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Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology Entomology, Department of
1982
Resistance to the rice gall midge Orseolia oryzae in rice
E. A. Heinrichs
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This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Dr. E. A. Heinrichs Entarolog'./ D=partrrent International Rice Research Institute P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines
RESISTANCE TO THE RICE GALL MIIXiE, ORSIDLIA ORYZAEIN RICE
l E. A. Heinrichs and P. K. Pathak International Rice Research Institute P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines RESISTANCE TO THE RICE GALL MIIX>E, ORSEOLIA ORYZAE ill RICE
Abstract
Orseolia oryzae, the rice gall midge is a Jl'ajor pest of rice in =y areas of tropical Asia and is becaning an irrportant pest in
Africa. A chronological review of the progress Jl'ade in various national programs on varietal resistance, sources of resistance and breeding for resistance is given. Many res istant varieties have been identified and have been utilized in breeding programs to develop high yielding varieties with multiple resistance to the gall midge and other insect pests and diseases. Mechanisms and inheritance of resistance in rice varieties are discussed. Rice varieties resistant j_n various countries and sources of resistance used in breeding programs are listed. Biotype variations in different countries and withi n the countries are revealed and a prelimi nary classification of gall midge biotyp8s based on varietal reactions is proposed. Variet:es de riz resistantes a Orseolia oryzae et m:kanisrres de resistance
Orseolia oryzae ("rice gall midge") est un parasite irrportant du riz en Asie tropicale qui conmence ~ se d~velopper en Afrique. Une revue chronologique des travaux effectu~s sur la resistance vari~tale du riz a O. oryzae et ses rrecanismes indique que de nanbreuscs varietes r~sistantes out ete d~oouvertes et utilisees pour des croisements g&letiques. Des vari~tes a haut niveau de production presentant une resistance multiple a ~ . oryzae ainsi gd a d ' autres parasites ont ete obtenues. Une l iste des varietes parentales resistantes et des vari~tes utilisees pour l es croisarents genetiques est donnee. Les mecanisrres et" l es caracteres genetiques de la resistance a ~ . oryzae sont discutes . Differents biot:ypes d O. oryzae ont ete distingues suivant les regions et une classification preliminaire fondee sur la susceptibilite et la resistance de differentes varietes de riz est proposee. RESISTANCE TO THE RICE = MIT:GE, ORSIDLIA ORYZAE IN RICE
E. A. Heinrichs and P. K. Pathak '!he International Rice Research Institute P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines
I '!he gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wxxl-Mason) (Diptera:Cecidanyiidae) is a major rice pest in certain regions of Asia and occms in Africa. It can cause severe crop losses by producing a gall called 'silver shoot" that prevents panicle . production. '!he gall midge was first reported as a rice pest in Bihar, India in 1880 (Reddy 1967). Its distril:mtion is limited to the area between 100 south and 240 north latitude (Hidcll In Asia it has been reported fran Bangladesh, Burma, C'a!!b- InOOnesia, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua (New Guinea), Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam (Barnes 1956, Anonyrrous 1963, Grist & Lever ~69, Mani 1973, Hill 1975). Gall midge occurrence has not been recorded 1.'1 the Philippines or Malaysia. In Inoonesia it is a pest in Java but it :is:lOt l O:>ast, Senegal, Guinea Bissau, and Nigeria (Anonyrrous 1963, Grist & Lever 1969, Hill 1975, Enyi, personnal cx:rmrunication) • '!he gall midge is primarily a pest of lowland i.rti.,-ated rice, but it has been reported on upland rice in China(Li & Chiu 195]J and on deep water rice as well (Venu Gopal 1975). In addition to ~ sa!tiva it also attacks wild rice species (Reddy 1967, Israel et al., 1961, Israel et al., 1963) and weeds (Israel et a1., 1970). '!he gall midge recurs after the dry season fran t3lE diapausing larvae in underground dormant grass buds. OVerwintering of larlrce in rice stubbles 2 (Yen et al., 1941), regenerated rice plants (Li & CJJiu 1951), and grasses (Huang 1957) has also been reported. 