From the Divisions. Metropolitan. between Courlantl-street, Druiiinioyne, arid Lang- street, Ashfield, and between Station-street and Hamp- The work of preparing two archways under the stead-road, Auburn. has heen completed. Sydney Harbour Bridge approaches froiiting York- street North, City, for occupancy as factory premises is now proceeding. The ;irchways are 56 ft. wide antl 146 ft. dccp atid 63 ft. wide aid 14ft. deep. respec- tively, antl will be enclosed at each end with large steel framed windows. ‘The work is being uiitlertaken by Mr. J. G. Taylor under coiitr;ict to the Ikpartmcnt.

* # # * -x ;x Further sections of the Priiice’s Highway in the Municipality of Newtown are being reconstructed. Defective wood blocks are being removed and a cement concrete base with an asphaltic concrete surface course is being laid. In the Municipality of Kockdale the re- conditioning with premixed tiiacatlatii, of thc shoulders of the highway between Sliring-streel- aid Soutbstreet, has been commenced. In the Shire of Central Illawarra reconditioning by means of the drag process is being carried out between Dapto and Yallah, and the nrw concrete bridge. con- structed by Contractor K. B. Cram, at Byarong Creek has been completed and opened to traffc. The central timber bridge at Mullctt Creek, tiear Dapto. is being widened to standard width of 20 ft.. and at Nowra, the rcplacctnent of portion of the decking of the hridge over the Shoalhaven River has been completed.

# * * # * x New South Head Road (main road 173). Row Ray. The work of constructing a central strip of cement between Dumaresq and Twoli Avenues. before and concrete pavement on the Great Western Highway after reconstruction by Woollahra Council. ‘52774-A 54 MAIN ROADS. Vol. 6, No. 3.

(;ood progress has been made by Contractor Mans- has been completcd antl opcnrd to traffic, and over the field with tlie construction of the new IJridge and de- same creek 4 miles further on another concrete bridgc viation at South Creek in the Municipality of St. lias hecn constructed, arid work 011 tlie approaches is Mary’s. In conjunction with this work, and in ordcr now in hand. to ohtain filling for tlie bridge approaches, the regrad- I: I: *I # * # ing of two crests near Minchinbury at Rooty Hill antl two crests between South Creek and Kingswootl-to On the Mid-western Ilighway in the Shire of Aher- improve visibility-is being carried out, and a coin- cronihic a concretc atid steel Iwitlge ft. long is to mencemcnt has been niatie with tlie laying of the Iiasc be constructed over llick’s Creek II miles froin course of harsh mix concrete in preparation for sur- Bathurst. A contract in the sum of fI,g56 8s. for facing with hot niix by thc drag resheeting process. this work has been let to Mr. Robert Hood. The iniprovenient of the highway in tlie Blue Moun- Tlie reconstruction of Pennant Hills road (State tains district is being continued and realignment antl Highway No. 13) between the Pacific Highway at regrading hrtmeen Litiden and Woodford has recently I’earce’s Corner and the existing concrete pavement been carried out, and similar work betwecn Leura and in Campbell-avenue is iiow in progress. The work Katooniha is in hand. The regrading of crests in order which is hcing carried out by the Department by day labour will consist of a roller consolidated harsh mix concrete hase mliicli will he surfaced with drag spread bituminous macadam. (1)uring the work traffic will IIC detoured over a small scction iicar Carnl)bell-avenue, via Ruckingliam-avenue. Denman-parade. and Nor- manhurst-road. Sliould licavy rains intcrferc with the side tracks an alternative route, to and from Hornsby. via fIutltlart-avenue, De~imaii-p~ir;i~lc.Edward-strcct antl Unwin-road, is available.) On Trunk-road No. 54. in the Shire of Turon, Con- tractor J,. Dclatorrc is constructing a three-span coii- crete bridge 86 ft. long over Clear Creek, near the village of Peel. On Trunk Road Ko. 55 in the Shire of Wyaldra Contractor Honepwootl has practically completed the constri~ction of a concrete box culvert :it lilackbull Creek, 19% miles north of Gulgong. At tlie Tal- bragar River, 27 miles north of Gulgong, good pro- gress is bring made by ;\.fessrs. Jackson’s Bridge Con- struction Ltd., with the construction of two timber beam bridges 125 ft. antl 50 ft. long, respectively. Rcccroft-road, Hornsby (Main lioatl No. 139) is being improved iii the vicinity of Devlin’s Creek, over which a concrete bridge and culvert is being con- structed by Contractor L. G. Bucknell. Widening of Castlereagh-road (Main Road No. 2 is being carried ont over the full length of 14 ~~ ~~ ~~ __ ~~ ~~ 155) miles through the Municipalities of I’enrith, Rich- Punchbowl Road (main road 3 15). Municildity of Enfield, between Hume Highway and Cook’a River. mond. and Cast1ere:igh. The width of tlie completetl before and after reconatruction. formation will be 20 ft. antl thc witlcned pavement 18 ft. to give improved visibility at various points IJetwecii Tlie work of constructing a deviation 011 the Lawson and Wentworth Falls has also heeti untler- Gordon-Pittwater road (Main Road No. 162) at First taken, antl concrete edge strips are being constructed Rocks. near St. Ives Showground. has now been com- between Medlow and Rlackheath and alw at Mount pleted, thus eliminating a sharp hairpin bend 011 the Victoria. old road. The reconstruction of the scctiori of Ryde- road (Main Road No. 162) between Cross-street ancl Between Yetholme and Bathurst tar surfacing of Pacific Highway, in the Municipality of Ku-ring-gai. the gravel pavement has been completed. \Vith the has now been commenced. (This section is now closet1 exception of a short length near the Lett River wlirrc to through traflic, which is detoured via Bridge-street further improvement works are contemplatctl. there and West-street). The work comprises the laying of is now a tar surface or higher type of pavement all the a harsh niix roller consolidated cement concrete base way from Sydney to Bathurst. Eight miles beyond coursc which will be surfaced with lreniixctl macatlani Bathurst, the iicw concrete Iritlge over Ronlc’s Crcck spread by the drag process. May, 1935. MAIN ROADS. 55

A commencement has been macle with the construc- On the Roseville-Brookvale road (M.R. No. 3zX), tion of a duplicate carriageway in Oxford-street (Main the Department has completed the surfacing of five Road No. 172)~Randwick, fronting Centennial Park. deviations recently constructed hetwecn Roscville This work when completed will provide for Sydney Bridge and Brookvale, and has now undertaken the bound traftic hctween Queen-strcct gatcs and Oceaii- widening of the road near Roseville Bridge and recon- street gates. struction, including deviations, between Beacon Hill The rrconstrnction of tlie reniaining portion of and Pittwater-road at Brookvale,. Sydney Road (Main Road No. 164) on the northern At the request of tlie Vaucluse Council, the Depart- approach to tlic Spit Bridge has been conipletcd and ment has re-sheeted the cement concrete pavement of a continuous pavement now exists from the intersec- Old South Head road (M.R. No. 339) between Salis- tion of Sydney-road ancl French’s Forest road to thc burystreet and Robertson-place) . Thc Waverley Spit Bridge. The construction of a cement concrete Council has conipleted the reconstruction in cement pavement on the southern side of Sydney-road between concrete of the same road between Palrner-street and French’s Forest road and Dudlev-street has also re- New South Head road. cently been cotnpleted. The witlening of I~rskineville-road(M.R. No. 193j near Erskincvillc Station has been conipletcd by the Council. The area added to the roadway was pre- viously occupied by an island block of buildings. On the General Holmes’ Drive (Main Road No. 1y4), in tlie Municipality of Rockdale, good progress is being made with the construction of a duplicate carriageway between the bridge over Cook’s River and Bruce-street, Brighton-le-Sands.

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Pittwater Road (main road 162). View of First Rocks Deviation in course of construction. showing junction with old road, looking towards the Pacific Highway. Messrs. Concrete Constructions (Roads) Ltd. have completed the reconstruction in concrete of Concord- -! road (hl.R. No. ZOO) hetwecri Killoola-street and Beimish Street (secondary road 20 14), Municipality Mary-street. The work, which was carried out under of Canterbury. before and after reconstruction. contract to the Concord Council, included a deviation betweeii Killoola-street arid Loch Marie parade, and Portion of the Boulevardc (h4.R. No. 315) in the will junction with the approaches to the new bridge Municipality of Strathfield has been reconditioned by over the Parramatta River at Ulir’s Point, which are the Council by tlie application of a wearing course of now being constructed under contract to the Ryde premixed macadam laid by the drag process. Council. Several sections of the Wisenian’s Ferry Road In the Shire of Sutherland. the Council has com- (Main Road No. 181) bctwccn the 18 m.p. and zj pleted the construction, by day lahour, of a short ni.p., have been regravelled. The road over this length deviation on (lie Port Hacking road (M.K. 227) to has excess convexity, rendering it somewhat difficult improve the alignment and grading of the main road for vehicles to pass, and this is being dealt with by on tlic southern approach to Gwawley Creck Bridge. building up the shoulders. With tlic object of improv- The work of constructing a new culvert at Mogo ing visibility on tlic Wiscrnan’s Ferry Hill rock Creek, on the same road (using 6 ft. diameter con- shelves and points are being removed. and the mate- crete pipcs instead of tlic present timber structure) is rial used for building up tlcficiencies in the roadway nearing completion. and improving tlic hairpin bend at 24% m. 56 MAIN ROADS. Vol. 6. No. 3.

Upper-Northern. box culvert is being constructed over Rattle Creek, ; niilcs 67 chains north of Woodburn, and at the junc- The section of the Pacific lliglimay (No. IO) known tion of the highway with the Lismore-Byron Bay as Korora Deviation. 3.7.; milcs to 5.0.; miles north of Trunk Road (No. (is) in Byron Shire. the existing Coff‘s Harl)onr. is being surfaced with bitumen, and right angular turns are being replaced with curves of when this work is conipletctl there will exist a con- casy radius. Tn Twcctl Shire, the foundations of the tinuous length of hitumen surfacing on the highway in bridge over the Tweed River at Ihrney’s Point have this vicinity of 6.Xo miles ; viz.. from o.Sg miles south bccn practically completed, and the earthworks on the to 5.95 miles north of Coff’s Ilarhour. approach on the northern side are well advanced. Con- Near thc sorithern I)ouiitlary of the Shire of Orara a siderable delay has occurred in thc dclivery of thc deviation I >d miles long has been completed and opened fabricated steel due to the entrance to the Tweed River to traffic. thus effecting considerable improvement to being closed on acconnt of the condition of the bar. the grade and alignment of the highway on the north- I* x x I I # ern sitlc of the range at the boundary of Orara and Dorrigo Shires. The work is now to be extended Surfacing with z in. hitumen penetration mac- southerly for about I mile to link up with otlier con- adam has been carried out on the Gwydir Highway struction in Dorrigo Shire. completed in 1933. between o ni. 3,000 ft. and I ni. 3,000 ft. west of Glen Innes. thus completing the surfacing of the high- way with either tar or bitumen for a distance of 5 miles towards Inverell. On the Lismore-Tenterfieltl Trunk IZoatl (No. 64), a single cell IO ft. x TO ft. concrete box culvert has been constructed over Little Ti-tree Creek, 37.9 miles from Tenterfield, replacing a worii-out single span tiniber beam bridge. The construction of a bridge over Myall Creek on the Delungra-Bingara Road (No. 134) at the boundary of Bannockburn atid Gwydir Shires is in progress. Worli on the abutments has been completed, and the contractors, Messrs. Concreters Ltil. are at present engaged on the excavation for the pier foundation. l’he construction of a low level timber beam bridge of ten spans, over the Nynilmitla River at Jackadgery, on I)evelopmental Road No. 1,154 in the Shire of Nyml)oida has I)ecn completetl, and thc construction of a low level timlier beam bridge of sixteen spans, over the Mann Rivcr at Broadwater, on I>.R. No. 1,153 is ncaring complctitrii. These two bridges will help to open up country to the west of the Nyniboitla and Mann Rivers, which was previously inaccessible.

