Index

A DMPA , 270–271 Abstinence , 10, 25, 70, 85, 101, 151 FDA , 270 adolescents and abstinence progestin effects , 269 programs, 249 Breast cancer risk candidates and counseling , 248–249 BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations , 265 sexual , 260 COC , 265 ACOG. See American College of family history , 265–266 and Gynecology (ACOG) personal history , 266 Actinomyces species , 172 VTE , 266–269 Adiana permanent contraception system , in women , 266 232–233 Brundin P-block , 240 The Affordable Care Act , 135 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) , 65 American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology C (ACOG), 24, 45, 65, 272 Calendar/rhythm method , 252–253 Area under the curve (AUC) , 89 . See FemCap® Cervical mucus methods Billings technique , 255 B two-day method , 256 Barrier contraceptive methods CHC. See Combined hormonal combined , 182 contraceptives (CHC) fi rst-year failure rates , 182, 184 ClearBlue™ , 257 Barrier methods , 22 COCs. See Combination oral contraceptive (BBT) , 255, 257 pills (COCs) Behavioral methods abstinence , 248–249 candidates , 250 Coitus interruptus , 249–251 drawbacks , 250 contraception resources , 258 effectiveness , 250 FAM , 248 noncontraceptive benefi ts , 250 methods , 251–260 patient education , 251 See (Menstrual cycle) Combination oral contraceptive pills (COCs) NFP , 248 abnormal bleeding/spotting , 71 Bone mineral density (BMD) , 129–130 adolescents , 64 ACOG , 272 advantages and disadvantages , 72–73 DEXA , 270–271 arterial and venous thrombosis , 62

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 285 D. Shoupe, D.R. Mishell Jr. (eds.), The Handbook of Contraception, Current Clinical Practice, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-20185-6 286 Index

Combination oral contraceptive pills (COCs) “cumulative failure rate” , 4 (cont.) depot medroxyprogesterone acetate , 8 arterial thromboembolism , 115 subdermal implant , 8 bleeding pattern , 113 methods , 11, 12 bleeding problems , 20 female barrier methods , 9–10 BRCA carriers , 265 female , 7 cancer risk , 30 fertility awareness methods , 10 carcinoma , 96 infl uence effi cacy rate , 4–5 clinical effectiveness , 64 IUD , 7–9 contraindications , 118 male sterilization , 7 counseling tips , 71 , 3–4 drospirenone , 62 pregnancy rates , 5 and drug interactions , 67 qualitative contraceptive research , 11 estrogen and progestin , 62 , 10 ethinyl estradiol (EE) , 62 vs. effi cacy , 2 extended-cycle, formulations , 62 fertility delay , 96 advantages and disadvantages , 199 LARC , 65 effi cacy , 198 light/missing periods , 72 Today® sponge , 198 mechanism , 64–65 in the US market , 183 missing placebo pills , 72 vaginal barrier with , 198 multiphasic formulations , 62 Contraceptive (CVR) noncontraceptive health benefi ts , 69–70 advantages perimenopausal symptoms , 30 bleeding pattern , 113 and POPs , 80 discrete , 113 progestins , 63, 64–65 dosing schedule , 112–113 “quick start” method , 70 non-contraceptive benefi ts , 113 safety of contraceptives , 66 arterial thromboembolism , 115 “Sunday start” method , 70 cancer risk , 116 US MEC , 66–68 clinical effectiveness , 111–112 Combination oral contraceptivess (COCs) , continuation , 112 126, 131, 204 contraindications , 118 Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) counseling and patient selection , 118–120 arterial thromboembolism , 115 counseling tips , 120 estrogen , 49 disadvantages , 113 steroid hormones , 49 disease control and prevention , 117, 118 tobacco smoking , 53–54 drug delivery , 118 US MEC , 53 EVA , 108 Contraceptive diaphragm hyperlipidemia , 116 advantages and disadvantages , 197 instructions to use , 119 dome shaped devices , 196 mechanism of action , 111 fi tting , 196 menopausal estrogen replacement , 108 history of in USA , 195 pharmacokinetics , 109–111 mechanism , 196 poor candidates , 120 oral contraceptives and IUDs , 195 Population Council and HRA Pharma , 108 patient counseling , 197 pregnancy , 119 SILCS diaphragm, 198 reproductive effects , 116 types , 196 side effects , 113–114 Contraceptive effectiveness switching , 119 accidental pregnancy , 3 and VTE , 114–115 , 9 weight gain , 115–116 contraceptive pills, patches and rings , 18 Copper IUD (ParaGard® ) , 212 counseling experience, healthcare Correct contraceptive method provider , 11 birth control type , 25 Index 287