1:he gall midge IIl3Y ccrrplete a few . generations on grasses before rice is planted. l\dul.t flies merge with the onset of the nonsoon rains or favorable noisture CXlDdi.tions (Ramchandra !lao 1924, Ilescanps 1956). Fanales lay eggs on leaves or leaf sheaths of newly transplanted rice. On hatching the larvae ~ dcwn the leaf sheaths and into the plants until they reach the grMng [Xlints where they feed at the bases of the plants. A life cycle is ccrrpleted in about 25 days (!eddy 1967). Gall formation results fran 1) the suppressicn of leaf prinordial differentiation at the grcwth cone and 2) the deveJ.qlllent of the radial ridges fran the innernost leaf prinordium followed I¥ an elongation of the leaf sheath (Perera & Fernando 1970). It is not clear whether feeding activity or secretion of a substance by the maggot stinrulate growth of the leaf sheath to form a gall. Profuse tillering occurs under early infestation but the new tillers often bea:ne infested too. Excessive stunting occurs and few panicles are produced under severe infestation. '!he severity of gall midge ~ge appears to have increased in the last decade. In India it was fODlErly a pest only in the..et season crop but recently it has also been obsexved in the winter crup (Kalode & Kasivis,".. anathan 1976). In 1:hailand Hiclaka (personal CCI1l1UlIl:ication) reported that the gall m;!,dge, which was fODlErly a pest in the Northeast, is !XU a pest in the Central I'Wns as well. '!he high degree of gall midge susceptibility of high yielding ~eties such as IRS, Jaya, and Padna has been a limiting ·factor to the wide !l'P~d cultivation of these varieties in sana states in India (Misra & l<1W>hreshtha 1971). 3 Cbntrol of the gall midge has errphasized tine of planting to avoid infestations, and insecticides when infestations occur. Neither rrethod has been entirely satisfactory. 'Ihere has been a great need to develop resistant rice varieties because of the inportance of gall midge and the difficulty in oontrolling it with insecticides. 'Ibis paper discusses the status of the developi'ent of gall midge resistant varieties. Varietal Resistance Resistance sources Early observations on differences in varietal reactions to the. gall midge were reported by Nguyen (1922) in Vietnam, Li & Oriu (1951) in Orina, and Hegdekatti (1927) in India, although differences were not distinct. National rice iIrproverrent programs in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and 'Ihailand are currently screening gennplasm for resistance to the gall midge and have identified about 170 resistant varieties (Table 1). Studies on varietal resistance in India began, in the 1950s (Shastry & Seshu 1971). These studies have been reviewed by Shastry e t al., (1972) and Prakasa Rao et al., (1974). Field screening of 3600 varieties of the National Gernplasm Collection of Rice at the Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) at o"tttack, India began in 1948. 'lhrough the initial field screening program, 246 resistant varieties were identified. Retesting resulted in the selection of the Indian varieties ptb 18, ptb 21, Ftb 27, Peykeo E.53, and Peykeo P.129, and the 'Ihai variety Leuang 152. Screening at Warangal resulted in the identification of Eswarakora, HR 12, HR 42, and MR 63 as resistant donors 4 (VenkataswaJ1!{ 1966). Studies oonducted from 1954-1964 at Warangal in Andhra Pradesh, a "hot "pot" for the gall midge, oonfimed the resistance of Eswarakora, IIR 42, IIR 63, Ptb 18, Ptb 21 and Siam 29. Betv.>een 1968 and 1970, the. All-India OJordinated Rice Irtproverrent Project CAIClUP) screened genn plasm fran India and gernplasm fran the International Rice Fesearch Institute CIRRI) oollection at the Warangal Rice !€search Station in Andhr.a. Pradesh. '1\;0 varieties fran the Jeypore Botanical Survey, JBS 446 (Desi Bayahunda) and JBS 673 (R'atnachudi) were resistant. In the sane evaluation, 44 ARC (Assam Rice Collection) varieties were resistant. CF 3804 IRRI gernplasm oollection varieties tested, Ptb 10 and N:. 