Maiden Creek Watershed Water Quality Report

Berks County, Pennsylvania December2018

Prepared by:

Berks County Conservation District 1238 County Welfare Road, Suite 200 Leesport, PA 19533

Prepared For:

Schuylkill Action Network Maiden Creek Water Quality Report December 2018

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Funding for this report was provided by the William Penn Foundation (WPF) and Partnership for the Delaware Estuary (PDE) through the Delaware River Watershed Initiative (DRWI).

The water quality report was compiled by the Berks County Conservation District (BCCD) for PDE, and with the assistance of Schuylkill Action Network (SAN) Agricultural Workgroup.

Special thanks to the following organizations that provided water quality data for the report:

 Berks County Conservation District (BCCD)  Reading Area Water Authority (RAWA)  The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (ANS)  Stroud Water Research Center (SWRC)  Spotts, Stevens, and McCoy (SSM Group, Inc.)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 EXCUTIVE SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 EVALUATION CRITERIA …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 MAIDEN CREEK WATERSHED AND SAMPLING LOCATIONS MAP …………………………………………… 10 MAIDEN CREEK WATERSHED WATER QUALITY MAP …………………………………………………………….. 12 LOWER MAIDEN CREEK WATERSHED WATER QUALITY MAP ………………………………………………… 13 UPPER MAIDEN CREEK WATERSHED WATER QUALITY MAP ………………………………………………… 14 SAUCONY CREEK WATERSHED WATER QUALITY MAP …………………………………………………………… 15 LIST OF APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 APPENDIX A: NITROGEN AND POSPHORUS IN AGRICULUTRAL STREAMS ……………………………… 17 APPENDIX B: PA CODE 25, CHAPTER 93.7 SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY CRITERIA …………………….. 21 APPENDIX C: AVERAGE ANNUAL PENNSYLVANIA RAINFAIL …………………………………………………… 26 APPENDIX D: READING AREA WATER AUTHORITY WATER QUALITY EXHIBITS ………………………. 27 APPENDIX E: STROUD WATER RESEARCH CENTER & WPF WATER QUALITY EXHIBITS …………… 33 APPENDIX F: BERKS COUNTY CONSERVATION DISTRICT WATER QUALITY EXHIBITS ……………… 35 APPENIDIX G: SAUCONY CREEK WATERSHED RESTORATION:GROUNDWATER EVALAUTION… 39 APPENIDIX H: ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCE OF DREXEL UNIVERSITY PRESENTATION ……… 40

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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: MAIDEN CREEK WATERSHED AND SAMPLING LOCATIONS MAP …………………………… 10 FIGURE 2: MAIDEN CREEK WATERSHED WATER QUALITY MAP …………………………………………….. 12 FIGURE 3: LOWER MAIDEN CREEK WATERSHED WATER QUALITY MAP ………………………………… 13 FIGURE 4: UPPER MAIDEN CREEK WATERSHED WATER QUALITY MAP …………………………………. 14 FIGURE 5: SAUCONY CREEK WATERSHED WATER QUALITY MAP ………………………………………….. 15

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Located in southeast Pennsylvania, the Maiden Creek is the 2nd largest tributary watershed to the Schuylkill River, and a water body in the greater Delaware River Basin. The Maiden Creek drainage area lies in northeastern Berks County and western Lehigh County. Small portions of Schuylkill County also lie within the watershed along the Kittatinny Ridge. The Maiden Creek watershed covers approximately 216-square miles with more than 100 miles of perennial streams including Maiden Creek and ten named tributaries. Nineteen townships and five boroughs are also encompassed in the watershed1. The Maiden Creek and its source waters, are collected in a large 1000-acre reservoir, designated as Lake Ontelaunee. The reservoir is managed by the Reading Area Water Authority (RAWA), and is the primary drinking water supply for the approximate 90,000 residents who live in the City of Reading. Likewise, the Schuylkill River is also the drinking water supply for several Boroughs and the City of Philadelphia, which utilizes the river to provide service to an estimated 1.5 million residents.

