DOCSLIB.ORG

11 · 2016 Peter Ax, the Promotor of Phylogenetic Systematics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

2016 · 11 11 · Februar 2016 Editorial ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. i Peter Ax (1927–2013): List of scientific Publications compiled by Peter Ax & Rainer Willmann ................................................................. 1 Peter Ax, the promotor of phylogenetic systematics 56th Phylogenetic Symposium 2014 in Hamburg, Germany Willi E. R. Xylander From the interstitial to phylogeny of the animal kingdom ............................................................................................................................ 7 Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa Peter Ax and the System of Metazoa ........................................................................................................................................................... 21 Michael Schmitt Hennig, Ax, and Present-Day Mainstream Cladistics, on polarising characters ......................................................................................... 35 Walter Sudhaus From the cladogram to an explanation of anagenesis in an evolutionary history perspective, exemplified by the mammals ................. 43 Stefan Richter Peter Ax’s views on homology – a comparison with Remane and Hennig ................................................................................................ 67 Additional Rainer Willmann List of scientific Publications compiled by Peter Ax & Rainer Willmann 11 · 2016 Peter Ax, the promotor of phylogenetic systematics 56th Phylogenetic Symposium 2014 in Hamburg, Germany ISSN 1618-1735 Herausgeber/Publisher Short Instructions to authors Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Institute: Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz, Germany Chefredakteur/Editor-in-Chief The scientific journal PECKIANA publishes congress contributions and outstanding theses in predominantly English. Willi Xylander Guest editors are invited for editing congress contributions. Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz — PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany Email: [email protected] The author(s) transfer their copyrights of the manuscript to the publisher to allow, e. g., open access. A copyright transfer declaration is mailed to the authors with the confirmation of receipt of the manuscript. If such a declaration is not received, the authors should contact the publisher. The author(s) must arrange any further authorisation necessary Herausgeber dieses Bandes/ Guest Editors for reproduction of figures etc. prior to submission of the manuscript. The cover letter must explicitly confirm that all Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa, University of Hamburg & Stefan Richter, University of Rostock, Germany named authors have agreed to publication of the work, and that the manuscript does not infringe any other person’s copyright or property rights. Titelbild/Frontcover The print space of the journal is 165 x 231 mm or 81 mm width for one column. The basic font is Times New Roman. Peter Ax in summer 1966 (Photo kindly provideed by Renate Ax) • Figures and photographs: are to be submitted in high-resolution digital form (with a minimum resulolution of 300 dpi). The prefered file formats are PSD (Photoshop) and TIFF. Please do not reduce the layers to one layer. Costs incurred by printing colour photographs or figures must be borne by the author(s). Layout • Diagrams and line illustrations: Should be supplied as high-resolution digital files. The print space of the journal, should be kept in mind in the Jacqueline Gitschmann, Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz, Germany preparation of tables and graphs. If you scan line drawings, select a resolution of 1200 dpi for the final figure size. Text in illustrations should be as short as possible in sans-serif type (Arial) and regular style. • Heading: English title, short title, full name of the author(s), institution(s) (affiliation) and full address(es). In case of several authors, a corresponding author Herstellung/Production should be indicated. Eigenverlag Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz • Abstract: Including a list of up to five keywords that do not appear in the title. • Text: Sectioned (where applicable) into: 1. Introduction, 2. Materials and methods, 3. Results, 4. Discussion, 5. Acknowledgements (if desired), 6. References. Druck/Print Names of genera and species are set in italics. For the first mention of species names within the text, the name should be followed by the describing author(s). Taxonomic descriptions must accord with the applicable International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and the International Code of Nomenclature for Printed by Gustav Winter Druckerei und Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Herrnhut, Germany. Printed on environmentally friendly paper. algae, fungi, and plants. References within the text should be given as in the following examples: ‘Brown & White (2005) have shown…’, or, ‘Some authors (Brown & White 2005, Black 2006) consider that…’. For two collaborating authors, the names are to be connected with an ampersand (&), more than two Vertrieb/Distribution authors are to be cited with the first author’s name followed by et al. No comma should be used to separate the year of publication from author names. Citations within brackets should be arranged chronologically, for example: (Brown & White 2005, White 2006, Black et al. 2007). Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz — Library, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany • Reference list citations: References are to be listed alphabetically by author(s), and within these in chronological sequence. The journal style requires Email: [email protected] citations to be formatted as in the following examples: Surname(s) and initial(s); year of publication in parentheses followed by a colon; full title in the original language (or in official transliteration) followed by a full stop, space, en-dash, space, full journal title (not in abbreviated form), volume number in bold type Bestellhinweise/Subscription Information followed by a colon, page numbers of the cited article followed by a full stop. For journal articles: Voigtländer, K. & C. Düker (2001): Distribution and species grouping of millipedes (Myriapoda, Diplopoda) in dry biotopes in Saxony-Anhalt/Eastern Germany. – European Journal of Soil Biology : 123–126. Die ‘Peckiana’ ist zu beziehen über ein Bestellformular (www.senckenberg.de/peckiana), bitte ausgefüllt per E-mail oder Post an die Bibliothek zurück senden. Für 37 weitere Informationen über Zahlung und Versand wenden Sie sich bitte direkt an die Bibliothek oder nutzen Sie unsere Website. For book chapters: Kuwahara, Y. (2004): Chemical ecology of astigmatid mites. – In: Cardé, R. T. & J. G. Millar (eds): Advances in Insect Chemical Ecology. – Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 76–109. For books/monographs: Braun, U. (1995): A monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia, and allied genera To buy PECKIANA please fill out the orderform (www.senckenberg.de/peckiana) and send it back to us either per e-mail or by post (printed and signed) to our library. (phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes), Vol. 1. – IHW-Verlag, Eching: 333 pp. Kiss, L. & O. Szentiványi (2000): Infection of bean with For information concerning purchase and payment, please contact the responsible librarian in Görlitz or see the website. For internet references: cucumber powdery mildew, Podosphaera fusca. – New Disease Reports Volume 2 [http://www.bspp.org.uk/ndr/]. Website All submitted manuscripts are subject to review by two specialist referees. Mainly based on their reports the editors decide whether a manuscript www.senckenberg.de/peckiana will be accepted for publication. When the review procedure is completed, the review documents and the editors’ statement of (non-)acceptance will be sent to the corresponding author. If a manuscript requires major revision, final acceptance may only be decided after a revised version of the manuscript has been received and checked by the editors and/or the referees. Authors of accepted manuscripts will receive a proof copy of their paper as a PDF. Proof corrections should be communicated as soon as possible, normally per e-mail, along with the release to print. Authors will be supplied a PDF copy (300 dpi) for free use. The PDFs will also be freely accessible at www.senckenberg.de/peckiana. © Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz · 2016 Hardcopy reprints are available for purchase. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Die Verfasser sind für den Inhalt ihrer Abhandlungen allein verantwortlich. All rights reserved. The scientific content of a paper is the sole responsibility of the author(s). Submission of manuscripts should preferably be sent by email to [email protected] [up to 15 MB per message]. Editum 12.02.2016 Alternatively, correspondence and media can be sent by normal mail: the Prof. Dr. Willi Xylander, Editor-in-Chief of PECKIANA ISSN Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz 1618-1735 PF 30 01 54, 02806 Görlitz, Germany Editorial i Editorial entitled: ‘From the interstitial to the phylogeny of the animal kingdom – Peter Ax as a scientist and academic When Peter Ax died on May 2nd, 2013, we lost a great teacher’. This is followed by an investigation by Andreas zoologist who left his mark in various areas. He was Schmidt-Rhaesa of the reasons that made Peter Ax write specialist on flatworms, an important researcher on the a three volume book on the phylogenetic relationships
Recommended publications
  • JVP 26(3) September 2006—ABSTRACTS