1423 fran India and lNJ 45 and rN 12 fran East Bengal were resistant (Shastty & Seshu 1971). DJring 1968-1970, resistant varieties that had been identified in India were provided to the national prograrrs in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, 'Ihailand, and to two international institutes, IRRI, and the InteDetional Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Field tests begun in 'llIailand in 1969 oonfimed the resistance of Eswarakora and sore Eswarakora derivatives. Muey Nawng 62M was found to be only rroderate1y resistant in the north but resistant in the rorti1east (Pongprasert et al., 1972). MIley Nawng 6211 had been re=mended for endemic gall midge areas of the north in 1961 (Weerapat et al., 1974). '!he Indonesian program has evaluated llDre than half of the 6,000 local varieties (Vreden & Arifin 1977). Varieties previously reported to be resistant, Ieri, Gama 61, Jinbruk, Gundil Senpo1, GuDdul, and PS putih, were found to be susceptible upon re-evaluation. No resistant varieties have thus far been identified fran the Indonesian oollection. Bangladesh oonducted field tests fran 1970-1977 but populations have not l:ean. high enough to provide sufficient pressure for good evaluation (J>..lam et al.. 1979). 5 With the develorrrent of a IlI'lSs-rearing technique by I.euamsang et al. , (1968) in '!bailand and Perera & Fernando (1969) in Sri lanka, screening is 00 longer dependent on field populations. '!bus the evaluation program has been accelerated. CRRI and AICRIP in India (Kalode et al., 1977) and the Qmtral Research Institute for Agriculture (CRIA) in IIrl:>nesia (Arifin & vreden 1977) have active IlI'lSs-rearing and greenhouse screening programs. Although in wild rice no highly resistant type has been found, evaluation at CRRI indicated that species under section Sativa were generally IlOre susceptible than species under' section Officinalis or Granulata (Israel et aI. , 1961, 1963). Israel et al., (1963) also observed that in ~ australiensis the gall does not emerge and remains ill fomed. Israel et aI., (1961, 1963) found l~ incidence of gall midge in the tetraploid strains than in the diploid strains of Seta, Indrasail, GEB 24, and S.R. 26B. Biotypes For many y""!S there has been SatE indication that the differential varietal reactions fran countJ:y to countJ:y, and even within a countJ:y, !lay be due to the existence of biotypes of gall midge. Possibly the first recorded evidence of this was when Khan & Hurthy (1955) found in South India at Nizamabad that IIR 14 was consistently less susceptible than IIR 8 while Israel & Vedam::lorthy (1953) about 1,200 km to the northeast at CUttack, had conflicting results. later simultaneous testing at CUttack and Sambalpur, India indi.cated differential reactions between the two locations for sare cultures (lby et al., 1971) • !lb clarify the differential r eactions in various Indian locations, a gall midge biotype study was initiated in which the sarr.! varieties were evaluated , 6 at 11 locations (AICRIP 1978). '!he results confinned previous years' results that indicated sare varieties tested at Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh gave distinctly different reactions to the gall midge than the sarre varieties tested at Orissa. '!he fact that Huey Nawng 6211 was highly resistant in northeastern '!hailand but not in the northern part indicates a possibility of biotypes within the country (Pongprasert et al., 1972) but this has not been confimed. Fernando (1972) indicated that oertain varieties resistant in Olttack (India) are susoeptible in Sri Lanka. Further evidenoe on differential reactions throughout Asia was cbtained with the establishrrent by IRRI of the International Rice Gall Bidge Nursery (Iro1N) in 1975. After several years of gr locations within Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka and'lhailand it becarre evident that there were several types of differential reactions, indicating the possibility of biotypes. As nost of the cooperating cnmtries have greenhouse screening facilities at one or nore locations, differential