Two views of Middle Kundibakh Creek Urid~e,UII thp In the Shire of Dorrigo, work is in progress on the Pacific Highway, Shire of Manning. hrtwam Kram- construction of mile length of the Glenreagh-Sher- bach and Taree. The top picture shows the diversion .% channel before it was cut completely through. wood Creek road (Il.TZ. No. 1,157). to cut out the steep ascent and descent of Sherwood Cap, and the cross- At the boundary of Orara Shire and Ulmarra Muni- ing of Middle Creek. The grade on the old track was cipality two timber beam bridges. one comprising as high as 20 per cent. in places, whereas the grade 011 2/30 ft. and 6/40 ft. spans, and the other 3/30 ft. completion of the present work will not exceed IO per spans are being constructed over Swan Creek, the con- cent. tractor for the work being Mr. E. L. James, and the North-Western. contract price f4,Szs TOS. gd. A contract in the The New Englantl Highway within Nundle Shire inin of fZ.sgX 12s. was let to \V. J. Bondfield for the has been brought up to standard wi(lth, and surfacing construction of the approaches. The completion of with liquid bitumen is now being carried out. The the work will raise alrovc flood lcvcl a section of the contractors for this work are Messrs. Bryant and highway that was formerly inundated during floods. Buchanan, who are carrying out the surfacing of the At Mororo, a stcel and concrete bridge over the highway for the whole length between iZrdglen and south arm of the Clarence River has been completed Tamworth. Separate contracts have becn entered into and opened to trzffic, thus climinating another ferry with each of the four shires concerned, Warrah, crossing on tlie Pacific Highway. Further north, in Tamarang, Nundle and Peel, and the total aniount in- Woodburn Shire, a 3-cell 7 ft. x 4 ft. 3 in. concrete volvcd is 17,272 10s. gd. May, 1935. MAIN ROADS. 57

About 1% miles north of Tamworth, Contractor J. On the Liiiibri-\Veahonga 1)evelopmental Road (No. White lias completed the construction of a concretc T ,0321, in Cockhurn Shire, Contractor J. White has box culvert and a pipe culvert. which will consider- commenced the construction of Blaxland’s deviation, ably improve the drainage at this point, and thus pre- which involves .+&MJ ft. of formation and construction vent flood waters crossing the road as has occurred in of culverts. This work will eliminate two creek cross- tlie past. The timber beam bridge over Middle Creek ings wliicli hold up traffic after licavy rain. IO miles north of Tamworth, has been repaired and widened to 20 feet between kerbs. the work being carried out by the Cockburn Shire Council. Further north, in Dumaresq Shire. bitumen surfac- ing of the Iiighway has hecn extended from the 10% m.1). to the 14 m.p. at tlie foot of the Devil’s Pinch. The heating ant1 spraying was carried out by the Broken Hill Pty. Coy.. aiid tlie remainder of the work by the Dumaresq Shire Council. # # # # # # Goor1 progrcss lias hcen made with the construction of the Oxley Highway (No. I I) between Bendemeer and Walcha. the scction 3 miles to 7 miles having been completely formed and gravelled and opened to Trial method of spraying bitumen emulsion direct traffic. The section o milcs to 3 miles is almost ready from drums throuah a nozzle, using compressed air for traffic aiid construction is proceeding on the sec- from small compressor, used for inflating tyres, to force emulsion from drums. Bellingen Shire Council. tion 7 miles to 11 miles. The work is being carried out by the Department with funds provided by the Unemployincnt Relief Council. Lower-Northern. On the Coonabarabran-Mullalcy section of the same On the New England Highway, in the Municipality highway, Contractor Hardy is carrying out the form- of West Maitland, the reconstruction, in concrete and ing and gravelling of 50 chains, lrom 28 ni. 30 steel, of Long Bridge, has been commenced. The work chains. to 29 ni. in the Shire of Conaharabran. At is to he carrictl out in stages over a number of years, the 7% n1.p. and 5% in.p on the Coonaharahran-Toora- at a total estimated cost of t2o.m. Cl’hcn completed, weenah section, Contractor J. Lighuezolo is construct- the bridge will he five spans shorter than the present ing two IO ft. x 5 ft. concrete hox culverts to replace structure, the design providing for thc elimination of open causeways. three spans at the Singleton end and two at the West # * # ;I # # Maitland end, the extension of the approaches and the The Divisional Bridge Gang has carried out repairs to tlic bridge over the Mehi River at Moree, on the Gwydir Highway [No. 12). and is at present repair- ing tlie bridge over the Namoi River at Bugilbone, on i the Pilliga-Burren Junction Road (No. 32y), in Walgett Shire. Thc State Monier PiDe and Reinforced Concrete Works is constructing a steel and concrete bridge over the Manilla River on Trunk Road No. 63, in the Municipality of Barraba, to replace an existing timber structure. The new bridge will comprise a steel truss io0 ft. span and two concrete 39 ft. approach spans, an interesting feature of the new work being that the 1 truss members and all bracing, etc., will be joined by Hume Highway. Shire of Mulwaree. Keallgnment and welding. reconditioning of section past the I I6 mile peg. Contractors Selfe and Grose have made good pro- gress with tlie formation of 9 miles of the Narrahri- inclusion of concrete abutment^. Recently, repairs to Moree Trunk Road (No. 72) across “Barrett’s the timber work of the decking have been carried out Swamp.” a few miles north of Narrahri. which will substantially reduce the noise prcviously A 40 ft. span reinforced concrete bridge is being con- caused by traffic when crossing tlie bridge and which structed by Contractor Shaw over Sandy Gdy, 16% used to disturb the inmates of tlie adjacent West Mait- miles f rani Tamworth on tlie Tamworth-Quirindi land Hospital. Ultimately, however, a concrete slab Main Road (No. 130). A two-span timber beam deck will be provided. bridge 70 ft. long is also being constructed by Con- The reconstruction in gravel of z.000 lineal feet of tractor Lealiey over Quipolly Crcek, 6% miles from the New England Highway, including tlie construc- Quirindi, on the same road. Both bridges will replacc tion of two concrete box culverts, between West Mait- open causeways which hold up traffic in wet weather. land and Lochinvar, has hecn completed by Contractor 58 MAIN ROADS. Vol. 6. No. 3. __~ .-

,4. T’artridge-\\’all. and at X miles west of West Mait- other reconstruction work by the Port Stephens .Shire land a a-cell concrete culvert has been constructed Council, which has also carried out bitumen surfac- over Kaludah Creek by Messrs. Beavis Bros. ing on the adjoining section. G miles to 9 miles, re- (hi thc Branxton-Singletoii section of the highway, cently constructed with a fine crushed rock surface tenders have been called for the resurfacing with bitu- course. by Contractor Delatorre. LI men of a Icngth of about 325 miles hetween Three The concrete antl steel bridge over tlie North Arm Sisters antl Miitlie‘s Creek antl a length of $ mile of the Eellinger River on the Pacific Highway at immediately north of Dunolly bridge. Raleigh has I)een completed and opened to traffic. Hctmeen Singleton and Deatlman’s Hill, reconstruc- The bridge \vas constructed by the State Monier Pipe tion work is being carried out by the Department, and and Rcinforcctl Concretc LVnrks iinder the direct super- is now 1)r;ictically complete, while considerable improve- vision of the Department. and was officially opened by ment h;is also been effected in the condition of the thc Comniissioiicr for Tvfai11 Roads on the and March. highway from Deadman’s Hill to Grass Tree Hill. a tractor antl grader having been employed recently 011 the niaintenancc of this section. From Grass Tree Hill to Muswellbrook. a distance of 5 miles. the re- Progressive improvement is being made by the Bol- construction antl bitumen surfacing of the highway warra Shire Council to the Maitland-Dungog Road has been completetl. and between Aberdeen and Scone (Main Road Ko. 101). Approximately 3% miles of this road were tar-surfaced under the Council’s 1934 programme. antl it is anticipated that further iniprove- nients will be carried out during the current year. On the ~~aitlaiitl-Wolltriiil)iMain Road (No. ZIS), Contractor J. P. Shedtlen has complctcd the construc- tion of a 16-span timber bemi bridge over Wollombi Brook at Millfield, antl Contractors Gam and Jenkins haw alniost completed the construction of the ap- proaches. The sections immediately adjoining the bridge have heen completed, and the new bridge is open to traffic. On Developmental Road No. ~.q.+,in the Shire of Hastings, Contractor Pritchard has coni leted the con- struction of abocit 2 miles of gravel roacc from Double Croshing I3ritlge at the Forbes-road. On Develop- mental Road No. r.0~6,gravel construction has also I)ccn c:irrictl out 011 either side of the Canidcn Haveti River. On the Kendall si&. the length constructed by Contractor Hayden cuts out a very had side cutting, which previously held up trafic aftcr even light rain, and on the Cornboyne side Contractor Pritchard has constrnctetl a leiigth of ahout niile to eliminate a steep and slippcry hill. A low level +span tiinher beam bridge. 140 feet New hridrrs in thP Southern I)iwelnn. (I) Concret~ long. has been constructed hy Contractor Moody over arch bridge over Bnrrett‘s Creek. main road 271, the North Arm of the Rcllinger River at (;ess‘ Cross- Shire of Eurobodalla. (2) Bridge over Wollondilly River at Mummel, main road 2411. Shire of Mulwaree. ing. in thc Shire of Bellingen. This work is 011 De- velopmental Road No. 1,134, antl forms part of the work is well advanced. tenders having been invited for scheme for providing access to the rich dairying coun- heating antl spraying of tar and hitiniicn ovcr a Icngth try in thc upper portions of the valley drained by the of 3% miles. north arm of the river. # * * # # # Considerable advance has been mailc with the scheme A contract in tlie sum of fi,zq 16s. has been let for improving the developmental roads in the Glou- to Mr. Kohert IIootl for tlie construction of a rein- cester district. On Developmental Tioatl No. I,TTO, forced concrete bridge (30 feet long), together with leading from Gloucester up the IYauliivory valley to- formation antl sprayiiig of approaches, at I I m. 3,200 wards Bullahdelah, I I niiles have been reconstructcd, ft. north of Gosfnrd on thc Pacific Iligliway. Thc new thus providing a formed and gravellet1 road for a rlii- bridge will replace an old worn-out timber structure. tance of 17 miles from Glouccstrr. I~~ormingant1 The reconstruction of the Pacific Highway, hc- gravelling have also been carried out on 1)cveloprncntal tween Iielmoiit and Swansea, in the Shire of Lake Road No. 1,044. leading from thc I’acific Higliway hlacquarie. has heen resumed. On the same highway down Brown’s Creek towards NaI1i:lc. atit1 there is on thc length I)ctween -I. miles and 6 miles iiorth of iiow :in all-wcather roal for n distance of S miles from Kaymonrl ‘l‘crracc, good Iirogress has been made with the highway. On Develol)mrntal Koatl No. I,Ijn May, 1935. MAIN ROADS. 59

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which, when completed, will provide access to the Messrs. Mc1:eaii Construction Coy. have completed upper reaches of the Manning River. bridges are heing the construction of the 5-span concrete bridge over constructetl at Bowman River, Craven Creek, Gloryvale LVolloiitlil~hyCreek, between Jintlahyne antl Kosciusko, Crossing of the Little I\lamiing River, and Tiri Cross- on the Cooma-Kosciusko Road. (Main Road No: 286). ing of tlic main Manning River, while tenders have been invited for the construction of another bridge at South-Western. Teni’s Crossing of the Tittle Manning River. On the I-Iuii~c Highway (No. 2) at Deep Creek, abont 9 miles casterly from Jugiong. a deviation I mile Southern. 1.025 ft. in length is being constructed. in order to The reconstruction and gravclling of the Princc’s improve tlic existing bad alignment and steep grades. Highway. in the Shire of Clyde. from the 132.43 m.p. Further south. ii length of 10 miles of the highway, to 140 111.p. has been completed, antl work is in pro- extending from Coolac towards Jugiong is being sur- gress on the adjoining section 140 miles to 14j miles. faced with hitumen, and about 7 miles have been completed. In~n~ctliatclynorth of Gundagai work is 011 the length of z miles from ~32.43miles to 133.43 miles the Department is carrying out some experi- mental surfacing work consisting of mixed-in-place gravel course 2 in. thick. Several classes of hinders are being used, and on coniplction tlie pavement will he sealed with 85/80 bitumen. In the Shire of Eurobodalla Contractor Bucknel1 has in hand the construction of a 5-span concrete bridge over Dignam’s Creek to replace a timber bridge which was washed away in the floods of January, 1934. South of Lake Corunna widcning to standard formation antl re-alignment is being carried out over a length of I mile. In the Shire of Imlay the earth- works and approaches to the new concrete bridge over Narrabarba Creek are being constructed by Contractor G. Warne.