Approximately 58% of the Maiden Creek watershed land is used for agricultural purposes, both crops and pastures. The most suitable land for agriculture is in the Great Valley section of the watershed. The southern portion is comprised of limestone-based soils that is prime agriculture land. Forest is the next largest land use type, covering 39% of the watershed. A substantial amount of wooded land is distributed throughout the watershed in small fragmented farm woodlots, riparian corridors and steep slopes. The remaining land use includes development, industry, and roads or highway and make up about 3% of the watershed. The Maiden Creek watershed is able to sustain high water quality standards, including portions of four tributaries classified either Exception Value (EV) or High Quality – Cold Water Fishery (HQ-CWF), the highest designations for the most pristine water in the Pennsylvania. Likewise, the Upper Maiden Creek and a majority of its tributaries are designated Trout Stocked Fishery (TSF). In the Lower Maiden watershed, Lake Ontelaunee Reservoir supports a strong Warm Water Fishery (WWF) community, and is a favored destination for angling enthusiast1.

Nevertheless, Lake Ontelaunee, and its network of upstream tributaries are susceptible to impairments due to intensive agricultural, municipal, and industrial land uses, and are impaired by sedimentation, nutrients, and pathogens. It is because of the watersheds geographic significance and importance, that it is included in the Middle Schuylkill Cluster delineated by the Delaware River Watershed Initiative (DRWI), sponsored and collaborated by the William Penn Foundation (WPF), National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF), Open Space Institute (OSI), Academy of Natural Science (ANS), Institute for Conservation Leadership (ICL). The initiative connects local and downstream partners, and includes the Schuylkill Action Network (SAN). The SAN Agricultural Workgroup prioritized the Maiden Creek watershed for implementation of restoration best management practices (BMPs) on farms along impaired tributaries designated as focus areas, through funding sources such as the DRWI or federal initiatives like the Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP) and National Water Quality Initiative (NWQI). Over the past decade, there has been a significant amount of watershed restoration and protection work within the Maiden Creek through these available programs and initiatives2.

Substantial resources have also been dedicated to assessing the health of the waters, and monitoring measurable water quality improvements. SAN Ag Workgroup partners include RAWA, Berks County Conservation District (BCCD), Stroud Water Research Center (SWRC), Academy of Natural Science (ANS), Partnership for the Delaware Estuary (PDE), Berks Nature, and SSM Group have all participated and contributed to the collection of water quality data. 5 | Page Maiden Creek Water Quality Report December 2018

It is through this long-term and continuous collection of monitoring data, that the Maiden Creek Watershed Water Quality Report has been compiled. The purpose of completing the water quality report is to provide an account to the SAN partners on the long-term or current water quality trends within the Maiden Creek watershed. In addition, to determine if measurable improvements have occurred through targeted funding of restorative BMPs in the focus area tributaries. Through the assessment of the available data, SAN partners can evaluate the effectiveness of implementing concentrated BMP’s in smaller subwatersheds or focus areas of the Middle Schuylkill Cluster. Based on the evaluation, recommendations can be made for continued implementation, monitoring, or the development of more efficient watershed restoration strategies.

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EVALUATION CRITERIA

Watershed grades and water quality trends were determined by evaluating the following chemical or biological parameters collected by the data contributors [RAWA, ANS, SSM, SRWC, & BCCD]:

- Total Nitrates (NO3) mg/L - Total Phosphate (PO4) mg/L

- Dissolved Oxygen (02) mg/L - Temperature (0C) - Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/L - Turbidity (NTUs) - Macroinvertebrates o Index for Biological Integrity (IBI) o Macroinvertebrate Aggregated Index for Streams (MAIS) These parameters were selected due to the consistent collection by all data contributors. In addition, Agricultural BMP’s sponsored by regulator agencies and the DRWI intend to reduce sediment, nutrient, and pathogen pollution to ground and surface waters. The purpose of these pollutant reductions is to improve water quality for public water supply (PWS), aquatic life, and recreation. Bacteria was not evaluated as collection and procedures varied between each data contributor. Water Quality Standards and Evaluation Range

3 0 4 Total Nitrates (NO3) mg/L Temperature ( C) designated use maximum ≤ 1 – 2 mg/L Good CWF- 20 0C 2 – 6 mg/L Fair TSF – 26 0C 6 - 10 ≤ mg/L Poor WWF- 30 0C

3 7 Total Phosphate (PO4) mg/L Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/L ≤ 0.1 – 0.3 mg/L Good • No specific state or federal standard 0.3 – 0.5 mg/L Fair • Some state regulations suggest that WTP or WWTP 0.5 ≤ mg/L Poor treatment should occur if the 30-day TSS average exceeds 30 mg/L.