diaphragm and cervical caps/shields , 29 warning signals , 129 DMPA and depo-subQ provera 104™ , and weight gain , 129, 134 27–28 women, ages , 126 , 29 DEXA. See Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry IUD , 26 (DEXA) male and female , 26 Diaphragm. See Contraceptive diaphragm oral contraceptives, patch/ring , 26 DMPA. See Depot medroxyprogesterone subdermal progestin implant , 26 acetate (DMPA) The Cupid FC® , 193 Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) , 270–271 DVT. See Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) D Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) , 52–53, 67, 71, 84, 98, 117 E Depo-Provera® , 126 ECs. See Emergency contraceptives (ECs) Depo-subQ and progestin-only pill/mini-pills , 22 Ectopic pregnancy and IUC , 172 Depo-subQ provera 104 (depo-subQ) , 27–28 EE. See Ethinyl estradiol (EE) Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate Electronic hormonal fertility monitors (DMPA) , 8 (EHFM), 256 absolute (USMEC category 4) , 132 Emergency contraceptives (ECs) 17-acetoxy-6-methyl progestin , 135 advantages of , 207 advantages , 130, 272 COCs , 204 assessments , 170 common side effects , 209 bleeding , 134 copper IUD (ParaGard® ) , 207, 211, 212 BMD , 130 counseling , 210–211 BMD test , 270 disadvantages , 207–208 bone loss , 28 ectopic pregnancy , 209 breast cancer risk , 31–34 effectiveness , 206–207 cardiovascular risk , 131 fetal effects , 210 clinical effectiveness , 134–135 hormonal EC pills , 206 contraceptive agent , 126 hormonal options , 204 contraceptive-linked benefi ts , 128 indications , 208 contraindications , 131 IUD , 204 cost and insurance issues , 135 LNG , 204 counseling , 132 medical contraindications , 209–210 Depo-Provera® , 126 menses, effect , 208–209 disadvantages , 128–129 practice agreement in states , 205 drug interactions , 129 PRM , 204 endometriosis-associated pain, therapeutic product prepackaged , 211 effect , 135 professional organizations , 205 good candidates , 126 , 204 gynecological conditions , 126 Endometrial ablation , 233 hypoestrogenic effects , 131 Endometrial hyperplasia , 171 instructions , 132 Endometriosis and pelvic pain , 171 noncontraceptive benefi ts , 128 ® micro-insert , 231–232 ovulation resumption , 275 Ethinyl estradiol (EE) poor candidates , 127 cardiovascular events and stroke , 97 relative (USMEC category 3) , 131–132 and COCs , 61 repeat injections , 134 gestrodene , 91 reproductive effects , 129 and NGM , 89 screening tests , 133 pharmacokinetics , 109–111 sexually transmitted infection risk , 130 and TDS , 89 side effects , 132, 134 thrombotic events , 95 skeletal health , 129–130 and VTE , 114 VTE , 131 Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) , 108 288 Index

