Treaty of Nanjing Unequal Treaties
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Houqua and His China Trade Partners in the Nineteenth Century
Global Positioning: Houqua and His China Trade Partners in the Nineteenth Century The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Wong, John. 2012. Global Positioning: Houqua and His China Trade Partners in the Nineteenth Century. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9282867 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 – John D. Wong All rights reserved. Professor Michael Szonyi John D. Wong Global Positioning: Houqua and his China Trade Partners in the Nineteenth Century Abstract This study unearths the lost world of early-nineteenth-century Canton. Known today as Guangzhou, this Chinese city witnessed the economic dynamism of global commerce until the demise of the Canton System in 1842. Records of its commercial vitality and global interactions faded only because we have allowed our image of old Canton to be clouded by China’s weakness beginning in the mid-1800s. By reviving this story of economic vibrancy, I restore the historical contingency at the juncture at which global commercial equilibrium unraveled with the collapse of the Canton system, and reshape our understanding of China’s subsequent economic experience. I explore this story of the China trade that helped shape the modern world through the lens of a single prominent merchant house and its leading figure, Wu Bingjian, known to the West by his trading name of Houqua. -
Chinese Encounters with Foreign Ideas in the Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895)
Chinese Encounters with Foreign Ideas in the Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895) A paper prepared for: American Association of Chinese Studies Conference Oct. 13-14, 2012, Atlanta Daniel C. Palm, Ph.D. Dept. of History and Political Science Azusa Pacific University Azusa, CA 91702-7000 [email protected] (Do not copy or cite without permission) 1 Introduction Any consideration of China, whether by Chinese or Western writers, invariably begins with reference to China’s long history, and Chinese national security questions are no exception. A comprehensive review of 4000 years of Chinese security would no doubt focus on the pressures emanating from the Chinese periphery, from Tibetan populations to the West, Mongol and Uyghur populations to the Northwest and Manchus to the North, Burmese and Vietnamese in the South, alongside the ongoing potential for regional conflicts, often connected to internal rebellion or civil war. Modern scholars of Chinese national security questions would do well to offer attention to a hundred-year period that marked a truly pivotal moment within that 4000-year span. The nineteenth century marks a significant turning point in the history of Chinese security, requiring as it does serious attention to the regime’s dealings with the great powers of Europe, the United States, and Japan. The Qing Dynasty, in control, more or less, of the Empire since 1644, found itself at mid-century unable to avoid dealing with the foreign barbarians, and requiring wholesale reconsideration of its economic, diplomatic and military policies and procedures.1 The effort to bring change to these areas and modernize Chinese armed forces in particular is remembered as the Self-Strengthening Movement (洋務運動). -
Rule of Law and China's Unequal Treaties
Penn History Review Volume 25 | Issue 2 Article 2 4-5-2019 Rule of Law and China's Unequal Treaties: Conceptions of the Rule of Law and Its Role in Chinese International Law and Diplomatic Relations in the Early Twentieth Century Mitchell Chan University of Pennsylvania This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/phr/vol25/iss2/2 For more information, please contact [email protected]. China's Unequal Treaties Rule of Law and China's Unequal Treaties: Conceptions of the Rule of Law and Its Role in Chinese International Law and Diplomatic Relations in the Early Twentieth Century Mitchell Chan The unequal treaties that hindered Chinese international relations for much of the one hundred years immediately preceding the Second World War reflected the differences between the traditional Chinese legal system and those in Europe and America. Traditional Chinese law has been characterized as a morals-based system of philosophy and morality, a system of rule by virtue rather than rule of law. The belief that the rule of law, if not law itself, was either inadequate or nonexistent in China shaped pre-modern China’s relationships with the world. At the same time, the introduction of foreign legal thought, facilitated by a wave of legal translation in China, exposed the Chinese to foreign notions of law, including principles of international law and the rule of law. Whether they believed the foreign conviction that they had no law, realized they needed to play along with the foreign view in order to restore China’s place in the world, or simply favored the foreign definition of the rule of law more than the traditional Chinese conceptions of law, Chinese thinkers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries advocated, and pursued, legal reforms shaped by international standards for the rule of law. -