4 8 Dissolved Oxygen (02) mg/L Turbidity (NTUs) 0.0– 4.0 mg/L Poor • Unfiltered Surface Water - ≤ 5 NTUs 4.0 - 7.0 mg/L Fair • Filter Surface Water - ≤ 1 NTUs 7.0 – 10 ≤ mg/L Good • Aquatic Stress – 10 ≤ NTUs

Index for Biological Integrity (IBI)5 & 6 Macroinvertebrate Aggregated Index for Streams (MAIS)9 0 – 30 Severe Impairment 0 - 6 Poor 30 - 50 Moderate Impairment 6 – 13 Fair 50 – 63 Approaching Attainment 13 ≤ Good 63 - 100 Attaining Aquatic Life Use

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WATERSHED HEALTH

MAIDEN CREEK WATERSHED: [GRADE B‐]

Overall, the Maiden Creek Watershed receives a B minus grade. Many of the watershed headwaters remain pristine or maintain good water quality, however historical impairments of siltation, nutrients, and pathogen are still present. Water quality trends, specifically Total Suspended Solids (TSS) or Turbidity, and Total Phosphorus (Phosphate) appear to be stable or decreasing in the entire watershed. Biological ecosystems like macroinvertebrates [IBI or MIAS], fish, and algae are increasing towards healthy communities. The watershed wide increase in biodiversity can be slow, but in some instances, particular downstream from agricultural BMP projects, rapid changes can be observed [Appendix F, Exhibit 5, Younker 017]. With precipitation variation from year to year, some water quality trends can mirror wet and dry seasons [Appendix C]. This is particularly true for Nitrogen (N) due to its high solubility. Generally, with increased precipitation, increase nitrate and sediment concentrations can be observed in collected samples. With recent wetter precipitation patterns, the Lake Ontelaunee reservoir should be closely monitored to determine how the waterbody is processing potential increases in sediment and nutrient runoff. LOWER MAIDEN: [GRADE C]

The Lower Maiden Watershed’s overall grade is a C. The greatest decreases in phosphates in the entire watershed can be observed on the Willow Creek, which has several municipal and industrial permitted point discharges. Lake Ontelaunee reservoir has also maintained relatively low and steady levels of turbidity (avg. 5 NTU's) over the past 8 years. Adversely, the Lower Maiden watershed tributaries, in particular, Moselem Creek, show increasing nitrate trends outside of the influences of precipitation or increased stormwater runoff [Appendix D, Exhibit 5]. Some tributaries approach or exceed the Public Water Supply (PWS) levels of 10 mg/L. The Lower Maiden tributaries also demonstrate significantly lower IBI and MAIS scores than the upper reaches of Maiden watershed, reflecting the consistent impairment of siltation and submarginal habitat. UPPER MAIDEN: [GRADE B+]

The Upper Maiden Watershed’s overall grade is a B Plus. The Upper Maiden by land use percentage has the most forest cover compared to the other watershed sections, and it is the in headwaters where the most ecological diversity and pristine waters can be found. Some of highest IBI and MAIS scores are found in the headwaters of the Upper Maiden. Several sub watersheds with intensive agricultural use that grade either poor to fair, are trending towards better water quality [Upper Maiden Watershed WQ Map]. Some nitrogen and phosphorus spikes can be observed however, and field observation and reconnaissance may be necessary to determine point discharges [Christman Lake 003 – Appendix F].