reactions are not attributed to environrrental variability. ;- ~ in 1978 it becarre evident that a study specifically allred at the . biotype prcblen should be established, IRRI developed a collaborative pro;Jralil with national scientists in India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Fesults of two years stuiies conducted in greenhouses at 11XlSt locations indicate the possibility of four biotypes in Asia as based on reactions of differential varieties (Table 2). Caution lilUSt be taken in the interpretation of field data when detennining resistanoe to biotypes (Prakasa Rao et al., 1974). He found that antibiosis did not function in killing parasitized maggots , 7 and that as a result, silver shoots were fonred e\IeIl in resistant varieties. 1hus he a:mcluded that antibiosis of resistant varieties functioned only against unparasitized gall midge maggots, killing them before they caused silver shoot formation. Hidaka et al., (1977) studied rrorphological variations in gall midge adults that were collected fran India and 1hailand. Gall midges collected at U1ttack and Qjakoli (India) were distinctly smaller in b:x1y size than those collected fran Phrae, 1hailand and their abdarens were covered with minute hairs , considerably smaller than abdaninal hairs on tile 1hailand specimens. 1111s rrorphology study has been expanded to inclu:'le gall midge adults fran Sri Lanka and Indonesia. 1he senior author, on a recent trip to gall nWlge infested areas in India and 'fua11and, heard reports of an increasing" slJSa!ptibility of varieties that had been released for gall midge resistanCE. "Ihi.s would be similar to the selection in the United States of biotypes of R ian fly (Gallun 1977) ''''lich belongs to the sane family as the gall midge. Mechanisms of ReSistanCE :!here are feN reports on the rrechani= of J:eSistanoe to rioe gall mid:Je. In early studies gall midge resistanCE was reported to be associated with biophysical characters such as purple pigrrentatial and scent (CRRI 1952), hairiness of the leaf (Israel et al., 1961, KrishnimJrthy Rao & KrishnaIroorthy 1964, VenkataswarrIy 1966) and a:npactness of the leaf sheath (lby et al., 1969 , Rao et al., .1971). Rao et al., (1971) a::nc100ed that the smaller interspaoes in the resistant varieties prevented gall midge larvae fran reaching the prirrordiun. later studies indicated that neither hairiness J 8 nor physical factors were the cause of resistance (Slascry et al., 1972, Prakasa Rao 1972, and Kalode 1973). W::>rk on ovipositional preference indicated DO difference in the nuroer of eggs laid on resistant and susceptible varlet; es (AICRIP 1969, IIidaka 1971). Kalode et al., (1977) observed that ...re adults were attracted to sus,?"ptible varieties than to resistant varieties. later Kalode (1979) ooserved apparent differences in the total nunber of BEs on resistant and susceptible varieties, but there was no difference in percentage of hatching of the eggs • . J\pparently the nature of varietal resistance in rice to the gall midge is of antibiosis type as the larvae do not nult beyoal the first instar. Studies conducted by M:xlder & Alagoda (1971) and Hjdaka & Vungsilabutr (1971) shaved that in the resistant variety W1263, first ir.star larvae entered the shoot apices but failed to transfonn into the sean:l. instar. Tt:e larvae continued feeding for many days and finally died ~ larvae feeding on IRS, a susceptible variety, developed nonnally. Evidence indicated nutrition was ade:Juate in both varieties. M:>lting inhibition was presurred to be caused by either the presence of a specific factor which prevents nulting or the absence of a factor essential to nulting. Very little is Jcna.m about the chanical natm:e of gall midge resistance. Guru & !by (1974) studied the biochemical differences in rice varieties and .oorrelated amino acid content with the degree of gall midge reslgtance. Increase :in the tilenolic contents of the grcMing points in a :resistant variety during early infestation and phenolic reduction in a susoepithle variety were also reported (CRRI 1975). Balasubramanian & PurushothanFm (1971) suggested the use of auxin