# # # # # # A section of 9 miles of the Hume Highway be- tween Gunning and Yass, recently reconditioned and widened, and also a length of approximately 1% miles of the Highway through the >$lage of Bowning have now lieen surfaced with bitumen. On the Federal Highway, in the Shire of Gunning, reconstruction and surfacing hctwcen Lf’inderrddeen ant1 Collcctor, has been completed. There is now a hitumi~iousurfaced road for a continuous length of Concrcte blocks. in lieu ot stump poati. for the rnarkinp of curves in Holbrook Shire. The object is 3oYi miles through tlic Shires of Gunning and Yarrow- to have clearly visible markers which will not be lumla. dangerous to a vehicle in the event of them being TUF. Contractors Mcssrs. Bryant and Buchanan are over. The mould for the blocks is an ordinary wash- hand basin, arranged in a demountable timber frame, carrying out the surfacing and resurfacing with Sg/So and the block. are set down in the ground and I)itumen of tlie Mlunaro Highway between Cooma and project only about Zf inches in a similar manner Nininiita1)el. and about 6 miles have now been con- to a “silent cop.” pleted. Between Cooma antl Atlaniinahy, in the Shire of Dalgety, Coutractvr IV. I). Mc1)onaltl is construct- in progrcss 011 the realignment and rcgrading of Hos- ing a concrete box culvert which. when completetl, pital Hill. In Holhrook Shire a 3-cell 6 ft. x 2 ft. will eliminate two sharp turns. concrete box culvert and a 2-cell 6 ft. x 2 ft. skew At IO miles from Bombala, on thc Rombala-Delegate culvert have heen constructed between the 19 m.p. Road (Trunk Road No. 53). Contractor Mawson has and 20 m.p., while a length of 5 miles of the highway constructetl a IO ft. x 4 ft. 6 in. reinforced concrcte north of Holbrook has been reformed and resheeted Imx culvert. The new approachcs have also been with gravel in preparation for surfacing with bitumen. complcted and opcned to trartic. Contractor .A. A. ti‘ilson has completed the re- ( hi the C;oulI)urii-Batliurst Trunk Road (No. 54), alignment of 7,154 lin. ft. of the highway, including Contractor 11. 111. Smith is constructing a large 3-cell the provision of an 8 in. consolidated thickness of concrete box culvert over Cullen’s Creek approximately gravel pavement ;incl pipe culverts, between Little z miles south of Laggan. Ilillal)ong arid I-Iolbrook. antl further south the length 60 MAIN ROADS. Vol. 6. No. 3. of 5 miles from the end of 1Voom;trgama Gap Dcvia- On the Sturt Iligh\vay (No. 14) hitumen surfacing tion to tlie I)oundary of tl olbrook and Hume Shires has been extentled for a length of approxiniatcly 3 has heen surfaced with 1)ituiiien by the J1ei)artment's miles towards /\Ifredtown. in the Shirc of Kycamha. day-labour organisation. In Mitchell Shire. from Collingullie to I mile west of # # 1 # I( x Galore, a length of approximately 20 tniles. thc whole The Shirr of Bland has completetl the reforming and of the previonsly cxisting isolated lengths of forming gravelling of approsiniatcly 3% miles-in various sec- antl gravelling have been linked up by earth forination. tions-of the Mid-western Highway (No. 6), and antl work is now in progress in constructing twenty has let contracts for thc construction of a gravel 3 ft. x I ft. precast box culverts to complete the pavement over the section 19 miles to 2zg miles west minor drainage structure on this scction. The gravel- of \\'yalong. Tlie coniplction of these will nialce an ling of the missing gravel links will shortly folloar. all-wcather pavement available for the whole length which. when coinpletctl, will provide a gravcl pavement I)ct\vcen \Vyalong antl \\'ecthalle. On the section 31 continuously from Wagga to the western boundary miles to 33 iniles mest of \\'yalong. Contractor Broad of RiIitcliell Shire, a distance of about 37 inilea. lias completed I .x miles of gravel construction. includ- Thc Shire ol Murrnnilridgce lias completed the for- ing the provision of pipe culverts. mation antl loaniing of approximately IO miles of tlic highway-in various sections-l)et\rcai Narrandera and Hay. In \Varadgery Shire the Council lias com- pleted 3 miles of forming antl loatiiing. in varioos see- tions. between 5 and IS miles east of Hay, antl 4 miles ot fnrmation. including five pipe culverts. hetweei? 5 and 20 miles west of Hay. A deviation, 18% miles long. commencing 32 miles from Hay. antl proccctling- towards Ralranaltl. has Iieen completed and open to traffic. and in tlie Municipality of Ralranald. bitumcn surfacing lias lrcen extended for a distance of K of a mile easterly towards Hay, the work including the improvement of the approaches to the bridge over the Murrumbidgee T"xtver.

# I I * # * On the Hay-Deniliquin Trunk Road (No. Ao), the Shire of \Varatlgery has completed IO miles of forma- tion and loaniing. thus making an all-weather roatl- way in the Shire over a section tht previously was impassahlc to traffic for considerahlc periods follow- ing rains. A commencement has been made Iy the McLean Constructinti Coy. with tlie construction of a 3-span reinforced concrete slab bridge over Giribaldi Gully on the Young-Boorowa Main Road (No. 241), in the Municipality of Young.

Old and nrw structurra at Mclntyre's Creek. Hume Chi the Mndaniein to Halranalil Main Road (No. Highway, in the Shire of Kyeamba. q6).in the Shire of Wakool, a deviation 3$ miles A coinmencrnlent has also hem made with tlie con- in length is heing constructed betwcen 2.; and 29 miles from Moulamein to replace a section of the roatl which struction nf Sg niilcs of gravel pavement including c:iuseways antl box culverts on tlie section 61% miles is impassable after rain. to 70 miles west of \\'yalong. in the vicinity of Gap At Cow Creek and Barber Creek, hctwecn 4 and 6 Dam in Carrathool Shire. l'his section of the high- miles from Barhani, on the Moulamein-Barham Maiii way is at present unformed and without drainage facili- Road (No. grr)), new timber beam bridges are heing ties. erected on an improved alignment. Three separate In \4'aratlgcry Shire 3 niiles of formation. including contracts havc licen let for the works : one to A. Dark six pipe culverts. have been completed. antl in the in the sum of f1,$8 IS. &I. for the cnn.;truction of a Municipality of Hay hitnnicn surfacing of the high- 9-span bridge, 280 feet long over C(IWC'reek : one to way (Murray-street ), including the approaches to tlie 11'. T .Green in the stmi of fi.21~)19s. for tlie coiistruc- hritlge over tlie hlurrunihitlger River. is nearing corn- tion of 6-span 1)ridge. 132 frct long. over 1iarl)cr pletion. Two c(iats of hitunirn an(l coarse screening5 Creek : and another to i2rthur Hros. nntl \\'ootlyartl in are heitig applied ti, the Ixwen1ent :LS reinforcemen: thc sntn of fSo4 I IS. Od. for the constructioti of 3.223 011 account of the vnlun~col heavy .stcrl-tyrctl traftic Sit. of roadway com1)rising the aly)ruachcs to ancl it has to carry. roadway betwccn (lie two bridges. May, 1935. MAIN ROADS. 61

Central-Western. On the Forbes-Orange Trunk Road (No. hr), in the Shire of Jemalong, Contractor \\We has constructed In the Municipality of Cowra a length of 85 chains a a-span timber beam bridge over Goonigal Creek. of the Mitl-western IIighway, tiear the Western hluni- cipal bountlary, has been surfaced with bitumen, and The Divisional Bridge Gang has carried out the a further 53 chains of existing bitumeii surfaced pave- redecking of thc timhcr lxani bridges over Ewenmar mciit have been resealed. the hcating and spraying of Creek cin Main Road No. 202 in the Municipality of the hitunien heiiig carried out by Messrs. Bryant and \\.arreii. and over the Rogan River on the Nortli- Ruchanan Ltd. The whole leiigth of the highway western Highway in the Municipality of Nyngan. within the Municipality is now bitumen surfaced. t * x # * "i On the North-western Highway in the Shire of Colhora, Contractor I)clatorre is constructing two reinforced conciete hritlges at Maryvale. about ~;4 miles north of \Velliiigton. to replace open causeways. At \\iongarbon. in the Shire of Talbragar, a single cell 6 ft. 1 3 ft. concrctc box culvert has bcen coni- pleted, and 2 miles north of \\'ongarbon a a-cell 6 ft. x 2 ft. structure has been built. In the Shire of Marthaguy. 2 miles of light gravel- ling and 3 miles of sandy loam surfacing have been I coniplctetl. \\.'hen the latter section liai lieen gravelled, Municipality of Young. Reconslructcd and bitumen- there will he a gravel pavement for the whole length of surfaced CBIV~S. showing High School fence moved the highway within this Shire. back to new alignment. li # 0 x * * The sectioii of the Warren-Nevertire Road (No. Farlry and 12c\vcr.; arc carrying out the ~oz),in the Municipality of T/\'arren. has been top- on of a length of 4 miles 4.3~80ft. of thc dressed with sandy loam, a short deviation, to iniprovc Qxley Highway. in thc Shire of Gilgandra3 hctween a sharp curve at the railway level crossing, being in- Uargon Creek ant1 the Coonab;iralrraii Shire 1ioLuiiclary. cluded in this length. Gravelling will later be carried The existing track is extrciiicly stony antl rough, atid out in order to ensure an all-weather road from \\'arren is partly in black soil country. which is very tlifficult to the Korth-western IIighway at Ncvertirc. for traftic to ncgntiatc, p;irticul;irly in wet wcather. The new road will he surfaced with gravel antl will have c;y gr;itle.; ant1 ciirvcs. Further to the weht. viz.. Iictwecii 18 milci and "54: miles from Gilgantlra toivartis Coonabarabran, the Ilepartmeiit is constructing a deviation which. whcn completed. will shorten the length of the highway hy 3.9 miles. # # x # x On the Dul~l~o-(;ilgantlraTrunk Koatl (No. jh). in the Shire of '1';illiragar. foriliation tu stnntlartl L)I typc cross section has been carried out over a distance of about 7 niilcs. The tic\\' work mill iiicaii a substantial improvement in the travelling contlitioiis over this road, which has tiow been formed tiiroughout. The Jackscin liridge Construction Co. has com- pleted the construction of a c)-spaii timber beam bridge Hume Highway. Holbrook Shire. Two of a ~PTIPS of over the Rogan River at 1)aiid:tlno on l'runk Road three drops constructed to carry drainage water along one side of the highway. Each of these drops incor- No. sf at the bountl:iry of IAachlan and Tinibre- porates a small stilling pool for the dissipation of hoiigic Shires. The ncw bridge 1rel)l;tces ;iii old timhcr energy. thus preventing BCOUT. structure about fifty years oltl. On the Coiitlol~olin~~\'yaloiigsc.ction of the same The Charles Hardy Contracting Co. has completed road. in the Shire of Lachlan. Contractor H. I<. White the construction of a 3-spaii reinforced concrete hridgc, has completed the construction of a a-spati timber 126 feet long, over Boree Creek on the Parkes- brain bridge over \\T;illaroi C'reck 9% miles froiii Con- Manildra-Orange Road (No. zaq), in the Shire of dobolin. This bridge also replaces ::n oltl timber struc- Boree. ture atid gives very much iiiil)roved alignment. At In the Shire of Lachlan, a 4-span timber beam 14% iniles from Con~lolioliii.iontractor Ibbotson is bridge has hccti coristructctl by Contractor Ibbotson constructing a +sp:iii tiiiil!cr I)c:im Iwitlgc over I liiiii-. over Wallaroi Creek on the Condobolin-Lake Cargel- bug Creek. ligo Road (No. 230). f53771 ~Ii 62 MAIN ROADS. Vol. 6. No. 3. -. .-~_____~ Deep Creek Bridge. The iicw z-siiaii reinforced crrticrete bridge, 30 ieet iong. over Ikep Creek. on the s,)ueanl,eyan-C:ooma Trunk Road (No. 32). 20 tides from !)uennlicy;in, recently compietetl by Contractor ()'Connor.

i\s suitable stone for pitcliiiig was iiot ol)tniiii;l)lc. concrete Mocks. niatle in accortlancc with the Ikpart- rncnt's spccificntioii. Class C. were uscd with s:iti.;t:ic- tory results.

Expenditure from I st to 3 1st March, 193.5.

COUNTY OP CUMRERLAKD RIAIN ROAIISpI.NI)--- Congtruction of Roads and I3rirlgcs ...... Cost of l.;inrl I

COUNTRY hlAlN 1

DEVELOPMENTALI~OAUS FLINU- Construction of Roads and Hridgcs ...... Survey, Llesign. Supervision and Administration ...... Repayment of T.oans ...... Misccllancous ...... Totals ......