F G FAM. See Fertility awareness methods (FAM) General reproductive-aged woman (FC2) acne/androgen excess , 19–20 advantages , 192 bleeding problems , 20 disadvantages , 192 cancer risk , 30 effi cacy , 191 compliance , 20 patient counseling , 192–193 medical problems , 20 silicone-based lubricant , 191 Gestrodene (GSD) , 91–92 single-size, disposable condom , 191 Gynecologic cancers , 55–56 Female tubal sterilization approaches , 218–219 Brundin P-block , 240 H chemical agents , 237 Heavy menstrual bleeding Hamou intratubal thread , 240 Cochrane collaborative systematic health benefi ts , 217 review , 170–171 Hosseinian uterotubal junction defi nition , 170 device, 240 LNG-20, inhibitory effects , 170 hysteroscopic approach , 239 Hosseinian uterotubal junction device , 240 vs. ideal method , 216, 242 Hypertension , 46–48 intratubal ligation device , 241–242 arterial cardiovascular disease , 67 IVF , 235 arterial thromboembolism , 115 laparoscopic approach , 222–224 “multiple risk factors for arterial microwave , 242 cardiovascular disease”, 46–47 OCs , 216 myocardial infarction and stroke , 31 postpartum sterilization , 217 thrombophilia , 21 quinacrine , 237–238 Hysterectomy , 233–234 reconstructive surgery , 235–236 regret , 234 reversal , 234–236 I rigid ceramic plug , 240 IBD. See Infl ammatory bowel disease (IBD) safety device , 236 Implanon ® , 37 silicone plugs , 241 Implanon and Nexplanon (single-rod tissue adhesives , 238 etonogestrel implant), 141 tubal coagulation , 224 Implantable contraception FemCap® adolescents , 143 advantages and disadvantages , 195 at 36, 48 and 60 months, effi cacy of , antiretroviral medication, 145–147 HIV infection, 195 anesthesia , 153 description , 193 backup contraception , 151–152 effi cacy , 194 candidates , 141–142 patient counseling , 194 chronic medical conditions, women with , sizes for , 193 142–143 Fertile period calculation , 252 counseling Fertility awareness methods , 10 adverse events , 149 BBT , 255 BMD , 149 cervical mucus methods , 255–256 events among users , 150 EHFM , 256 irregular bleeding , 148–149 symptothermal technique , 256 STIs , 150 Fertility awareness methods (FAM) description , 140 advantages , 257 drug interactions , 147–148 and NFP , 248 etonogestrel implant insertion , 146 Fertility post-IUC , 172 hormonal , 142 Formed-in-place silicone plugs , 241 imaging techniques , 158–160 Index 289

Implanon and Nexplanon (single-rod good candidates , 167–168 etonogestrel implant), 141 HIV disease , 169 insert implant , 154, 155 inhibition of implantation , 176 insertion, complications of , 156 insertions , 174 Jadelle rod , 160 non-contraceptive benefi ts , 170–171 lactating women , 143 nulliparity , 168–169 medical conditions , 142–143 poor candidates , 169 Norplant (two-rod levonoragstrel post- , 168 system) , 141 postpartum , 168 oral/injected steroids , 145 removal , 175 overweight and obese women , 147 septic abortion and pelvic infections , 169 ovulation inhibition and sperm side effects, management , 175 penetration, 145 TCu380A IUD, LNG-20 and LNG-14 , 166 patient positioning , 153 timing of initiation , 176 pharmacology , 144 Intrauterine devices (IUD) placement , 154, 156 and AIDS , 54 postabortion/postpartum , 151 bleeding problems , 19–20 post-insertion care and follow-up , 156 copper T , 167–168 progestin-based, effective and reversible DMPA and weight gain , 277–278 methods, 140 fertility , 274–275 reinsertion , 160 hypertension , 46–48 removal , 9 anesthesia , 153–154 nulliparity , 168–169 disadvantages , 158 perimenopausal women , 32 model arm and manual compact quinacrine , 237–238 disc , 157 In vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure , 157–158 advantages , 235 rod removal , 158, 159 repeat operation , 236 reproductive age, women of , 141–142 IUC. See Intrauterine contraception (IUC) women with unintended pregnancy, devices percentage of, 145, 146 IVF. See In vitro fertilization (IVF) Infertility COC formulations , 274 DMPA and weight gain , 277–278 J hormonal methods , 276 Jadelle rod , 160 intrauterine contraception and tubal , 273–274 ovulation , 275–276 L weight gain , 276 method (LAM) Infl ammatory bowel disease (IBD) , 69 breastfeeding , 258 Intratubal ligation device , 241–242 candidates , 259 Intrauterine contraception (IUC) devices drawbacks , 259 ACOG , 166 noncontraceptive benefi ts , 259 Actinomyces species , 172 Laparoscopic approach acute salpingitis, treatment , 171–172 complications , 228–229 clinical effectiveness , 167 diagnostic , 223 cost and insurance issues , 176 electrocoagulation methods , 224–226 counseling , 173 failures , 229 device loading , 174 reintroduction , 223 ectopic pregnancy and , 172 trocar , 223 emergency contraception , 169–170 Laparoscopic clips , 227–228 expulsions , 175 Laparoscopic electrocoagulation methods fertility post-IUC , 172 bipolar forceps , 225 fertilization and implantation , 176 double-burn and triple-burn approach , 226 290 Index

