FIGURE 4.9 Global Water Stress Indicator (WSI) in major basins

FIGURE 4.9 Global Water Stress Indicator (WSI) in major basins

FIGURE 3: CURRENT LAND USE IN THE INNER FOODBOWL Slightly Moderately Heavily Over FOODPRINT exploited exploited exploited exploited 0,3 0,5 0,7 1 and more Water 1% Conservation and natural environments Will there be enough water Source: UNEP/GRID-Arendal (2008) (http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/water-scarcity-index, P. Rekacewicz [cartographer], with sources 14% to grow food in Melbourne’s Use to complete Smakhtin, Revenga and Döll [2004]). INQUIRY 4 foodbowl in the future? DATA SHEET 6 Worksheet 6 PAGE 1 of 4

FIGURE 4.10 FIGURE 1: ASSESSMENT OF WATER MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE (2007) Intensive uses Global physical and economic water scarcity 36% Slightly Moderately Heavily Over exploited exploited exploited exploited

0,3 0,5 0,7 1 and more

Source: UNEP/GRID-Arendal (2008) (http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/water-scarcity-index, P. Rekacewicz [cartographer], with sources Smakhtin, Revenga and Döll [2004]).

Little or no water scarcity FIGURE 4.10 LittlePhysical or no water water scarcity scarcity Global physical and economic water scarcity PhysicalApproaching water physical scarcity Approachingwater scarcity physical waterEconomic scarcity water scarcity EconomicNot estimated water scarcity Not estimated

Little or no water scarcity LittlePhysical or no water water scarcity scarcity Unirrigated PhysicalApproaching water physical scarcity Irrigated production production Approachingwater scarcity physical 4% 45% waterEconomic scarcity water scarcity EconomicNot estimated water scarcity DefinitionsNot estimated and indicators Definitions• Little or and no waterindicators scarcity. Abundant water resources relative to use, with less than 25% of water from rivers withdrawn for human purposes. • • Little Physical or no water water scarcity scarcity. (water Abundant resources water development resources relative is approaching to use, with or has less exceeded than 25% sustainable of water from limits). rivers More withdrawn than 75% for of human river flows purposes. are • Source:Physicalwithdrawn Water water for forscarcity agriculture, Food, (water Water industry, resourcesfor Life: and A developmentdomesticComprehensive purposes is approachingAssessment (accounting orof hasforWater recycling exceeded Management of sustainable return in flows).Agriculture. limits). This Moredefinition—relating London: than Earthscan 75% of river water flows availability are withdrawnto water demand—implies for agriculture, industry, that dry and areas domestic are not necessarilypurposes (accounting water scarce. for recycling of return flows). This definition – relating water availability • to Approaching water demand physical – implies water that scarcity. dry areas More are than not 60%necessarily of river water flows scarce.are withdrawn. These basins will experience physical water scarcity in the near future. • • Approaching Economic water physical scarcity water (human, scarcity. institutional, More than and60% financial of river flowscapital are limit withdrawn. access to Thesewater basinseven though will experience water in nature physical is availablewater scarcity locally in to the meet near human future. • Economicdemands). water Water scarcity resources (human, are abundant institutional, relative and to financial water use, capital with limit less accessthan 25% to waterof water even from though rivers water withdrawn in nature for humanis available purposes, locally but to meetmalnutrition human exists. demands). Water resources are abundant relative to water use, with less than 25% of water from rivers withdrawn for human purposes, but malnutrition exists. FIGURE 4: USING RAINFALL FOR FOOD PRODUCTION IN REGIONAL Definitions and indicators Definitions• Little or and no waterindicators scarcity. Abundant water resources relative to use, with less than 25% of water from rivers withdrawn for FIGUREhumanSource: purposes. Comprehensive 2: THE WATER Assessment FACTS FOR of Water MELBOURNE Management in Agriculture (2007, map 2.1, p. 63, © IWMI, http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/). • • Little Physical or no water water scarcity scarcity. (water Abundant resources water development resources relative is approaching to use, with or has less exceeded than 25% sustainable of water from limits). rivers More withdrawn than 75% for of human river flows purposes. are • Physicalwithdrawn water for scarcity agriculture, (water industry, resources and developmentdomestic purposes is approaching (accounting or hasfor recycling exceeded of sustainable return flows). limits). This Moredefinition—relating than 75% of river water flows availability are In July 2013 the Schreurs family purchased 65 hectares of land in Middle Tarwin, southeast withdrawnto water demand—implies for agriculture, industry, that dry and areas domestic are not necessarilypurposes (accounting water scarce. for recycling of return flows). This definition – relating water availability • to Approaching water demand physical – implies water that scarcity. dry areas More are than not 60%necessarily of river water flows scarce.are withdrawn. These basins will experience physical water• scarcityMelbourne’s in the near future. population uses 288L per household per day or 376GL per household per year. of Melbourne. By February 2016 a further 306 hectares was purchased next door to allow • • Approaching Economic water physical scarcity water (human, scarcity. institutional, More than and60% financial of river flowscapital are limit withdrawn. access to Thesewater basinseven though will experience water in nature physical is availablewater• scarcityThe locally waterin to the meet near humanrequired future. to feed Melbourne’s population is 475L per person per day or 758GL per year. for expansion into the future. In July 2016 24 hectares were being used to grow celery, baby • Economicdemands). water Water scarcity resources (human, are abundant institutional, relative and to financial water use, capital with limit less accessthan 25% to waterof water even from though rivers water withdrawn in nature for humanis available purposes, locally but to meetmalnutrition human exists. demands). Water resources are abundant relative to water use, with less than 25% of water from rivers withdrawn for human• purposes, Almost but malnutrition50% of exists.the inner foodbowl is used for agriculture; only 4% of the inner foodbowl is irrigated. spinach and rocket. A further 34 hectares was added to the cropping area by February 2017. Source: Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture (2007, map 2.1, p. 63, © IWMI, WWDR4http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/).• Melbourne’s entire foodbowl produces 82% of Melbourne’s vegetableBEYOND needs; DEMAND 86%: W ofATER Victoria’s’S SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTALPlans BENEFITS are to increase125 the production area by 40 hectares every year after that. vegetable crops are irrigated on 44% of all irrigated land. • Fruit makes up 18% of the diets of Melbourne’s population, but uses only 0.5% of the total amount The property is close to the Tarwin River at Middle Tarwin. The first action the family took of water used to produce food for Melbourne. – before even buying land – was to purchase water licences from the local farmers to ensure