SUMMARYALL 1:uxus- Construction of Roads and Bridges. including Resornptions +Maintenance of Koa& and Bridges ...... J

SYDXEY H.4HBOUR IlRlDGE ACCOC-NT- Administration ...... Toll Collection ...... Maintenance ...... Interest...... Sinking Fund ...... Ikchangr ...... Maintenance of Propcrtics, etc...... May, 1935. MAIN ROADS. 63 - Construction of the Gwydir Highway in the Shire of Yallaroi. BY D. INGRAM,A.M.I.E., AUST. Divisional Engineer.

IIKN tlic Gwydir Highway was I)roclaimetl in for months at a time. In these circninstances traffic July, I~X.and the questioti of assuring that had to follow the altcriiative and more circuitous route W it would be tra(iicab1e in all weathers was via Pallamallawa and the northern hank of the Gwydir unrlcr consideration. the only section between Grafton River. Some drivers. however, adopted the dangerous antl Moree presenting any major problem in this re- antl illegal practice of going over the sleepers on the spect was the length from Warialda to Biniguy, in the single track railway bridge adjacent to the crossing Shire of Yallaroi. From Grafton. through Glen Innes, in preference to returning many miles, and then travel- Inverell, and as far as \Varialda. the Highway had ling via tlie north bank of the rivcr. Consequently, the been constructed antl the principal streams bridged for Iirst antl most important work udeiirtaken was the con- a good many years : while between Moree and Riiiiguy, struction of a bridge over the Gwydir River at this on the 1)ountlary of Boolooroo and Yallaroi Shires, location. gravel surfacing hat1 heen gradually extended in an Two contracts were let on the jth April. 1929; (I) easterly direction. until tlie worst sections had been to tlie Fountlation Company Pty. Ltd. for the con- coiistructctl. ‘I‘lie gap between \\’ariaIda and Biniguy, struction of the main hridge consisting of two 140-ft. however. \vas practically unconstructetl throughout. truss spans. two To-ft. plate girder spans and four antl in wct weather was impassable. 35-ft. steel I)eam spans. and three approach bridges for

Some wews of the Gwydir Highway. before and after construction. between I0 miles and I9 miles west of Warialda

This srction of the IIigli\vay covers the last stage the sum of f2j.224 9s. gd. : (2) to the Goyernnient (if ;I gratlual rlesccnl from tlie Grcat nivitling Rangc, Dockyird. Walsli Islnntl, for the supply antl delivery east of Glen Innes. to the level of the North-western of the steelwork for the sum of f9.106 4s. 011 the I’lains. traversing lightly-tini1)ered hilly country east of 30th May. 1930. a contract \vas let to Messrs. Addison \Varialda, ant1 then through gently-rolling country to and McGrcgor for the construction of 1.63 miles of tlie plains near Biniguy. With the exception of a approaches. length near Biniguy, where the Iiigliivay closely fol- The bridge was complctetl antl opcnecl to traffic on lows the bank of the Gwydir River, and the soil is of the 18th October. 1930. and the approach work finalised a sandy nature, the natural surface i, such that it is on the 12th March, 1931. Prior to the construction most unsatisfactory to travel on in wct weather, he- of the bridge. the unsatisfactory nature of the long coming either extremely sli1q)ery or cutting up badly sections of unconstructed road between \%’ariaIda antl with the risk of traffic bogging. Biniguy had not heen of the same consequence to traffic The biggest problem was the crossing of tlic Gwydir as was the case when the bridgc was completed, be- River. near Gravcsciitl. The river at the existing cross- cause traffic could not use the road until the river had ing had a sandy bottom. and during dry times cars fallen sufficiently to I)e passable. and by this time the conld negotiate it without much difficulty ; but it re- road had dried out. On complction of the bridge it quired only a very slight fall on the catchment to make hccame necessary to provide facilities for the traffic the crossing impassible for long periods. sometimes to use this section of tlic Highway in all weather. 64 MAIN ROADS. Vol. 6, No. 3.

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Attention was accordingly next directed to the last two fiiianeial years-1933-34 antl 934-35-so gr;itltiaI forniing and-gravelling of the road. with the much progress has heen m;tde in this direction that the ultimate object oi completing this along its full length. only necessary work which has not been completed, or Conc~irrently with this work the treatment of two for which definite arran~enientshave nut been made, further stream crossings had to be dealt with. Warialda is the eonstructioii ol a concretc bridge at Sawyer's Crcck, z miles west of \\'Tarialtla, presented a similar Gully, though this crossing ch~snot normally present prol)lem on a smaller scale to that niet with at the any serious tlificulty to traftic. Tentlcrs have already been called for the construction of concrete Ilridges at Bell's Creek and Slaugliterhouse Creek.

Two views oi the bridge over the Gwydir River. n~ar Gravesend.

Gwydir liiver. but funds not being available for tlic cotistructitm of n Iirirlge. arid its traffic by I)eiag blocked at this point \vas prevetitetl from ohtaining tlic full lieliefit from tlic new Iiritlge at Gravesend. a concretc crossing was ciiirstructetl in the stream I)ed as a tem- Iiorary nie;~st~rc.This ena1)lcrl traffic tu cross LV-arialtla ('reek 111orr rcgularly tli;ui \vas the case when water- loggetl s:uitl 1i;itl to I)c coiitentletl with. Thc other

1. Causeway at \Var~+l4,%(:rpek. 2. ('oncret~bridge over Spring Creek. 3. A typical l~oxculvert.

From JiiI?.. IC)& to date. tmc major 1)ridge ;uiJ

I.nnd L. Constmrtim> work 111 pro~ress. 3. Typical four mitior hidgm have Iwn built ; ten I~oxculverts, stretch of completed conatruction. iit~tiierouspipe culverts. ant1 zo% miles of gravel pave- ment have been constructed. Ry the etitl~of ic13.j at stream crossing over Spring Creek between Gravescntl least two atltlitional I)ritlgc:i will have hcen constructed : and Yaphie was eliminated later by the constructio:~ tlic niiml~crof liox culverts will havc Ireeti increased to of a sinxlr 37-ft. span reinforced cnticrcte hritlgc. eightwii ; atid thc letigth of gr;ivel pavenient con- As may lie srcn from the chart the work of estcutl- structed ttr 2~;,5 miles. This section of the Gwydir ing the length of formation and gravelling has Iiceii Highway. wliicli in rcpS \\';is inipassa1)IP in Idweather. pushed for\vartl from year to year. antl during the will then have Ixen rcntlercd traKicablc in any weather. May, 1935. MAIN ROADS. 65 .-

h

m

From Mm ?i/-em//, 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 I1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I 013MlLE 1928-29

1929-30

19M-31

1931-32

I93 2 -33

1933-34

1934-35

On completion of the work ;it present in progress this road will considcrably shorten the tlistaiice to the 011 T)w4opniental lioatl No. io%.., I)elungra-l;raniaii, railway for primary producers in the Gratiian district. in the Shires of Baiinockl)urn ;Ind ;\shfortl, this road * # * c IX * will have Iicen constructed to a minimum formation Good progress has been matle by the Hornsby Shire witltli of 20 ft. and a gravel pavcrnent width of 12 ft. Council with the reconstruction of Jersey Street North throughout. Contractor J. K. Dawson is at present (S.R. No. 2016) and its extension to meet the constructing. the section in Bannockl~urn Shire from Pacific Highway at Asquith. The formation has lire11 5111. to the Shire Boundary at I ~giii.from Delungra, practically completed, and a commencement has been &id the .i\shford Shire Council is constructing by day made with the laying of the ballast base course. The labour the section of the road in the Shire bctwcen work consists of thc laying of a 2 in. drag spread tlie Shire Boundary at T rxiil. from Delungra and macadam surface course on ;I hat~tl-packedballast base Graman, rgni. frtrm Ilelungra. The completion of course. b"7il -c 66 MAIN ROADS. Vol. 6, No. 3. The Erection and Location of Motor By-passes. tVrl

Typical motor by-pa8sc-s or trofic grids. The spacinC of the bars is up to 1 I inches. and all the Erid. arc in rabbit-proof fences.

It was to allow tlic gate to remain. where removal road furniation, the gates for the passage of horse- woulil result in Iiartlship to the lantlownel-, an(l at the drawn vehicles antl stock being placctl on the road same tinre to avoid inconvenience to tlie road user. that centre line. 1 t was specifically indicated. however. the motor Iiy-pass m:is devised. that this decision should be rcgartlerl as a tentative one only, to be silbject to revicw in the light of further A motor by-pass: as is well 1;nown. consists of ;I expericiic~. grid pl;\cccl over a \wll or trough in the roadway. and constructed in sach iiimner as will enable the loads Since 1930 a nunibrr of by-passes have been in- conimoiily carried Iq the road to pass over it mithont stalled at tlic side of the road formation, but dificuf- tics have ‘been experienced in securing the maintenancc tl;iniagc, while at the same time it will prove a barrier of the approaches. and in sonie cases 110 all-wcathcr to stork ani1 ral)bits. conncction has been made between the by-pass and the road pavement, resulting in wet wcathcr ~lifficulties. Position of By-passes. These facts indicated the necessity of greater antl more Thc priiiciples upon which the location of niotoc- systematic provisioii for approaches with the conse- by-passe:: on main roads has hitherto been 1);isetl were quent teiitlency to improve both alignnieiit antl surface. May, 1935. MAIN ROADS. 67

To continue with the 1930 principle of conipulsorilv mcnt will also be prepared for the future to assist slowing down traffic in the face of such. projected Councils in maintaining the approaches to by-passes improvements, however. would have necessitated thr on main roads (irrespective of position, provided they deliberate introduction of either roughened surfaces or are within the road boundaries) on the same basis as sharp curves-a paradoxical situation involving an at- applies to the maintenance of the rest of the road. tempt to reduce one source of danger by the creation Where necessary. approaches may also be recon- of another. structed as part of future maintenance programmes. The natural solution appeared to be the placing of the by-pass in the road centre line and the provision, Design of By-passes. well ahead of each approach. of a standard red triangle Under section 39 of the Main Roads Act, all pro- with the warning sign “Motor Bypass.” Such treat- posals for by-passes on main roads need to be approved ment would automatically solve the maintenance prob- by the Department prior to establishment. For guid- lem, would be in harmony with the practice of dealing ance in this respect, a standard design has been pre- with other situations that require caution, ancl, it was pared which is illustrated in Fig. I. There is, how-

GRID WER

S’. S’.,:d’**

SIDE ELEVATION

X)I*TS To SILLS Rmnir wctxs 10 X)ISTS **LS WEUXD TO X)ISlt RAU BOLTED m msrs OETAILS OF CONNECTIONS

Fig. 1. Features of the Department’s Standard Design for By-passes. believed. would prove safer and certainly more con- ever, no obligation on any landholder to use this should venient than that at prebent existing. As horses tend he prefer some other design provided the basic re- to follow the travelled way leading to the grid in any quirements of the Department’s design are met. It case, it is not anticipated that the by-passes will be any is desirable, however, that as far as possible, the more dangerous to horse-drawn traffic, in a central travelling public should be presented with uniform than in a sidc positlon. situations at motor by-passes, and to that end the adop- tion of the standard design is rrcommended. The Departmelit therefore desires that for the future the central position shall be adopted for all by-passes This design consists of a grid of steel rails capable on State Highways, and would urge upon Councils the of carrying a 5-ton axle load. The grid is in two advantages of conforming to this practice on othel- sections each weighing 400 lh.. and may hc of either main roads, so that. as time.goes on. a standard prac- welded or bolted construction. Provision is made for tice may grow up in relatmn to by-passes and any either a timher or concrete walled pit, or for ramped unnecessary traffic hazards elminated. The Depart- approaches to timber or concrete abutments. It will 6E MAIN ROADS. Vol. 6, No. 3.

