Green Hydrogen
Key challenges and perspectives from Denmark
NEA webinar April 15th 2021 Introduction to speaker
Gregers N.S. Larsen
Advisor Centre for Global Cooperation Danish Energy Agency
Specialist in Modelling and RE Integration
/gregersnslarsen/ Topics and messages PTX in Denmark, lessons being learned and the role of PTX in the future
• PTX is not the primary technology, but necessary in the long run
• Useful for the “high-hanging-fruit” sectors
• DK has just started its process
• DK will use mix of PTX technologies
• There may be technical limitations in future for PTX utilization
15 April 2021 Page 3 Green Hydrogen - Basics
Electricity Green Hydrogen
Renewable Water energy Electrolysis
16 February 2021 Page 4 Upgraded Green Hydrogen E-fuels where electrification is not possible
Ammonia Shipping Heavy road transport
Electricity Hydrogen Shipping (ferries) Methane Methanol Shipping Renewable Water energy Electrolysis DME Industry Excess heat e-gasoline e-diesel Aviation e-jet fuel
Heavy road transport
District heating 16 February 2021 Page 5 Direct electrification is most efficient Electron-to-wheel efficiencies for zero emission cars
30 %
77 %
13 %
Source: ”Roadmap to decarbonising European cars”, Transport & Environment, 2018
15 April 2021 Page 6 GREEN HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES IN PLAY Electrolysers - Alkaline vs. PEM Alkaline Cheaper No use of rare materials Slightly better efficiency
Limited ramping Good ramping Very limited start/stop Can cold start
Rare materials More expensive PEM
15 April 2021 Page 8 Electrolyser - Alkaline vs. PEM Alkaline Cheaper No use of rare materials Slightly better efficiency
Limited ramping Good ramping Very limited start/stop Can cold start
Rare materials Mores expensive PEM
15 April 2021 Page 9 VRE both baseload and flex
6
5
4
GW 3
2
1
0 14-92019 15-92019 16-92019 17-92019 18-92019 19-92019 20-92019
Import Central CHP Local CHP Solar Onshore Wind Offshore Wind Gross Consumption
15 April 2021 Page 10 VRE both baseload and flex
More VRE is to make this the default, not a rare occurrence
Stable overproduction compared to general demand
Higher VRE production peaks 15-92019 16-92019 17-92019 18-92019 19-92019 20-92019
Import Central CHP Local CHP Solar Onshore Wind Offshore Wind Gross Consumption
15 April 2021 Page 11 PLANS AND PROJECTS IN DENMARK Substantial industrial interest in hydrogen and power-to-x CIP and partners • Vision of 1 GW electrolysis • 900,000 tons of ammonia Industrial consortium announced May 25th 2020 • Ørsted, A.P. Møller - Mærsk, DSV Panalpina, DFDS, SAS, Copenhagen Airport Source: rechargenews.com/ • vision of 1.3 GW electrolysis plants for production of green fuels Maersk Mc-Kinney Møller Center for Zero Carbon Shipping • Linked to Maersk’s ambition on the first CO2-free ocean-going vessel no later than 2030 • 133 mill. € over the next 10 years
Page 13 Examples of ongoing RD&D projects Substantial industrial interest in hydrogen and power-to-x
Greenlab Skive Hydrogen, methanol and storage 12 MW electrolysis +1.6 MWh battery Everfuel and Shell Hydrogen 20 MW -> 1 GW PEM for use in refining Hydrogen Valley and Air Liquide Hydrogen 1 MW PEM for transportation Ørsted and partners (H2RES) 2 MW electrolyses For transportation
1 July 2020 Page 14 16,000 3,500
14,000 PTX will grow to become a significant 3,000 12,000 industry in Denmark’s Energy system 2,500
10,000 2,000
8,000
1,500 6,000 Electric [MW] CapacityElectric 1,000
Electricity Consumption [GWh] Consumption Electricity 4,000
500 2,000
- - 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040
Page 15 16,000 3,500 15,000 GWh in 2040
14,000 ~8% of DK energy consumption 2020 3,000 2040, 3,000 12,000 2,500
10,000 2,000
8,000
2030, 1,000 1,500 6,000 Electric [MW] CapacityElectric 1,000
Electricity Consumption [GWh] Consumption Electricity 4,000
500 2,000
- - 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040
Page 16 Topics and messages PTX in Denmark, lessons being learned and the role of PTX in the future
• Heavy transport, shipping and aviation will be major consumers of PTX
• Projections to have PTX as major part of Denmark’s energy system
• PTX less efficient and costlier than direct electrification – high hanging fruits
• The relevant industries, with support from government, are already working on PTX
15 April 2021 Page 17 Thank You
15 April 2021 Page 18