WWDR4 BEYOND DEMAND: WATER’S• SOCIAL Beef AND and ENVIRONMENTAL lamb production BENEFITS for 125Melbourne uses 26.3% of the water used to produce water could be taken from the river. In addition, a four-hectare (100 million litres) was Melbourne’s food. built making water available at all times for . Although the area is known for its stable • Irrigated dairy production for Melbourne uses 53% of the water used to produce Melbourne’s food. climate, drought-proofing the farm is vital to the future sustainability of the farming business.

Adapted from http://thestar.com.au/blog/sprouting-new-business/

These teaching resources have been developed by the University of Melbourne and the Geography Teachers’ Association of Victoria, with funding from the Lord Mayor’s Charitable Foundation. FOODPRINT MELBOURNE b. Overhead irrigation at Werribee South

Will there be enough water to grow food in Melbourne’s Use to complete INQUIRY 4 foodbowl in the future? DATA SHEET 6 Worksheet 6 PAGE 2 of 4

FIGURE 5: AGRICULTURAL WATER USE IN VICTORIA

Source of data: ABS Water Account Victoria 2015-16 c. Eppalock stores water from the in central Victoria for domestic use in and irrigation in northern Victoria

FIGURE 6: STORING WATER TO ENSURE A RELIABLE FOOD SUPPLY

a. Market at Five Ways, Devon Meadows, Victoria show farmers’ reliance on water stored on their properties in (indicated by the darker areas on the image)

Credit: Bendigo Weekly

These teaching resources have been developed by the University of Melbourne and the Geography Teachers’ Association of Victoria, with funding from the Lord Mayor’s Charitable Foundation.