    JVP 26(3) September 2006—ABSTRACTS

    Neoceti Symposium, Saturday 8:45 acid-prepared osteolepiforms Medoevia and Gogonasus has offered strong support for BODY SIZE AND CRYPTIC TROPHIC SEPARATION OF GENERALIZED Jarvik’s interpretation, but Eusthenopteron itself has not been reexamined in detail. PIERCE-FEEDING CETACEANS: THE ROLE OF FEEDING DIVERSITY DUR- Uncertainty has persisted about the relationship between the large endoskeletal “fenestra ING THE RISE OF THE NEOCETI endochoanalis” and the apparently much smaller choana, and about the occlusion of upper ADAM, Peter, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; JETT, Kristin, Univ. of and lower jaw fangs relative to the choana. California, Davis, Davis, CA; OLSON, Joshua, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, Los A CT scan investigation of a large skull of Eusthenopteron, carried out in collaboration Angeles, CA with University of Texas and Parc de Miguasha, offers an opportunity to image and digital- Marine mammals with homodont dentition and relatively little specialization of the feeding ly “dissect” a complete three-dimensional snout region. We find that a choana is indeed apparatus are often categorized as generalist eaters of squid and fish. However, analyses of present, somewhat narrower but otherwise similar to that described by Jarvik. It does not many modern ecosystems reveal the importance of body size in determining trophic parti- receive the anterior coronoid fang, which bites mesial to the edge of the dermopalatine and tioning and diversity among predators. We established relationships between body sizes of is received by a pit in that bone. The fenestra endochoanalis is partly floored by the vomer extant cetaceans and their prey in order to infer prey size and potential trophic separation of and the dermopalatine, restricting the choana to the lateral part of the fenestra.
  • Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and "Aschelminthes" - A

    Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and "Aschelminthes" - A

    BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol. III - Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and "Aschelminthes" - A. Schmidt-Rhaesa PLATYHELMINTHES, NEMERTEA, AND “ASCHELMINTHES” A. Schmidt-Rhaesa University of Bielefeld, Germany Keywords: Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Gnathifera, Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera, Acanthocephala, Cycliophora, Nemathelminthes, Gastrotricha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera Contents 1. Introduction 2. General Morphology 3. Platyhelminthes, the Flatworms 4. Nemertea (Nemertini), the Ribbon Worms 5. “Aschelminthes” 5.1. Gnathifera 5.1.1. Gnathostomulida 5.1.2. Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia maerski) 5.1.3. Rotifera 5.1.4. Acanthocephala 5.1.5. Cycliophora (Symbion pandora) 5.2. Nemathelminthes 5.2.1. Gastrotricha 5.2.2. Nematoda, the Roundworms 5.2.3. Nematomorpha, the Horsehair Worms 5.2.4. Priapulida 5.2.5. Kinorhyncha 5.2.6. Loricifera Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary UNESCO – EOLSS This chapter provides information on several basal bilaterian groups: flatworms, nemerteans, Gnathifera,SAMPLE and Nemathelminthes. CHAPTERS These include species-rich taxa such as Nematoda and Platyhelminthes, and as taxa with few or even only one species, such as Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia maerski) and Cycliophora (Symbion pandora). All Acanthocephala and subgroups of Platyhelminthes and Nematoda, are parasites that often exhibit complex life cycles. Most of the taxa described are marine, but some have also invaded freshwater or the terrestrial environment. “Aschelminthes” are not a natural group, instead, two taxa have been recognized that were earlier summarized under this name. Gnathifera include taxa with a conspicuous jaw apparatus such as Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and Rotifera. Although they do not possess a jaw apparatus, Acanthocephala also belong to Gnathifera due to their epidermal structure. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol.
  • Ischigualasto Formation. the Second Is a Sile- Diversity Or Abundance, but This Result Was Based on Only 19 of Saurid, Ignotosaurus Fragilis (Fig

    Ischigualasto Formation. the Second Is a Sile- Diversity Or Abundance, but This Result Was Based on Only 19 of Saurid, Ignotosaurus Fragilis (Fig