level as the expression of relative resistance. They reported 9 the presence of lIDre tryptophan and indole acetic acid in galled tissues than in healthy ones, thus indicating changes in the auxin level. Panda (1978a) induood gall midge resistance in the rice plant by applying chelated boron and zinc to seeds prior to planting and by sprayin.g plants in the field. Gall midge incidence was decreased fran 55% in the untreated plots to 5% in the treated plots. According to Panda (1978b), silicic acid Nhich is converted to soluble polym9ric fonns inhabits nonnal protein synthesis in gall midge larvae. Inheritance of Resistance J>bst of the studies on inheritance of resistance have been conducted at CRRI in CUttac:k, and AIOUP headquarters in Hyderabad, India. Work in India has been reported by Shastry and Seshu (1971), Shastry et al., (1972), Satyanarayanaiah & Reddi (1972), Prakasa Rao et al., (1974), Seshu et al., (1974), Sastry et al., (1975), Prasad et al., (1975), Sastry et al., (1976), and Roy et al., . (1978) . • 'Narasimha Rao (1970) conducted the first genetic studies of gall midge resistance at Warangal in 1969 (Shastry et al. I 1972) Two crosses were studied; IR8 x 1'11263 (strain of ~rru 15/Eswarakora) and IR8 x ptb 21. He reported that in W1263 and ptb 21, two and four genes governed resistance, respectively with susceptibility daninant but suppressed by a daninant inhibitory gene. Satyanarayanaiah & Reddi (1972), =ducting inheritance studies at the same location as Narashimha Rao (1970), and Venkataswamy (1974) reported that resistance in W1263 was governed by a s:ingle daninant gene. Further studies at CRRI indicated W1263 and W12708 had three recessive genes for resistance but presence of the daninant inhiI;litor gene was not confinred 10 (sastry & Prakasa Rae 1973, Sastry et al., 1975, ~ et a1., 1976). Khanboonruang (1973) studied the inheritance of resistance in Muey Nawng 6211 and W1263 and ooncluded that resistance was simply inherited and appeared to be recessive. W1263 oonveyed a higher degree of resistance 1: Bn:Ml furrow oolor in the glurres has been UPlLt:ed to be linked with one of the genes governing gall midge resistance (Sastry & Prakasa Rao 1973) . 'lhis oould be utilized in a breeding program to crnt>ine gall midge resistance with other desirable characters. Breeding for Resistance Breeding for resistance to the gall midge is being oonducted in India, Indonesia, Philippines (IRRI) , Sri Lanka, and 'lhail.and.. Various souroes of resistance are being utilized (Table 3). Breeding far resistance was first oonducted in India and the Indian program oontinue:s tn be the rrost active. Details of the Indian program have been reported by RJy et al., (1969, 1971), Shastry & Seshu (1971), Shastry et al. , (1972), Prakasa Baa (1974), Prakasa Rae et a1., (1974), Khush (1977) and Roy et a1., (1978). At CRRI, in 1964 resistant donors ptb lS and PI:b 21 were crossed with a local type GEB 24 which was extensively grtlIo«l in India and preferred . for its oooking quality. The crosses resulted in SE! that were not only highly resistant to the, gall midge but had other , desirable agronanic characters (Prakasa Rae et a1., 1974). Crosses of Ptb 18/Ptb 2l yielded highly resistant CR55 selections. Simultaneously crosses between Eswarakora and MI'U 15 at the Warangal Station resulted in the resistant selections Wl252 , Wl253, Wl257 and W1263 (Venkataswarny 1969). Ha;ever, , these being tall varieties and not suitable as ccmrercial varieties, they were used as donors (R>y et a1. , 1971). With the advent of the high-yielding sernidwarf varieties such as IR8, hybridization programs at CRRI, Warangal, and AICRIP (Hyderabad) were i.r)itiated to incorporate gall midge resistance into these inproved plant types utilizing Ptb 18, Ptb 21, Eswarakora, Siam 29, and CRS5 and CRS6 series, and Warangal cultures, Wl251, W1253, W1257 and Wl263) as resistance donors (Shastry et a1., 1972, Seshu et a1., 1974, and Prakasa Rao et a1., 1974). Selections fran these crosses were field evaluated at Warangal and CRRI. Selected lines were further tested in famers I fields in the AICRIP rnultilocation