~

be noted from tlie plan that "rabbit angles" have beer. an application to the Land Board must be tnacle for thc added to the channels between the cross rails for the revocation of tbc pcriiiission given. purpose of making the grid rabbit proof. (d) Unautllot-isctl gates, i.r., ptes put up by owners and/or occupiers without the permis- ~ -__ Removal of Gates. sion of eithcr the local Council under Ordin- ance 59 under the 1,ocal (;civernment Act, or Associated with the question of the installation of the Local Land Board under the Pastures motor by-passes at gatcs is the alternative of, the I'rotection Act, 1()1z. removal of the gates. Gates OII roads may be divided into four classes :- Gates which have bccn crccted in this way arc obstruc- tions and the Couticil can order their removal unde:. (a) Gates authorised under the provisions of thi? the In-ovisions of scction 267 of the J.ocal Goverti- Public Gates Act, 1875, antl the Public Roads ment Act. i\Ct, 1897. Wherever gates create an incoiivenienci: inconimen- These Acts have been repealed and tlicrefore no suratc with tlie benefits they confer, they should bc gates are now erected under them. The gates which removed, and this alternative should, therefore, always were erected undcr those Acts and whicli remain on tlie be given first coiisideration. If, however. it is decided roads, are now few in number. The permission granted to allow the gate to remain, then it is reasonable that for thcir erection call be revoked by the Minister for the person etijoyiug this privilege shoald be required to IAIds. remove the inconvenience thereby caused to road users, hy the erection of a motor by-pass. (b) Gates authnrisetl under the Pul)lic Gates Act. It should he noted that the authority given to Coun- 1901. cils and tlie 1)epartment in respect of motor by-passes This Act is ailministered by local Councils, and the applies generally wlicrc fcnces are not ncttcd. mode of application for permission to erect public gates antl the conditions attaching thereto are prescribed On the Hilleiitl-Mutlgcc Road ( hlain Road No. by Ordinance 5y under the Local Government ,4ct. 216). Contractor 1,. Delatorre is constructing a rein- 1919. Where gatcs have been erected under that Or- forced concrete 1)rirlge (162 It. long), together with dinance, tlie Council concerned can revoke the permi? formation and paving of approaches, over Green siou at any time by giving one month's notice. \:alley Creek, at tlic hounrlary of Turon and Cudgc- (c) Gates authorised by the Local Land Board gong Shires. \Vork is at present in progress on the under the Pastures Protection Act, 1912. excavation of founrlations aut1 aplwmclies. The witlcniiig of tlic road from tlic T'acitic Highway This Act authorises the Local Land Hoard to grant to I3erowra \\:aten is being carried nut Iiy tlie permission to landowners and/or occupiers to erect Hornsby Shirc Council. antl this will offcr greatly gatcs in a rabbit-proof fence. To effect their removal inqirovetl trattic conditions on completion. May, 1935. MAIN ROADS. 69

The Romance of the Western Highway. BY A. DATE.

‘1J-E attention is being given to tlie practical making the day’s trip to the Blue Mountains one of details of road construction and the solving comfort and safety for even the inexperienccd driver. WHof the engineering atid financial problcnis Let us take a leisurely journey for once, however. and cotiiit~ctctltlicrcwith. it is wc.11 to reflect that the work pausc here and there on the rnute to look at the land- is part of :I grcat enterprise arouii(l \rhicln there is a niarlis in the development of this highway ; landmarks rccord of arhicvenicnt comparable with that accon- that by their silent testimony bcar witncss to the I)lishetl in other spheres of cngin&ring. The historical romance of road building. ;issriri:itions of 1-oatl-making are rich in incitlent and Leaving out of account the Metropolitan arra, rich colour. ;ud imin‘s triumph over nature‘s barriers in though it is in historical interest, let us see what cstahlishing road ronimunication hetween various cep- glimpses of the past there are in a journey from Pen- tres is ;I matter of ;il,sorbing interest to those who rith to ICatoomba, little more than an hour’s run for reflect upon it. the average motorist. liailways. telegraph.;. ca1)les. aiiG nom aeroplane::. After crossing the Scpcan and swinging to the left, \virelrss and telrvisioii havc lmrst iipn the world opposite Emu Plains Station, a road may be seen to with such astoiiishinr: rapidity that m;inkintl has the right crossing the railway at the western end of ccasctl to wontier and aceclits every new tlevelopnient the platform. This road leatlq to the foothills and lose.; iii ;I somcwhat matter of fact wa;;. Lontlon to Mel- itself in a rough track~-all that is left of the zig-zag Ii~~urncin three days has already ccacetl to he a suh- road, or Cox’s second road over the Lapstone Hill jcct of excited conversation. antl ~)roniinentairmen ascent. A little further on the present road turns LII liavc rralisetl that stnnt aviation is tin longer a fruitful the right. while an old road runs straight on parallc! occupation. The oldest means of communication. to the river. This is the line originally followed bv roatls. would appear tn have hecn ahsorhed in this Cox’s first road. modern sophistication and to be no longer a subject of interest to the travcller. As a rcsult of the constant After crossing the railway a couple ol milvs further demand for better roatls to accoiiimotl;itc high speed on. anothcr disused road is seen going off to the right: niorlcrn vrhicles. many of the oltl Iantlniarlis arc heing this is Mitchell’s-road up Lapstone Hill whicii derive; obliterated. antl those which have survivecl are fre- its name from a collection of waterworn river pebbles quently passed nnnoticctl by the present-day motorist. within a few yards of thc jiunction of tlic roads. Yet pause for a while at the “Explorer’s Tree” at Sir Thomas MitcheH. the Surveyor-General. was Katooniha :nid what a tlull soul he \voultl he who did dissatisfied with tlie vltl Zig-zag road. and was deter- not experiencc some fleeting thoughts of hnw the first mined to construct a third route by cutting a roadway mcn to come to this region fought their way through out of the face of the cliff. The head of the gully. difficulties to find a passage incross tlie thrti srcmingly however, had to be negotiated. and the solution oi this impassable barrier of mountains. \\.liilc speeding back proliletii he left to his newly appointed Superintendent ti) the city atid travcllinp in top gear up an almost of Bridges, David Lennox, who fnithfully fulfilled the nnnoticcil ’l‘averncr’s Hill at Petcrshani, is there no trust reposed in him. :\t the top of Lapstone Hill thrill in tlic recollection that this very stretch of ground there still stands the oltl stone arch bridge built by was oncc the hane of I)ullock drivers, goading every Ilavic! Lennox in 1533. the first stone arch bridge in ouiice oi energy out of their trams to get them up the Australia. The work of designing, supervising and hill7 The shouts of the bullock drivers and the crack erecting the structure. ii~cludingthe preparation of plans ol the stock whips now find hit a faint echo in the and checking the cut stone, all fell to the personal care softly purring engines of the modern automobile. of 1.ennox. It was in recognition of this that, when in Such is the roniance of the road. June, rS33. he wrote tu Sir Thomas Mitchell and in- formed hini that the bridge was nearing completion quict run from Sydncy to Rathrirst now takes, at and asked for instructions as to inscriptions to hr the most. six hours, hut there is on record a letter placed theyon, he was graciously instructed to is- written by a Mrs. Elizabeth Jiawkins to a relative in hcribe the words “David Lennox” on one side and the Ilnglantl from Ilathurst on 7th May. 7822, dcccribing. date of cotiipletioti on the other. in graphic terms. the ~~erilsmet with by a party which iiiatlc thc trip c;n-ly in that year. It took eighteen days ! 7’his bridge is now off the beaten track, but may be reached by taking the I,r:inch road from Glenbrook or Tlw I)cliari1iicnt of hIain l

Assistrrrrf L‘ ‘$I(J’ IlIrPu. FTE safc height of till ovcr pipe culverts hi(! vertical pressure on the rigid type of culvert under new emhankmeiits has been investigatccl mttler the sanic cr~ntlitionsof loading, and is Ily various :\niel-ican highway antl railway about 54 per cent. of the I)rcssurc exerted by aotliorities Init, as far as is known, 110 experimental the column of filling material above. work on this subjcct has heen carrirtl out in Australia. (h) Tlic vertical pressure on tlie cast-iron or con- Perhaps this is ncit surprising when it is realisetl crete (rigid) pipe is about 158 per cent. of that the great majority of stormwater drainagc pro- tltc prcisure exerted hy the coltlmn ol filling blems met with in 1)oth city ant1 country road work material above. in\wlves tlie laying of pipes in trenches or under rela- tively low fills, neither of which conditions will cause (c) the pressure intensity at tlir horizontal axis the failure of the standard reinforced concrete pipe of a corrugated ( flcxihle) pipe is equal to or due to excessive earth pressure. less than tlie pressure at the vertical axis, i.e., 54 per cent. of thc pressure exerted by the In this article an enileavour has beeu inatle to corre- column of filling material ahove. late Anicricaii cxperimental data with recorded local failures. with the object of determining the safe height (d) Tlie pressure intensity at the Iiorizontal axis of till over precast reinforced concrete pipes manufac- of a rigid pipe is about one-third of the tured to the test requirements of this Department. pressure at the vertical axis. i.e., one-third A.R.E.A. Tests.-pI series of experiments to deter- of 158 per cent. or 5.3 per cent. of the pres- mine the efirct of the flexibility rif pipes on their sure exerted by the column of filling material load-carrying capacity was carried out by the Ameri- above. can Railway I~ngineering Association with the fol- lowing results :- Tests by the Bureau of Public Roads.-Experimcnts TATILEI. relating to earth pressure on pipr culverts were carried out by the University of Bortli Carolina from Tcsfs cnnicd oitt cif Fauitia, G.S.A. (sec A.R.E.A. Ritlldiii. No. 2x4. 1923 to 1929 at Chapel Hill, N.C. (de “Public - Roads,” Vol. TO. KO, 9). In the first series of tests, pipes were laid in what was termed jo pel- rcttf. puojcction-i.e., only half the circumference of the pipe was exposed to the fill, and ’ feet. in the second series. which was more extensive and ...... 12-gauge corrugated iron ... 0.0 useful. the entire surface of the pipe was exposed to ..... _._i I 2-gauge ..., 11.2 ... Cnncrctc ...... ’ j2.2 the fill, i.e., 100 per ecnt. puojcctioiz...... rq-gauge corrugated iron .., S.1.I 542 ...... I &gauge ... , 3 3 ..i ‘The wcigiiing apparatus was housed inside a special 642 ...... , Extra heavy cast-iron _..# 34.’ 7 ft. x 7 ft. box culvert autl consisted of four plat- 7’42 ...... I >-gauge corrugated irnn ... 34.9 form scales carh having a capacity of 30,000 Ib. ( SCC 8148 ...... io-gauge ...I 34.6 Fig. I.) Steel columns extending up to the roof of the weighing chamber were supported on the scale plat- In carh ut thcsc tests thc tilling material was hand- forms, and the test pipes were laid on the top of these tamped up to three-qu;irters of the height of the pipe c o 1 u m n s. antl for 14 inches out from the sides. The first 8 feet of fill consistccl of fi’nc. dry sand weighing Xj 11). per In order to measure the active pressure on the pipes cubic foot loose, while above this a firm clay weighing the scale counterpoise. which was normally kept at thc I 12 11,. per cubic foot was used, the whole fill being cnd of the balance arm, was run in until the beam began consitleretl representative of average conditions. All to rise. Thus the miss of earth tended to move down test pipes were laid under the one enil)atiknient which and was supported in part by its friction ancl cohesion, was built iti approximately seven weeks during which the vertical earth pressure exerted on the pipe being time I 1.9 inches of rain fell. Pressurc intensitics were recorded by the scale. measccretl hy a large number of special pressure re- In all tests a roadway width of 24 feet was main- corders. tained throughout the construction of the fill, and in Thc data derived from this group of experiments order that uiiiforni conditions might be obtained, pipes were summarisecl as follows :- were extentled on each side of the four test speci- ((I) 7he vcrtical pressure on the corrugated (flex- mens, which were each 2.5 feet bng, to the toe of the ible) pipes is about otic-third of the ineasured bank. 72 MAIN ROADS. Vol. 6, No. 3. -

i2ver:ige v;ilues of the physical properties of filling pletctl ant1 this was followed by a slow iii- inaterial used in thcse tests were as follows :- creasc until apl)t-osiniately one-third of the pressure decrease \vas recol eretl, the time TAIKE11. nccripied in this recovery being nine iiiontlis. Our hrtridrrd prr rrrit. I'rojcctiuri '/'rsf.-Iti these tests, pipes were laid level with the roof of tlie special 110sculvert. coiicrete blocks Iieiiig ~11;iccdmi the top of tlie scale coluniiis. 111 dl cases the lilling material was s;md carried up to 12 fect above tlie top of the 1 )i pe s. The followiiig nine tests were made :--

TARLEIIT.

€ar&bfill Smooth iron ... &st lmn Test Pipe Corrngntrd mrt:il Strrl tubc .... Cast iron .., C:oncretr pip<' Solid plug ... Smooth iron ... (:or~tig;itcd metal Solid plug ...