    This article was downloaded by: [University of Chicago Library] On: 10 October 2013, At: 10:52 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujvp20 Vertebrate succession in the Ischigualasto Formation Ricardo N. Martínez a , Cecilia Apaldetti a b , Oscar A. Alcober a , Carina E. Colombi a b , Paul C. Sereno c , Eliana Fernandez a b , Paula Santi Malnis a b , Gustavo A. Correa a b & Diego Abelin a a Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan , España 400 (norte), San Juan , Argentina , CP5400 b Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas , Buenos Aires , Argentina c Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, and Committee on Evolutionary Biology , University of Chicago , 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago , Illinois , 60637 , U.S.A. Published online: 08 Oct 2013. To cite this article: Ricardo N. Martínez , Cecilia Apaldetti , Oscar A. Alcober , Carina E. Colombi , Paul C. Sereno , Eliana Fernandez , Paula Santi Malnis , Gustavo A. Correa & Diego Abelin (2012) Vertebrate succession in the Ischigualasto Formation, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 32:sup1, 10-30, DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2013.818546 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.818546 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content.
  • I FLATWORM PREDATION on JUVENILE FRESHWATER

    I FLATWORM PREDATION on JUVENILE FRESHWATER

    FLATWORM PREDATION ON JUVENILE FRESHWATER MUSSELS A Thesis Presented to the Graduate College of Southwest Missouri State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree By Angela Marie Delp July 2002 i FLATWORM PREDATION OF JUVENILE FRESHWATER MUSSELS Biology Department Southwest Missouri State University, July 27, 2002 Master of Science in Biology Angela Marie Delp ABSTRACT Free-living flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Turbellaria) are important predators on small aquatic invertebrates. Macrostomum tuba, a predominantly benthic species, feeds on juvenile freshwater mussels in fish hatcheries and mussel culture facilities. Laboratory experiments were performed to assess the predation rate of M. tuba on newly transformed juveniles of plain pocketbook mussel, Lampsilis cardium. Predation rate at 20 oC in dishes without substrate was 0.26 mussels·worm-1·h-1. Predation rate increased to 0.43 mussels·worm-1·h-1 when a substrate, polyurethane foam, was present. Substrate may have altered behavior of the predator and brought the flatworms in contact with the mussels more often. An alternative prey, the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia reticulata, was eaten at a higher rate than mussels when only one prey type was present, but at a similar rate when both were present. Finally, the effect of flatworm size (0.7- 2.2 mm long) on predation rate on mussels (0.2 mm) was tested. Predation rate increased with predator size. The slope of this relationship decreased with increasing predator size. Predation rate was near zero in 0.7 mm worms. Juvenile mussels grow rapidly and can escape flatworm predation by exceeding the size of these tiny predators.
  • Platyhelminthes Rhabdocoela

    Platyhelminthes Rhabdocoela

    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 120 (2018) 259–273 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Species diversity in the marine microturbellarian Astrotorhynchus bifidus T sensu lato (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from the Northeast Pacific Ocean ⁎ Niels W.L. Van Steenkiste , Elizabeth R. Herbert, Brian S. Leander Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Increasing evidence suggests that many widespread species of meiofauna are in fact regional complexes of Flatworms (pseudo-)cryptic species. This knowledge has challenged the ‘Everything is Everywhere’ hypothesis and also Meiofauna partly explains the meiofauna paradox of widespread nominal species with limited dispersal abilities. Here, we Species delimitation investigated species diversity within the marine microturbellarian Astrotorhynchus bifidus sensu lato in the turbellaria Northeast Pacific Ocean. We used a multiple-evidence approach combining multi-gene (18S, 28S, COI) phylo- Pseudo-cryptic species genetic analyses, several single-gene and multi-gene species delimitation methods, haplotype networks and COI conventional taxonomy to designate Primary Species Hypotheses (PSHs). This included the development of rhabdocoel-specific COI barcode primers, which also have the potential to aid in species identification and delimitation in other rhabdocoels. Secondary Species Hypotheses (SSHs) corresponding to morphospecies and pseudo-cryptic species were then proposed based on the minimum consensus of different PSHs. Our results showed that (a) there are at least five species in the A. bifidus complex in the Northeast Pacific Ocean, four of which can be diagnosed based on stylet morphology, (b) the A.
  • Phylogeny of Molting Protostomes (Ecdysozoa) As Inferred from 18S and 28S Rrna Gene Sequences N