SAUCONY: [GRADE B‐]

The Saucony Watershed’s overall grade is a B minus. Nitrates in the Saucony tributaries are either decreasing or holding steady, but are in mid‐upper end of the PWS level (avg. 5 – 7 mg/L). Biological communities in the headwaters are healthy, although IBI and MAIS scores in the lower reaches of the watershed indicate the system suffers from impairments. These biological communities are improving specifically on agricultural operations were BMP’s have been installed. Impairments are still observed, but water quality trends are improving [Saucony Watershed WQ Map], this can be specifically observed in the Saucony Creek Watershed Restoration, Groundwater Evaluation (January 2017) [Appendix G]. 8 | Page Maiden Creek Water Quality Report December 2018

REFERENCES

1. Department of Conservation and Natural Resource. April 10, 2004. Maiden Creek Watershed Conservation Management Plan. DCNR Rivers Conservation Program. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 17105 2. Partnership for the Delaware Estuary et al. November 29, 2017. Lower Maiden Creek Watershed Implementation Plan. Berks County, Pennsylvania 3. United States Environmental Protection Agency. May 2008. Report on the Environmental, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Agricultural Streams. Accessed December 5, 2018. https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=31 4. State of Pennsylvania. 25 Pa. Code § 93.7 (Related to Specific Water Quality Criteria) effective October 8, 1979. 5. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. March 2012. A Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index of Biotic Integrity for Wadeable Freestone Riffle-Run Streams in Pennsylvania. PA DEP, Division of Water Quality Standards, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 17105. 6. Botts, William. April 2009. An Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) for “True” Limestone Streams. PA Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Clean Water, Rachel Carson State Office Building, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17105 7. Swietlik, William. August 2003. Developing Water Quality Criteria For Suspended and Bedded Sediments (SABS), Potential Approaches. US EPA, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Washington D.C. 8. Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water System. June 1989. Surface Water Treatment Rule. US EPA, Washington D.C. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/surface-water-treatment-rule-documents 9. Johnson, S. Kelly. June 2007. Field and Laboratory Methods for using the MAIS (Macroinvertebrate Aggregated Index for Streams) in Rapid Bioassessment of Ohio Streams. Ohio University, Department of Biological Sciences, Athens, Ohio 45701.

9 | Page East Penn Township 2018 Monitoring Walker Locations Map Township Map A Reading Area Map A Water Authority Berks County, PA

West Penn Nestle Waters Outreach Heidelberg RD Township IN TA N Township U MACRO O SITE 7 (^_! M

SAN Monitoring Points *# SAN (Historic Sites)

A PPALA *# WPF (Stroud & PDE)

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W R

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Manor Creek

Manor Crk. (MSMC 9)

Manor Crk. (Durkin 007) Up. Maiden Crk. (RAWA 10)

Rice UNT (MSMC 2) Pine Crk. (MSMC 4) Manor Crk. (MSMC 5)

Kunkel UNT(BCCD 005)

Up. Maiden Crk. (RAWA 6)

Stoney Run UNT (MSSR 1)

Blue Rocks UNT (MSMC 13) Maiden Crk. (SWRC 34 US)

Blue Rocks UNT (BCCD 004) Furnace Creek Furnace Crk. (MSMC 11) Mill Creek Tribs.

Yeager UNT (MSMC 12) Mill Crk. UNT. (Siegfriedale 016) Middle Maiden Mill Crk. UNT. (Younker 017) Saucony Creek Mill Crk. UNT. (MSMC14)

Christman Lake (BCCD 003) Mill Crk. UNT. (Kemp 015) Mill Crk. (RAWA 5) WPFMS-LM01 (Adam Farm) Saucony Crk. (RAWA 9) Mill Crk. UNT. (Eagle Point 014) Saucony Creek Body UNT (BCCD 002) Saucony Crk. (RAWA 4) Lower Maiden

WPFMS-SC03 (KELEM) WPFMS-LM02 (Schroeder Farm) Zimmerman UNT (BCCD 001) WPFMS-SC02 (Martin Farm) Moselem Crk. (RAWA 3) Moselem Creek

Maiden Crk. (RAWA 2) Moselem Crk. (Burkert 022)

Moselem Crk. (BCCD 013) Saucony UNT (Weaver 010)