Concletl: p1pe

Fig. 1. fic.wlts.--l'he data tlerivetl from tlie Chapel Hill csperiiiieiits may lw sunimarisetl as follows :- 1;ijt.y pl'r rrrit. l'roji~cti~ir7'r,sts.--Fnnr test- were (ti) For equal Iieights of fill of tlic s:iiiie iiiaterial ma(lc (111 p-iiicli c:i>t-iroii pipes laid ill thc jo per cent. Ivojcct ion cotitlition :- the pressure 011 pipes laid in tlic " 100 per ccnt. projection" condition is I .A; time.; greater (ti) :\ santl Id1 \~;isI)i~i:r up LO feet ahcve tlir than thc pressurc 011 pipes laid in tlie "jo per top of tlie Oipe in ;ipprosimatcly four niotitiic cent. projection" condition. vertical pressure on I)i!J? 'Tlic me;isuretl tlie (h) For the 1)articul:tr filling iiiaterials usctl in wis S2'4 per cent. of the weight of the filling the tests on cast-iron pipes, the pressure ex- niati~ial;hve the pipe. ertcrl lry a clay 611 is 1.2.; titiies greater tli:tu

(h) A.\ cl;iy fill ws 1)uilt 1111 11 feet al)o~the top we rscrtetl by a Galid fill of thr of the pipe in approximately one iiioiith. The lit ant1 utiit weight. measured vertical pressure on the pipe was ([-j The "trencli condition" reduces the pressure equal ti) the weight of filling material abovc oil tlic pipe hq' approxini;itcl) 30 per cent. the pipc. ((I) The deflection of all tlie pipes. except the (c) !\ clay fill was built 111) to 4.15 feet above the coiicrctc pipc wliicli crackcd wlicii tlic fill 11zd top of the pipe ;uid a trench 3.5 feet wide was reached a height of S feet ahove ohvert levcl. dug. The pipes were then laid (50 per ccnt. is very nearly a linear function of tlie height projection) ant1 :lie trench haclc-filled by hatitl. of fill. Tie fill \vas carried up to I 1.05 feet ahove tlie tot) of the I'ipc iii approximately three weeks T-xperimriital t1;rtn. thcrcfore. int1ic:itc hit ;iprt The me;isured vertic;il pressure on tlie pipe froni pipe strcngtli niicl lieiglit of fill. tlic 1o;id-e:irryiiig \v;is found to be 60 per cent. of tlic wciglit of capacity of pilw culverts lait1 iitirlrr iicw eiiil)aiikiiieiit!: the filling niatcrial above tlie Iiipe. dcpciirls on- (0 of id) .\ tiiirr (JU$ nv-iitlirr tcst w:is tlicn carried iiut j Flexi1)ility tlic pipe, on (rst ( C'I for fifteen motithx. 'I'lic nctnal (h) Method of laying. pressiire 011 thc ,iipe 1i;d dccreascll I)y ,1,3 per (c) Pli~Sic~lI)rttpcrtirs inf lilling material, espcci- cui(. six iiioiiths after tlie fill hat1 liceti com- ally coliesion. May, 1935. MAIN ROADS. 73

The effect of pipe flexihility is well illustrated i'n occur, a condition unlikcly to he realised in practice. Fig. 2, which shows the measured vertical pressure Intermediate values of these quantities are unknown. plotted against vertical pipe deflection for the Chapel If c' is the compression of the fill between B and C Hill tcsts on pipes laid in the 100 per cent. projection ant1 e is the vertical deflection of the pipe. then accord- coii tl i t i on. ing as C is greater than, equal to or less than c- (0) Load carried = (weight of filling above pipe) + 2 (fE + clh).

( 6) Load carried = weight of filling above ..pipe. c (c) Load carried = (weight of filling above pipe) s rmo - 2 (fE Ch). 9 + 8 If. in Fig. 3, the natural surface prior to placing the Qs fill be at DR instead of EC and a trench DECR he cut in which to lay the pipe. the magnitude of e', the coni- 3-9 prrssion of the cart11 between R and C. will be greatly 3 retluced, because undisturbed ground instead of freshly -lccQ placed fill is being cnnsolidated by the superimposed embankment. Actually. working space is necessary on cach side of the pipe. hut the trench width should be 0, 4 4 6 c .I B tl Def&G;O" Of Apes -ii,cn?w kept down to a minimum. and. where possible, the Fig. 2. depth should he not less than half the diameter of the pipe. It will Ile nnted that the rigid concrete and cast-iron The increased load-carrying capacity of the pipes pipes and the solid plug are called upon to carry a laid in the 50 per cent. projection condition in the considerably greater load than the flexible smooth iron Chapel H11 tests is duc to this reduction of e' and and corrugated-iro'n pipes. similar results would be obtained by cradling pipes in concrete. Since thc load carried by a pipe culvert laid under a new fill increases until the consolidation of the bank is complete and then gradually decreases to a value ap- + proximating the weight of the filling material directly wdh I above the pipe, it is reasonable to assume that. durlng E- h this relativcly short period of the life of the pipe, say, E- -f h six months, it may safely sustain a loading slightly greater than the specified test loading. wdh _* 2@E+c'h) . Safe Heights of Fill-in developing a general cx- pression for safe height of new fill over pipe culverts, - D 8.1 V the following assumptions were made :- (a) The maximum loading that thc pipes Till be called upon to carry during the consolidation of the ernhanktne'nt does lint exceed , the equivalent of 135 per cent. of the specified tcst loading. ((7) The pipes are well bedded on the natural surface withonk trenching, land reasonable care is taken in placing filling material around the pipeAquivalent to the 100 per cent. pro- jection condition of the Chapel Hill test. (c) Thc material of which the embankment is Fig. 3. built is assumed to hc a fairly heavy damp clay weighing 120 Ib. per cubic foot, consoli- Theory-In Fig. 3. let E he the total horizontal dated, and with high cohesion of the order of pressure on the mass of filling ;\BDL;. Then the force zoo Ib. per square foot. For embankments due to internal friction atid cohesion acting in each of composed entirely of sand the safe height of the planes i2B and FL, is fE + C'h. The qmalities f fill above thc top of the pipe, as set out in and C' rcprcsrnt forces which have for their maximum Table IV helow. could 11c increased by 3" values the co-efficicnts of intcrt1al friction and cohesion per crnt. for all sizes of pipes. The possi- respectively, although these would only hc attained bility of ;L high sand fill in road work, how- when slipping on thc planes AB and FL) is about to ever, is remote. 74 MAIN ROADS. Vol. 6. No. 3.

The resultant general formula reduces to the form- Fortunatcly tlie initial failure of pipe culverts undcr T = 41.7 (1.11. high fills, due to excessive earth pressure, occurs gradu- ally as tlie cnil~ai~kiiientconsolidates. so that :rteps can Where ’r = Specified test load (in Ih. per lin. ft.) under which pipes must not crack. be taken to strengthen or reline the pipcs before coni- plete collapse occurs. For the larger sizes of pipes cl = Tnternal diameter of pipe (feet). strengthening may be carried out either hy the con- h = Safe height of fill above top of pipe struction of a concrete or brick wall along the cenirc (ft. j. of the pipe or by a concrete lining placed by lilcans of Computations from this forniula. corrected for the collapsihle forms. This latter method, howeve:, in- pressure exerted by that portion of the fill below the volves a considerable reduction hi \v;?terway and should top of the pipc and for live load pressure (based upon only be used where had cracking has occurred. the Department’s standard loading) transmitted through the eml~aiiknient,arc shown in the following 19 table, from which the graph, Fig. 4, has heeii plotted. 9 I8 TAIILEIV. e 8 For Pipes Cot~for~~iiii~yto Drpurtiitetit’s Specificatioii, B PermissibLe height of fill over Pre-cast reinforced con- 8 IG crete pipes. L. 815 2 14 Maximum Height of 1 Minimum Total Cover 0 niameter of I’ipec. Fill above Top over Top of of Pipe. Pipe’. % I3 3 ~~ l cn ft. in. e it. in. 0 IO 13 U I h I3 c 19 13 $10 20 13 2 h 16 $9 30 I6 36 1 6 8 40 I6 4b I6 Diameter of Pipe 50 16 60 I 16 Fig. 4. - ~ ~~ ’Thrse Rwiw are based on load distribution, due to DcpartmenVs standard londinu. n’hm laid under earth lormation without maradam or supprior pave- metlt, ~over~ov~rpiprs ?hall be not IC’s than I ft. 6 in. When the pipc tliamctcr is too small to ;tllow tlie use of either of the above niethotls, it niay be possible to The safety of a pipe culvert. however, is not assured retain an opening by jacking Icngths of pipe of snialler simply hecause tlie height of thc hank under which it outside tliameter through the existing culvert. is laid is less than the recoininended safe maximum. The possibility of failure of tlie larger size pipes ;ind failure iiiay occur- under high fills can be niinirnised by stiffening the pipcs (a) when pipes are not up to specification or have with temporary tiniher struts erected inside tlie cul- been damaged tluring transport to the site ; vert before the filling is placed a’ntl reniovetl after the (0) if pipes are not well bedded and jointed. hank has compIetely consolidated or before the rainy season. if the culvert will be called upon to pass flood Precautions to be Observed in Laying.-Pipes should waters. be laid on their flat hottonis. if any (for pipes rein- forced with an elliptical cage of steel mesh, with the stcncilled mark TOP on tlie top) on firm, well rammed and consolidated foundations. Special c:tre must be taken in jointing pipes under all classes of fills as the majority of failurcs are pri- Cover Sheet for Specifications. iiiarily due to leaky joints. The failure of otherwise IN response tu numerot~srequests for a stantlartl cover sound joints niay be due to tlie tlisplacement of partially sheet for specifications iti contlcction with contracts let buried pipes (luring the initial stages of enii1>aikment hy councils, a form has now been printetl at~tlii: avail- construction. or to the differential settlenmt of il able from the Government Printing Officc. The new 1)atlly-placctl hank. The filling adjacent to ancl for not form (Form No. 312) is of a similar n;lture to that less than I foot abovc the top of the pipe slioultl there- usctl by the r)epartnlellt (For111 No. 75), the Ilecessat-y fore be wcll conipactetl md free from pieces of rock altemtions having I)eetl cffcctccl to lllalic it suit:tl)le for or boulders. use by councils. May, 1935. MAIN ROADS. 75 Tenders and Quotations Accepted. The acceptance by the respective Councils of thc following Tcnclcrs (over Azoo) has been approved by the Department during the months of January, February and March, 1935 :- ~. \Pork. Name of Amount ot Description. Recommended Tendercr. Recommended Tzndcr.

Hoolooroo Gravel construction 29: chains on the 1\Zoree-S\.arrabril 0. R. Heferen ...... section. \\'nodburn ._.I Io Construction reinforced concrctc culvert and approaches Sortli Coast Blue Mctal 8G5 17 6 at 7 m. h j ch. on the Woodburn-l3allina section. Quarries. Talbragar 56 12, chains of new formation with necessary causcu'ays, A. R. Wheeler ... 24j o o ...I Dohho-Peak Hill section. Urana ...... ~1152 Construction from Rand to Main Road 331- (I) o m. 1.700 ft.~~-om. 4.580 ft...... J. J. U'illiams ...... '37 6 5 (2) I m. oo ft.-I m. j.100 ft...... D. Nixon and Sun ... 289 5 4 (3) I m. 3,100 It.-z m. 520 ft...... J. J. U'illiams ...... 222 14 o Wingham,.. ... 192 Supply and spray 4.400 gals. 85/10o bitumen ...... B.H.P. Ry-Products 270 8 4 Pty. Ltd. Ballina ...... 64 Reconstruction in bitumen penetration between S.H. Io R. B. Haydon ...... 5.142 0 0 and Emigrant Creek, Ballina-Lismore section. Ashford ...... 138 Construction timber bridge 165 ft. long over Beardy Rivcr Concreters Ltd. ... 1.296 14 4 Coolamon ... 1097 135 chains clearing and formation between 6 m. 4,280 ft. R. T. Alexander ... 331 '7 6 and 8 m. 2,620 ft. Goobang ...... 56 Construction of two concrete culverts hetween 26 m. and R. O'Seill ...... 1.318 15 4 27 m. on the Parkes-Peak Hill section. 1.iverpool Plains ... 11, 5. Scarifying and reshaping 6,qoo chains ...... V. C. Sparkes ...... 1,000 0 0 & 72 Rogan ...... 7 Construction of 30 ft. span timber bridge, gravelled deck ... F. W. Charles ...... 354 7 0 Hume ...... io62 Formation and gravel construction I m. 1,349ft. Howlong- G. McCobb ...... bbb IO o Walbundrie. Peel. Nundle, y Surfacing with liquid bitumen betwcen Ardglen and Bryant and Buchanan .. 7,272 10 9 Tamarang and Tamwortii. WaITdh. 1 Realignment, regrading and construction of culverts W. A. U'innett Tumut ...... 4 ... 992 8 4 2.730 ft., near Kules Creek. Cobbora ...... 1057 Gravel construction, Ballimore to Windorah- (I) 5 m. 3.100 ft.& m. 3,100 ft...... A. R. Wheeler ... 862 15 2 (I) 6 m. 3.100 It.--? m. 4,000 ft...... do ...... 1.442 14 0 Lyndhurst ... 6 Gravel construction, culverts, etc., in Bathurst-Blayney section- (I) Hctwccn 3 m. and 5 m. 250 ft...... I Chas. Hirdy Con. 0.1 1.969 0 0 T.t

Tenders and Quotations Accepted+ofltknud.