Laparoscopic electrocoagulation methods N (cont.) (NFP) , 248, 251–253 fallopian tubes , 224–225 adolescents , 23–24 monopolar tubal sterilization , 225 calendar/rhythm method , 252–253 Laparoscopic mechanical methods , 226 counseling, teenager , 24–25 Laparoscopic salpingectomy , 228 CycleBeads™ , 253–254 Laparoscopic silastic rings , 227 fertile period calculation , 252 Laparotomy , 222 Norplant (two-rod levonoragstrel system) , Levonorgestrel (LNG) 140–141 actinomyces , 172 contraceptive effi cacy and safety study , 91 desogestrel transdermal system , 92 O endometriosis and pelvic pain , 171 OvaCue™ fertility monitor , 257 and IUDs , 21 postpartum , 168 progestin-only methods , 53 P Lipid disorders (hyperlipidemia) , 49 PE. See Pulmonary embolism (PE) LNG. See Levonorgestrel (LNG) Pearl Index , 2–3 Long-acting reversible contraceptive Perimenopausal women (LARC), 46–47, 65 barrier methods , 32 adolescent pregnancy , 23 bleeding problems , 30 general reproductive-aged woman , 18 BMD , 30–31 sterilization , 32 breast cancer risk , 31 Low-dose combination hormonal cancer risk , 30 methods, 33–34 cardiovascular risks , 31 clotting problems , 35 contraindications, older population , 34 M emergency contraception , 33 Male condoms evaluation , 34 advantages of , 185–186 fertility , 29 Bill R Melinda Gates Foundation, research hormone therapy , 35 projects, 187 IUDs , 32 designs and accessories , 183 low-dose combination hormonal methods , disadvantages of , 186–187 33–34 effi cacy , 184–185 menstrual bleeding patterns and “roller- and secretions , 183–184 coaster” changes, 29 encouraging developments , 189 NFP , 33 instructions , 188–189 noncontraceptive benefi ts , 35 “lambskin”/”natural membrane” , 184 reproductive-age women , 29 latex condoms , 184 sterilization , 32 lubricants , 184 symptoms , 30 patient counseling , 187–188 Persona™ , 257 polyurethane , 184 Pharmacokinetics risk of pregnancy, reduction , 185 CVR , 109 STD risk reduction , 183 ethinyl estradiol , 109 Menstrual cycle 3-keto-desogestrel , 111 candidates , 251 serum hormone levels , 110 effectiveness and continuation rates , pH-based spermicide—Amphora™ , 200 251–252 Phoenurse FC ® , 193 FAM and NFP , 251 POPs. See Progestin-only pills (POPs) natural family planning , 252–253 Post-abortal methods , 221 Microwave sterilization , 242 Postpartum methods Milex Wide-Seal Arcing Style Diaphragm , 196 fi mbriectomy , 220 Milex Wide-Seal OmniFlex Diaphragm , 196 interval methods , 221 Minilaparotomy , 221–222 laparoscopic approach , 222–228 Index 291