tests. Based on regional perfOl:mance, 003-4-2 (CRS5-12/IR8) was released in Orissa State as Shakti, and RPW6-13 (IR8/Siam 29) as Vikram in Karnataka (R>y et al., 1978). '!he resistant variety Kakatiya (IR8/Wl263) was released in Andhra Pradesh (seshu et al., 1974). Recently two varieties fran the cross IR8/Siam 29 were released - Phalguna (RP--17) in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka; Surekha (W13400) for cultivatiOn in the Central Plains of Andhra Pradesh (Kalode 1979) . CUrrently, gall midge resistance breeding is being oonducted at several locations in India. Donor sources rrost a::rrnnnly used are 00677 (IR8/Ptb 18//Eswarakora/IR8), W1263, Siam 29, Leuang 152, Ptb 10, Ptb 18, Ptb 21, Wl2708 and Eswarakora. In the 1978 AICRIP trials oonducted at 10 locations throughout India~ the elite gall midg,,""resistant breeding lines 12 ORl32-3-1 and RP825-71-4-ll, both having Ptb 21 as a donor parent, were the highest yielders. ~lany of the. gall midge cultivars have multiple resistance to insects and diseases. '!he four Warangal selections W1252 , Wl253, Wl257 , and Wl263 are resistant to the gall midge, thrips, stan borers and leafhoppers (Shastry et al., 1972). Saivaraj et al., (1979) reported resistance to the gall midge and leaf folder, Cnaphalocrosis medinalis, in Warangal and CRRI cultures having Wl2708 and Leuang 152 as donor parents. Kalode et al., (1977) reported 13 local varieties with resistance to the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, whitebackeaI planthopper, SOgatella furcifera, and the gall midge. Sastry and Prakasa Rae (1976) and Prasad et al., (1977) reported that CR cultures (CR57-HRl523, CR94-MRl550, CRl88, CRl89, CRl90, CRl91 and CR200) fran CRRI carried multiple resistance to gall midge and other rrajor insects and diseases. '!he 'Ihailand breeding program began in 1967 when the Warangal cultures Wl240, Wl256, W1259, W1262, and W1263 were received fran India (Pongprasert et al., 1972) . After field tests indicated high resistance levels, crosses were rrade with local and inproved plant-type varieties. Progenies were field tested for resistance and resistant lines were selected. '!he first resistant variety RD4 was released in 1973 (Weerapat et al., 1974). Yields under heavy . gall midge infestation were twice that of RDl, a susoeptible variety. '!he need for a nonglutinous gall midge-resistant variety prarpted the release of RD9 ({Anonyrrous 1977). Both RD4 and RD9 have multiple resistance to insects and diseases. '!he breeding program in Sri lanka began in 1969 and is conducted at two locations, Gannoruwa and Batalagoda. 'Ihe approach at Batalagoda initially involved the use of Indian breeding lines having Ftb 18 and 13 Eswarakora as donor parents (Weeraratne et al., 1974) .. At Gannoruwa, Wl263 was selected as the major donor parent. Recur!:elt parents used in the breeding program were rea::mnended susceptible va:tEties and susceptible elite breeding material such as Bgll-ll, Bg34-6, Bg34-B, Bg90-2, Bg94-l and H4. 'Ihe current breeding program utilizes 00678 .OR8/Ptb 18/ /Eswarakora /IRS) , as the major donor source. Of the breeding liEls developed, Bg 400-1, Bg 276-5 have been rea::mnended for cultivation. Resistant breeding lines fran India and IRRI an used in the breeding program in Inoonesia. Because Eswarakora and Ftb der:ilatives are susceptible to the Inoonesian biotype, breeding lines with resistaJce fran Siam 29 and 00677 are used particularly IR4744 (Harahap et al., 19'7). No resistant varieties have so far been released fran the Inoonesia! breeding program. CPA6805-22, CPA6809-74 and BKN6805-7 are the most pramEing lines having multiple resistance (Anonymous 1978). 'Ihe IRRI program has utilized Ftb 18, rn94-l4 Utb 18/Ptb 21), Eswarakora, 00677 and RPW6-13 (IR8/Siam 29) as source::If resistance. Selections with multiple resistance to other insects .ax! diseases were screened in CXlOperation with CRRI scientists. IR207CH'.II7-6-3 was narred IR32 in 1975 and IR2071-625-1-252 was narred IR36 in the Ph.JTIi.ppines in 1976 (Khush 1977) . To accelerate the breeding of gall midge-resistmct varieties, in 1975 IRRI established the International Rice Gall MidgE Nursery (IIG1N) as one of the nurseries in the International Rice Testing I'l:qj:am (IRl'P) (Aoonymous 1975). 