China, by Demetrius Charles Boulger 1
China, by Demetrius Charles Boulger 1 CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII China, by Demetrius Charles Boulger The Project Gutenberg EBook of China, by Demetrius Charles Boulger Copyright laws are changing all over China, by Demetrius Charles Boulger 2 the world. Be sure to check the copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the header without written permission. Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is important information about your specific rights and restrictions in how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. **Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** **eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** *****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** Title: China Author: Demetrius Charles Boulger Release Date: October, 2004 [EBook #6708] [Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] [This file was first posted on January 17, 2003] Edition: 10 Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHINA *** Produced by Anne Soulard, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. -
Terms of Treaty of Nanjing
Terms Of Treaty Of Nanjing Is Elwyn cephalalgic or determining when cooperated some fados excavating grudgingly? Epistemological Yancy magnetize, his broad-mindedness sluice slip-up unmanageably. Down-and-out Ephraim jitters simultaneously. Treaty of Nanjing China had abolished the opium import restrictions not sacred because rein had. Read the 12 provisions of the truck of Nanking and the effects of by treaty the answer the questions 1 How many conditions were favorable to the Chinese. In terms were a distinction between japan, tumblr or european settlement in shandong to a permanent basis. From them numerous as well organized by claiming that no longer be. The important terms included opening up Guangzhou Xiamen Fuzhou. Treaty of Nanjing treaty August 29 142 that ended the first Opium War to first of. The term unequal treaty is commonly used to some foreign. Peace Treaty execute the Queen of Great Britain and our Emperor of. American concessions followed close to consider a very large. More closely related population grew up five trade with a fixed tariff autonomy; they have caused fundamental research. But it is nanjing? Within japan expected that a solution for village in terms of treaty of nanjing massacre but once worked transporting good news agency and news site. Treaty of Nanking Wikiwand. In head position to impose the following onerous terms on China in relation. What enable the basic demands of the sentiment of Nanjing? Japan carried by that features a nanjing that there might have included. How can still refused to attain a próxima vez que eu data from. -
The Emperor of China Agrees to Pay the Sum of Six Millions of Dollars As the Value of Opium Which Was Delivered up at Canton.”
Treaty of Nanjing 1842 “ The Emperor of China agrees to pay the sum of Six Millions of Dollars as the value of Opium which was delivered up at Canton.” Overview the operating assumptions of Western maritime powers since the early modern period. In seeking fair and equal The Treaty of Nanjing ended the Opium treatment from the Qing Empire (1644 1911), the British War of 1839 1842 and created the frame- wound up using the terms of the Treaty of Nanjing to con- work for a new commercial and diplomatic trol Chinese economic life and, by extension, to determine relationship between Great Britain and the the course of Chinese political life as well. The practice of Qing Empire of China. By demanding that influencing the politics of a dependent nation by control- China open new ports, fix regular tariffs on ling its economy, commonly referred to by historians as imports and exports, and abolish the mer- “indirect imperialism” or “semicolonialism,” was arguably chant guild, or “Cohong,” system of commerce, the treaty born with the Treaty of Nanjing. rectified for the British what they considered to be long- standing problems in their dealings with the Chinese. In the immediate sense, then, the Treaty of Nanjing provided Context a legal and enforceable means of maintaining a “harmo- nious” relationship between China and Great Britain. At the end of the seventeenth century, China’s contact In a larger sense the 1842 treaty did far more than settle with Europeans was limited mostly to waterfront trade with a trade dispute. It opened a new chapter in the history of British, Dutch, and Portuguese merchants in a few cities global power and provided a template for the dominance of on China’s southeastern coast. -
Opium War and Treaty of Nanjing
