd period: 27. 02. – 20. 03. 2014. .................................................................... 148 3rd period: 21. 03. – 17. 07. 2014. ..................................................................... 156 4th period: 18. 07. 2014 – 28. 02. 2015. ............................................................ 169 5.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 182 Chapter 6 .................................................................................................................. 184 Findings – British Media .......................................................................................... 184 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 184 6.2 Press Attention ............................................................................................... 184 1st period: 30. 11. 2013 – 26. 02. 2014. ............................................................ 184 2nd period: 27. 02. – 20. 03. 2014. .................................................................... 186 3rd period: 21. 03. – 17. 07. 2014. ..................................................................... 187 4th period: 18. 07. 2014 – 28. 02. 2015. ............................................................ 189 6.3 Framing of the Ukraine Crisis ........................................................................ 190 1st period: 30. 11. 2013 – 26. 02. 2014. ............................................................ 190 2nd period: 27. 02. – 20. 03. 2014. .................................................................... 197 3rd period: 21. 03. – 17. 07. 2014. ..................................................................... 205 iv 4th period: 18. 07. 2014 – 28. 02. 2015. ............................................................ 216 6.4 Conclusion .....................................................................................................
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