1be 1979 IIG1N consists of 104 entries fran nanona1 programs and the IRRI breeding program. As one of the IRl'P nurseris it is being evaluated in Africa, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, SriLanka, and 'Ihailand. 14 Tests are o:>nducted in the. greenhouse and in the field. 'Ihe International COllaborative SEudy on Gall Midge Biotypes was deve1 COnclusions Significant advances have been rrade in the deIIelofIll=Ilt of gall midge-resistant rice varieties in Asia. Gall midge resistant varieties have higher yields when they are gro.m under conditinos of gall midge infestation. Still Imlch ll'Ore needs to be clone. It has been diff icult to provide famers with varieties that have acceptable grain quality and Imlltiple resistance to the gall midge and other insects. 1k:J!oieve!c, recently released varieties are ll'Ore acceptable than those released earlier. 'Ihe genetics of resistance have received low research priority in recent years. 'Ihere are still contradictory views on the inheritance of resistance in varieties that have been!t:udied, and tiE genetics of rrany resistant varieties are yet to be determined. New resistance sources should be included in the various breeding programs. Identification of the resistance genes and the develOfIll=Ilt of isogenic lines is necessary to properly classify the biotypes. Studies should be conducted to confinn the observations that currently gro.m resistant varieties are beccrn.ing susceptible due to an increase in the population of virulent biotypes in India and 'ftIailand. If biotype shifts occur, as happened with the brown planthopper, a:msideration ImlSt be given to identifying appropriate breeding rrethods to a:pe with the problem. 15 Excellent prograns for the developrent of varietal resistance as a pest nanagE!JEl1t a::nponent in the control of gall midge have been established in Asia. Utilization of the resistant varieties, in =nbination with chemical, cultural and biological control, can be expected to provide effective and ecxmanic control of the gall midge. REFERENCE CITED AUIM, S., REZAUL KARIM A.N.M., and NURlJLLI\H C.M. (1979) Work on varietal resistance of rice to inportant insect pests at BRRI (1970-77). Bangladesh Rice Research Institute. April 2, 1979. 22 p. (rnirreo.) AICRIP (All-India Coordinated Rice Improverrent Project). (1969) Progress Report, Kharif 1969. Vol. 3. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India. AICRIP (All-India Coordinated Rice Improverrent Project) . (1978) Gall midge biotypes studies (GMBS). 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(1974) Source of resistm<:eand breeding for resistance to blast, ~. bacterial leaf blight and gall midge. International Rice Res. COnference, 1974. International Rice Research Institute, IDs Banos, Philippines. 13 p. (rnin'eo. ) YEN C.H., LIU C. Y., and KUO K. (1941) A preliminary study on the life history of the rice stem midge Pachydiplosis ~e Wood-Mason (CecidOTrfiidae, Diptera) in Kwangsi Province, South Olina. KWangsi Agric. 2, 429-453. Table l. Rice varieties rep:>rted as having resistance to 'the gall midge, Orseolia ~ in various screening programs (1957- 1979) . a b Variety Origin 'Iype of test ~ference ,C 355 , 1368 India F Prakasa Rao (1971) AC 1423 India F Shastry & seshu (1971) ADR 52 India F Shastry et al. (1970) ARC 5810 India F Shastry et al. (1970) ARC 5833, 5834 India GH Kalcrle (1979) ARC 5838, 5842, India F Shastry et al. (1970) ARC 5848 , 5911, 5912, 5918, 5939 India GH Ka1crle (1979) ARC 5947A, 5949, 5951 India F Shastry et al. (1970) ARC 5959 India F CRRI (1974) .ARC 5984 India F Shastry et al. (1970) J\JC 5987 India F CRRI (1 ~741 AFQ 3~~!;! , ~Q9! tpdi~ ~ ! ARC 6010 ~ 6014, 6087 India F Shastry et al. (1970) ARC 6103 India GH Kalode (1979) ARC 6136 , 6140 India F Shasb:y et al. (1970) ARC 6157 India GH Kalode (1979) ~'" Table 1 (Cont'd. ) a b Variety Origin Type of test Reference = 6158, 6163, 6202, 6210, 6221, India F Shastry et al. (1970) 6232, 6234, 6238, 6557, 6605A = 6606, 