    Phylogeny of Molting Protostomes (Ecdysozoa) As Inferred from 18S and 28S Rrna Gene Sequences N

    Molecular Biology, Vol. 39, No. 4, 2005, pp. 503–513. Translated from Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, Vol. 39, No. 4, 2005, pp. 590–601. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Petrov, Vladychenskaya. REVIEW AND EXPERIMANTAL ARTICLES UDC 575.852'113;595.131'132'145.2'185;595.2 Phylogeny of Molting Protostomes (Ecdysozoa) as Inferred from 18S and 28S rRNA Gene Sequences N. B. Petrov and N. S. Vladychenskaya Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russia e-mail: [email protected] Received December 29, 2004 Abstract—Phylogenetic relationships within the group of molting protostomes were reconstructed by compar- ing the sets of 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences considered either separately or in combination. The reliability of reconstructions was estimated from the bootstrap indices for major phylogenetic tree nodes and from the degree of congruence of phylogenetic trees obtained by different methods. By either criterion, the phylogenetic trees reconstructed on the basis of both 18 and 28S rRNA gene sequences were better than those based on the 18S or 28S sequences alone. The results of reconstruction are consistent with the phylogenetic hypothesis clas- sifying protostomes into two major clades: molting Ecdysozoa (Priapulida + Kinorhyncha, Nematoda + Nema- tomorpha, Onychophora + Tardigrada, Myriapoda + Chelicerata, and Crustacea + Hexapoda) and nonmolting Lophotrochozoa (Plathelminthes, Nemertini, Annelida, Mollusca, Echiura, and Sipuncula). Nematomorphs (Nematomorpha) do not belong to the clade Cephalorhyncha (Priapulida + Kinorhyncha). It is concluded that combined data on the 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences provide a more reliable basis for phylogenetic infer- ences. Key words: 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, molecular phylogeny, Protostomia, Ecdysozoa, Arthropoda, Cephalorhyn- cha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha INTRODUCTION accepted in zoology and became basic in textbooks Since its origin at the turn of the 20th century, [12, 13].
  • The Shoulder Girdle and Anterior Limb of Drepanosaurus Unguicaudatus

    The Shoulder Girdle and Anterior Limb of Drepanosaurus Unguicaudatus

    <oological Journal of the Linnean Socieg (1994), Ill: 247-264. With 12 figures The shoulder girdle and anterior limb of Drepanosaurus unguicaudatus (Reptilia, Neodiapsida) from the upper Triassic (Norian) Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/111/3/247/2691415 by guest on 27 September 2021 of Northern Italy SILVIO RENESTO Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita degli Studi, Via Mangiagalli 34, I-20133 Milano, Italy Received January 1993, accepted for publication February 1994 A reinvestigation of the osteology of the holotype of Drepanosaurus unguicaudatus Pinna, 1980 suggests that in earlier descriptions some osteological features were misinterpreted, owing to the crushing of the bones and because taphonomic aspects were not considered. The pattern of the shoulder girdle and fore-limb was misunderstood: the supposed interclavicle is in fact the right scapula, and the bones previously identified as coracoid and scapula belong to the anterior limb. The new reconstruction of the shoulder girdle, along with the morphology of the phalanges and caudal vertebrae, leads to a new hypothesis about the mode oflife of this reptile. Drepanosaurus was probably an arboreal reptile which used its enormous claws to scrape the bark from trees, perhaps in search of insects, just as the modern pigmy anteater (Cyclopes) does. Available diagnostic characters place Drepanosaurus within the Neodiapsida Benton, but it is impossible to ascribe this genus to one or other of the two major neodiapsid lineages, the Archosauromorpha and the Lepidosauromorpha. ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS:-Functional morphology - taxonomy - taphonomy - palaeoecology . CONTENTS Introduction ................... 247 Taphonomy ..... .............. 249 Systematic palaeontology . .............. 251 Genus Drepanosaurus Pinna, 1980 .............. 252 Drepannsaurus unguicaudatus Pinna, 1980.
  • Defining Phyla: Evolutionary Pathways to Metazoan Body Plans