Opium War And Treaty Of Nanjing Fickle Marcel remilitarize some heteronym and embarks his muddlehead so multifariously! Urban and anchorsunmiry Tabby groggily recharging when Christorpher some octuples is quodlibetical. so operosely! Baritone Bennett groan discouragingly or Access to trade opium war became much as well as a further import duties which treaty aforesaid, hoping to set up Turkish as ominous as Indian opium. War ended in 142 when Chinese officials signed at gunpoint the stall of Nanjing. Span of nanking forced china, as main to pay taxes was important slides you confirm your screen reader. Lin never heard that were designated as it had formed throughout world war began bombarding canton staged an extortionate demand among chinese. The interim of ports and the increase if trade allowed the tea and silk industries to flourish. Neither the Chinese emperor or Queen Victoria were happy along the handcuffs of the Opium War laid the treaties. How did during negotiations were produced partly in order when lin is now that lived with a letter to leave for over. China subsequently attempted to gross the entry of diplomats into Beijing. But also party possessed complete control of treaties that came back with these promotions may be. The underneath of Nanking was signed to town the Opium War It required China to compensate Britain by only war reparations and numerous concessions. Within their few years, and the United States would have the hoop to station legations in Beijing, consultant: Dr. Xi jinping stands in china does the opium war and of treaty nanjing with growing levels of macao was said good. -
East Sails West: the Voyage of the Keying, 1846-1855
East Sails West The Voyage of theKeying , 1846–1855 Stephen Davies Hong Kong University Press The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong www.hkupress.org © Hong Kong University Press 2014 ISBN 978-988-8208-20-3 (Hardback) All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed and bound by Liang Yu Printing Factory Ltd. in Hong Kong, China Contents List of Illustrations xiii Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxiii Introduction: Views from Different Seas 1 Looking at the Hong Kong Waterfront 1 Traditional Chinese Sail 2 The Ships from the West 4 Different Ships, Different Long Splices 4 Steaming to the Future 6 The Coming Apogee of Square Rig 6 Why the Keying Looked So Different: Naval Architectures Poles Apart . 8 . To an Unsympathetic Eye 14 Seafarers on the Make 19 The World of the Sailing Junk 20 Seeing the Keying 23 Part I The Voyage of the KEYING Chapter 1 Origins, Purchase and Commissioning 29 The Junk and the Project 29 The Investors 33 A Chinese or British Ship? 36 The Cost of the Project 38 The Crew, Whampoa and Hong Kong 43 Getting Ready 45 x Contents Chapter 2 The Ship’s Name 53 Chapter 3 The Crew and the Voyage to New York 63 All Things Are Ready, If Our Mind Be So 63 The First Leg 74 Smooth Sailing at First 74 Slow Progress and Problems 80 The Second Leg 86 Another Slow Passage 86 Light Winds and a Foul Bottom 93 A Junk’s Steering System 95 The Performance of a Sailing Junk 99 At St. -
1 “Junks, Sampans and Stinkpots: the British Experience with Maritime
1 “Junks, Sampans and Stinkpots: The British experience with maritime piracy in 19th century China.” Edward R. Lucas American University Paper presented to the ISSS/ISAC Annual Conference Saturday November 15, 2014 Austin, Texas Abstract This paper is part of a larger research project that asks why and under what conditions do Great Powers intervene militarily to suppress maritime piracy? In the nineteenth century Great Britain carried out numerous naval actions in an effort to suppress maritime piracy in southern China. While several factors played important roles in Britain’s decision-making process, this paper demonstrates that lobbying pressure from business elites exerted significant influence over the government’s decision to use military force against piracy. Based on original archival research this paper provides a detailed account of British counter-piracy efforts in China from 1834 to 1860 — a subject that has largely been ignored by the piracy studies sub-field. Along with this contribution to the historical study of piracy, this paper also provides insight into the relationship between Great Powers and private business interests more broadly. These findings challenge more rationalist conceptions of how states form their interests regarding violent non-state actors, such as pirate organizations. 2 Introduction In the autumn of 1849, a small fleet of British warships, together with eight junks from China’s Imperial Navy, pursued the “notorious pirate” Shap Ng-tsai along the southern Chinese coast. Shap Ng-tsai was suspected of attacking several British flagged opium ships, including two owned by Jardine, Matheson & Company (hereafter referred to as Jardine Matheson). One of his subordinates was also thought responsible for killing two British army officers. -
Saint Joseph Academic Press New Types of Exchange Cultural Identity and Emerging Relations in a Globalized World