WO&. Name of Amount at Recommended Tenderer. Recommended Tendcr. Shire or Description. Municipality. j 4.

Mandowa ... 1003 Formation. gravel construction and culvert5 from 166 to W. H. Marshdl .I. 599 10 0 18 m.. Manilla to Boggabri. Boolooroo ... 231 Reforming and loam surfacing 160 chains, Moree to W. Boulton ...... 535 0 n Roonangar. Kyogle ...... 1017 Construction of 8,580 ft. gravel pavement and subsidiary P. E. Rown ...... 2,964 5 6 works, including 30 ft. span timber bridge, bctwecn 4 m. 2.256 ft. and 6 m. 276 ft., Cedar Point to Bentley. htarthaguy ... 7 Supply and spread 1,759 c. yds. gravel and supply and E. Farquharson ... 1.100 9 6 stack jo c. yds. maintenance gravel. Wallarobba ... IOI Construction of 2j ft. span timber bridge over Cangon R. A. Wilson ...... 3.27 I2 0 Creek, r+ m. south of Dungog. Holbrook and1 211 Construction of reinforced concrete bridgc of 2-30 ft. spans L. G. Bucknel1 ... 1.6921j 6 Culcairn. over Hack Creek on the road from Holbrook to Wagga. Nambucca ... IO Construction of reinforced concrete bridge 27 ft. long in J. Gam ...... 1,611 12 o 2 spans, over Watts Creek, 4 m. north of Macksville. Terania ...... 1085 Construction of 4,423 lin. ft. of road, together with sub- M. O'connor ...... 1,977 11 8 sidiary works between Blaney Bridge and 1.amook. Carrathool ... 1026 Clearing and formation, together with subsidiary works. Erigolia- Binya- (11 om. to 5 m. ooft...... A. Dav ...... 5'9 0 0 (2) j m. 00 ft. to IO m. 700 ft...... Rang& and Chapman 480 o 8 Amaroo ...... 7 Improvements to bridge over Molong Creek. 6t m. from Hogan and Kernan ... 195 17 0 Molong towards Wellington. Marthaguy ... IOHI Topdressing at rate of 24t c. yds. per chain on tlrc following sections- (I) 170 chs. in 3 sections-14 m.-16 m. 40 ch. ... A. T3. Kelly ...... 364 8 9 (2) 16 m. 40 ch. to 19 m...... R. H. Yeomans ... 550 0 0 (3) 19 m. to 21 m...... N. Ayoub ...... b40 n o (4) 21 m. to 23 m. 4u ch...... W. H. Donnelly ... 561 13 4 (5) 23m.40ch.to2jm.79ch...... do ...... 436 2 IO Wade ...... lo19 Formation and subsidiary works 11 m. 4' ch.-14 m. Rangott and Chapman.. 440 18 IO 53 ch. from Grifith. Lockhart ... 59 Resheeting with gravel, 116 ch. between 38 m. and jo m. J. L. Glascott ...... 293 0 0 1.5 ch. Hume and Albury 2 G0,867 sq. yds. of 2-in. bitumen penetration macadam McDonald Bros. ... 5,602 IX o surface cnurse with gravel shouldering, between I m. and 7 m. from Albury. Bland ...... lor9 Gravel construction-Weethalle-Barellan section- (I) 160 ch., I) m.-.3& m...... W. Bray ...... 738 2 0 (2) 160 ch., 31 m.-5) m...... C. Price ...... 971 2 0 Rland ...... 1029 128 ch. of formation and subsidiary works ...... R. Broad ...... 959 8 0 Port Stcphcns ... IO Supply aud delivery 516 tons of screenings to 9 miles north J3.H.P. Ry-Products 344 0 0 of Raymond Terrace. Pty. Ltd. Kearsley ...... 218 Supply 15,570 gals. of No. 2 coke oven tar at 81d. per gal .... do ...... 5.51 8 9 Supply and deliver 794 tons of screened river gravel ... IC. Lowe ...... 496 5 0 Mandowa ... 357 Extension of concrete causeway between I j m. and 16 m., W. H. Marshall ... 361 19 0 Manilla to Boggabri. Bland ...... 1017 Construction of 8 m. 41.7 ft. formation, and 2 m. of gravel- J. li. O'liane ...... 1.j76 16 o ling and snhsidiary works, Rankin's Springs to Hillston...... 6 Gravel construction-West Wyaloufi to Yalgngrin- (I) 11) m. 2,3Ro ft. 21 m. oo ft...... 1'. Donovan ...... joi IQ 6 (2) ZI m. 00 ft.--rz m. 3,100 ft...... W. Bray ...... I 378 8 0

~~ .... - .- May. 1935. MAIN ROADS. 77

Tenderr and Quotations Accepted-continucd.

~~ ~ Work. Name of Amount of Recommended Tenderer. Recommended Tender. Sheor Description. Municipality. 1 %:d

Wakool ...... 319 Construction of timber beam bridges at- (I) Barber Creek. 6 spans, 152 ft. long ...... U'. T. Grccn ...... 1,219 19 o (2) Cow Creek, 9 spans, 243 ft. long ...... A. Dark ...... 1,388 I 8 Construction of approaches to, and roadway between the Arthur Bros. and Wood- 504 11 6 two bridges, 3,228 ft. yard. Coonabarabran . , . I I Gravelling 140 chs. near 28 m. and 40 m. posts ...... H. V. Hardy ...... 872 13 6 Gilgandra ... I1 Construction of a deviation + m. long on the Gilgandra- P. Woods ...... 568 11 3 Tooraweenah section. Cockburn ... 9 Construction of a single cell 6 x 6 concrete box culvert ... J. Reid ...... 286 19 o Weddin ...... 6 Construction of four concrete box culverts on the Cowra- Western Concrete Co. 7'4 8 0 Marsden section. Tumut...... 4 Construction of two concrete box culverts and 2,800 ft. of Masters Bros...... 833 18 4 gravel paved approach roadway at 114 m.. Tumut- Mount Adrah. Marthaguy ... 7 Supply and spread 412 c. yds. maintenance gravel E. Farquharson ... 250 12 8 Trangie-Nevertire section. Waradgery ... 60 Moama to Booligal Trunk Road-Io8 chs. reforming and U'. J. Jackson ... 307 0 0 loaming between 10.4j m. and 16 m. Macquarie ... 1007 Gravel construction I m. 5.240 ft. and concrete culverts ... T. A. .Miller ... 1,902 8 2 Canobolas ... 7 Supply and delivery 2.773 c. yds. of granite gravel ... H. J. Risopp and N. 612 7 5 ~.Anwpn.

Coolamon ..I I155 Construction of 2,680 ft. of roadway and 440 ft. of floodway 11. T. Alexander ... 989 '7 0 about 4 miles from Matong. Nyngan ...... 7. 8. Gravelling on S.H.'s 7 and 8 and Main Roads 204 and 346 G. Jones ...... 202 19 6

The following Tenders and Quotations were accepted by the Departmcnt during the months of January, February and March, 1935. Tenders.

Work. Kame of Amount of or Shire. Successful Tenderer. Amepted Tcnder, Description.

ROADWORKS. f S. d. The Glebe ... 2002 He-grading and reconstruction between Taylor-street and Road Constructors Ltd. 2.249 1 9 Railway-street. Gilgandra ... I1 Construction of 4 m. 1,.j8o ft. of roadway. including gravel Farley and Lewers ... 10.853 Io 0 pavement; Uargon Creek to Connabarabran Shire boundary. Ingleburn ... I77 Reconditioning between Cross-roads and Ingleburn-road- R. Tabrett ...... 270 o 0 Supply and delivery of approximately 1,800 c. yds. of W- C. Yd.). gravel. Erina and Tarro ... 9 & Heating and spraying of 85/100 penetration bitumen over Fowler Road Mainten- 352 1 3 IO. total length of about 13 miles in five separate sections. ance Co. Pty. Ltd. Ulmarra ...... IO Maintenance by Department-Resurfacing with bitumen North Coast Blue Metal 624 7 2 Quarries Ltd...... IO Approaches to Swan Creek Bridge ...... W. J. Bondfield ... 2,598 I2 IO 853 18 6 Imlay ...... I Approaches.. to reinforced concrete bridge over Narrabarba G. Warne ...... Creek, youth of Kiah. Hastings ...... IO Gravelling between John's River and Kew-Supply and U'. F. McCudden 3/7 c. yd. delivery of 2,500 c. yds. of gravel. Kyeamba ...... 14 Construction 2.900 ft. of deviation and 2.186 ft. existing A. 4. Wilson 3.432 1' 5 road, including 2 box and 3 pipe culverts at Cox's Folly. Upper Hunter ... 9 Reconstruction between Aberdeen and Scone-Supply and W. Cowan...... 883 6 8 delivery of 4,000 c. yds. gravel. Snnnlv and deliverv of sawn bridee timber, SP m. and 31 m. Sly Bros...... 332 8 10 Terania ...... I1088 rr i ._ from Cawongla: Suuulv and delivery of sawn bridge timber 3f m. fioml do . .I 395 0 0 _- ~ Cau.ongla...... I __.__-_..__I- -. 78 MAIN ROADS. Vol. 6, No. 3.

- ~-~~ - Work. Municipality R"3d Name of Amount of or Shire. NO. Successful Tenderer. Accepted Tender. Description. - Ulladulla I Supply and delivery of 340 c. yrls. of screenings ...... lb. C;, Millard ... Kearsley ... 218 Construction of gravel pavcmcnt in approaches to bridge Gam and Jenkins over \Vollombi Brook, Millfield. Dalgety ... 4 Supply and delivery of gravel-3/3&d. per c. yd. ,.. C. 13. Shepherd Mitchell ... '4 Supply 10,900 c. yds. gravel hetween LI m. 2,ooo ft. and W. C. French ... r8 m. 1.350 ft.