    Defining Phyla: Evolutionary Pathways to Metazoan Body Plans

    EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT 3:6, 432-442 (2001) Defining phyla: evolutionary pathways to metazoan body plans Allen G. Collins^ and James W. Valentine* Museum of Paleontology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 'Author for correspondence (email: [email protected]) 'Present address: Section of Ecology, Befiavior, and Evolution, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA SUMMARY Phyla are defined by two sets of criteria, one pothesis of Nielsen; the clonal hypothesis of Dewel; the set- morphological and the other historical. Molecular evidence aside cell hypothesis of Davidson et al.; and a benthic hy- permits the grouping of animals into clades and suggests that pothesis suggested by the fossil record. It is concluded that a some groups widely recognized as phyla are paraphyletic, benthic radiation of animals could have supplied the ances- while some may be polyphyletic; the phyletic status of crown tral lineages of all but a few phyla, is consistent with molecu- phyla is tabulated. Four recent evolutionary scenarios for the lar evidence, accords well with fossil evidence, and accounts origins of metazoan phyla and of supraphyletic clades are as- for some of the difficulties in phylogenetic analyses of phyla sessed in the light of a molecular phylogeny: the trochaea hy- based on morphological criteria. INTRODUCTION Molecules have provided an important operational ad- vance to addressing questions about the origins of animal Concepts of animal phyla have changed importantly from phyla. Molecular developmental and comparative genomic their origins in the six Linnaean classis and four Cuvieran evidence offer insights into the genetic bases of body plan embranchements.
  • Early Tetrapod Relationships Revisited

    Early Tetrapod Relationships Revisited

    Biol. Rev. (2003), 78, pp. 251–345. f Cambridge Philosophical Society 251 DOI: 10.1017/S1464793102006103 Printed in the United Kingdom Early tetrapod relationships revisited MARCELLO RUTA1*, MICHAEL I. COATES1 and DONALD L. J. QUICKE2 1 The Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637-1508, USA ([email protected]; [email protected]) 2 Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL57PY, UK and Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW75BD, UK ([email protected]) (Received 29 November 2001; revised 28 August 2002; accepted 2 September 2002) ABSTRACT In an attempt to investigate differences between the most widely discussed hypotheses of early tetrapod relation- ships, we assembled a new data matrix including 90 taxa coded for 319 cranial and postcranial characters. We have incorporated, where possible, original observations of numerous taxa spread throughout the major tetrapod clades. A stem-based (total-group) definition of Tetrapoda is preferred over apomorphy- and node-based (crown-group) definitions. This definition is operational, since it is based on a formal character analysis. A PAUP* search using a recently implemented version of the parsimony ratchet method yields 64 shortest trees. Differ- ences between these trees concern: (1) the internal relationships of aı¨stopods, the three selected species of which form a trichotomy; (2) the internal relationships of embolomeres, with Archeria
  • Cryptic Speciation Among Meiofaunal Flatworms Henry J

    Cryptic Speciation Among Meiofaunal Flatworms Henry J

    Winthrop University Digital Commons @ Winthrop University Graduate Theses The Graduate School 8-2018 Cryptic Speciation Among Meiofaunal Flatworms Henry J. Horacek Winthrop University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.winthrop.edu/graduatetheses Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Horacek, Henry J., "Cryptic Speciation Among Meiofaunal Flatworms" (2018). Graduate Theses. 94. https://digitalcommons.winthrop.edu/graduatetheses/94 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at Digital Commons @ Winthrop University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Winthrop University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CRYPTIC SPECIATION AMONG MEIOFAUNAL FLATWORMS A thesis Presented to the Faculty Of the College of Arts and Sciences In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Of Master of Science In Biology Winthrop University August, 2018 By Henry Joseph Horacek August 2018 To the Dean of the Graduate School: We are submitting a thesis written by Henry Joseph Horacek entitled Cryptic Speciation among Meiofaunal Flatworms. We recommend acceptance in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology __________________________ Dr. Julian Smith, Thesis Advisor __________________________ Dr. Cynthia Tant, Committee Member _________________________ Dr. Dwight Dimaculangan, Committee Member ___________________________ Dr. Adrienne McCormick, Dean of the College of Arts & Sciences __________________________ Jack E. DeRochi, Dean, Graduate School Table of Contents List of Figures p. iii List of Tables p. iv Abstract p. 1 Acknowledgements p. 2 Introduction p. 3 Materials and Methods p. 18 Results p. 28 Discussion p.
  • Descripción De Nuevas Especies Animales De La Península Ibérica E Islas Baleares (1978-1994): Tendencias Taxonómicas Y Listado Sistemático