6607, 6618 , 6619 India GH Kal ode (1979) = 6631; India F Shastry et al. (1970) = 6632 India F eRR! (1974) ARC 7004, 7077, 7138, 7213 India F Shastry et al. (1970) = 7255, 7292, 7293 India GH Kalode (1979) .ARC 7308, 7316, 7317, 7318, 7329 India F Shastry et al. (1970) = 10040, 10227 India GH Ka10de (1979) = 10272, 10295 Irrlia F Shastry et al. (1970) = 10331 India GH Ka10de (1979) = 10345 India F Shastry et al. (1970) = 10360 , 10377 India GH Ka10de (1979) = 10395 India F Shastry et al. (1970) = 10460 India GH 1 Variety Origin a Type of tesl9 ReferenCE!; ARC 10817 India F Shastry et al. (1970) ARC 10932-2 India (Indonesia) F Soehardjan et al. (1977) ARC 10963, 11210, 11307 India F Shastry et al. (1970) ARC 11704 India GlI Ka10de et al. (1977) ARC 13500, 13516, 13564, 13902, India F CRRI (1974) 13929, 14148, 14378, 14421, 14549, 14725, 14748, 14787, 15067, 15151, 15159, 15905, 17789, 18595, 18596, 18601 Bainsa India F Sen (1957) Olernban, Olennellu, Cll.enni Nayakan India GlI Kalode et al. (1977) Dahanala-37 India F CRRI (1964) =-45 India F Shastry and Seshu (1971) !)ok Putdor Thailand F Kovitvadhi (1963) DV-12 India F Shastry and Seshu (1971) Eswarakora India F Venkataswamy (1966) Hochin India F CRRI (1964) HR 14 India F Khan & Murthy (1955) '" HR 42, HR 63 India F Krishnamurthy Rao & '" Krishnam:x:>rthy (1964) Table 1 (COnt'd.) Variety Reference JBS. 446 (Desi Bayahunda) India F Shastry & Seshu (1971) JBS 673 (Ratnachudi) India F Bhat et al. (1958) JBS 990, 1224 India F Seshu et a1. (1974) Kurutha vellathan India GH Ka10de et a1. (1977) Kalijira India (Bangladesh) F BRRI (1979) I.euang 152 'Ihailand (India) F Rae et a1. (1969) · =5 India F Pai and Rao (1958) MNP 7, 14, 14-A, 15, 30, 62, 336, 38DB, 448, 457 India F Seshu et a1. (1974) MNP 471 India F Shastry & Prakasa Rao (1976) MNP 753, 600, 637 India F Seshu et a1. (1974) Mlley Nawng Fang, MIley Nawng 62, THailand F Kovitvadhi (1963) MIley Nawng 62M MIley Nawng 6 fuailand F Ou & Kanjanas=n (1961) Neto India F Sen (1957) Nizersail (Indonesia) F Anonym::>US (1976) Pandi, Parakulam India GH Kalode et al. (1977) Peykeo E 53, Peykeo P 129 India F CRRI (1963) Ptb 10 India F Thanas & Variety Origin a 'lYPe of test!> Reference Pili 12 India GH Kalooe.et al. (1977) Pili 18 India F cruu (1965) Pili 19 India GH Kalode et al. (1977) Pili 21 India F cruu (1965) Pili 27 India F cruu (1963) Ptb 28, 32 India F »lush (1977) Siam 29 n>ailand (India) F lOy et al. (1971) TlO, 16 India GH Kalode et al. (1977) T405, 1162 India GH Kalooe et al. (1979) T1421, 1425, 1426 , 1432 India GIl Kalode et al. (1977) T1426 India GIl Ka10de (1979) T1471 India GH Ka10de et al. (1977) T1479, 2587 India GIl Ka10de (1979) Vella OlEm1pan, Vellathil Cleera, India GH Kalode et al. (1977) ve1utha 01era 710 India GH Ka10de et a1. (1977) ...w Table 1 (=t'd.) . Variety Origin a Type of tes~ WILD RICE SPECIES Q. brachyantha, a:larCtata, ( India) F Israel et al. (1963) eichingiri, granulata, ridleyi "Narre given in parenthesis where resistance identified. bGH ~ greenOOuse; F ~ field 33 Table 2. Gall midge biotype classification based on the reaction of differential varieties. 1 'Ihailand * Eswarakora derivatives resistant * I.euang 152, Siam 29, OB677, and Pl'B derivatives susceptible , Indonesia biotype * I.euang 152, Siam 29 and OB677 derivatives resistant * Eswarakora and Pl'B derivatives susceptible India (Orissa) and * I.euang 152, Siam 29, OB677 and Pl'B derivatives Sri Lanka biotype resistant * Eswarakora derivatives susceptible India (A. P.) biotype * I.euang 152, Siam 29, OB677 , Eswarakora and PTB derivatives resistant 1 . Sunmarized by D.V. Seshu, IRRI, as based on reports of the International Rice Gall Midge Nursery (1976-78) and International Collaborative Studies on Gall Midge Biotypes (1977-78) between IRRI and national programs in India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. E. A. Heinrichs, P. K. Pathak. 1982. Resistance to the rice gall midge Orseolia oryzae in rice. Unpublished manuscript, 37 pages Keywords: rice Oryza sativa, host plant resistance, sources of resistance, plant breeding, multiple pest resistance, proposed classification of biotypes