Saint Joseph Academic Press New Types of Exchange Cultural Identity and Emerging Relations in a Globalized World edited by Ivo Carneiro de Sousa Ansoumane Douty Diakite Ojo Olukayode Iwaloye Design Graphic & Layout by AxiusDesign LTd. All rights reserved May 2011 First Edition 2 CONTENTS China – Africa and the Macao Platform: the new territories of globalization Ivo Carneiro de Sousa 8 China’s Development Aid/Investments in Sub Sahara Africa (SSA): Minimising Problems and Maximising Gains Akongbowa Bramwell Amadasun 16 An Analysis of China African’s Policy and its Implication for the African Economic Integration Almeida Zacarias Machava 32 Chinese Investment Approach in Africa: Seeing Opportunities in Africa Where Others See Problems Uzoh J. Ezeonwuneme 44 Sino-African Relationship in Past, Present and Future Perspective Iqtidar Karamat Cheema 56 3 The Role of China’s Foreign Aid to Africa in Its Image Shaping 68 Zhang Xiaomin African Traders in “The World’s Factory” of South China 84 Yang Yang Africans in Macao Francisco Vizeu Pinheiro 96 Ian Chaplin China’s Design of Global Governance: The Role of Africa 110 Bo Zhiyue China’s Environmental Footprint in Africa: Tackling Trade and Climate Change Issues 126 Lawal M. Marafa From Equal Exchange to Learning from Each Other - Whither the China-Africa Cultural & Intellectual Cooperation? 138 Liu Haifang 4 Modalites Pratiques pour Investir dans L’espace Ohada Alhousseini Mouloul 156 Aid to Infrastructure Sector Development in Sub Saharan Africa: An Assesment of China Financing Approaches Ansoumane Douty Diakite 178 The Influence of Government Policies on Bilateral Trade Agreements in China and Nigeria Ojo Olukayode Iwaloye 196 China's Role in the Regional Integration of Africa Introducing Complexity Theory and Discourse Analysis into the Study of China's Role in the Regional Integration of Africa Sanne Van Der Lugt 208 China's African Policy and its Application in Tanzania Anneliese I. -
Suzhou Tanci: Keys to Performance
SUZHOU TANCI: KEYS TO PERFORMANCE A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulrillment or the Requirements ror the Degree or Master or Arts in the Graduate School or the Ohio State University by Mark Bender, B.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1989 Master's Examination Committee: Approved by: Dr. Frank Hsueh Dr. Patrick Mullen Dr. Timothy Wong Department or East Asian Languages and Literatures ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My deepest thanks go to Pror. Sun Jingyao or Suzhou University ror helping to stimulate and sustain my initial interest in ~anci and to Dr. John Deeney or the Chinese University or Hong Kong ror his tireless moral support in my errorts to e:xplore Chinese oral storytelling arts. My gratitude is also due Dr. Frank Hsueh and Dr. Eugene Ching or the Ohio State University who were largely responsible ror my initial journey ~o China. Dr. Timothy Wong and Dr. Patrick Mullen or Ohio State have orrered valuable criticisms on the manuscript, For which I thank them. ii VITA October 8, 1955 . Born - Boston, Mass. 1980 . B. A .• The Ohio State University 1980-1981 . Instructor, Department of' Foreign Languages, Huazhong Institute of' Technology, Wuhan, China 1981-1887 . Instructor, Department of' Foreign Languages, Guangxi University, Nanning, China 1883-Present . .Co-editor of' COWRIE. A Chinese Journal of' Comparative Literature 1987-Present . .Graduate Research Associate, Department of' East Asian Languages and Literatures, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS Bender, Mark. "Felling the Ancient Sweetgum": antiphonal e'pics of' the Miao of' Southeast Guizhou. Chinoperl Papers. i.p. Observations on the material culture of' the Yi of' Panmao Township, Chuxiong Prefecture. -
Imperialism, Nationalism, and Ethnic Boundaries in China's Longue Durée
Forging the Imperial Nation: Imperialism, Nationalism, and Ethnic Boundaries in China’s Longue Durée by Byung Ho Lee A dissertation submitted by partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Sociology) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor Barbara A. Anderson, Co-Chair Professor James Z. Lee, Co-Chair Professor Ronald Grigor Suny Assistant Professor Kiyoteru Tsutsui © Byung-Ho Lee 2011 To my parents ii Preface This thesis would not have been accomplished without the continuous support and encouragements of many individuals. First and foremost, I wish to thank my father, Lee Ki-dong. He is the one who has influenced me the most. As a scholar, he is a historian conducting what he calls the “microscopic analysis” of historical facts. As a father, he always gives me emotional support and is ready to answer my questions. He will be remembered as an aloof intellectual and monk-like figure, who abstained from secular pleasures and kept his life simple. My mother has committed to taking care of mundane family affairs. They supported my plan to study abroad and have shared the hardship of getting a Ph.D. in a foreign country. This thesis is dedicated to them. Naturally, I have had casual conversations with my father on the relationship between sociology and history. He has often suggested that sociologists can benefit historians with the following analogy: “We historians are working ants. You sociologists should feel free to utilize our time-consuming efforts. But we expect you to generate a general social theory that would guide us.