    Descripción De Nuevas Especies Animales De La Península Ibérica E Islas Baleares (1978-1994): Tendencias Taxonómicas Y Listado Sistemático

    Graellsia, 53: 111-175 (1997) DESCRIPCIÓN DE NUEVAS ESPECIES ANIMALES DE LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA E ISLAS BALEARES (1978-1994): TENDENCIAS TAXONÓMICAS Y LISTADO SISTEMÁTICO M. Esteban (*) y B. Sanchiz (*) RESUMEN Durante el periodo 1978-1994 se han descrito cerca de 2.000 especies animales nue- vas para la ciencia en territorio ibérico-balear. Se presenta como apéndice un listado completo de las especies (1978-1993), ordenadas taxonómicamente, así como de sus referencias bibliográficas. Como tendencias generales en este proceso de inventario de la biodiversidad se aprecia un incremento moderado y sostenido en el número de taxones descritos, junto a una cada vez mayor contribución de los autores españoles. Es cada vez mayor el número de especies publicadas en revistas que aparecen en el Science Citation Index, así como el uso del idioma inglés. La mayoría de los phyla, clases u órdenes mues- tran gran variación en la cantidad de especies descritas cada año, dado el pequeño núme- ro absoluto de publicaciones. Los insectos son claramente el colectivo más estudiado, pero se aprecia una disminución en su importancia relativa, asociada al incremento de estudios en grupos poco conocidos como los nematodos. Palabras clave: Biodiversidad; Taxonomía; Península Ibérica; España; Portugal; Baleares. ABSTRACT Description of new animal species from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands (1978-1994): Taxonomic trends and systematic list During the period 1978-1994 about 2.000 new animal species have been described in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. A complete list of these new species for 1978-1993, taxonomically arranged, and their bibliographic references is given in an appendix.
  • Radial Symmetry Or Bilateral Symmetry Or "Spherical Symmetry"

    Radial Symmetry Or Bilateral Symmetry Or "Spherical Symmetry"

    Symmetry in biology is the balanced distribution of duplicate body parts or shapes. The body plans of most multicellular organisms exhibit some form of symmetry, either radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry or "spherical symmetry". A small minority exhibit no symmetry (are asymmetric). In nature and biology, symmetry is approximate. For example, plant leaves, while considered symmetric, will rarely match up exactly when folded in half. Radial symmetry These organisms resemble a pie where several cutting planes produce roughly identical pieces. An organism with radial symmetry exhibits no left or right sides. They have a top and a bottom (dorsal and ventral surface) only. Animals Symmetry is important in the taxonomy of animals; animals with bilateral symmetry are classified in the taxon Bilateria, which is generally accepted to be a clade of the kingdom Animalia. Bilateral symmetry means capable of being split into two equal parts so that one part is a mirror image of the other. The line of symmetry lies dorso-ventrally and anterior-posteriorly. Most radially symmetric animals are symmetrical about an axis extending from the center of the oral surface, which contains the mouth, to the center of the opposite, or aboral, end. This type of symmetry is especially suitable for sessile animals such as the sea anemone, floating animals such as jellyfish, and slow moving organisms such as sea stars (see special forms of radial symmetry). Animals in the phyla cnidaria and echinodermata exhibit radial symmetry (although many sea anemones and some corals exhibit bilateral symmetry defined by a single structure, the siphonoglyph) (see Willmer, 1990).