FIGURE 8a: A CASE STUDY: FUTURE WATER FOR FOOD PRODUCTION FOODPRINT MELBOURNE IN MELBOURNE’S INNER FOODBOWL

Will there be enough water to grow food in Melbourne’s Use to complete INQUIRY 4 foodbowl in the future? DATA SHEET 6 Worksheet 6 PAGE 3 of 4

FIGURE 7: USING RECYCLED WATER TO GROW FOOD

Recycled water is likely to play an important role in future crop production. It can provide irrigation during times of drought. Recycled water comes from the water used by people and industries, so it makes sense that more recycled water is available from water treatment plants that treat larger populations’ water, such as the population of Melbourne. The map below shows the location of water treatment plants in Victoria.

Victorian Water Treatment Plants Victorian Recycled Water Plants Victorian Recycled Water Plants Minor Minor Major Major § Inner Foodbowl § Inner Foodbowl Swan Hill Swan Hill Outer Foodbowl Outer Foodbowl SA2 Areas SA2 Areas

Shepparton Shepparton

Yarra Valley Yarra Valley

Casey Cardinia Casey Cardinia

Werribee South Mornington Werribee South Mornington

0 75 150 300 0 75 150 300 Kilometers FIGURE 8b: CASE STUDY: WERRIBEE SOUTH Kilometers Werribee South is an area of intensive horticultural production 30 km to the west of Melbourne that grows around 10% of Victoria’s vegetables, including 85% of the cauliflower grown in Victoria, 53% of the broccoli and 34% of the lettuce. In 2015-16, Werribee South generated $80 million of agricultural output and provided 295 jobs from just 3,275 hectares of agricultural land. A number of other industries in the Wyndham area are also heavily dependent on agriculture in Werribee South - particularly, wholesale trade, transport and warehousing – which account for a further $47 million in annual output and an additional 150 jobs. The majority of agriculture at Werribee South takes place in the Werribee Irrigation District, which is adjacent to the and has access to recycled water, allowing the region to continue growing vegetables during drought. This enabled production to continue in the region during the height of the Millennium Drought. If Werribee South were to be lost as an area of agricultural production, it would have a significant impact on the regional economy, jobs and Melbourne’s food security.

These teaching resources have been developed by the University of Melbourne and the Geography Teachers’ Association of Victoria, with funding from the Lord Mayor’s Charitable Foundation. FOODPRINT MELBOURNE

Will there be enough water to grow food in Melbourne’s Use to complete INQUIRY 4 foodbowl in the future? DATA SHEET 6 Worksheet 6 PAGE 4 of 4

FIGURE 8c The current westward growth of Melbourne encroaches on livestock farming areas but hasn’t yet impinged on the vegetable growing areas of Werribee South

INQUIRY 4

INQUIRY 4

Credit: Cody Phelan based on data from the ABS

FIGURE 8d: By 2025, land use at the Western Treatment Plant will include more areas for food production using its recycled water Western Grasslands Werribee Reserve Land surplus to requirements Werribee o Melbourne T Zoo

Outer metropolitan Western ring transport corridor Recycled water Werribee Irrigation plant expansion District

Treatment Plant d Werribee

arm R River F Future Land AY Park Cocoroc Use Plan PRINCES FREEW Increased treatment Northern area to cater for future Enhancing Life and Liveability Grasslands growth, and resource recovery

160 South Rd Wyndham Ryan's Harbour Swamp Green corridor may include cycle/ walking paths

d Main treatment precinct including main lagoons, power

Wilson R generation and biosolids

oint

P Geelong To

Agriculture

Biodiversity Beach Rd Port Boat ramp Phillip Treatment & r esource recovery Bay Administration & education

Public access to core precinct for Mixed biodiversity & treatment Kirk Point ecotourism, recreation and biodiversity conservation facilities. Mixed biodiversity & agriculture Public acquisition l and

Avalon airport Significant coastal saltmarsh grows Riparian bu er along the foreshore from the The Spit Beach Rd boat ramp to The Spit Surplus land

Legend Credit: N 0 2 4 km

These teaching resources have been developed by the University of Melbourne and the Geography Teachers’ Association of Victoria, with funding from the Lord Mayor’s Charitable Foundation.