,I ... '4 Supply of 6.800 c. ydq. gravel between r5 m. 3.240 ft. and T. \Vise ... 21 m. 350 ft. Mitchell and '4 Supply of 3,120 c. yds. gravel bclwccn 30 m. 43j ft. V. J. O'LoughIan Yanko. (Mitchell Shirp) and 37 m. 380 ft. (Yanko Shire). Macleay ... io & Supply and dclivcry uf approximately 5,ion c. yds. gravel IV. J. Donovan ... Oij c. yd. between 11. hetween Frederickton and Xambucca Shire boundary. 5'7 m.-9.7 m noi-th of Iiemp- sey: 5/3 c. yd. belween 9'7 m.- 1.5 m.. north of Kempsey. Hastings ... 10 Construction of ramp at I3lackm;m's Point Irerry ... H. J. Thuxites ... 464 1.3 9

ARIUGES AND CULVERIS. Gilgandra I1 Construction of a two-span timher hwm bridge over Farlry and T.cwcrs .._ yy8 11 8 Uargon C,reek. Young ... ?1I Construction of rcinforced concrete bridec" at Garibaldi McI.ean Construction 1,131 18 o Gully. ro. Manning : I10 Construction of reinforced concrctc bridgc 303 ft. long, Concreters Ltd. ... 6,123 18 4 Stroud. together with formation and paving of approaches over Wang Wauk River. Harwood 15' Construction of reinforced concrctc bridxc, together with Oseiiford Contracting 2,249 0 0 formation and paving of approaches over Romiaka Co. Pty., Ltd. Channcl. Maclean to Yamba. Dalgety ... 4 C.onstriiction of reinforced concrctc culvert and roadway W. D. McDonald ... in approaches between io m. .+,fqoft.-Ii m. 710 ft. lk1cleay ... IO Tirnbcr lxam bridge I m. sonth nf Harranganyatti ... M. 1'. Lyons ...... Turon and 210 Construction of reinforccd concrctr bridge and formation I.. Ihlatorrc ... C.iidgrgnng. and paving of approaches at Green Vallcy Crcek. Younfi illld 230 Construction of reinforced concrete culvert and approaches J. Gamblc and E. A Ihirrangong. over Maori Gully. 0 li ve . Eurobodal1;i I Construction of reinforced concrete bridge ovcr Digman's I<, (;, Huckiicll ... Crrnk...... Hornsby ... 739 Construction concrete bridgc over Devlin's Creek and I.. (;, I3nckncll ... reinforced concrete culvert at Iiandy--avenue. Maclcay . . . IO Constructiun of two reinforced concrete box culverts, W. J. Hunt ...... including excavation and subsidiary works at Frederick- ton Saamp. near Vrederickton. Crookw-ell 54 Construction of reinforced concrete bridge, together with F. Hampson . __ ... 1.866 17 8 formation and paving of approaches at Tuena Creek. Erina ... IO Construction of reinforced concrete bridgc, including Robt. Hood ...... 1,229 16 o formation and paving of approaches at ii m. 3,200 ft., ~ .. north of Gosfod. Cockburn I1 Constrnction of timber beam bridge over Congi Creek ... \V. B. Samuels ...... 1.302 11 6 Kyeamba ... 'I Construction 01 reinforccd concrete hridge over Kyeamba Icobt. Hood ...... 1,598 7 0 Ckeek. at Alfredtown. IO I I Hastings ... Construction-. of 70 ft. timher beam bridge at Cooperabung Beattie and Frost ... 906 Creek. Gilgandra I1 ranstroction of 19 pipe culverts and head walls at Toora- Patk. Woods ...... 445 0 0 weenah Deviation. Eurobodalla I Construction of reinforced concretc bridge and approaches W. D. McDonald ... 1,690 11 o over Noggarula Creek. Port Stephens In Construction of rcinforced cuncrete bridge over Nine Mile H. J. Thwaites ...... 3.715 6 6 Creek. HAUI.ACE. Warringah 164 Reconditioning Barrenjoey-road-Unloading and haillage C. H. 1.psIie ... _.. 6/- pt=r ton, sand: of cement and sand from Chatswood Railway Station 7/- per ton, to dumps as directed. cement. Hornsby ... 13 Reconstruction between Pcarcc's Corner and Campbell- J. I<. Anderson .._ r/j per ton, flat avenue-Haulage of materials. rale. ,, ... I3 Supply and delivery to the work as required of snh-base do ... .,. +/-per c. yd. sand (750 c. yds.). Randwick I72 Construction hetween Queen-street and York-street- L. If.Edwards Haulage of mixcd materials from Alexandria Railway Yard to Uepartment's Local Depot, corncr of Oxford and York streets. May, 1935. MAIN ROADS. 79 - -~

Tendem-continued. - Work. Name of Recommended Amount of Recommended Shire or Description. Tenderer Tender. Municipality.

MISCELLANEOUS. I f s. d...... Sydney Harbour Bridge-Maintenance of Neon Navigation Ncon Signs (Australasia) fr per calendar and Toll signs for period of twelve months. Ltd. month...... Sydney Harbour Bridge-Erection of stairways and foot- C. J. Hasemer ...... 339 0 0 walks-Supply and fabrication and delivery 01 approxi- mately IA~tons of stroctnral steel. ... Sydney Harbour nridge Apyroaches-Preparation for Jas. G. Taylor ... 6,799 0 0 occupancy of two archways fronting York-strcct North, S"d"f=" --, . ... Hawkesbury River Fcrrics-Docking and Overhaul ... Mort's Dock and En- gineering Co. Ltd. ~~ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ I

Quotations. (Exceeding f50.)

Nu. of Amount of Quotation. Description of Article. Name of Surcrssful 'Tenderer. Accepted Quotation.

~ ~~~ ~~ ~

d s. d. 9i6 Four z in. pumps and one I& in. pump ...... British Standard Machinery Co...... 178 0 0 IO02 1,100 It. concrete pipes, 18 in.-zq in. dia., f.o.r., Lismore ... Hume Pipe Co. (Aust.) Ltd, ...... 265 o o 1006 84.t tons Nepean sand, f.0.r.. Quarry ...... Nepean Sand and Gravel Co. Ltd. ... 140 I3 4 roo7 1.j62 tons washed gravel, f.o.r., Quarry ...... 340 IO 0 Ioos 3G4 picccs bar mat reinforcement, 17 ft. 6 in. x 9 ft. 8 in. A.R.C. Engineering Co...... 370 IZ 2 Delivered to Ashfield and i\uburn. rooq G.I. Jointing--j,o72 ft. 10 guage in G ft. lengths. Delivered Malleys Ltd ...... 52 5 4 part Auburn and part .4shfield. IOIO Mastic jointing-pi pieces a in.-Joint filler material cut to Maxwell Portcr and Son Ltd...... 6873 size. Delivered to Ashfield. ' IO12 Bridge timbcr, f.o.r., U'algctt ...... Allen Taylor & Co. Ltd...... '73 I8 2 1013 TO,OOO ft. chain wire, 24 in. wide, L in. mesh ...... Rylands Bros. (Aust.) Ltd...... IGG 13 4 rorg Bridge timher. f.o.r., Mingay Siding ...... E. J. Uurnside & Co...... 320 16 IO IO21 5 4/.jths, and 7 gjroths tons steel reinforccmcnt dclivered to Wm. Atkins Ltd...... 159 4 6 Ashfield and Auburn respectively. 1026 630 ft. concrete pipes, 15 in.--jo in. diameter, f.0.r.. Yass ... Hume Pipe Co. (Aust) Ltd, ...... 154 I9 2 1028 Bridge timber, f.o.r., Dubbo ...... W. Dale ...... 77 3 3 1029 456 ft. concrete pipes, 18in. and 21 in. diameter, f.0.r.. Casino ... Hume Pipe Co. (Aust.) Ltd...... 9414 8 '035 300 tons asphaltic sand, f.o.r., Rosehill Siding ...... Moorebank Sand Co. Ltd...... gzro 0 1036 150 ft. concrete pipes, 30 in. diameter, f.0.r.. Lismore ...... Hume Pipc Co. (Aust.) 1.td...... _ 67 o o 1037 36 tnbnlar steel wheel barrows, 3 c.ft. capacity ...... McPherson's Pty. Ltd...... 5810 0 I039 75.16 cwts. steel reinforcement, cut and bent to shape, f.o.r., A.R.C. Engineering Co...... Oh50 Mount George. roqr 16 only screens (wire) with square openings of ~f in., 14in., 2 in., Hunter Fence and Gate Co...... 7612 o and in.-four of each dimcnsion. I042 Bridge timber. Delivered at bridge site, Nowra, approximately Eades and Co...... 332 IO 0 p m. from Romaderry liailway Station. '043 5. zoo-gal. watcr carts ...... G. E. Fortcscue and Son ...... 170 12 6 '044 3, IO ft. blade scarifier graders ...... British Standard Machincry Co...... 780 o o 1045 zoo tons of metal dust ...... Nepean Sand and Gravel Co...... 6934 5 206 ft.,6 in.-30 in. diameter, reinforced concrete pipes, f.0.r.. Hume Pipe Co. (Aust). Ltd...... 5620 Burringbar. 6 Concrete pipes, 230 ft., I j in.-42 in. diameter, f.or.. Bowning 7' 16 4 7 Uncrushed Nepean gravel, 1.900 tons, rB in., and 1.860 tons, Sepean Sand and Gravel Co. Ltd. 994 I5 0 fin., f.o.r.,-Kich.mond. 8 880 tons best Nepean sand. f.0.r.. Emu Plains ...... Emu and Prospect Gravel Co...... 150 IO 300 c. yds. metal screenings-~+ in. and 5/16 in. gauge ...... X.S.W. Associated Blue Metal Quarries ... 67 IO o 16 r.080 c. yds. metal screenings-$ in. and 5/16 m. gauge ...... 266 3 9 '7 Bridge timber. Dclivcred at bridge site 2 m. north of West Eades & 6;...... 393 7 2 Maitland Railway Station. 22 Concrete pipes-872 ft., 12 in.-I8 in. diameter. Delivered to Hume Pipe Co. (Aust.) I.td...... 101 17 7 Hornsbv. 2s Supply and delivery of metal work to Ashby Dock, Maclean ... Brown and Brown Ltd...... 170 17 8 80 MAIN ROADS. Vol. 6, No. 3. -~ __

Quotations-continued.

Amount of No. of Dexription of .4rticle. Name of Successful Tenderer. Accepted Quotation. Quotation.

t: s. d. 30 Bridge timber. Delivered f.u.r. IValgctt ...... Allen Taylor & Co. Ltd...... 214 8 o 32 Bridge timber. Dehered far.Cooma ...... Marshall Sawmilling Co...... 296 IO 8 33 Bridge timber, Delivered f.0.r. Hay ...... J. Croll and Sorts ...... I.lo5 14 0 34 Metal or slag screenings-375 tons 2 in. and 5/16 in. gauge ... B.H.P. I3y-Products Pty. Ltd...... 99 15 0 35 Metal screenings-720 tons $ in. and 5/16 in. gauge ...... 191 5 0 36 Metal or slag screenings-975 tons + in. and 5/16 in. gauge ... ._. _. 25815 o 37 Metal or slag screenings-54o tons 2 in. and 5/16 in. gauge ...... I43 5 0 38 Metal screenings--jn8 tons fin. and 5/16 in. gauge ...... I9219 0 39 Crushed metal-4oo tons & in. and 7/16 in. gauge ...... Hnrricane Hill Quarries ...... 186 IO 0 46 Concrete pipes-f.0.r. Cooma-1) in.-36 in. dlameter, 480 ft. ... I<. Fowlcr Vianini Ltd...... 213 0 0 47 Concrete pipes-f.0.r. Woolbrook-858 ft., 18 in.-3o in. ... Hume Pipe Co. (Aust.) Ltd...... 264 I9 4 48 Concrete pipes-f.0.r. Yass-74 ft., 15 in.-48 in. diameter ...... 284 0 8 49 Concrete pipes-f.0.r. Casino-720 ft., 18 in. and ZI in. diameter...... 167 5 o 58 1, 4 in. power driven centrifugal pump ...... D. H. Berghouse ...... 75 10 0 59 10,000 ft. chain wire fencing 24 in. wide, 2 in. mesh ...... Itylands Bros. (Aust.) Ltd...... 162 Io 0 GI Steel reinforcement45.7 cwts. cut and bent to shape, f.0.r. .4.R.C. Engineering Co...... 86 0 0 Wongarbon. 62 hlctal parting strips4,goo ft. 18 in. gauge, 6 ft. lengths. E. A. Harper and Sons ...... I43 3 I Delivered, Hornsby. 64 Steel reinforcements-68.5 cmts., ciit and bent to shape, f.0.r. State Monier Pipe and Itd...... 77 5 0 IO0 Concrete pipe-iy4 ft., 15 in.--j6 in. diameter, f.0.r. Yass ... Hume Pipe Co. (4ust.) Ltd...... 66 18 IO 10.2 Bridge timber. Delivered, f.o.r. Bowning ...... Allen l'aylor & Cn. I.td...... 83 '7 9 107 1.335 tons crushed gravel, 2 in. and I+ in. gauge ...... Emu and Prospect Gravel Co...... 333 1s 108 733 tons Nepean sand ...... Cement Mortars Ltd...... 146 I2 0 110 .WO c. yds. sandstone ballast. Dclivcrcd to Enfield ...... E. Sutton ...... 90 o o 52 2 8 115 Steel reinforcement-~.3 tons, cut and bent to shape, f.0.r. Aquila Sterl Co. Pty. Ltd...... Killarney (Queensland). 125 Concrete pipes-j.o5o ft., 12 in.-zq in. diamctcr. Delivered to State Monier Pipe Works ...... 451 11 3 Randwick. 126 Concrete pipes -284 ft., 18 in.-3o in. diameter. Delivered to Rocla Ltd...... 122 14 4 Gilganrifa. '45 Basalt scrccnings-i5o tons, in., in. and a in. gauge ...I N.S.W. Associated Blue Metal Quarries ...I 58 I G