Saucony Crk. (MSSC5) Bailey Crk. (RAWA 1) Lower Maiden

WPFMS-SC03 (Dent Farm) Lake Ontelaunee

Willow Crk. Rip. (BCCD 009) Lake Ontelaunee (RAWA Intake)

Willow Crk. (Giorgio 021) Maiden Crk. (RAWA 7) Willow Creek

Willow Crk. (RAWA 8)

Content may not reflect National Geographic's current map policy. Sources: National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, HERE, UNEP-WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, increment P Corp. Legend Maiden Creek Water Quality Map DWRI Focus Areas (PDE) Schuylkill Action Network (! RAWA Sites Cooperative Landowners Berks County, PA )" WPF-PDE & SWRC Sites Partner Figure 2 September 6th, 2018 *# BCCD 319 Sites BN\PDE completed\ongoing ± Streams BN\PDE planned 010.75 .534.56 Lake SWRC completed\ongoing Miles Maiden Creek Watershed Middle Maiden

Saucony Creek

L. Maiden Tribs. Moselem Creek

Lake Ontelaunee

Willow Creek Diagram Key

Content may not reflect National Geographic's current map policy. Sources: National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, HERE, UNEP-WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, increment P Corp.

Lower Maiden Water Quality Map Legend Cooperative Landowners (! Schuylkill Action Network RAWA Sites Partner )" Berks County, PA WPF-PDE Sites BN\PDE completed\ongoing *# BCCD 319 Sites Figure 3 BN\PDE planned Streams SWRC completed\ongoing ± Lake DWRI Focus Areas (PDE) 012340.5 Miles Maiden Creek Watershed Manor Creek

Diagram Key

Upper Maiden Watershed

Furnace Creek

Mill Creek Tribs.

Middle Maiden

Saucony Creek

Lower Maiden Tribs.

Content may not reflect National Geographic's current map policy. Sources: National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, HERE, UNEP-WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, increment P Corp.

Upper Maiden Water Quality Map Legend Cooperative Landowners (! Schuylkill Action Network RAWA Sites Partner )" Berks County, PA WPF-PDE Sites BN\PDE completed\ongoing *# BCCD 319 Sites BN\PDE planned Figure 4 Streams SWRC completed\ongoing ± Lake DWRI Focus Areas (PDE) 012340.5 Miles Maiden Creek Watershed ALBANY

Upper Maiden

Diagram Key

LENHARTSVILLE GREENWICH

Mill Creek Tribs. WINDSOR

MAXATAWNY PERRY KUTZTOWN

Saucony Creek

Moselem Creek

MAIDENCREEK

DISTRICT Willow Creek RUSCOMBMANOR Content may not reflect National Geographic's current map policy. Sources: National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme,PIKE HERE, UNEP-WCMC, USGS, NASA, MUHLENBERG ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, increment P Corp.

Saucony Creek Water Quality Map Legend Saucony Creek Watershed (! Schuylkill Action Network RAWA Sites Cooperative Landowners )" Berks County, PA WPF-PDE Sites Partner *# BCCD 319 Sites Figure 5 BN\PDE completed\ongoing Streams BN\PDE planned ± Lake SWRC completed\ongoing 01.534.56 DWRI Focus Areas (PDE) Miles Maiden Creek Watershed Maiden Creek Water Quality Report December 2018

LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX A: NITROGEN AND POSPHORUS IN AGRICULUTRAL STREAMS APPENDIX B: PA CODE 25, CHAPTER 93.7 SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY CRITERIA APPENDIX C: AVERAGE ANNUAL PENNSYLVANIA RAINFAIL APPENDIX D: READING AREA WATER AUTHORITY WATER QUALITY EXHIBITS APPENDIX E: STROUD WATER RESEARCH CENTER & WPF WATER QUALITY EXHIBITS APPENDIX F: BERKS COUNTY CONSERVATION DISTRICT WATER QUALITY EXHIBITS APPENIDIX G: SAUCONY CREEK WATERSHED RESTORATION: GROUNDWATER EVALUATION APPENDIX H: ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCE OF DREXEL UNIVERSITY PRESENTATION

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