laparotomy , 221 developments , 200 minilaparotomy , 221–222 effi cacy , 200 pomeroy procedure , 219–220 upper genital tract , 199 post-abortal methods , 221 in the USA , 199–200 salpingectomy , 219–220 STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) sterilization , 218 Subdermal implant Nexplanon , 21 vaginal approach , 222 Symptothermal technique , 256 Pregnancy and lactation Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) , 53 barriers , 38 Implanon® , 37 IUD , 37 T timing of initiation , 37–38 TC-based CooperSurgical, Inc. , 196 and fallopian tube micro- TDS. See Transdermal contraceptive system insert , 38 (TDS) Progesterone receptor modulator (PRM) , 204 Tobacco smoking , 53–54 Progestin-only levonorgestrel (LNG) EC Traditional sterilization methods pills , 204 approaches , 218 Progestin-only pills (POPs) postpartum methods , 218–219 advantages , 81–82 Transcervical approach clinical effectiveness , 85 adiana permanent contraception system , cost and insurance issues , 86 232–233 counseling tips , 84–85 advantages , 230–231 disadvantages disadvantages , 231 drug interactions , 83 endometrial ablation , 254 reproductive effects , 83 Essure® micro-insert , 231–232 serious side effects , 82 hysterectomy , 254–255 side effects , 82 Transdermal contraceptive system (TDS) good and poor candidates , 81 absolute contraindications , 97–98 managing side effects , 85 advantages , 93–94 mechanism , 85–86 cardiovascular events and stroke , 96 precautions/contraindications , 83–84 clinical effectiveness , 102 progestin and norethindrone , 80–81 cost and insurance issues , 103 Progestins. See Depot medroxyprogesterone counseling tips , 99–100 acetate (DMPA) desogestrel transdermal system , 92 Progestin therapy , 171 disadvantages , 94 Pulmonary embolism (PE) , 52–53 drug interactions , 96 EE/NGM , 96 gestrodene , 91–92 Q good and poor candidates , 92–93 Quinacrine , 237–238 instructions to use , 100 levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol, 90–91 S levonorgestrel transdermal system , 92 Salpingectomy , 7, 219–220. See also managing side effects , 102 Laparoscopic salpingectomy mechanism , 102 Sexually transmitted disease (STD) norethindrone acetate transdermal treatment guidelines , 183 system , 92 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) , relative contraindications , 98–99 130, 150 reproductive effects , 96–97 SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) side effects , 94–95 Solid organ transplantation , 56 thrombotic events , 95 Spermicides, vaginal timing of initiation , 101 advantages and disadvantages , 200 warning signals , 96 292 Index

U spermicides , 199–200 Unscheduled bleeding types , 191, 192 discontinuation , 149 VA W.O.W.® (worn of women) Feminine endogenous estrogen production , 148 Condom® , 193 intervals and menstrual bleeding Venous thromboembolism (VTE) patterns, 148 COCs , 267–268 management of , 149 estrogen , 267 mean number of , 149 , 269 USMEC. See The U.S. Medical Eligibility thrombophilia and hormonal Criteria for Contraceptive contraception, 269 Use (USMEC) The U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (USMEC), W 60, 131–132 The Woman’s Condom® , 193 breast cancer , 55 Women, medical conditions headache , 51 “causing any harm” , 46 HIV/AIDS , 54 diabetes , 48–49 hyperlipidemia , 49 DVT/PE , 52–53 hypertension , 46–47 gynecologic cancers , 55–56 numerical and color-coded labeling headache , 51–52 system, 45 health risks, pregnancy , 47 smoking , 56 HIV/AIDS , 54 US SPR , 45 hypertension , 46–47 US Selected Practice Recommendations lipid disorders (hyperlipidemia) , 49 (US SPR) , 44, 45 male condoms , 46 obesity , 49–50 reproductive life planning , 44 V resources , 44 Vaginal barriers sexually active woman , 46, 47 cervical cap , 193–194 solid organ transplantation , 56 contraceptive diaphragm , 195–198 tobacco smoking , 53–54 contraceptive sponge , 198–199 US MEC , 44–45 FC2 , 191–194 US SPR , 45