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Download (2MB) Library and Bibliotheque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de !'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-33428-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-33428-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a Ia Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par !'Internet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve Ia propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni Ia these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a Ia loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur Ia protection de Ia vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ant ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans Ia pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ••• Canada PRE-CONTACT FISH WEIRS: A CASE STUDY FROM SOUTHWESTERN NOVA SCOTIA By © Roger J. Lewis A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Arts Archeology Unit, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts Memorial University Submitted February 20, 2006 St. John's, Newfoundland ABSTRACT Fish weirs have a wide distribution in Nova Scotia, and are present on most primary watersheds found in southwestern Nova Scotia. However, little systematic archaeological research has been undertaken to delineate these structures as to architecture, function and likely geographic location in an ancient landscape setting. Fish weir technology has been employed by humans since at least the Mesolithic period and has persisted in its basic form into the present. Variability in architecture is evident and it appears that at least four types of weir structures were utilized by pre-contact populations to harvest multiple fish species in southwestern Nova Scotia. This research demonstrates that a detailed archaeological inspection offish weirs is warranted for purposes ofproviding a broader understanding of their use in Nova Scotia. Petersen and others ( 1994:198) noted that while other facilities can be found at residential sites, fish weir structures are tied to a location, defined as a place where extractive tasks such as food or raw material gathering are undertaken. Fishing has always been a important integral part of the economy ofpre-contact aboriginal populations in the Maritimes. As a result, this research allows for a more detailed inspection of a pre-contact fishing technology and provides an opportunity to increase our understanding of subsistence, settlement, mobility and land and resource use patterns for this region. -ii- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research project was generously supported through funding provided by the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER), Memorial University of Newfoundland, and the Grants Program of the Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History (NSMNH). I am indebted to Memorial University of Newfoundland and the Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History for their moral, material and financial support. David Christianson and Stephen Powell, of the Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, provided unselfishly of their time to encourage this project to its conclusion. They also offered encouragement when major concerns arose. Their commitment to the protection, preservation, and management of native and non-native cultural resources in this province is applauded. I would also like to thank Robert Ferguson, Atlantic Service Centre, and Parks Canada Agency who has unfailingly encouraged my interest in archaeology. He is and remains a good friend who also proved to be an invaluable source of information. Marilyn Perkins, of the Atlantic Service Centre, Parks Canada Agency was a pillar of objectivity that provided much needed advice, assistance and direction to push this project through the many political and bureaucratic hurdles that threatened the realization of this project. She has a very keen and uncompromising interest in her Mi'kmaq culture, which is something that she is not always completely recognized for. -iii- I would like to thank Dr. Michael Deal, who supervised this project, for his patience, support and perceptive input. I would also like to take the opportunity to also acknowledge and thank my wife Lesley Lewis. I am extremely grateful for her patience, encouragement and understanding throughout this project. I would also like to take an opportunity to acknowledge my son Justin Lewis for his field assistance. He accompanied me throughout much of my field season. -iv- List of Tables Table 1: Habitat Classification Nova Scotia Table 2: Anadromous Fish Species Table 3: Catadromous Fish Species Table 4: Freshwater Fish Species Table 5: Euryhaline-Marine Fish Species Table 6: Interior Freshwater Species Southwestern Nova Scotia Table 7: Shellfish Communities Associated with Coastal Archaeological Sites Table 8: Temporal Equivalent for Ceramic Period Table 9: Direct Association Dates for Southwestern Nova Scotia Table 10: General Date Associations for Southwestern Nova Scotia Table 11: Cultural Sequence for Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Sites Table 12: Lead Length Descriptions Table 13: Habitat Locations where Stone Fish Weirs are Likely to be Located Table 14: Water Courses in Southwestern Nova Scotia v List of Figures Figure 1: Primary watersheds for southwestern Nova Scotia Figure 2: Relationship between Mi'kmaq and their environment Figure 3: Fence stake weir Figure 4: Fence stake weir with basket net Figure 5: Tusket River weir Figure 6: Annis River fish weir Figure 7: Ovate/rectangular fish weir on the Mersey River Figure 8: Ovate/rectangular fish weir on Mersey River Figure 9: Remnant fish weir at Lower Eel Weir Figure 10: Medway River fish weir Figure 11: Weir on the Mersey River below Dam #2 Figure 12: Weir Structures on the Mersey River below Dam# 2 Figure 13: Remnant Weir on the Mersey River below Indian Gardens Figure 14: Wambolt Weir, Medway River VI Table of Contents Abstract 11 Acknowledgments lll List of Tables v List of Figures VI Table of Contents Vll Thesis Organization 1 Chapter 1 1.0 Introduction 2 1.1 Problem Statement 4 1.2 Methodology 6 1.3 Theoretical Organization 8 1.4 Relationship between Human Populations and Environment 9 1.5 Technological Organization 10 1.6 Settlement and Subsistence Models 12 Chapter Two 2.0 Environmental Context 14 2.1 Biodiversity 15 2.2 Habitats 18 2.3 Fish Distribution 18 Chapter Three 3.0 Cultural Context 22 Vll 3.1 Ethnographic Context 27 3.2 Mi'kmaq Place Names 31 3.3 Mi'kmaq Legends 32 3.4 Weir Use in North America 36 3.5 Discussion 37 3.6 Weir sites and Description 38 3.7 Construction 45 3.8 Geographic Placement of weirs 48 3.9 Modern Weir Use 50 Chapter Four 4.0 Conclusion 53 4.1 Summary 54 4.2 Implications ofResearch 56 4.3 Rationale for Fish Weir Use in Southwestern Nova Scotia 58 References Cited 62 Appendix A: Pre-contact Fish Weirs for SWNS 67 viii THESIS ORGANIZATION While the fish weir is one of the most enduring of facilities utilized by pre-contact populations to meet subsistence requirements very little is known about them. This thesis presents information to amend this situation. Chapter 1 provides background information essential to conceptualizing the pre-contact history of fish weirs. A problem statement is provided, and the implication of the paucity of fish weir information and research literature for this region is outlined. This, along with the methodology and objectives of the research, as well as the theoretical basis for this thesis provides the context for information presented in later chapters. Chapter 2 provides the environmental and cultural context of the study area. It also includes information on historical and modem weir use. A summary of previous archaeological research in the study area is offered in Chapter 3, which includes a review of regional settlement and subsistence models that consider the overlapping of seasonally available resources in highly productive and interconnected habitats. Chapter 4 presents information related to the research of weirs. It also includes data on weir descriptions, geographical placement, and includes discussion of the value of Mi'kmaq legends and place names in discerning resource and exploitation areas in the region. Chapter 5 integrates the results of the fieldwork by providing a rationale and models for fish weir use in southwest Nova Scotia. -1- CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction This thesis is intended to address an obvious gap in the regional archaeological record for weir technology. The fish weir is the most unique and enduring of pre-contact facilities utilized to meet subsistence requirements and yet very little is known about them. The term weir is a generic term used to describe an obstruction located in the water, which had been made or modified by humans and designed to impede or impound fish for capture (Lutins 1992). Rostalund (1952:101) noted that many weir structures included in their architecture a trap which served to impound fish so that they could not escape.
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